161

Keterangan

Penulis : 1. Rusdi Noor Rosa

2. Elise Muryanti

3. Dewi Mulia

4. Indra Jaya

Tahun Terbit : 2008

Penerbit : Sukabina Offset

ISBN : 978-602-8124-09-6

Jumlah halaman : 276

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CHAPTER IX

MONEY AND BANKING

1. Reading

Banking

There are two principal types of banking. One is commercial banking and

the other is central banking. A commercial bank provides various services to its

customers. Two of the services are accepting savings deposit from its customers

and providing loans to them. A commercial bank also serves as a place where its

customers can pay some of their bills, like those for telephone or electricity. It

may also rent safe deposit boxes to its customers. In the U.S.A. some commercial

banks buy travel tickets for their customers.

A central bank also provides loans to its customers. But the customers are

not individuals as in the case of a commercial bank. The customers of central

banks are governments, other commercial banks and financial institutions.

In every country, there is only one central bank. In England, it is the Bank

of England. In our country, it is the Bank of Indonesia. The central bank often has

the duty of formulating and implementing the country’s monetary and credit

policies, usually in co-operation with the government.

For our individuals, the commercial bank is more important because it

directly provides us with services. We can enjoy the services by establishing an

account at the bank. There are two kinds of account. One is the savings account

and the other is current account. One advantage of having a current account is that

we can pay using cheques. This means that we don’t have to carry large amounts

of money with us, and risk of losing it.

Most banks, commercial banks, have two kinds of current account. One is

the minimum balance account and the other is the special account. The former

kind requires the customer to maintain in his account a certain amount of money

as a minimum balance, but the bank will charge the customer a fee for each

cheque he or she writes.

Questions:

1. What is the main idea of the text?

2. How many types of banking are mentioned in the text?

3. What type of bank that gives you more advantages? Why?

4. What is a central bank responsible for?

5. Mention two of services provided in a commercial bank!

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6. The word “bills” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ……..

7. “The former kind requires the customer …” (paragraph 5)

“The former kind” in the above sentence refers to …………..

8. Who are the customers of central bank?

9. What is the advantage of having current account?

10. What does the word “cheques” in paragraph 4 mean?

A. Reading Strategy: Vocabulary (Word Part)

In the previous chapters, you have been introduced to the way how to get the

meaning of unfamiliar word from its context. In this chapter, you will be introduced

to another strategy in reading; i.e. getting the meaning of vocabulary through its word

parts.

From time to time while reading you will see a word you cannot identify. It may

be a word you think you know but cannot identify, or it may be a word that is new to

you (unfamiliar word). When this happens, you should use a word identification

strategy to identify and say the word.

Before getting the meaning of the unfamiliar word, you must understand what a

root word is in order to understand what an affix

is. A root word is a word you can change into a

new word by adding a beginning and/or an

ending. An affix is divided into two: a prefix

and a suffix. A prefix is a suffix that is attached

before the root; meanwhile, a suffix is an affix

that is attached after the root. For example, take the root word “purpose.” By adding

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the prefix “multi” to “purpose,” the new word “multipurpose” is formed. Every prefix

has its own meaning. When added to a root word, a prefix changes the meaning of the

root word to which it is added. The root word “purpose” means “an aim or a goal one

wishes to achieve.” The prefix “multi” means “many.” The new word “multipurpose”

means “designed or used for many purposes.”

A suffix “sphere”, for example, means “round”. By attaching it into the root

word, a new word is formed such as atmosphere, hemisphere, etc. Those words

contain the meaning “round”. Atmosphere means a coat containing air that surrounds

the earth and hemisphere means part of human’s brain that is round in shape. The

following table contains some common word parts that can reflect the meaning of

their words. The list of word parts can be seen in appendices.

