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I I N N T T E E R R N N A A T T I I O O N N A A L L C C Y Y A A N N I I D D E E M M A A N N A A G G E E M M E E N N T T I I N N S S T T I I T T U U T T E E www.cyanidecode.org A A d d d d i i t t i i o o n n a a l l I I n n f f o o r r m m a a t t i i o o n n O O n n C C y y a a n n i i d d e e May 2002

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Page 1: Additional Information On Cyanide · Additional Information On Cyanide ... Cyanide Solutions, Proceedings from Cyanide and the Gold Mining ... of Dissolved Oxygen on the Toxicity

IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCYYAANNIIDDEE MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT IINNSSTTIITTUUTTEE

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Page 2: Additional Information On Cyanide · Additional Information On Cyanide ... Cyanide Solutions, Proceedings from Cyanide and the Gold Mining ... of Dissolved Oxygen on the Toxicity

References May 2002 page 2 of 28

AADDDDIITTIIOONNAALL IINNFFOORRMMAATTIIOONN TTAABB LLEE OOFF CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

Cyanide Chemistry Page 3 Technical References Informational References Cyanide Toxicology Page 4 Technical References Informational References Effects on Wildlife Page 16 Technical References Informational References Cyanide in the Environment Page 20 Technical References Informational References Cyanide Analysis Page 26 Technical References Informational References

The references provided have been separated into categories for the convenience of those seeking more detailed information regarding cyanide, however there is a significant overlap of subjects in many of the information sources. Two types of references are listed in each category. Technical references include standard texts and articles that have been published in peer reviewed technical and professional journals or in government documents. Informational references consist of papers published in the proceedings of conferences and workshops and other papers that have not undergone a technical peer review process.

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References May 2002 page 3 of 28

CCYYAANNIIDDEE CCHHEEMMIISSTTRRYY Technical References Adamson, R.J., The Chemistry of the Extraction of Gold from its Ores, Gold Metallurgy in South

Africa, Cape and Transvaal Printers, Ltd., Cape Town, South Africa 1972. American Cyanimid Co., Chemistry of Cyanidation, Stamford, Connecticut 1963. Brickell, R.H., Chemistry of Cyanide Solutions, C-I-L Inc., January 1981. Dorr, J. and Bosqui, F., Cyanidation and Concentration of Gold and Silver Ores, McGraw Hill,

2nd Edition, 1950. Caruso, S.C., The Chemistry of Cyanide Compounds and Their Behavior in the Aquatic

Environment, Carnegie Mellon Institute of Research, June 1975. Flynn, C.M. and McGill, S.L., Cyanide Chemistry-Precious Metals Processing and Waste

Treatment, U.S. Bureau of Mines, NTIS Publication PB96-117841, 1995. Heinen, H.J., Peterson, D.G., and Lindstrom, R.E., Processing Gold Ores Using Heap Leach-

Carbon Adsorption Methods, U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8770, 1978. Hendrickson T.N. and Daignault, L.G., Treatment of Complex Cyanides for Reuse and Disposal,

Report No. EPA-R2-73-269, USEPA, 1973. Marsden, J. and House, I., The Chemistry of Gold Extraction, Ellis Horwood Limited,

Hertfordshire, United Kingdom 1993. Moggi, L., Bolleta, F., Balzani, V., and Scandola, F., Photochemistry of Coordination

Compounds - XIV, Cyanide Complexes, Journal of Inorganic Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 28, 1966, pg.2597.

Scott, J. and Ingles, J., State-of-the-Art Processes for the Treatment of Gold Mill Effluents,

Mining, Mineral, and Metallurgical Processes Division, Industrial Programs Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, March 1987.

Sharpe, A.G., The Chemistry of Cyano Complexes of the Transition Metals, Academic Press,

1976. Tchobanoglous, G. and Burton, F.L., Water Engineering, Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse,

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York 1991.

Page 4: Additional Information On Cyanide · Additional Information On Cyanide ... Cyanide Solutions, Proceedings from Cyanide and the Gold Mining ... of Dissolved Oxygen on the Toxicity

References May 2002 page 4 of 28

Informational References Brickell, R.H., Chemistry of Cyanide Solutions, Proceedings from Cyanide and the Gold Mining

Industry Seminar, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Jan. 22-23, 1981. Finklestein, N.P., in Gold Metallurgy in South Africa, Chapter 10: The Chemistry of the

Extraction of Gold from its Ores, Adamson R.J. (ed.), Chamber of Mines of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1972.

