advisory circular civil aviation safety … · ir approach aid endorsement ... after pbn...

01 February 2018 1 AC 61-14

Advisory Circular

AC61-14 CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY AUTHORITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Pilot License and Ratings - Issue 2

Instrument Rating 01 February 2018

General

Civil Aviation Authority Advisory Circulars (AC) contain information about standards,

practices and procedures that the Director has found to be an Acceptable Means of

Compliance (AMC) with the associated rule.

An AMC is not intended to be the only means of compliance with a rule, and consideration

will be given to other methods of compliance that may be presented to the Director. When

new standards, practices or procedures are found to be acceptable, they will be added to the

appropriate Advisory Circular.

This Advisory Circular also includes Explanatory Material (EM) where it has been shown

that further explanation is required. Explanatory Material must not be regarded as an

acceptable means of compliance.

An advisory circular may also include technical information that is relevant to the standards

or requirements.

Purpose

This Advisory Circular provides methods, acceptable to the Director, for showing compliance

with the instrument rating requirements of Rule Part 61 and explanatory material to assist in

showing compliance.

Related CAR

This AC relates specifically to Civil Aviation Rule Part 61 subpart Q.

Change Notice

This AC replaces previous Revision 1 dated 01 April 2015.

Published by Civil Aviation Safety Authority of Papua New Guinea

01 February 2018 2 AC 61-14

INTRODUCTION

This ac is in support of part 61 subpart Q.

SUBPART Q — Instrument Rating ......................................................................... 3

Rule 61.801 Eligibility requirements ..................................................................... 3

Rule 61.803 Issue ..................................................................................................... 3

Rule 61.805 Privileges and Limitations ................................................................. 4

Rule 61.807 Currency Requirements ...................................................................... 5

Appendix I Instrument Rating Written Examination Syllabuses .......................... 7

Air Law ................................................................................................................. 7

Flight Navigation – IFR .......................................................................................12

Meteorology .........................................................................................................13

Instruments and Navigational Aids .....................................................................13

Appendix II Instrument Rating Flight Test Syllabus .............................................15

Flight Test Conduct ............................................................................................15

Aircraft and Equipment .......................................................................................16

Before Departure ................................................................................................16

In Flight ...............................................................................................................17

Accuracy for All Aircraft ......................................................................................19

IR Annual Competency Demonstration ..............................................................20

IR Approach Aid Endorsement ...........................................................................20

Appendix III GNSS Theory Course Syllabus .........................................................22

Introduction ..........................................................................................................22

Course concept ...................................................................................................22

Classroom training and examination ....................................................................22 Performance Based Navigation (PBN) Principles ...............................................22

Charting .............................................................................................................23

Aircraft and equipment knowledge .....................................................................23

Pilot operations ..................................................................................................23

Equipment specific training ..................................................................................23 On ground ..........................................................................................................23

In aircraft, simulator, or training device ...............................................................24

AC61-14 3

PNG Civil Aviation Advisory Circular 01/02/2018

SUBPART Q — Instrument Rating

Rule 61.801 Eligibility requirements

(a) Rule 61.801(a)(2) requires an applicant for an instrument rating to have flight

time experience as specified. The following would meet that requirement—

(i) 50 hours of VFR cross-country navigation flight time as pilot-in-command,

of which not less than 10 hours are in the appropriate category of aircraft; and

(ii) 10 hours dual instrument cross-country flight time under an IFR flight plan;

and

(iii) 40 hours instrument time; and

(iv) 20 hours instrument flight time in that category of aircraft, of which at least

10 hours are dual instruction as required by Rule 61.801(a)(4).

(b) Instrument time accumulated in a synthetic flight trainer towards this experience

requirement should be certified in the holder’s logbook in accordance with CAR 61.33.

(c) Rule 61.801(a)(5) requires an applicant for an instrument rating to have passed

written examinations acceptable to the Director, in air law; flight navigation -

IFR; meteorology; instruments and navigational aids; and human factors. The

syllabuses detailed in Appendix I of this subpart advisory circular would meet

these requirements.

(d) The meteorology and human factors training and examinations required by

rule 61.801(a)(5) are the same as those for the CPL; therefore credits in these

subjects are acceptable towards the issue of an instrument rating.

(e) Rule 61.801(a)(6) requires an applicant for an instrument rating to demonstrate to

a flight examiner the procedures and manoeuvres applicable to the navigation

systems on which the applicant is being tested. Attainment of standards detailed in

Appendix II of this subpart advisory circular would meet these requirements.

Rule 61.803 Issue (a) Rule 61.803(b) and (c) provides for the licence endorsement of additional privileges

to an instrument rating.

(b) The additional privileges, which may be endorsed on the licence, are: ILS / PAR or GNSS.

(c) All other privileges, such as the type and model of GPS, auto-pilot or non auto-

AC61-14 4


pilot, single pilot or two pilot, single engine or multi-engine, are entered in the pilot’s

logbook.

Navigation aid or system The additional approach aid or systems, which may be endorsed on the licence under

rule 61.803(b) and (c), are: ADF, ILS or GNSS.Privileges, such as, single pilot or two

pilots, single engine or multi-engine, the type and model of GPS unit and PBN

qualifications (RNAV 2, RNAV 1, RNP 2 and RNP 1) only need to be entered in the pilot’s

logbook and recorded on the flight test report.

Rule 61.805 Privileges and Limitations

(a) Because Part 91 does not contain the requirement for aircraft to be fitted with an

auto- pilot for single pilot IFR operations, Part 61 requires a flight test without an auto-

pilot in order to have the privileges of an instrument rating in an aircraft without auto-

pilot, and a flight test with an auto-pilot in order to have the privileges of an instrument

rating in an aircraft with auto-pilot.

