adhd workshop by lamia haddad shkaiban
TRANSCRIPT
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY
DISORDER (ADHD) AND RELATED
DISORDERSBy Lamia Shkaiban
Inattention
ADHD ImpulsivityHyperactivity
EmotionalRegulationDeficits
Anatomy of the Brain
ADHD: Neurological Lifespan Disorder
EF Guide human’s complex
Shaw’s study: 223 ADHD children
Deficits in Executive
complex behaviors (e.g.
planning, organizing
hi ki
EF Occur in frontal lobes
and do not fully d l b f
(NIMH):• 2 yrs Brain
maturation delay/Medial Executive
Functions (EF) thinking, decision-making,
metacognition,
develop before the age of 20 in regular children
yPrefrontal Cortex
• Regular sequence brain develop/Diff. in dopamineg ,
& behavioral inhibition.
dopamine transporter
100 billion neurons. Work on low voltage electrical impulses. Connection ADHD brain: insufficient release &
t i t t k b k tho age e ec ca pu ses o ec opoints: two neurons & synapse.
Dopamine & Norepinpherine make connection possible. In 1/1000th sec.
b i t 12
protein transporters suck back the chemicals too quickly. When medicated dopamine increases & stimulant slows down reuptake of protein transporters.brain gets 12 messages across. p p p
The Human Brain
Posterior parietal cortex makes the d i i h th t tt ti The ADHD brain functions differently. decision whether to pay attention or not. In the prefrontal cortex occurs the recalling of memory and the planning
of the response.
yPeople with ADHD are unable to
suppress less important or irrelevant stimuli. p
PrevalencePrevalence is culturally very similar in many countries. Among the three types, the most g yp ,
prevalent is the combined type.
6 9% f6 – 9% of school age children, out f h h
Boys more active & more dAbout 2% of
the population
of which 50 ‐75% combined type, and 20 –
Male to female ratio is 4:1.
disruptive. Girls mostly inattentive
30% inattentive
type.
type which is often missed.
Prevalence
Diagnostic criteria/We lookcriteria/We look
for ADHD
Today’s society:Interaction with the environment
Today s society: difficult to adapt. Offices & schools
8 hrs/day
ADHD
8 hrs/day
ADHD more
prevalent now
Genes: risk markers, not sole cause. Put us on alert. Do not automatically imply
disorder
Turned on & off depending on
Genetic research: same
i fAn interaction of
dNevertheless, idepending on
interaction with each other & environment
genetic factor does not play
same role across l ti
DAT1 and DRD4 causes a
decrease in IQ. H diff
important to think of blood relatives to get
tienvironment which results in production of certain protein
populations. Moreover, it’s not necessarily th
Huge difference between ADHD child & ADHD d lt Ch i
genetic disposition. ADHD parent
25 50%pproducts that cause many disorders.
the same genes that interact with each other in e er famil
adult. Changes in disorder as child
develops.
→25 – 50% chance child gets
it. every family.
Role of Environment
ADHD: dynamic disorder. Environment has huge effect. better
ADHD: 6 times more likely to develop other
di dhas huge effect. better or worse??? disorders
The earlier ADHD is detected, the better off h hild’ lif ill b
Parent awareness &support has a huge
lthe child’s life will be role
Teachers, school support system, & task demands on the child make a great difference
Environmental factors thatEnvironmental factors that enhance ADHD
Too much TV decreases focus & attention Especially
Stress; Animal research: stressattention. Especially
true when stimulus keeps changing quickly providing
research: stress alter neurology in very short period causing permanent
Longitudinal study (4 years) Qana, South Lebanon
Preferable: Allow children to develop
brain too many stimuli in very short period. Computer Games: Research;
change in behavior (animal models no predictable validity for humans but
South Lebanon (Cordahi). Children with PTSD, exhibited symptoms of ADHD
at own pace in order not to pressure & cause additional
stressGames: Research; children more irritable and
aggressive when
for humans. but revealed resulting
chemical imbalance; crucial factor).
during 3rd & 4th yrs. stress.
they finish.