Huiatt, J., Kerrigan, J., Olson, F., and Potter, G., Proceedings of a Cyanide Workshop, Cyanide

from Mineral Processing, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Salt Lake City, Utah, February 2-3, 1982.

International Environmental Consultants Ltd., Factors Affecting Natural Degradation of Free

and Metal-Complexed Cyanides from Gold Milling Effluents, International Environmental Consultants Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, 1979.

Young, C.A., Cyanide: Just The Facts, in Proceedings of Cyanide: Social, Industrial and

Economic Aspects, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 12-15, 2001.

CCYYAANNIIDDEE TTOOXXIICCOOLLOOGGYY Technical References Adams, J.B. Inhibition of Green Bean Lipoxygenase by Cyanide, Food Chemistry,

vol. 31, 1989, pp.243-250. Alabaster, J.S., Shurben, D.G. and Mallett, M.J., The Acute Lethal Toxicity of Mixtures of

Cyanide and Ammonia to Smelts of Salmon, Salmo salar at Low Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen, Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 22, 1983, pp.215-222.

Aletor, V.A., and Fetuga, B.L., The Interactive Effects Of Lima Bean (Phaseolus Lunatus)

Trypsin Inhibitor, Hemagglutinin And Cyanide On Some Hepatic Dehydrogenases, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase And Intestinal Disaccharidases In Weanling Rats. Vet. Hum. Toxicology, vol. 30, 1988, pp.540-544.

Anderson, P.D. and Weber, L.J., Toxic Response as a Quantitative Function of Body Size,

Applied Pharmacology, vol. 33, 1975, pp. 471-483. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR), Toxicological Profile for Cyanide,

Prepared by Research Triangle Institute for the US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, August 1995.

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References May 2002 page 5 of 28

American Water Works Association (AWWA), Water Quality and Treatment, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990.

Azcon-Bieto, Murillo, J.J. and Penuelas, J., Cyanide-Resistant Respiration in Photosynthetic

Organs of Freshwater Aquatic Plant, Plant Physiology, vol. 84, 1987, pp. 701-706. Ballantyne, B., Blood, Brain And Cerebrospinal Fluid Cyanide Concentrations In Experimental

Acute Cyanide Poisoning. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, vol. 15, 1975, pp. 51-56.

_______, Artifacts In The Definition Of Toxicity By Cyanides And Cyanogens, Fundamentals of

Applied Toxicology, vol. 3, 1983, pp. 400-408. _______, Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Cyanides, Chapter 3: Toxicology of Cyanides,

edited by B. Ballantyne and T.C. Marrs, Wright Publishers, Bristol, England, 1987. _______, Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation of Cyanide Fumigation Powders, Clinical

Toxicology, vol. 26, 1988, pp.325-335. _______ and Boardman, S.P., Bright, J., Coffee, D. J., Weber, T. D., and Williams, P., Tissue

Cyanide Concentrations And Cytochrome Oxidase Activities In Experimental Cyanide Poisoning, British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 44(2), 1972, pp.382-383.

_______ and Bright, J.E., and Williams, P., The Postmortem Rate Of Transformation Of

Cyanide, Forensic Science, vol. 3, 1974, pp. 71-76. _______ and Marrs, T.C., editors. Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Cyanides, John

Wright, Bristol, England, 1987. Bapat, J.A. and Abhyankar, Y.N., Cyanide Poisoning in Cattle Due to Feeding of Sorghum,

Indian Journal of Animal Science, vol. 54, 1984, pp.577-578. Beilstein, M.A., and Whanger, P.D., Effects Of Cyanide On Selenium Metabolism In Rats,

Journal of Nutrition, vol. 114, 1984, pp. 929-937. Bello-Reuss, E., Grady, T.P., and Reuss, L., Mechanism of the Effect of Cyanide on Cell

Membrane Potentials in Necturus Gall-Bladder Epithelium, Journal of Physiology, vol. 314, 1981, pp.343-357.

Berninger, T.A., Meyer, L.V., Siess, Schon, E.O., and Goebel, F.D., Leber’s Hereditary Optic

Atrophy: Further Evidence For A Defect Of Cyanide Metabolism? British Journal of Opthamology, vol. 73, 1989, pp.314-316.

Beyer, W.N., Evaluating Soil Contamination, U.S. Fish Wildlife Service Biological Report

90(2), 1990.