WORD PARTS

Word Part Meaning Examples

ambi both ambiguous, ambidextrous

ante preceding antechamber, antenna, antecedent

circum around circumnavigate, circumstance

contra against contradictory, contrary, contraception

dic say dictate, diction, predict

fore front forecast, forehead, foreskin

hyper over hyperactive, hypersensitive, hyperbole

infra below, beneath infrastructure, infrared, infraterritorial

intra, intro inside intracity, intracellular, introspection

mal bad, wrong malfunction, malnutrition, malpractice

mis, dis, un, in error, incorrect mistake, disorganized, unlucky, inactive

mor death mortality, morgue, mortuary

multi many polygamy, polychromatic, polygon

omni all omniscient, omnipotent, omnivorous

proto first protoorganism, protoplasm, prototype

re again replay, remix, reorganize, regenerate

spec see spectacles, spectator, spectrum

sphere round atmosphere, hemisphere, stratosphere

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sub under subway, submarine, subtopic

terr earth territorial, terrain, terrace, terrestrial

trans across transform, transplant, translation

tri three triangular, tricycle, trilogy

vert turn divert, convert

viv life vivid, survive, revive

Example:

Ring Lardner himself was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured

family. For the bulk of his career; he worked as a reporter for newspapers in

South Bend, Boston, St Louis, and Chicago. However, it is for his short stories of

lower middle-class Americans that Ring Lardner is perhaps best known. In these

stories, Lardner vividly creates the language and the ambiance of this lower class,

often using the misspelled words, grammatical errors, and incorrect diction that

typified the language of the lower middle class.

Question:

1. The word “vividly” in line 5 is closest in meaning to ……

(A) in a cultured way

(B) in a correct way

(C) in a lifelike way

(D) in a brief way

Explanation:

The word “vividly” contains the word part “viv”. As mentioned above,

“viv” contains the meaning of “life”. Therefore, the best answer is (C) because it

contains “life” meaning. If the word cannot be identified through this way, the

next chapter will talk about other ways to solve the problem of getting meaning of

difficult or unfamiliar word.

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B. Exercises

Plant physiology researchers discovered in the 19th century that plants

absorb essential mineral nutrients as inorganic ions in water. In natural

conditions, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil itself is not

essential to plant growth. When the mineral nutrients in the soil dissolve in water,

plant roots are able to absorb them. When the required mineral nutrients are

introduced into a plant's water supply artificially, soil is no longer required for the

plant to thrive. Almost any terrestrial plant will grow with hydroponics, but some

will do better than others. It is also very easy to do; the activity is often

undertaken by very young children with such plants as watercress. Hydroponics is

also a standard technique in biology research and teaching.

1. The word “inorganic” in line 2 is closest in meaning to ………

(A) living things (C) materials

(B) non animate (D) good creature

2. Which of the followings is closest in meaning to “terrestrial” in line 8?

(A) population (C) ecosystem

(B) land (D) fruit

Guess the meaning of underlined word or phrase by using word part strategy.

3. Nowadays, Indonesia is still suffering from monetary crisis, but one of the

famous fortune tellers foresee that Indonesia will have recovered from the

crisis by 2010.

The word “foresee” means ………

4. Most of today’s Indonesian assets have been managed by foreign companies

and Indonesian citizens act only as spectators.

The word “spectator” means ……..

5. In order to survive in the monetary crisis, people must want to work harder.

The word “survive” means ……..

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2. Grammar Focus: Adjective Clause

Adjective clause is a clause that acts as an adjective. It is used to modify a noun

and positioned after the noun that it modifies. Look at the following example.

The man who took me to the hospital refused to give his name.

Adjective clause

I met the teacher whom you told me last night.

Adjective clause

The student whose shoes are red is our headmaster’s daughter

Adjective clause

I want to buy the book which you read last night.

Adjective clause

Jakarta, the population of which is the highest in Indonesia, shows promises.

Adjective clause

The above examples show that adjective clause describes nouns preceding it by

using one of relative pronouns. The sentence “The man who took me to the hospital

refused to give his name” contains an adjective clause (who took me to the hospital)

that functions to modify the noun (The man) that precedes it. Therefore, “the man” in

this sentence has been specified from other men. When the clause is omitted, the

sentence fails to show whose man is being discussed. The examples also suggest that

different noun is differently described by using different relative pronoun. The

following table shows different types of relative pronoun in English structure.

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Subject Object Possession

For persons who

that

whom

that

whose

For things which

that

which

that

whose

of which

The table shows that relative pronouns may replace both persons and things in

three different positions: subject, object, and possession. They join two identical

sentences in order to avoid using the similar word or phrase twice.

Example: The actor is very talented. The actor’s acting often amazes many people.