(b) Rule 61.805(b)(3) requires a flight examiner to certify in the holder’s logbook that

a satisfactory demonstration of competency on the approach aid or system to be

used under IFR has been given. The approach aids or systems that may be

endorsed are; ADF, VOR, GNSS, ILS and PBN, and in the case of GPS the type and

model of each GPS unit demonstrated also needs to be recorded. PBN qualifications

should be specified as RNAV 2, RNAV 1, RNP 2 and/or RNP 1.

Pilots holding a current GNSS endorsement are competent in RNAV 2, RNAV 1 and

RNAV(GNSS) approaches as detailed in advisory circular AC91-12.

On issue of this advisory circular amendment, a pilot with a current GNSS

endorsement may, until their next competency demonstration, also exercise RNP 1

privileges. After PBN Implementation mandates dates under CAR Part 20, any pilot

seeking initial GNSS endorsement or having their annual competency checked and

who requires RNP 1 privileges must demonstrate competency on an appropriate RNP

1 procedure as part of the flight test. The flight test at Appendix II of this advisory

circular contains the RNP 1 standards acceptable to the Director. Pilots who

demonstrate RNP 1 competency meet the requirements of, and may be issued with,

RNP 2 and RNAV 1 privileges.

Flight examiners may continue to flight test in accordance with the instrument

examiner privileges they hold and in accordance with the above.

The following wording would be acceptable:

AC61-14 5


I hereby certify that has satisfactorily demonstrated

competency in the use of ADF, VOR, ILS, GNSS (delete as applicable) and PBN: RNAV

2/RNAV 1/RNP 2/RNP 1(delete as applicable) for aeroplanes/helicopters (delete one).

GPS Type Model

Examiner Client ID

Date

Rule 61.807 Currency Requirements (a) Rule 61.807(a)(4) allows for recent experience using a similar type of

navigation system. For the purposes of this rule, ILS and PAR are regarded as

similar types of navigation systems, and VOR, NDB and LLZ are regarded

as similar types of navigation systems. In the case of GPS, only an approach

using GNSS meets the recency requirements of this rule.

(b) Rule 61.807(a)(1) requires demonstration of competency in accordance with

Rule 61.801(a)(6). A demonstration in accordance with Appendix II of this

subpart advisory circular would meet this requirement.

I hereby certify that has successfully

demonstrated competency in accordance with the instrument rating flight test

syllabus in a centreline thrust/ multi-engine/single engine aeroplane/helicopter

to single pilot/two pilot standard with auto-pilot/without auto- pilot (delete as applicable).

Annual recency demonstration due (day/month/year)

Examiner Client ID

(a) The number and type of approach procedure carried out on each flight, should

be recorded in the holder’s logbook. Column 16 may be used for this

purpose; for example, 1xVOR.

(b) Where a safety pilot is used for the purpose of simulated instrument flight, the

safety pilot’s name should be entered in the holder’s logbook under the co-pilot

column.

(c) Instrument rating holders acting as co-pilot in a two pilot crew may not credit

instrument time toward the recency requirement of 61.807(a)(3) unless the aircraft’s

type certificate, flight manual, or operating rules, requires that the aircraft be

operated by a two pilot crew and; in accordance with CAR 61.31(e), the co-pilot

is manipulating the controls during actual or simulated instrument conditions.

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(d) Rule 61.807(a)(5), allows for the recency requirements of a pilot conducting an

IFR operation in accordance with Part 121 or 125 and under the authority

of an air operator certificate issued under Part 119, where the holder of that

certificate satisfies the Director that its pilots have an equivalent level of

instrument rating competency to that required in 61.807(a)(1)

(e) For the holder of a Part 119 certificate operating under Part 121, the following

would meet the requirements of rule 61.807(a)(2);

(i) A satisfactory demonstration of competency required in accordance

with Rule 61.801(a)(6), each element of which may be spread over the

immediately preceding 12 months; and

(ii) the certificate holder is authorised in accordance with Rule 119.13(b)(3)

and Rule 121.603; and

(iii) the pilot is the ‘handling pilot’ and is flying as if they were pilot-in-command

during the demonstration of each element required by Rule 61.801(a)(6);

and

(iv) the demonstration of competence is conducted by a Flight Examiner

meeting the requirements of Rule 121.583; and,

(v) the type of aircraft is authorised by Rule 119.15(b)(4) or in the flight

simulator is approved for the purpose under Rule 121.11.

General guidance The three approaches required by rule 61.807(a)(2)(i) and (ii) may be completed in actual

or simulated conditions, be the same approach type, and one approach may be carried

out in a synthetic flight trainer approved for that purpose.

For the purpose of meeting this currency requirement an ‘approach’ is one that conforms

with the published approach procedure and includes flight under actual or simulated

conditions to include at least the final leg of the approach procedure to the missed

approach point or MDA.

The number and type of approach procedure carried out on each flight should be recorded

in the pilot’s logbook. Column 16 or 17 may be used for this purpose, for example: 1xVOR.

Where a safety pilot is used for the purpose of simulated instrument flight, the safety pilot’s

name should be entered in the logbook of the pilot under training under the co-pilot

column.

AC61-14 7


Appendix I Instrument Rating Written Examination Syllabuses

Air Law

Candidates are required to have a broad knowledge of the purpose and content of the

following documents or groups of documents:

a) Civil Aviation Act 2000. Civil Aviation Rules (CARs).

b) Civil Aviation Advisory Circulars (ACs).

c) Papua New Guinea Aeronautical Information Publication (PNGAIP): Instrument Flight

Guide (IFG).

d) Planning Manual En Route Charts Area Charts.

Civil Aviation Act 2000

Candidates are required to have knowledge of the following section of the ACT: Section 13

Duties of pilot in command.

