Dr. Rameswar Panda

Teaching Asst.

College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad

Advances in Vitamin & Mineral

Nutrition in Livestock

Mineral

s

Function Cause of deficiency

Cu Transport of Iron in the body, synthesis of

collagen, myelin sheath formation, component

of cytochrome oxidase,

superoxidase,ceruloplasmin, tyrosinase,

stability to DNA/RNA.

High Mo, Cu:Mo ratio below

3:1,

Fe Component of catalase, oXidase, peroxidase,

Myoglobin, transferrin, ferittin

Parasitic infestation, raw

cotton seed meal feeding

Zn Component of 70 enzymes like alcoholic

dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, carboxy

peptidase,DNA-RNApolymerase,

spermatogenesis, helps in Vit-A utilisation,

integrity of immune system, prostaglandin

metabolism,

Over cultivation of soil.

Mn Constituent of arginase, carboxylase,

transferase, hydrolase, mucoploysaccharide

synthesis, glycoprotein synthesis, maintains

membrane integrity, regulate CL

Prolonged intake of dry

fodder, in poultry Mn

deficiency occures due to

deficiency of Ca,P.

Co Recycling of methionine, purine and pyrimidine

synthesis

Legumes are superior in Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Co than the grasses.

Grasses has higher content of Mn and Mo than the legumes.

Straw and Stover contains excess tannin, silica and oxalates.

Straws are the major roughage source for animal feeding.

With increased soil PH, there has been drastic decrease in Mn level.

The soil in tropical climate is deficient in P.

Requirement of minerals for RuminantsMajor

Minerals

(% of diet)

Young

stock

Lactating

animals

Sheep and goat Maximum

tolerable limit

Ca 0.50 0.70 0.50 2.0

P 0.31 0.48 0.27 1.0

Mg 0.16 0.20 0.15 0.50

S 0.16 0.25 0.26 0.40

Na 0.10 0.18 0.18 1.5

K 0.65 1.0 0.70 3.0

Trace minerals

(mg/kg DM)

Young stock Lactating animal Sheep and Goat

Co 0.10 0.10 0.10

Cu 10.0 10.0 10.0

Fe 50.0 50.0 50.0

Mn 40.0 40.0 40.0

Zn 40.0 40.0 40.0

Calcium

1. Forages are good source of

Ca.

2. Ca in feed stuff is present in the form of oxalate and

phytate.

3. Addition of lactose and

casein increase the absorption

and retention of Ca in both

ruminants and non ruminants.

4.The descending order of Ca bioavailabilty

*Ca gluconate>Mono calciumphosphate>Dicalcium phosphate>Ca Chloride> bone meal> egg shell>lime stone>oyster shell>Ca sulphate> Ca Carbonate

Phosphorous

Known as master mineral

Naturally occuring phytic

acid is hydrolysed by

ruminants, except poultry

and swine

Worldwide P is the most deficient mineral.

In plants, available as Phytic acid, which should be degraded to Phosphoric acid by phytase to make it available to animals.

Cereal grains and oil seed

contain moderate to

high amount of P.

Magnesium

Most Mg occurs in bones and muscles.

Grass tetany happens due to deficiency of Mg in serum and CSF caused by feeding of lush grass high in K and low in Ca

and Mg.

Apparent absorption of Mg from plant is 20-45%.

Supplimentation of readily formentable

carbohydrate increase the Mg absorption.

Mg in sulphate form is better absorbed.

Potassium

The third most abundant mineral in

the body, the measure cation in

the intracellular fluid

a. Forage contain K @ 1-4%

b. Average absorption of K from

plants is 87-94%.

c.K is excreted from the body primiarily in the form of urine.

d.Bioavaolability of K in the order of KCl>Kbicarbonate>K sulphate/carbonate

Sulphur

1. Sulphur is the component of Methionine, Cystine, Cysteine, Thiamine and Biotin.

2. Inorganic S rumen microbes Organic Sulphur

S. Amino acids synthesized from

Sulphides oxidised sulphates

K.Sulphate> Mg sulphate>Na Sulphate>Ca sulphate

Sorghum deficient in S.

Chromium

a.Glucose Tolerance Factor

b. 0.02-1mg/kg Crstressed animals

Produce meat animals with less fat and more fat

Cobalt

3-13% of Co is converted to

VitB12

Copper

Cu is available more from concentrate diets.

The requirement is increased by both S and Mo.

React to thiomolybdeatesto form insolube

complex.