This sentence can be joined and it results in “The actor the actor’s acting often

amazes many people is very talented”. However, this sentence demonstrates the same

word appears twice – a characteristic of ineffective sentence. In order to avoid using

repetition word, relative pronoun is used, which therefore results in more effective

sentence. The sentence then becomes “The actor whose acting often amazes many

people is very talented”. How each type of relative pronoun works can be seen as

follows.

A. who or that

Both “who” and “that” are used to replace personal nouns as subject.

Example: The girl is beautiful.

The girl helped me yesterday.

The girl the girl helped me yesterday is beautiful

The girl who/that helped me yesterday is beautiful

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The phrase “the girl” is found in both of sentences. Therefore, these

sentences can be joined into a single sentence by using either “who” or “that”.

This choice is based on the fact that the repeated phrase is placed in the subject

position.

B. whom or that

Both “whom” and “that” are used to replace personal nouns as object.

Example: The man looks funny

I met the man in the party.

The man whom/that I met in the party looks funny.

Please look at the italicized words (the girl) in the second sentence of the

first example and compare them with the ones (the man) in the second sentence of

the second example. “The girl” is found in the subject position of the second

sentence, which is therefore replaced by the relative pronoun “who”. On the other

hand, “the man” is found to possess the object position of the sentence as it comes

after the verb. As “the man” is categorized personal noun and positioned as an

object, the relative pronoun “whom/that” is used.

The Omission of “whom” or “that”

Both whom and that can be omitted in all of adjective clauses describing

personal nouns as objects. There is no specific requirement for this process:

whom and that are omitted and the other words are kept.

Example: The student whom our teacher likes is very smart

The student our teacher likes is very smart

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Preposition + whom (to whom, from whom, of whom, etc.)

Another important point that should be discussed concerning relative

pronoun “whom” is that it can be preceded, in the way it describes a noun, by a

preposition. There are two main causes why this situation takes place:

- The verb or predicate of the sentence must take a preposition to make

itself transitive.

Example: The girl looks friendly.

John is talking to the girl right now.

The girl to whom John is talking right now looks friendly.

- The noun acts as an object of preposition.

Example: The teacher is still young.

I received the letter from the teacher.

The teacher from whom I received the letter is still young.

Note: The preposition can also be placed after the verb used in an adjective

clause.

The girl to whom John is talking right now looks friendly; or

The girl whom John is talking to right now looks friendly

The teacher from whom I received the letter is still young; or

The teacher whom I received the letter from is still young.

C. whose

Relative pronoun “whose” replaces personal nouns whenever they show

possessions.

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Contoh: I like the football player.

The football player’s shoes are blue.

I like the football player whose shoes are blue.

The phrase “the football player” indicates personal nouns and “’s” indicates

possession. The relative pronoun (whose) is used because the personal nouns

show ownership.

D. which or that

Relative pronoun “which” modifies the impersonal nouns which act either subject

or object.

Example: The food smells bad.

I bought the food from the store near the bus station.

The food which/that I bought from the store near the bus station

smells bad.

The word “food” may refer to everything that can be eaten; therefore, the

presence of adjective clause in this sentence distinguishes “the food” from other

kinds of food. As a food is impersonal noun, “which/that” is used.

Note: Whenever “which” replaces impersonal nouns as objects, it can be preceded

by preposition; such as by which, for which, without which, etc.

Example: The problems are quite complicated.

Many people talk about the problems.

The problems about which many people talk are quite complicated.

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E. of which

This is a relative pronoun that is less frequently used, because it can be replaced

by “whose”. It replaces impersonal nouns that show possessions.

Example: The house belongs to me

The house’s doors are broken

The house of which/whose doors are broken belongs to me.

The two sentences above are joined by using “of which/whose” because the

impersonal noun that is described shows possession.