Civil Aviation Rules (CARs)

Candidate must demonstrate knowledge of the following Rules parts. The level of

knowledge for each section of the Rules is specified by the following grading.

Level Standard

1. Candidates are to thoroughly understand the operational provisions of this essential

knowledge.

2. Candidates are to have a working understanding of this knowledge.

CAR Part 1 - Definitions and Abbreviations Candidates must understand the meaning of the following terms:

Accident Adequate Aerodrome

Act Aerodrome Control Service

Aerodrome Aerodrome Flight Information Service

Aerodrome Control Tower Aerodrome Traffic

Aerodrome Operational Area Aerodrome Traffic Zone

Aerodrome Traffic Circuit Aeronautical Information Publication

Aeronautical Information Circular Aeroplane

Aeronautical Information Service AIP Supplement

Aeroplane Movement Aircraft Flight Manual Craft

Aircraft Aircraft Radio Station

Air Traffic Air Traffic Advisory Service

Air Traffic Control (ATC) Service Air Traffic Service

Air Traffic Control Unit Airworthiness Certificate

Air Transport Operation Altitude

Aircraft Category Approach Control Office

Alerting Service Area Control Centre

Approach Control Service Area Navigation

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Area Control Service ATC Clearance

ATC Instruction ATS Unit

Augmented Crew Authority

Aviation Medical Assessor Category II precision approach procedure

Baggage Ceiling

Category III Precision Approach Procedure Clearance Limit

Certificated Organisation Co-Pilot

Command Practice Configuration

Contaminated Control Zone

Control Area Controlled Airspace

Controlled Flight Crew Member

Conversion Instruction Cruising Level

Cross Country Flight Decision Altitude

Current Designated Medical Examiner

Day Document

Decision Height Extended-Range Twin-Engine Operations

Domestic Aerodrome Final Reserve Fuel

Dry Flight Examiner

Dual Flight Time Flight Information Region

Extended Over-Water Operation Flight Manual

Flight Crew Member Flight Plan

Flight Following Flight Plan General Aviation Area

Flight Instruction Height

Flight Level Instrument Approach Procedure

Flight Time Instrument Flight Time

IFR Flight Instrument Meteorological Conditions

Incident Instrument Time

Instrument Flight Level

International Airport Mach Number

International NOTAM Office Maintenance

Landing Distance Available Manoeuvring Area Meteorological Information

Maximum Certificated Take-Off Weight Minimum Descent Height

Minimum Descent Altitude Papua New Guinea Registered Aircraft

Movement Area NOTAM Service

Papua New Guinea Aeronautical Night Information Publications

Operate

NOTAM Operational Flight Plan

Operable Owner

Operating Cycle Pilot-In-Command

Originating Aircraft Pressure Altitude

Passenger Regular Air Transport Passenger Service

Precision Approach Procedure Reporting point

Rating RNP performance

Regular air transport service Runway visual range

Required navigation performance Security

Runway Shore

AC61-14 9


SARTIME Synthetic Flight Trainer

Serious Incident Take-Off Run Available

SIGMET Information Taxi

Take-Off Distance Available Turbine Powered

Take-Off Weight Unlawful Interference

Time In Service VFR Flight

Type Visual Meteorological Conditions

Valid Wet

Visibility ZFT Simulator

Abbreviations

Candidates must have an awareness of the abbreviations listed in CAR Part 1.

CAR PART 12 - Accidents Incidents and Statistics

Section

12.1

Applicability

Level

2

12.3 Definitions 1

12.51 Notification of an accident 1

12.53 Details of an accident 1

12.55 Notification of an incident 1

12.57 Details of an incident 1

12.59 Investigation and reporting 2

12.101 Access to aircraft involved in an accident 2

12.103 Preservation of records 1

12.151 Aircraft operating statistics 1

CAR PART 61 - Pilot Licenses and Ratings

Section Level 61.3 Definition 61.5 Requirement For License And Ratings 2 61.15 Duration Of Licenses And Ratings 2 61.17 Written Examinations - Prerequisites And Grades 2 61.19 Written examinations – unauthorised conduct 1 61.21 Flight Test 2 61.25 Flight Training And Testing - General Requirements 2 61.31 Pilot Logbooks - Crediting Flight Time 1 61.33 Pilot Logbooks - Crediting Ground Time 1

61.801 Instrument Ratings Eligibility Requirements 1 61.803 Issue 1 61.805 Privileges And Limitations 1 61.807 Currency Requirements 1

CAR PART 67 - Medical Standards and Certification

Section Level 67.61 Effective Date And Duration Of Medical Certificate 1

CAR PART 71 - Designation and Classification of Airspace

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Section

Level 71.51 Controlled Airspace General 1

71.53 Control Areas 1

71.55 Control Zones 1

71.57 Aerodrome Traffic Zones 1

71.105 Class C Airspace 1

71.107 Class D Airspace 1

71.109 Class E Airspace 1

71. 111 Class F Airspace 1

71.113 Class G Airspace 1

71.253 Area QNH zones 2

CAR PART 73 - Special Use Airspace

Section Level 73.53 Restricted Areas 1

73.55 Military Operational Areas 1

73.57 Conditional Areas 1

73.59 Danger Areas 1

73.63 Aerodrome Traffic Zones 1

73.67 Temporary Airspace 1

CAR PART 91 - General Operating and Flight Rules

Section Level 91.125 Simulated Instrument Flight 1 91.133 Volcano Hazard Areas 1 91.135 Mandatory broadcast zones 1 91.209 Use Of Oxygen 1 91.217 Preflight Action 1 91.219 Familiarity with operating limitations and emergency

equipment 1

91.221 Flying Equipment And Operating Information 1 91.223 Operating On And In The Vicinity Of An Aerodrome 91.225 Radio communications for operations on or in the vicinity