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References May 2002 page 6 of 28

Biehl, M., Cyanide Toxicosis, Veterinary Professional Topics, University of Illinois at Urbana Cooperative Extension Service, vol. 10(3), 1984, pp. 5-6.

Bourdoux, P., Delange, F., Gerard, M., Mafuta, M., Hanson, A., and Ermans A.M., Evidence

that Cassava Ingestion Increases Thiocyanate Formation: A Possible Etiologic Factor in Endemic Goiter, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Meta., vo l. 46, 1978, pp. 613-621.

Broderius, S.J., Determination of Molecular Hydrocyanic Acid in Water and Studies on the

Chemistry and Toxicity to Fish of Metal-Cyanide Complexes, Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 1973.

_______ and Smith, L.L. Jr., Direct Photolysis of Hexacyanoferrate Complexes. Proposed

Applications to the Aquatic Environment , USEPA, EPA-600/3-800-003, 1980. _______, Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Binary Mixtures of Cyanide and Hexavalent

Chromium, Zinc or Ammonia to the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri), Journal of the Fish Res. Board of Canada, vol. 36, 1979.

_______ and Lind, D.T., Relative Toxicity of Free Cyanide and Dissolved Sulphide Forms to

the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas), Journal of the Fish Res. Board of Canada, vol. 34, pg.2323.

Burdick, G.E. and Lipschuetz, M., Toxicity of Ferro- and Ferricyanide Solutions to Fish, and

Determination of the Cause of Mortality, Trans. American Fish Society, vol.78, 1948, pp. 192-202.

Buzaleh, A.M., Vazquez, E.S. and Batlle, A.M.C., Cyanide Intoxication-I. An Oral Chronic

Animal Model, General Pharmacology, vol. 20, 1989, pp.323-327. Cailleux, A., Subra, J.F., Riberi, P., Tuchais, E., Premel-Cabic, A. and Allain, P., Cyanide And

Thiocyanate Blood Levels In Patients With Renal Failure Or Respiratory Disease. J. Med., vol. 19, 1988, pp.345-351.

Casadei, E., Jansen, P., Rodrigues A., Motin, A. and Rosling, H., Mantakassa: An Epidemic Of

Spastic Paraparesis Associated With Chronic Cyanide Intoxication In A Cassava Staple Area Of Mozambique. 2. Nutritional Factors And Hydrocyanic Acid Content Of Casssava Products. Bulletin of the World Health Org., vol. 62, 1984, pp.485-492.

Cheng, S.K and Ruby, S.M., Effect of Pulse Exposure to Sublethal Levels of Hydrogen Cyanide

on Reproduction of American Flagfish, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicology, vol. 10, 1981, pp. 105-116.

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References May 2002 page 7 of 28

Christel, D., Eyer, P., Hegemann, M., Kiese, M., Lorcher, W. and Weger, N., Pharmacokineties Of Cyanide in Poisoning of Dogs and the Effect of 4-Dimethylaminophenol on Thiosulfate, Arch. Toxicol., vol. 38, 1977, pp. 177-189.

Clarke, R.H., The Effects of Effluents from Metal Mines on Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada, A

Literature Review, Technical Report 488, Environment Canada, Winnipeg, 1974. Cliff, J., Martelli, A., Molin, A., and Rosling, H., Mantakassa: An Epidemic Of Spastic

Paraparesis Associated With Chronic Cyanide Intoxication In A Cassava Staple Area Of Mozambique, 1: Epidemiology and Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Patients. Bulletin of the World Health Org., vol. 62, 1984, pp. 477-484.

Curry, A.S. Cyanide Poisoning. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol., vol. 20, 1963, pp. 291-294. _______ and Price, D.E. and Rutter, E.R., The Production Of Cyanide In Post Mortem Material.

Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol., vol. 25, 1967, pp.339-344. Drews, G., and Graszynski, K., The Transepithelial Potential Difference In The Gills Of The

Fiddler Crab, Uca Tangeri: Influence Of Some Inhibitor, Journal of Comp. Physiology, vol. 157B, 1987, pp.345-353.

Dixon, D.G., Studies of Tolerance Induction in Rainbow Trout by Preexposure to Copper,

Arsenic, or Cyanide, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, 1980. _______ and Leduc, G., Chronic Cyanide Poisoning of Rainbow Trout and Its Effect on

Growth, Respiration and Liver Histopathology, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., vol. 10, 1981, pp. 117-131.