Exercise:

I. Join the following sentences by using the appropriate relative pronoun.

1. The boy is naughty

His toy is new

2. The girl makes me crazy

I saw her yesterday

3. The teacher looks friendly

He is never angry with the his students

4. The student is liked by teachers

He gets a scholarship every year

5. The book gives me much knowledge about life

It was published in 1965

6. The house looks great

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Its walls are made of glass

7. The ladies are the owner’s daughters

They serve in the shop

8. The news sounds interesting

I got it from my classmate

9. The man has been arrested

He robbed the bank

10. The man should be respected

His attitude is highly impressed

II. Divide each of the following sentences into two sentences.

1. The car which I bought yesterday has been stolen by someone.

2. The boy whom I gave money is a beggar.

3. The noise that he made wakes everybody up.

4. The girl whom I fall in love with is our headmaster’s daughter.

5. Something which I said annoyed her.

6. People who are waiting for the bus always shelter in my doorway.

7. Boys who attend this school have to wear uniform.

8. The novel which told about how hard this life is becomes best-seller.

9. The doctor whose car is new looks at me curiously.

10. The letter which I received yesterday is from my old friend.

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3. Speaking

a. Read and practice the following conversation.

Diana : Ahmad, can you help me do this homework?

Ahmad : Which one?

Diana : The exercise on page 5 which is related to money and banking.

Ahmad : I see.

Diana : What is a loan?

Ahmad : It’s money which is borrowed from the bank.

Diana : What is the difference between wage and salary?

Ahmad : Wage is the money that is earned from a week’s or a day’s manual

work; meanwhile, salary is the money which is earned from a

professional work.

Diana : What about accountant? Do you know what it is?

Ahmad : Accountant is the person whose work is counting the trading activities

of a business

Diana : This is the last question. What does profit and loss account mean?

Ahmad : It’s the account which describes the trading activities of a business

over a period of time.

Diana : Thanks a lot, Ahmad. You’re very kind.

Ahmad : Don’t mention it. If you have some more problems, you may call me.

b. Complete the following conversation with appropriate expression.

Doni : ……. Josh. ……………..?

Joshua : Just fine. ………………….?

Doni : I’m looking for the books which contain these terms.

Joshua : What is it? May I see it?

Doni : ………….. Do you understand it?

Joshua : Yes, but some of them.

Doni : …………….. pension?

Joshua : It’s some amount of money ……. is paid by the government or a

company to a retired person.

Doni : Oh, I see. …………………… capital?

Joshua : ……………………………. is needed to start a business. The bigger

business, the more capital is needed.

Doni : …………………. a debtor?

Joshua : A debtor is a person ……… borrow some amount of money from the

bank.

Doni : You’re very smart. ………………

Joshua : You’re welcome.

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4. Writing: Analytical Exposition

Exposition is a text type that functions to persuade the readers by providing

some logical arguments. The act of delivering arguments is called argumentation.

Argumentation is human’s daily activities. Asking the shopkeeper to lower the price,

asking for permission from a lecture, asking someone to watch our favorite movie are

some examples of how our daily activities are much related with argumentation.

However, those argumentations are delivered orally. Oral argumentation is easier

than written one because the speakers can use their facial expressions, intonation and

performance to emphasize their ideas.

Argumentation has two general purposes: to convince and to persuade. The

purpose of convincing is only to win the readers’ or listeners’ point of view; so that

they can believe in what the speaker has said. The purpose of persuading, on the other

hand, is to recall for an action. That’s why exposition is divided into two types:

analytical exposition and hortatory exposition. This chapter only talks about

analytical exposition.

Analytical exposition is used to persuade the readers that the idea is important

matter. It begins with a thesis that introduces the topic and indicates the writer’s

position. Then some arguments are provided to strengthen the writer’s idea. Each

argument must provide point and explanation or elaboration of the point. The last part

is reiteration, in which the writer restates his or her position. Analytical exposition

focuses on human and non-human participants. It uses simple present tense to

emphasize that the argument is true. Then, most of the processes are relational

processes. Reasoning is displayed using causal conjunction and nominalization.

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A. Example

Thesis

Saving

Money in a

Bank

Saving money in a

bank benefits people

Argument 1

Elaboration:

The amount of

our money

increases.

Argument 2

Point:

It gives

interest.

Argument 3

Point:

Money is

safe.

Elaboration:

We don’t feel

worried of

leaving home.

Point:

It avoids

crime act.

Elaboration:

The crime is

close to us

whenever we

have a lot of

money in our

wallet or

pocket. Reiteration

Saving money in

a bank is the best

way to keep our

money.

