advancing forest-based bioproducts capacity in...

Advancing forest-based bioproducts capacity in Canada

Warren Mabee Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University

[email protected]

International Bioenergy Conference & Exhibition, Prince George, Canada 16 June 2016

2

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

An opportunity

National Forestry Database 2016; FAOStat 2016

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Mill

ion

m3

5-year average: 63.7 Mm3/year

5-year average: 32.3 Mm3/year

Softwood Harvest

Softwood AAC

Hardwood Harvest

Hardwood AAC

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An opportunity

National Energy Board 2016

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Mill

ion

barr

els/

year

Wood potential

Eastern oil

Western oil

= 1 million barrels equivalent from softwoods

= 1 million barrels equivalent from hardwoods

96 million barrels 563 PJ

7%

4

A chemical and energy storage system… ‐ Wide diversity of

chemical products embedded in wood

‐ Chemical make-up varies from species to species

‐ Significant amounts of energy in most species

Jack Pine chemistry from Cabral and Mabee 2016

Specific gravity 0.33-0.45

Higher heating value 19-21 kJ/g

Moisture content 42-100%

Lignin 27.0-29.0%

Extractives 4.8-7.6%

Glucose in cellulose

42.7-50.0%

Jack Pine ranges from 46.7% to 54.1% glucose All Hemicellulose

20.0 – 23.0% Glucose in hemicellulose

4.0-4.1% Mannose

9.2-14.0% Galactose

1.4-3.5% Arabinose

1.4-2.9% Xylose 5.7-7.1% Uronic acids

1.6-3.9% Acetyl group 1.2%

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…with significant differences between species ‐ Greater amount of

xylose in hardwoods

‐ More lignin in softwoods, but different character

Poplar chemistry from Cabral and Mabee 2016

Specific gravity 0.40

Higher heating value 19.0-19.7 kJ/g

Moisture content 75 - 100%

Lignin 16.3-26.7%

Extractives 1.7-4.1%

Glucose in cellulose

33.1-53.0%

Poplar ranges from 35.3 to 57.3% glucose All Hemicellulose 5.4-31.0%

Glucose in hemicellulose 2.2-4.3%

Mannose 0.9-5.3%

Galactose 0.4-3.5%

Arabinose 0.3-2.4% Xylose

12.5-19.2% Uronic acids 3.3-4.3% Acetyl group

3.4-3.7%

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Unlocking potential

Physico-Chemical Treatment

Cellulose

Forests

Sawmilling

Pulping

Hydrolysis

Crystalline Cellulose, C6

Sonication/ Recovery

Cellulose filaments, NCC

Pulp

Traditional paper

Lumber, panels

Lignocellulose

Processing residues

Processing residues

Harvest residues

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Cellulosic filaments Isolated components of wood structure – exhibit high strength and unique surface qualities, serves as a building block Prime example: nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) CelluForce (Canada); Melodea (EU); Zelpho (EU)

Substitutes for: carbon nanotubes; can be used in place of metals such as aluminum, synthetic fibres such as Kevlar

Public domain by Innventia

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Unlocking potential


Cellulose

Forests

Sawmilling

Pulping

Hydrolysis




Pulp

Traditional paper

Lumber, panels

Lignocellulose

Processing residues

Processing residues

Harvest residues

Pyrolysis/ Gasification

Catalysis

Lignin-based bioproducts Lignin

Lignin intermediates Spent pulping liquor

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Lignin-based bioproducts Isolated components of wood structure – phenolic compounds recovered directly from wood or from spent pulping liquors Prime examples: arboform, LignoForce Fibria Innovations-Canada, FPInnovations-Canada, Tecnaro-Germany

Substitutes for: resins, dispersants, carbon fibre

© Some rights reserved by Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Centre

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Unlocking potential


Cellulose

Forests

Sawmilling

Pulping

Hydrolysis




Pulp

Traditional paper

Lumber, panels

Lignocellulose

Processing residues

Processing residues

Harvest residues


Catalysis

Lignin-based bioproducts Lignin

Lignin intermediates

Hemicellulose

Novel Fermentation

C5 Biopolymers

Spent pulping liquor

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Biopolymers

© Some rights reserved by Dan Clark

Reconstituted wood chemicals via various pathways (e.g. anaerobic fermentation to succinic acid, aerobic fermentation to 3-Hydroxypropionic acid)

Prime examples: succinic acid, ingeo fibre, sorona fibre BioAmber (Canada); NatureWorks (USA)

Substitutes for: synthetic textile products (nylon, lycra, etc.)