Doudoroff, P., A Review of the Toxicity to Fish of Cyanides and Related Compounds, USEPA,

EPA-600/3-76-038, April 1976. _______ and Broderius, S.J., Leduc, G., Lee G.F. and Swanson, D.L., In Review of the EPA Red

Book: Quality Criteria for Water - Cyanide, R.V. Thurston, R.C. Russo, C.M. Fetteroff, T.A. Edsall, and Y.M. Barber Jr. (Eds.), Water Quality Section, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 1979, pp. 14-1 – 14-7.

_______ and Leduc, G. and Schneider, C.R., Acute Toxicity to Fish of Solutions Containing

Complex Metal Cyanides, in Relation to Concentrations of Molecular Hydrocyanic Acid, Trans. Am. Fish Soc., vol. 95, 1966, pp. 6-22.

Downing, KM., The Influence of Dissolved Oxygen on the Toxicity of Potassium Cyanide to

Rainbow Trout, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 31, 1954, pp. 161-164. Duffey, S.S., Cyanide and Arthropods, in B. Vennesland, E.E. Conn, C.J. Knowles, J. Westley,

and F. Wissing, Eds., Cyanide in Biology, Academic Press, New York, l981.

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References May 2002 page 8 of 28

Egekeze, J.O. and Oehme, R.W., Blood And Liver Cyanide Concentrations In Rats Poisoned With Oral Doses Of Potassium Cyanide, Toxicol. Lett., vol. 3, 1979, pp. 243-247.

_______, Cyanides And Their Toxicity: A Literature Review, Vet. Quarterly, vol. 2, 1980,

pp.104-114. Eisner, D.A., Elliott, A.C. and Smith, G.L., The Contribution Of Intracellular Acidosis To The

Decline Of Developed Pressure In Ferret Hearts Exposed To Cyanide, Journal of Physiology, vol. 391, 1987, pp.99-108.

Elliott, A.C., Smith, G.L. and Allen, D.G., Simultaneous Measurements Of Action Potential

Duration And Intracellular ATP In Isolated Ferret Hearts Exposed To Cyanide, Cire. Res., vol. 64, 1989, pp. 583-591.

Elzubeir, E.A. and Davis, R.H., Effect Of Dietary Sodium Nitroprusside As A Source Of

Cyanide On The Selenium Status Of Chicks Given Diets Of Varying Selenium Concentration, Br. Poult. Sci., vol. 29, 1988, pp. 769-777.

_______, Sodium Nitroprusside: A Convenient Source Of Dietary Cyanide For The Study Of

Chronic Cyanide Toxicity, Br. Poult. Sci., vol. 29, 1988, pp. 779-783. Environmental Protection Agency, Cyanide, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Vol. 107, 1989,

pp. 53-64. Fassett, D.W., Cyanides and Nitrites, Ch. XLIV: Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, (ed. F.A

Patty) Vol. II, Interscience Publishers, 1962. Fiksel, J. and Cooper, C., Exposure and Risk Assessment for Cyanide, USEPA/440/4-85-008,

NTIS Publication PB85-220572, 1981. Fry, C.H., Harding, D.P. and Mounsey, J.P., The Effects Of Cyanide On Intracellular Ionic

Exchange In Ferret And Rat Ventricular Myocardium. Proc. R. Soc. London, vol. 23OB, 1987, pp.53-75.

Gannon, D.J., Toxicity of Cyanide Solution, in Cyanide and Gold Mining Industry, A Technical

Seminar, Environment Canada and Canadian Mineral Processors, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 1981.

Gosselin, R.E., Hodge, H.G., Smith. R.P. and Gleason, M.H., Clinical Toxicology of

Commercial Products - Acute Poisoning, 4th Edition, The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Maryland, 1976, pp. 105-112.

Grandas, F., Artieda, J. and Obeso, J. A., Clinical And CT Scan Findings In A Case Of Cyanide

Intoxication. Movement Disord., vol. 4, 1989, pp.188-193.

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Guatelli, M.A., The Toxicology of Cyanides in Methods of Forensic Science, Vol. 3, New York, Interscience., 1964, pp. 233-265.

Itskovitz, J., and Rudolph, A.M., Cardiorespiratory Response To Cyanide Of Arterial

Chemoreceptors In Fetal Lambs, American, Journal of Physiology, vol. 252(5, Part 2), 1987, pp.H916-H922.

Hagelstein, K.A. and Mudder, T.I., Strategies and Standards for Control of Bird Mortality at

Mining Operations in The Cyanide Monograph, edited by T. Mudder, Mining Journal Books Limited, London, 1998.