of aerodromes 1

91.229 Right-Of-Way Rules 1

91.233 Aircraft Lights 1

91.237 Aircraft Speed 1

91.239 Altimeter Settings 1

91.241 Compliance With ATC Clearances And Instructions 1

91.245 Operations In Classified And Designated Airspace 1

91.247 Operations in RNP designated airspace 1

91.249 Use of transponder and altitude reporting equipment 1

91.251 Aircraft Callsigns 1

91.253 ication of

facility malfunctions

Notification of facility malfunctions 2

91.255 management

In-flight fuel management 1

91.257 Minimum and emergency fuel declarations 1

91.259 Interception of civil aircraft 1

AC61-14 11


91.401 Minimum Flight crew 1

91.403 Fuel Requirements For IFR 1

91.405 IFR Alternate Aerodrome Requirement 1

91.407 IFR Flight Plan 1

91.409 Adherence To Flight Plan 1

91.411 Inadvertent Change To Flight Plan 1

91.413 Takeoff Under IFR 1

91.415 En-route under IFR 1

91.417 Minimum altitudes for IFR flights 1

91.419 IFR cruising altitude or flight level 1

91.421 IFR holding pattern 1

91.423 Approach to land under IFR 1

91.425 Category II And III Precision Approach Procedures 1

91.427 Category II And III Precision Approach Procedure Manual 1

91.429 Approval Of Category II And III Precision Approach Procedure Manual

1

91.431 Use of GNSS For Air Navigation 1

91.432 Operation In ADS-B Mandatory Airspace 1

91.433 Operating In Icing Conditions 1

91.435 IFR Radio Communications 1

91.436 IFR Operations – Radio Communications Failure 1

91.501 General Requirements - Instruments And Equipment 1

91.509 Minimum Instruments And Equipment 1

91.511 Night Instruments And Equipment 1

91.517 IFR Instruments And Equipment 1

91.519 IFR Communication And Navigation Equipment 1

91.521 Category II And III Precision Approach Equipment 1

91.537 Inoperative Instruments And Equipment 1

91.541 Transponder and Altitude Reporting Equipment 1

91.545 Assigned Altitude Indicator 1

91.547 Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast OUT Equipment

1

Advisory Circulars

Candidates must have a working knowledge of the following Subparts of the current

Advisory Circulars:

AC12-1 Mandatory Occurrence Notification And Information AC61-1 Pilot Licenses And Ratings SUBPART D Student Pilot License SUBPART E Private Pilot License SUBPART F Commercial Pilot License. SUBPART G Airline Transport Pilot Licences SUBPART Q Instrument Rating AC67-1 Medical Standards And Certification

AC61-14 12


PNG AIP Planning Manual

Candidates for the Instrument Rating must have a satisfactory working knowledge of

the information contained in the PNG AIP Planning Manual:

GEN Section: Have an awareness of GEN 2. TABLES AND CODES, GEN 2.2

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN AIS PUBLICATIONS

PART 1 GENERAL (GEN) - have an awareness of all sections

PART 2 EN-ROUTE (ENR) - have an awareness of all sections

PART 3 AERODROME (AD) - have an awareness of all sections

AIP FLIGHT SUPPLEMENT

Candidates must have a satisfactory working knowledge of all sections of this publication. In

particular, find required information in the following areas:-

Emergency Section: Distress, com/nav aid failure.

Communications Section: Telephone/fax numbers, frequencies of communication

stations and nav aids, broadcast stations.

Operations Section: IFR procedures, VFR procedures, special ATS requirements, search

and rescue.

Chart Section: Operational data, aerodrome and chart symbols and legends, and

abbreviations. Instrument takeoff procedure charts (Rate of climb table), authorised IFR

alternate aerodrome minima arrival/departure procedures, sids, stars, approach charts

and associated information. Aerodrome charts, com and nav aid frequencies, uncharted

routes.

Enroute and Area Charts: Interpretation of information on charts, symbols and scale.

Flight Navigation – IFR

Flight Planning: Selection of route, flight level or altitude, and time of departure with due

regard to weather, terrain, aircraft performance, available alternate airfields, air traffic control

requirements including standard IFR procedures as listed in the PNGAIP and other

documents.

Flight plan: Preparation of the IFR flight plan using a flight plan form including the

prerequisites of inserting “G” in block item 10, the calculation of climbing and

descending wind velocities; the determination of fuel load required including provision

for diversion and reserves.

Navigation: Use of the navigation computer, solution of the triangle of velocities,

time/speed/distance problems, conversion of CAS to TAS, and conversion of indicated

to ambient temperature.

Charts: Knowledge and purpose of PNG-enroute, area and visual terminal charts,

AC61-14 13


instrument approach, and aerodrome charts.

Use of charts: Ability to plot and transfer position lines derived from bearings and

ranges and to measure distance on aeronautical charts, identification of Morse code

characters from in-flight documentation.

En route navigation: Use of navigational aids to determine drift, ground speed, position

and wind velocity, calculation of alterations to heading and estimated times of arrival,

determination of instrument readings necessary to define the aircraft’s position on a

given magnetic bearing or radial from a navigational aid.

GNSS

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) List the common GNSS reference systems used and the significance of using the correct system. Explain the significance of RAIM predictions State the factors influencing GNSS dependability including;

(a) data base validity; (b) pilot data input; (c) GNSS/aircraft system integration

Meteorology

The instrument rating meteorology syllabus is the same as that for CPL meteorology;

and the meteorology written examination is the same as for CPL. A pass in this written

examination is therefore accepted as a credit for both CPL and for the instrument rating.