S cu sulphide

Cu

Storage-liver

Excretion-bile

Well absorbed form- Cu Sulphate &Cupric carbonate

T3

T4

Iodine

Thyroxine

Energy metabolism

Goiterogenic substances

Thiocyanate

glucosinolatesExample-

Soyabean meal &

cotton seed meal

Brassica

Thiouracil goitrogenIodination of Tyrosine molecules

Fe

Oxygen Transport

>50% Iron (HB)

Deficiency is secondary

Cereal grains (30-60mg/kg)

Oil seeds (100-200mg/kg)

Meat and fish meal (400-500mg/kg)

Forage (70-500mg/kg)

Milk deficient

Animal protein high in Fe

Iron variation in forage is due to soil

contamination

Ca/P Fe

Manganese

Component of Arginase, carboxylase , Superoxide dismutase

Cereal grains-5-40mg/kg

Forage-30-50mg/kg

Animal protein-5-15mg/kg

Molybdenum

Component of Xanthine oxidase

Deficiency not common in cattle

Sulphate and Molybdenum have common

transport system

The conditions favouring Mo uptake in forages are

a. High moisture

b. Alkaline/neutral PH

c. High organic content

SELENIUM

Glutathione peroxidase-1st selenium metalloenzyme

G.Peroxidase reduces hydrogen peroxide, prevents oxidative damage to the body

Iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase- deiodination

of thyroxine to triiodothyronine

(metabolically active)

Selenium toxicity

1. Blind staggers

2. Alkali disease/degnala

Vit-E and Se are intercorrelated.

Zn

A. strong role in immune system

B. Every phase of growth requires Zn.

C. a role in steroid genesis, vit-A metabolism D. Zn & Vit-A have synergestic action.

A. Role in reproductive status of the females.

B. Relative bioavailability of Zn is 60-70%.

Curtailing of menace of Mineral deficiency

A.Enrichment of soil

B. Mineral biofortification

of plants

C.Directmethod of

mineral supplimentation

D. Supplimentationof area specific mineral mixture

NEWER TRACE ELEMENTS

Boran increase Ca & Mg retention

Li-> effective in recovery of bovine spastic paresis

Si- helps in glycosamineand collagen

synthesis.

Supplimentation of Vanadium at 0.1ppm increase growth

rate, RBC and hameoglobinlevel and helped in bone formation in jaw defect.

Present in plants in the form of carotenes and

carotenoids.

Deficiency associated with vision, bone

development, epithelial structure and maintenance.

Supplementation of Zn reduces the deficiency

of Vit A

10 times dietary level of Vit A depress Vit E

utilisation.

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Comprised of antirachiticcompounds

Two forms

a. Ergocalciferol(D2), derived from ergosterol

b. Cholecalciferol(D3),derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol, found

in animals

a. absorbed in intestine along with lipid and bile

salts.

b. Requirement in cattle-250IU/kg DM

Deficiency vit D- Rickets (young)->failure to utilise Ca,P

Osteomalacia (adults)-> Bone weaken,fracture

Vitamin E

Occures in feed as ὰ-tocopherol,stored in liver Adipose tissue

Vit-E requirement in calf is 60IU/kg DM.

Vit-E deficiency can be precipitated by the intake of unsaturated fats.

Muscular dystrophy, white muscle disease

Prevents mastitis during periparturientperiod

Vitamin K

Vit K

Antihaemorrhagic

Phylloquinone(K1)->plants

Menaquinone(K2)->fbacterial flora

Sweet clover disease

Antagonist to dicumarol

Ruminants->VitK2

Vit K1-> abundant

Water soluble vitamins (Vit B)

Abundant in milk.

Synthesized by rumen organisms.

Vitamin B12

4.5%Co

Metabolism of nucleic acid, protein, carbohydrate,fat

Adenosylcobalamine

Methylcobalamine

Propionate metabolism

B1

Cocarboxylase

Role in TCA cycle

Glucose metabolism

Nervous disorder

Glucose supply to the brain

Synthesis by rumen organisms

Liver detoxification of blood NH3 to urea and liver metabolism of

ketone in ketosis

Coenzyme of NAD & NADP

a. Dietary niacin

b. Tryptophan to niacin

c. Ruminalsynthensis

Scaly dermatitis

Young animals Microcytic anemia

Choline

Essential for maintaining cell structure and

formation of acetyl choline.

All naturally occurring fats contain choline.

Calves fed a synthetic milk diet containing 15%

caesin exhibited signs of choline deficiency.

It is recommended to add 0.26% choline in milk

replacers.