Diagnosis
Comprehensive assessment
• Observing & analyzing behavioral, physical, & psychological functioning • Tests, DSM IV, questionnaires, rating scales, & self report data
’ h l f h f
Symptoms
• It’s the cluster of symptoms that counts, across contexts, over a period of 6 months.
• Symptoms change over time; older; less hyper but more aggressive
• Only 25 – 50% get evaluated. Out of evaluated, 50% treated. Out of treated,
Symptoms
50% continue medication after 2 yrs. Parents sometimes have ADHD. If no focus on entire family, little support & improvement
• Some do not meet all criteria & are left untreated. Commorbidity masks disorder.
Problems with DSM IV
Lacks specific developmental considerations
Emotional regulation symptoms: unrecognized
Duration of 6 months: no scientific basis
Across settings: different context does not require similar task demands
Cannot really diagnose before age 7
For very young children, you have to wait for 1 year to be sure if there is a problem
Cluster of symptoms has to exist
No sex reference
No symptoms specific for adults
Many disorders: same symptoms
Medication
“Pills do not teach skills; they make the brain ready for learning” Medication ( )(eyeglasses): Alleviate symptoms part of day. Psychiatrists have 70 yrs experience with stimulants. Research: 70% improve & 30% do not or even deteriorate.
When pill is taken; immediate release then long acting effect release in few h Thi ti & thi k ti l b i t & hhrs. Thin coating & thicker coating or polymer becomes piston & pushes stimulant out when in contact with water.
Short term & long term acting stimulants. Long term: no on/off effects. Some need both (HW). Side effects (headache) must be monitored to detect whether immediately after pill or end of duration. ADHD should not skip a dose when on stimulants. This is not as important with Stratera (wt. based)
Side EffectsAppetite Loss: only 1st 2 mth. Personality Changes: high dose. Slower Growth: medicated 2‐3 cm, non medicated 1‐2 cm. Sleep Problems: medication too close to bedtime. Non medicated also sleep disorder.
Unexplained Sudden Deaths: some cases medicated, some non medicated. But if any history of cardiac disease; should not be on stimulants. Stimulants usually y y ; yincrease blood pressure. They are safe for most people but there are some increased risks.
Combined use stimulants & Stratera not advised. Better stay 1 medication & change dose. Increasing Dose: no dramatic improvement. Just find right dose. Overdose : psychosis; hallucinating or seeing imaginary things.Overdose : psychosis; hallucinating or seeing imaginary things.
R l C id i & it f di d M it hild l lRule: Consider; unique case & severity of disorder. Monitor child closely. Psycho‐educate parents & child to ensure cooperation.
Brown’s Theory on ADHD
Thomas Brown: psychiatrist, Yale Clinic for ADHD. About 30 yrs experience & research on children, y padolescents & adults with ADHD
General genotype/phenotype. Researchers focusing on specifics. General problem to all disorders: Amygdala (emotions )regulate our executive functions (ER→EF). It’s a quantitative spectrum of problems with emotions until Autism (Activation, focus, effort, emotion, memory, response control) , y, p )
Disorders involving emotional regulation are highly comorbid with ADHD Emotional ignorance cannot becomorbid with ADHD. Emotional ignorance cannot be fixed by medication or learning. Detrimental for parents who end up with polarization
Profile of ADHD in the Arab WorldIRAQ
Lack of services & awareness & U
DAN Lack of
awareness: demons/healer RA
BIA Before 1995,
child psychiatry did MAN Ministry of
social developmentawareness, &
violation against children.
SU demons/healerRate: 1 psychiatrist per 700,000 AU
DI A
R psychiatry did not exist. Rate: 1psychiatrist/1 million AT
E of O development
opened an early intervention
Before 2003, stimulants prohibited. Now illegally
people. Stimulants; very difficult to find; Abdallah
SA children. ADHD = 10%
SULTANA
center + Al‐Wafaa centers all over countryNow illegally
brought in, still very difficult to find. Al‐Obaidi
find; AbdallahAbdel Rahman‐ 13 letters to highly ranked
S country. Medication: only private sector.
(2006): ADHD = 25%
officials to get MPH imported. ADHD = 15%
Sharabati : ADHD = boys, 7.8% & girls, 5 12%5.12%