Instruments and Navigational Aids

Instruments: The principles, method of operation, operating limitations, errors, corrections,

sources of power supply where applicable and purpose of the sensitive pressure altimeter,

airspeed indicator, turn and slip indicator, gyro direction indicator, gyro horizon, vertical

speed indicator and outside air temperature gauge.

Compasses: The direct reading magnetic compass, principles, serviceability tests and

operational limitations including turning and acceleration errors, sources of compass

deviation and their control, principal features of remote indicating compasses.

Visual Landing Aids: Principles and use of the T-VASI, VASI, PAPI and other visual aids

in use in Papua New Guinea.

Radio Propagation: Terminology, cycles, frequency, amplitude, wavelength, frequency

spectrum, polarisation of waves, propagation of electromagnetic waves including ground and

sky waves, skip distance, attenuation and the effect of ionised layers, night effect, coastal

refraction and reflection by high ground, precipitation static and the effect of atmospheric

electrical discharge in the flight area on radio reception.

AC61-14 14


Navigation AIDS: NDB, ADF, VOR, CDI, RMDI, DME, VHF marker system, ILS, SRE, PAR,

and SSR including transponder, principles of operation, airborne and ground equipment,

use, effective ranges and accuracy, effect of ionised layers, advantages and limitations.

GPS/GNSS: system components; space, control and user; aircraft equipment requirements;

composition of the satellite constellation including pseudolites; satellites required for 2D and

3D navigation; barometric aiding; satellite ranging; type of code used; minimisation of clock

error; masking; effect of ionised layers; WGS84 datum and the effect of using any other

datum; almanac and ephemeris data; PDOP/VDOP/HDOP; CDI sensitivity; loss of RAIM.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS/GPS) State the three main elements of the GNSS (GPS) system. Describe the GNSS satellite constellation including:

(a) frequency used for transmissions; (b) types of pseudo-random code; (c) GNSS time reference; (d) ephemeris; (e) almanac.

Outline the elements of the control segment. Describe the user segment, including the basic principle of satellite ranging. Explain the principles of fixing position using the GNSS system; including:

(a) the number of satellites required for 2D and 3D fixing; (b) elimination of clock error; (c) the operation of RAIM; (d) PDOP/GDOP; (e) barometric aiding; and, (f) receiver masking function.

Explain how the receiver predicts the position of various satellites. State the sources of GNSS error, and the maximum error which could be expected with and without selective availability applied. State the reasons for the display of a RAIM warning message, and the requirements under CAA Rules for continued navigation. Explain the operation of the RAIM prediction service. Describe the application of the WGS 84 datum, and the likely effects on the GPS display of using coordinates from another datum. Explain the principle of operation of Differential GPS (DGPS).

Human Factors: The instrument rating human factors syllabus is the same as that for CPL

human factors; and the human factors written examination is the same as for CPL. A pass

in this written examination is therefore accepted as a credit for both CPL and for the instrument

rating.

AC61-14 15


Appendix II Instrument Rating Flight Test Syllabus

Flight Test Conduct

The use of check lists is mandatory for the purpose of instrument rating issue or recency

demonstrations.

At aerodromes where both aids are available, demonstrations of NDB and VOR tracking,

holding and approach procedures should be carried out individually (without the benefit of

the other aid).

For single pilot privileges without auto-pilot, the flight examiner will examine the ability of the

candidate to competently perform all normal and emergency phases of flight without auto-

pilot use.

For single pilot privileges, with auto-pilot, the flight examiner will examine the ability of the

candidate to fully utilise the auto-pilot during at least one approach and to manually fly at

least one approach using a minimum of automation. The extent to which auto-pilot use is

permitted throughout the remainder of the flight test, is at the examiner’s discretion.

License holders are reminded that single pilot IFR Air Transport operations require a recency

demonstration with auto-pilot.

If the flight examiner deems it necessary, in the interests of safety, to intervene with any

physical action, then the test will result in mandatory failure.

Unless otherwise stated all manoeuvres and procedures are to be performed having

recourse to all available instruments. The applicant may demonstrate competence either

using a co-pilot or as a single-pilot.

It is expected that crewing of the aircraft will be in accordance with its flight manual.

However, if an applicant elects to operate with two crew in a single-pilot certificated aircraft

or the test is conducted in a multi-crew certificated aircraft, the candidate will be expected to

demonstrate proper management of the co-pilot. In this case the flight examiner or a suitably

rated co-pilot will act as a co-pilot.

An instrument rating issue flight test taken as single-pilot will be one in which the candidate

is to carry out all the pilot duties relating to that flight. If any assistance in the form of oral

advice is necessary from the flight examiner during the issue flight test, then the test will

result in mandatory failure.

If any assistance in the form of oral advice is necessary from the flight examiner during a

recency demonstration, then at the discretion of the flight examiner and with the candidate’s

consent, the recency demonstration may be continued as a two pilot flight test with the

examiner acting as co-pilot.

Where the examiner carries out the duties of the co-pilot, for the purpose of a two pilot

flight test, the examiner will perform those duties by neither being obstructive nor above

average, primarily relying on prompts from the candidate.

AC61-14 16


The competency demonstrations required by two pilot and single pilot demonstrations are

the same. However, for two pilot demonstrations the candidate is required to divide in-flight

responsibilities so as to utilise the co-pilot in a meaningful way.

Where the examiner, with the candidate’s consent, elects to continue a single pilot recency

demonstration as a two pilot demonstration, the candidate’s pre-flight briefing of the co-

pilot’s duties may be examined post flight.

Where the instrument rating flight test is carried out in an approved simulator, the flight

examiner may elect to conduct the flight test from an observer’s position.

The degree of accuracy required is for flight examiner guidance, and while the applicant is

intended to maintain flight within these tolerances, temporary excursions outside the

established limits are acceptable providing positive remedial action is taken.

It is neither recommended nor required that unusual attitudes or simulated asymmetric

(where applicable) be carried out in IMC.

