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Africa And Geography

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Page 1: Africa And Geography. Islam  3 rd major monotheistic religion  5 noble tenants Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca  Sunnah (Sunnis)

Africa

And Geography

Page 2: Africa And Geography. Islam  3 rd major monotheistic religion  5 noble tenants Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca  Sunnah (Sunnis)

Islam 3rd major monotheistic religion 5 noble tenants

Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca

Sunnah (Sunnis) & Shia (Shi’ites) divided over successor of Muhammed

Page 3: Africa And Geography. Islam  3 rd major monotheistic religion  5 noble tenants Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca  Sunnah (Sunnis)

Origin of Sunnis & Shi’ites Death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE

led to question of who was to take over the leadership of the Muslim nation.

Sunni Muslims agree with the position taken by many of the Prophet's companions, that the new leader should be elected. Abu Bakr, became the first Caliph of the Islamic

nation. The word "Sunni" in Arabic comes from a word meaning "one who follows the traditions of the Prophet.”

Sunnis make up 90% of Muslims worldwide.

Page 4: Africa And Geography. Islam  3 rd major monotheistic religion  5 noble tenants Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca  Sunnah (Sunnis)

Origin of Sunnis & Shi’ites Shia Muslims believe leadership should have

stayed within the Prophet's own family, among those specifically appointed by him, or among Imams appointed by God Himself. Leadership should have passed directly to his cousin/son-

in-law, Ali. Shia Muslims have not recognized the authority of elected

Muslim leaders. The word "Shia" in Arabic means a group or supportive

party of people. The commonly-known term is shortened from the historical "Shia-t-Ali," or "the Party of Ali.”

Shiites make up 10% of Muslims worldwide.

Page 5: Africa And Geography. Islam  3 rd major monotheistic religion  5 noble tenants Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca  Sunnah (Sunnis)

Islam & North Africa and Egypt Sunni religious leaders and

Shi’ites (Shia) struggle for influence in Muslim religion

By the 13th century Shi’ites were a minority in Muslim masses (still are today)

Feisty regionalism generally characterized states of Africa

No one kingdom controlled north African: except Morocco & Tunisia, which were both overseen by Ottoman Empire

Morocco ruled by a series of Muslim sharifs

Page 6: Africa And Geography. Islam  3 rd major monotheistic religion  5 noble tenants Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca  Sunnah (Sunnis)

Another source for the spread of Islam was Egypt and Nilotic Sudan, its agents were mostly traders and immigrants seeking new land

In the year 985 West Africa royal court officially became Muslim

They did not convert their subjects but, maintained the indigenous customs

1030Berber “Almoravids” began a zealous conversion campaign and forcibly converted many Soninke ruling groups in Ghana and many others (at one time had a kingdom from N. Africa into Spain & Portugal)

However, many groups in Africa resisted Islamization like the Mossi kingdoms founded in 1050 in Wagadugu and 1170 in Yatenga

Spread of Islam

Page 7: Africa And Geography. Islam  3 rd major monotheistic religion  5 noble tenants Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca  Sunnah (Sunnis)

Spread Of Islam to the South Sahara

Islamic influence started as early as 700’s as far south as Zimbabwe

Islam never penetrated commercial/ruling class but blended with indigenous rituals

Islamization brought many changes, such as technology and architecture

The spread of Islam was very different comparing the east to the west

In the East traders began to move along the coastline and “islamization” occurred

In the central/west Islam was spread through overland routes of traders along the Nile valley

Page 8: Africa And Geography. Islam  3 rd major monotheistic religion  5 noble tenants Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca  Sunnah (Sunnis)

Africa by the 1400s

Page 9: Africa And Geography. Islam  3 rd major monotheistic religion  5 noble tenants Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca  Sunnah (Sunnis)

Sahelian Empires of the Western And Central Sudan

Page 10: Africa And Geography. Islam  3 rd major monotheistic religion  5 noble tenants Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca  Sunnah (Sunnis)

Ghana kingdom originated as the near end of 400-600 C.E. but Ghana

emerged as a region near the end of 900 and flourished for 2 centuries

Was a model empire then kingdom Ghana’s central population group were the Soninke Ghanaian rulers were matrilineally descended (the previous

king’s sister) The king was said be semi-divine, he ruled with a council of ministers

Page 11: Africa And Geography. Islam  3 rd major monotheistic religion  5 noble tenants Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca  Sunnah (Sunnis)

Ghana Economy: Ghana’s power rested on a solid economic base,

gained by tribute and taxes on royal lands There were also duties levied on all incoming and outgoing trade Traded salt, cloth, metal goods such as copper and kola nuts from the

south Ghana also controlled the gold and slave trade that

originated from Savannah Although the king and court were not Muslim they made

great accommodations for Muslim traders Hierarchicalsociety slaves were lowest farmers and

draftsmen above them, ad merchants above them, the king his court and the nobility on top

Ghana’s empire was probably destroyed by anti-Muslim Soso

Empire was subsumed by Almoravids; were vulnerable on desert side of empire