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Unlocking potential


Cellulose

Forests

Sawmilling

Pulping

Hydrolysis




Pulp

Traditional paper

Lumber, panels

Lignocellulose

Processing residues

Processing residues

Harvest residues


Catalysis

Lignin-based bioproducts


Hemicellulose

Novel Fermentation

C5 Biopolymers

C6 Conventional Fermentation

Cracking Green fuels C6

C5

Cellulosic ethanol

Mechanical Treatment

Briquettes

Torrefaction Torrefied Pellets Torrefied Briquettes

Combus'on Bioheat,bioelectricity

Pellets

Lignin

Biomass-to-liquid (BTL) Fischer-Tropsch fuels

Bio-oil Bioheat, bioelectricity


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Bioenergy and biofuels Direct combustion of wood under varying conditions, or conversion to solid, liquid, or gaseous products Prime examples: cellulosic ethanol, bio-oil, wood pellets Enerkem (Canada); Ensyn (Canada); Fibria Innovations (Canada/Brazil); Raizen (Brazil) Substitutes for: petroleum fuels (gasoline and diesel), coal, natural gas

© Some rights reserved by Steve Jurvetson

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Unlocking potential


Cellulose

Forests

Sawmilling

Pulping

Hydrolysis




Pulp

Traditional paper

Lumber, panels

Lignocellulose

Processing residues

Processing residues

Harvest residues


Catalysis

Lignin-based bioproducts


Hemicellulose

Novel Fermentation

C5 Biopolymers

C6 Conventional Fermentation

Cracking Green fuels C6

C5

Cellulosic ethanol

Mechanical Treatment

Briquettes

Torrefaction Torrefied Pellets Torrefied Briquettes

Combus'on Bioheat,bioelectricity

Pellets

Lignin

Biomass-to-liquid (BTL) Fischer-Tropsch fuels

Bio-oil Bioheat, bioelectricity


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Advanced biomaterials

© Some rights reserved by BASF

Combining different bio-based polymers to create unique products Prime example: composite bioplastic/wood products – compostable coffee cups and K-cups BASF (EU); NatureWorks (USA)

Substitutes for: petro-based coatings in consumer goods; structural products; furniture; automotive parts

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Broken telegraph

Key disconnects: scale, price, location

Key disconnects: quality, handling

Key disconnects: access, distribution, value

Key disconnects: market pull, consumer awareness

Forests

Energy

Chemical & materials

Markets

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Goal Can policy be used to tackle these disconnects and discover new opportunities for collaboration and development? What’s required to shift thinking out of sectoral silos and address these challenges? Global trends are towards bio-based products in all sectors; how do we take advantage of the Canadian opportunity?

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Renewable mandates

Environment Canada 2015

Federal:5%ingasoline,2%inheavydistallates

5%4%

5%2%

7.5%2%

8.5%2%

7.5%

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Key policy mechanisms Carbon pricing -BC, AB ($30/t) via carbon tax -ON, PQ ($12-15/t) via cap-and-trade Low carbon standards -Primarily employed for fuels (California, BC) -Could b employe in other locations

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Other approaches R&D support – inside and outside government labs, NCEs (e.g. BioFuelNet) Commercialization – Pilot and demo program (PDS), SDTC Infrastructure spending – e.g. Ethanol Expansion Program Producer incentives – e.g. ecoEnergy for Biofuels Consumer incentives – e.g. excise tax exemptions

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Summary Carbon pricing may drive some innovation but it comes down to consistency in how the prices are imposed ‐ Possible that capital will focus on ‘cleantech’ and skip bio-based

products altogether Mandates are useful but world seems to be evolving past simple mandates to low carbon fuel standards ‐ Again, a mechanism to drive innovation in heavy-duty fuels is

essential

Important to consider a suite of initiatives that cover all aspects of development (from R&D through to implementation and use)

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Team and partners DR Massimo Collotta DR Saeed Ghafghazi DR Jamie Stephen DR Linghong Zhang

Jean Blair PHD Sinead Earley PHD

Lauren Malo MA Nathan Manion PHD Peter Milley PHD

Ricardo Smalling PHD Ashton Taylor MSC

Emma Webb MSC

Contact us at [email protected]

FFABnet Functionalized Fibre and Biochemicals Network

advancing forest-based bioproducts capacity in...

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