Flight test form, CAA 61/07, may be used as an aid to examiners for instrument rating issue

or competency demonstrations.

Aircraft and Equipment

The radio communication and navigation equipment is to be of an approved standard, an

approved intercommunication system is to be fitted, and the aircraft is to be fitted with an

acceptable means of simulating instrument flight conditions by excluding outside visual

reference to the pilot being tested. Should a flight examiner determine, during the course of

the test, that the aircraft instrumentation or equipment fails to meet an acceptable standard,

the flight examiner may cancel the test and the aircraft is not to be used for such purposes

again until such time as the defects have been remedied.

An applicant is to demonstrate an ability to perform solely by reference to instruments the

flight manoeuvres and procedures applicable to the type of approach aid or system for which

a rating is desired. For the purpose of issue or recency, a demonstration of the DME arc

procedure and both the VOR and ADF approach aids are compulsory with at least one

approach commencing from overhead the aid.

For a demonstration with auto-pilot; the aircraft must be fitted with a serviceable auto-pilot

capable of maintaining heading and altitude.

Before Departure

The applicant is to demonstrate proficiency in:

a) Preparation of an operational flight plan along charted or promulgated routes between

two aerodromes at least 35nm route distance apart, one of which must be a controlled

aerodrome. The applicant is to have ordered the appropriate meteorological information

and is to have a good knowledge of the requirements governing such flights including

fuel requirements, applicable weather minima, choice of altitudes and air traffic services

procedures.

b) Flight preparation including possession of the relevant current charts including en-

route chart, area charts and instrument approach charts; ground check of radio

AC61-14 17


navigation equipment and radio communication equipment and ground check of flight

instruments.

c) Correct radio telephone procedure including the ability to copy and understand airways

and departure clearances, the tuning of radio navigation equipment and use of the

transponder.

d) Knowledge of loss-of-communications procedures.

When the flight test is to demonstrate multi-crew IFR competency; the applicant is to brief

the co-pilot/examiner on their duties and responsibilities. Prior to departure the applicant is to

demonstrate proficiency in radio telephone procedures, understanding clearances and the

ground checking of radio navigation/communication equipment and flight instruments. The

examiner will carry out these duties, in flight, when requested.

In Flight

In a single-engine or multi-engine aircraft as the case may be, the applicant is to

demonstrate competence to the given limitations. Flight under IFR between two

aerodromes - simulated instrument flight being introduced at the take-off minima height

for the aerodrome of departure, and discontinued at the landing minima altitude for the

aerodrome of destination. The flight will be planned at least in part within controlled airspace

through at least one compulsory reporting point that is not overhead a navigation aid, or

alternatively, to establish position by cross-bearings using NDB or VOR, or both. Attention

will be given to the applicant’s ability to fly the aircraft accurately on instruments, to conform

to the appropriate departure procedure, to intercept and track using both the NDB and

VOR individually as en route and approach aids, to update estimated times of arrival as

required and to transition to the instrument approach procedure.

Inflight Tolerances are:

a) Climb: Heading ± 5 degrees, airspeed ± 5 knots.

b) Climbing turns: To a predetermined altitude, airspeed ± 5 knots, height ± 100 feet.

c) Straight and level flight: Heading ± 5 degrees, height ± 100 feet.

d) Level turns: At least 180 degrees left and right to a predetermined selected heading, ±

5 degrees, height ± 100 feet.

e) Descent: Heading ± 5 degrees, airspeed ± 5 knots.

f) Descending turns: To a predetermined altitude, airspeed ± 5 knots, height ± 100 ft.

g) Limited panel: An applicant for the issue of an instrument rating is to manually

demonstrate the ability to safely control the aircraft by sole reference to limited

(emergency) flight instruments, and in the case of helicopters (where the flight manual

permits), without benefit of stabilisation systems, to the following accuracy:

h) Cruise: Heading ± 10 degrees. Height ± 200 feet. Turns: Height ± 200 feet.

i) Compass turns: Heading ± 20 degrees initially thence corrected to ± 10 degrees with

heights ± 200 feet.

Note: If the weather precludes, this item may be completed on a separate flight within

30 days of the initial part of the test.

j) Unusual attitudes, limited panel: Immediate recognition and correct recovery from

steep climbing turns and spiral dives as appropriate to the aircraft size and type. Note:

If the weather precludes, this item may be completed on a separate flight within 30

days of the initial part of the test.

AC61-14 18


k) Unusual attitudes, full panel: Immediate recognition and correct recovery from steep

climbing turns and spiral dives as appropriate to the aircraft size and type. Note: If the

weather precludes, this item may be completed on a separate flight within 30 days of

the initial part of the test.

At the discretion of the flight examiner, if the applicant is the holder of an appropriate CPL(A)

or higher, competence in 4(b) to 4(h) need not be demonstrated as specific test items but

may be assessed from those manoeuvres completed during the procedural and en route

part of the test.

Plus for Multi-Engine Aeroplanes Only

Simulated engine failure after take-off, under simulated instrument flight conditions (at least

10 knots above safety speed and landing gear fully retracted - recommended)*. Asymmetric

climb in accordance with departure procedure, then engine power restored at discretion of

flight examiner. Simulated feathering of one engine may be achieved by setting power to

zero thrust. Feathering the propeller is neither required nor encouraged. In approved

simulators, engine failure at or above V1 may be simulated.

* Where these exercises are carried out in an approved airline flight simulator, these

recommended guidelines may not be appropriate.