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Saving Money in a Bank

Many people think that their money will be safe whenever it is close to

them. This idea is quite accepted because they need it every time. However, they

don’t think what will happen to them if they always bring their money wherever

and whenever they go. One of the best ways of keeping money is putting it in a

bank.

Thesis

Saving money in a bank benefits people in various ways.

Argument 1

First, by saving money in a bank, you don’t need to be worried whenever

you leave your house for hours. Imagine when you leave your house, due to

unexpected causes such as fire from neighbours, you will lose all of your money.

Argument 2

Second, you will avoid someone doing a crime act. When you are walking

alone and there is a lot of money in your wallet or pocket, you will invite

someone to do a crime. By saving money in a bank you don’t need to be afraid of

going anywhere because ATM card will help you whenever you need quick cash.

Argument 3

Finally, you can increase the amount of your money. All of the banks offer

high interest to attract people to save their money there. Therefore, you can

choose any banks that offer you highest interest.

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Reiteration

Although saving money in a bank is not very popular, this way should be

reconsidered as it offers people keep their money safely.

B. Assignment

Write an analytical exposition in which you persuade the readers to think that

the issues should be the case.

5. Review Exercise

A. Reading Comprehension

A massive banking crisis occurred in the United States in 1933. In the two

preceding years, a large number of banks had failed, and fear of lost savings had

prompted many depositors to remove their funds from banks. Problems become

so serious in the state of Michigan that Governor William A. Comstock was

forced to declare a moratorium on all banking activities in the state on February

14, 1933. The panic in Michigan quickly spread to other states, and on March 6,

President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared a banking moratorium throughout the

United States that left the entire country without banking services.

Congress immediately met in a special session to solve the banking crisis,

and on March 9 passed the Emergency Banking Act of 1933 to assist financially

healthy banks to reopen. By March 15, banks controlling 90 percent of the

country’s financial reserves were again open for business.

1. The passage states the following occurred prior to 1933 EXCEPT that …..

(A) many banks went under

(B) many bank patrons were afraid of losing their deposits

(C) a lot of money was withdrawn from accounts

(D) Governor Comstock canceled all banking activities in Michigan

2. The word “remove” in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the followings?

(A) take away (C) run out

(B) underestimate (D) jump over

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3. The word “moratorium” in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the

followings?

(A) Death (C) Murder

(B) Temporary cessation (D) Slow decline

4. The passage indicates that the moratorium declared by Roosevelt affected …..

(A) the banks in Michigan

(B) the banks in most of the United States

(C) only the financially unhealthy banks

(D) all the banks in the United States

5. Which of the followings can be inferred from the passage?

(A) Congress did not give any special priority to the banking situation

(B) The Emergency Banking Act helped banks to reopen

(C) Ten percent of the country’s money was in financially unhealthy banks

(D) Ninety percent of the banks reopened by the middle of March

B. Structure

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. The student ………. novels have been published by one of the famous

publishers is offered a scholarship.

(A) who (C) whose

(B) which (D) that

2. The bank ……… I save my money is financially healthy.

(A) for whom (C) in which

(B) that (D) whose

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3. I met the young businessman …….. you talk about last night. He told me that

the secret ……. makes him successful is working hard and being honest.

(A) which – whom (C) whom – which

(B) who – whose (D) who – which

4. Monetary crisis ………… people always talk is a homework that must be

urgently completed by the president.

(A) which (C) about which

(B) whom (D) whose

5. The economist is a person ……… has broad knowledge about economics.

(A) who (C) which

(B) whose (D) whom

6. The organization ……….. today is known as the Bank of America did start

out in America, but under quite a different name.

(A) which (C) who

(B) of which (D) whom

7. He is the man …………….

(A) who donated a lot of money to build this mosque

(B) whom money has been donated to build this mosque

(C) whose I asked to donate some of his money to build this mosque

(D) which to build this mosque I asked much money from him

8. The bank …………. customers are individuals is called a commercial bank.

(A) which (C) whom

(B) whose (D) that

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9. Commercials …………. are broadcasted on a television increase the income

of the enterprise.

(A) who (C) whom

(B) of which (D) which

10. People in the village ……… have to work hard in the field everyday

contribute very much to the welfare of other people but are less appreciated.

(A) who (C) whom

(B) that (D) which