adrenal glands

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Adrenal Glands Rañola, Anna Patricia Jo

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Adrenal

GlandsRañola, Anna Patricia Jo

Aka Suprarenal gland

Pyramidal in shape

Located superior to

each kidney

Consist of an outer

adrenal cortex and

inner adrenal medulla

Subdivided in 3 zones:

1. Zona glomerulosa

2. Zona fasciculata

3. Zona reticularis

Adrenal Cortex

Hormones, Regulation

and uses

AldosteroneRegulates homeostasis of

two mineral ions: Na+ & K+

Helps adjust blood pressure

and blood volume.

Promotes excretion of H+

Renin-angiotensin-

aldosterone pathway

STIMULI

•Dehydration, Na+ def. or hemorrhage

DECREASE

• Blood volume and blood pressure

SECRETION

• Enzyme, renin

• Juxtaglomerular cells

CONVERT

•Renin converts Angiotensinogen,plasmaprotein, into ANGIOTENSIN 1

LUNGS

•Angiotensin-converting enzyme

•Angiotensin II

KIDNEYS

•Secrete Aldosterone

•Juxtaglomerular cells

INCREASE

•Blood volume and pressure

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Synthesized by Zona

Fasciculata

Affects glucose

homeostasis

Regulates metabolism

and resistance to stress

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Cortisol, corticosterone

and cortisone.

Cortisol is most abundant

Negative Feedback

System

LOW LEVEL

•Neurosecretory cell in HYPOTHALAMUS

•CRH

RELEASE

•Anterior pituitary

•ACTH

EFFECTOR

• Zona fasciculata

•Secrete glucocorticoid

ANDROGEN

Synthesized by Zona

Reticularis

Produce steroid hormones

ACTH stimulates secretion

Masculinizing effect

Chromaffin cells are the hormone-

producing cell.

Adrenal Medulla

Hormones, Regulation

and uses

CATECHOLAMINE

Norepinephrine, epineph

rine, and small amounts

of dopamine.

NOREPINEPHRINE &

EPINEPHRINE

STIMULI

•Stressful situations and exercise

HYPOTHALAMUS

•Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in splanchnic nerve

CHROMAFFIN CELLS

•Secretes E and NE

Increase blood flow to the heart,

liver, and skeletal muscles, and

adipose tissue

Dilates airways to the lungs

Increase blood levels of glucose

and fatty acids

NOREPINEPHRINE &

EPINEPHRINE

Pancreatic

Islets

Pancreas is a flattened

organ

Located in the curve of

the duodenum

Consist of a head, body,

and tail

Tiny clusters of endocrine tissue

scattered among the exocrine acini

Pancreatic Islets

Cell Types in Pancreatic Islets

Alpha or A cells

15% of the cells in Pancreatic islets

Glucagon

β- cells or B cells

80%

Insulin

δ- cells or D cells

5%

Somatostatin

Regulation of Glucagon

and Insulin Secretion

Hypoglycemia•Secretion of glucagon

•Inhibits insulin secretion

Hepatocytes•Gluconeogenesis

•Glycogenolysis

Hyperglycemia• Inhibits

glucagon secretion

Secretion of insulin

• Glycogenesis• Increase protein synthesis• Lipogenesis• Slow gluconeogenesis and

glycogenolysis

Ovaries

&Testes

Size and shape

resembles that of

unshelled

almonds

Located in the

pelvic cavity, one

in each side of

the uterus

Covered by the

mesovarium

Ovaries

Follicular cells

Cells that surrounds the ovarian follicles

Secrete estrogen

Corpus luteum

Contains the remnants of mature follicle after ovulation

Produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin

Hormones and Uses Progesterone

Helps prepare the endometrium for

implantation

Prepare the Mammary glands for milk

secretion

Estrogen

Feminizing sex hormone

For the development of oocytes

Maintenance of female reproductive

structures and

Secondary sex characteristics

Hormones and Uses Relaxin

Increases pubic symphysis during

pregnancy

Dilate uterine cervix during labor and

delivery

Inhibin

Inhibits the production of FSH

Aka Testicles

Paired oval glands

Supported by a

sac consisting of

loose skin called

scrotum

Testes

Leydig Cells

Aka interstitial cell of leydig or

interstitial endocrinocyte

Located in the interstitial tissue

between the convuluted seminiferous

tubules

Secretes testosterone

Testosterone

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Pituitary

LH

Testes

Testosterone

Testosterone

Regulates sperm

production

Promotes

development and

maintenance of

masculine secondary

sex characteristics