The degree of accuracy required is;

a) Take-off headings: ± 15 degrees initially then ± 5 degrees.

b) Altitude: Continued climb.

c) Airspeed: Achieve and maintain best rate-of-climb speed or recommended speed with

one engine inoperative.

d) Approach and missed approach procedure: Failure of an engine will be simulated

prior to, or during, an instrument approach procedure and an engine-out missed

approach initiated from minimum altitude in accordance with the missed approach

procedure for that aid. Heading ± 15 degrees initially on simulated engine failure then ± 5

degrees.

Plus for Multi-Engine Helicopters Only

The applicant is to demonstrate competency in controlling the helicopter to within the

specified limitations of the helicopter at a given weight with one engine idle or simulated

engine inoperative. Correct handling of the ancillary controls and adherence to engine

limitations as applicable is a requirement for satisfactory performance of these manoeuvres.

The degree of accuracy required is;

a) Heading: ± 15 degrees initially (on simulated engine failure) then ± 5 degrees.

b) Airspeed: Not lower than take-off safety speed.

c) Approach and missed approach procedure: Failure of an engine will be simulated

prior to, or during, an instrument approach procedure and an engine-out missed

approach initiated from minimum altitude in accordance with the missed approach

procedure for that aid. Heading ± 15 degrees initially on simulated engine failure then ± 5

degrees.

AC61-14 19


Accuracy for All Aircraft

a) Recovery from unusual attitudes: Immediate recognition and correct recovery

to straight and level flight followed by a return to the heading and height nominated

by the examiner.

b) Speeds: Instrument procedures flown are to comply with the requirements of

the aircraft flight manual and with the relevant approach procedure design

speeds. If nominated, the higher minima is to be applied when a higher speed is

utilised for the approach.

c) En route tracking: NDB ± 5 degrees, VOR ± 5 degrees, GPS ± half scale CDI

deflection. En route tolerances are subject to consideration of bends or

fluctuations of track guidance and within the rated coverage of the navigation aid.

d) Holding procedure: The tracking tolerance is that applicable to the en route

standards for the applicable aid. Altitude ± 100 feet. The holding procedure design

is based on turns at 25 degrees angle of bank or Rate 1 (whichever is the lesser).

The pilot may increase or decrease the angle of bank to make good the inbound

track. A VOR and NDB holding procedure are a compulsory demonstration for

issue. For the purpose of instrument rating renewal, only one holding procedure

(at the discretion of the flight examiner) need be demonstrated.

e) Departure and missed approach: Tolerances are as for instrument approach

procedures.

f) DME Arc arrival procedures: ± 1 nm of arc and descent as required to maintain

profile on crossing designated radials. Tracking standards are those for the

appropriate navigation aid.

g) Initiation of missed approach procedures: Up to 3 seconds for recognition

and up to 3 seconds to initiate climb or turn, or both, as appropriate.

h) Angle of bank and rate of turn: For all procedures except circling approach, the

approach procedures are designed to provide terrain clearance using a maximum

of 25 degrees angle of bank or Rate 1 (whichever is the lesser). Lesser angles of

bank apply to procedure design for high performance aircraft on departure.

Circling approach procedure designs are based on, 20 degrees angle of bank or

Rate 1 (whichever is the lesser). The angle of bank and rate of turn used by the

pilot should be appropriate to the procedure and the conditions. Therefore,. the

pilot may increase or decrease the angle of bank to make good the desired track,

however, the procedure design minimum angles of bank must be achieved in

terrain critical areas, whilst excessive angles of bank must also be avoided.

i) NDB approach: Altitudes ± 100 feet reducing to a maximum of + 50 feet and

not below MDA. Tracking, ± 5 degrees. When within 5 degrees of the inbound

track, descent may be commenced and the tracking tolerance reduced to ± 3

degrees in the final 300 feet to MDA.

j) VOR approach: Altitudes, ± 100 feet reducing to a maximum of + 50 feet and

not below MDA. Tracking, ± 5 degrees, and when within 5 degrees of the inbound

track, descent may be commenced, ± 5 degrees reducing to ± 2.5 degrees in the

final 300 feet to MDA.

AC61-14 20


k) GPS approach: Altitude ± 100 feet reducing to a maximum of + 50 feet and not

below MDA. Tracking, ± half scale CDI deflection and when within half scale of the

inbound track, descent may be commenced. On final, within ± half scale

deflection reducing to ± 1 dot in the final 300 feet to MDA. Alternatively, Bearing

to waypoint should remain within 2 degrees of desired track to waypoint.

Subsequent makes and model of GPS unit are to be demonstrated to a flight

examiner in flight. Except that, a current instrument rating holder whose

instrument rating is endorsed with one make and model of GPS unit and who

meets the recency requirements for GPS as an approach aid, may demonstrated

subsequent types and models of GPS unit to a flight examiner in the ‘simulation’

mode.

l) ILS approach: LLZ tracking, left or right one quarter scale from FAF or FAP

onward. Glide path (slope), from FAF or FAP onward, one half scale above,

one quarter scale below, reducing so that in the final 300 feet to DA one quarter

scale above or below, go-around commenced not below DA. Knowledge of LLZ

procedure.

m) Precision radar approach: Positioning ± 100 feet of assigned altitude

reducing to a maximum of + 50 feet and not below MDA. Satisfactory

compliance with radar directions, smooth acquisition and maintenance of track

and approach profile.

n) Missed approach procedure: The applicant is to demonstrate a missed

approach from minimum altitude in accordance with the missed approach

procedure for the aid. Heading ± 5 degrees.

o) Circling approach: Demonstration of the transition from an instrument approach

procedure to a visual circuit approach and landing on a runway preferably at an

angle of at least 80 degrees to the final instrument approach track within the

lowest circling minima authorised for the aircraft at the aerodrome concerned. A

higher altitude may be nominated by the flight examiner. Distance from aerodrome

-- not more than visibility minima.

IR Annual Competency Demonstration

This will be to the same standard and contain the same elements (except where provided)

as the initial issue flight test.

For the holders of a Part 119 certificate operating under Part 121 the Director may approve

the use of an alternative instrument rating competency demonstration. Operators certificated

to conduct annual competency demonstrations within their training organisations may be

certificated to conduct annual instrument rating competency demonstrations using an

approved synthetic flight trainer, in accordance with an exemption to 61.707(a)(6).

IR Approach Aid Endorsement

An applicant for an additional approach-aid endorsement to the instrument rating is to

demonstrate competence, to a flight examiner, on that approach aid in accordance with

AC61-14 21


the syllabus in this Appendix. Such a demonstration may be completed independently or as

part of the annual competency demonstration.

AC61-14 22


Appendix III GNSS Theory Course Syllabus

Introduction

This syllabus is guidance for developing a course for RNP and RNAV Instrument Rating

privileges.

Pilot training must include classroom training and examination, and practical training on the

equipment to be used (in simulator, training device, or aircraft), covering the following matters

with appropriate logbook endorsement.

Course concept

This course is a prerequisite for the issue of GNSS as a navigation aid endorsement to an

instrument rating.

Prior to undertaking the endorsement demonstration, the applicant must provide evidence to the

holder of a current flight examiner rating with the examiner privilege of additional navigation aid

GNSS that they have successfully completed a course in accordance with this syllabus.

The flight examiner must be satisfied with the content of the course as delivered to the candidate

by questioning the candidate appropriately on the content of the course syllabus.

Classroom training and examination

Performance Based Navigation (PBN) Principles 1. State the principles of RNAV 1 and 2, RNP 1 and 2 and RNP APCH

2. Describe in basic terms the principal GNSS systems – GPS, Galileo, GLONASS and

BeiDou.

3. Explain navigation database menus and sub menus.

4. Explain how to confirm data validity and a verifiable source for current applicable software

versions.

5. Understand system software configuration management.

6. Using the basic block diagram of an RNAV system explain the function and operation of

each component.

7. Describe the effects of RAIM outages, Fault Detection (FD), and Fault Detection and

Exclusion (FDE) on PBN.

8. Explain the difference between an almanac and ephemeris data on GNSS operations.

9. Explain the effect of barometric altitude input.

10. Explain the operating principle of RAIM.

11. Explain the difference between Fly-by and Fly-over waypoints.

12. List the required navigation and communication equipment for RNAV, RNP, and RNP

APCH operations.

13. Describe the basic differences between TSO C129 and C145/146 receivers, including

scaling differences.

14. State and apply the operational conditions required to support RNP 1 and 2 (no

surveillance) operations and RNAV 1 and 2 operations (under surveillance).

AC61-14 23


15. State the actions to be taken in the event of loss of integrity, system failure and system

messages.

16. List the effects on turn anticipation with consideration to speed and altitude.

17. Explain the contingency procedures for RNAV/RNP failures.

18. State the aviation documents required for PBN operations..

Charting 1. Demonstrate a working knowledge of definitions and abbreviations associated with RNP,

RNAV and RNP APCH operations.

2. Be familiar with the interpretation of chart legends including route depiction, flyover and fly-by waypoints.

3. Explain the significance of the WGS-84 earth model.

Aircraft and equipment knowledge 1. Describe the use of navigation database menus and submenus.

2. Describe system software configuration management.

3. Describe annunciator message importance of warnings; both cautions and advisory, and their applicability.

Pilot operations 1. Discuss human factors in PBN.

2. Demonstrate filing of ICAO flight plans in compliance with current flight planning requirements.

3. Identify operator procedures, including methods to minimise cross track error.

4. Explain monitoring procedures for each stage of flight.

5. Explain turn anticipation with consideration of speed and altitude effects.

6. Demonstrate appropriate RTF phraseology.

Equipment specific training

On ground 1. Describe the capabilities and limitations of the installed system from the Aircraft Flight

Manual or AFM Supplement. 2. Explain levels of automation, mode annunciations, changes, alerts etc. 3. Explain system software configuration management. 4. Demonstrate removal and re-selection of navigation sensor input. 5. Demonstrate confirmation of exclusion of sensor input. 6. Describe functional integration with other aircraft systems. 7. Interpret electronic displays and symbols. 8. Identify where HDG, GS, TK, XTK,G/S etc. are displayed. 9. Demonstrate RAIM prediction. 10. Verify currency and integrity of the aircraft navigation data. 11. Initialise navigation system self-tests. 12. Verify the successful completion of the navigation system self-tests. 13. Verify waypoints and flight plan programming. 14. Edit or amend current flight plan with routing changes. 15. Perform an FDE prediction for flights to a destination and alternate.

AC61-14 24


In aircraft, simulator, or training device 1. Initialise system position.

2. Perform a manual or automatic update with take-off point shift if applicable.

3. Verify waypoints and navigation system flight plan programming.

4. Retrieve and fly a planned SID and reprogram with a subsequent runway change.

5. Adhere to speed and/or altitude constraints associated with a SID.

6. Vector off and re-join a route or procedure.

7. Determine allowable deviation limits and maintain flight within those limits.

8. Carry out contingency procedures for RNAV/RNP failures.

9. Demonstrate how to change CDI scaling.

1. Perform parallel track offset functions if capability exists.

2. Perform gross navigation error checks with legacy aids.

3. Perform RNAV/RNP holding functions.

4. Change the planned destination and alternate airport.

5. Select and fly the appropriate STAR and demonstrate and handle a runway change.

6. Adhere to speed and/or altitude constraints associated with a STAR.

7. Retrieve and fly, an RNAV (GNSS) approach.

8. Adhere to speed and/or altitude constraints associated with an RNP APCH.

advisory circular civil aviation safety … · ir approach aid endorsement ... after pbn...

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