_______, The Ecotoxicological Properties of Cyanide in The Cyanide Monograph, edited by T.

Mudder, Mining Journal Books Limited, London, 1998. Heming, T.A., Meyn, E.L. and Thurston, R.V., Effects of Stress on the Mechanism of

Thiocyanate Toxicity in Trout in Proceedings of the 9th Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, November 1-5, 1982, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 1163, Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Ontario, 1983, pg. 211.

Henny, C.J., Hallock, R. and Hill, E., Cyanide and Migratory Birds at Gold Mines in Nevada,

USA, Ecotoxicology, Volume 3, 1994. Holden, A.V. and Marsden, K., Cyanide in Salmon and Brown Trout, Department of Agriculture

and Fisheries of Scotland, Freshwater Salmon Fish. Res., Ser. 33, 1964. Keniston, R.C., Cabellon, Jr., S. and Yarbrough, K.S., Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate As An Antidote

For Cyanide, Spermine, Gentamicin, And Dopamine Toxicity: An In Vivo Rat Study. Toxicol. Appi. Pharmacology, vol. 88, 1987, pp. 433-441.

Knowles, C.J., Cyanide Utilization and Degradation by Microorganisms in Cyanide Compounds

In Biology, D. Evered and S. Harnett, Eds., Ciba Foundation Symposium, 140, John Wiley, Chichester, England, 1988.

_______, Microorganisms and Cyanide, Bacterial. Review, vol. 40, 1976, pp. 652-680. Koenst, W.M., Smith, Jr, L.L. and Broderius, S.J., Effect of Chronic Exposure of Brook Trout to

Sublethal Concentration of Hydrogen Cyanide, Environ. Sci. Technology, vol. 11, 1977, pp. 883-887.

Kovacs, T.G. and Leduc, G., The Effects of Temperature on the Chronic Toxicity of Cyanide to

Rainbow Trout, Canadian Journal of Fish Aquatic Science, 1982. Lanno, R.P., The Chronic Toxicity of Thiocyanate to Rainbow Trout and Fathead Minnow, Ph.D.

Thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1990.

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Leduc, G., Some Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Fish to Chronic Poisoning by Cyanide, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Fish and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 1966.

_______, Cyanides in Water: Toxicological Significance in Aquatic Toxicology, Edited by L.J.

Weber, Raven Press, New York, 1984. _______ and Pierce, R.C., The Effects of Cyanides on Aquatic Organisms with Emphasis Upon

Freshwater Fishes, Natural Resources Council Canada, Publication NRCC 19246, 1982. Lee, John, The Acute Toxicity of Cyanate to Trout, Memo Report, Aquatic Toxicity Unit, Waters

Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, July 2, 1985. Lee, P.A., Sylvia, A.L. and Piantdosi, C.A., Cyanide-Related Changes In Cerebral 02 Delivery

And Metabolism In Fluorocarbon-Circulated Rats, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacology, vol. 94, 1988, pp. 34-44.

Lesniak, J.A. and Ruby, S.M., Histological and Quantitative Effects of Sublethal Cyanide

Exposure on Oocyte Development in Rainbow Trout, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicology, vol. 11, 1982, pp. 343-352.

Lind, D.T., Smith Jr., L.L., and Broderius, S.J., Chronic Effects of Hydrogen Cyanide on the

Fathead Minnow, Journal of Water Pollution, Control Fed. 49, 1977, pp. 262-268. Lotito, S., Blondet, P., Francois, A., Kienlin, M.V., Remy, C., Albrand, J.P., Decorps, M. and

Benabid A.L., Correlation Between Intracellular Ph And Lactate Levels In The Rat Brain During Cyanide Induced Metabolism Blockade: A Combined 31P1H In Vivo Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy Study, Neurosei. Lett., vol. 97, 1989, pp. 91-96.

Low, K.S. and Lee, C.K., Cyanide Uptake By Water Hyacinths, Eichhornia crassipes, Solms.

Pertanika, vol. 42, 1981, pp. 122-128. MacMillan, V.H., Cerebral Energy Metabolism In Cyanide Encephalopathy. Journal of Cereb.

Blood Flow Metab., vol. 9, 1989, pp. 156-162. McCracken, I.R. and Leduc, G., Allometric Growth Response of Exercised Rainbow Trout to

Cyanide Poisoning in Aquatic Toxicology - ASTM STP 707, edited by J.G. Eaton, P.R. Parrish, and A.C. Hendricks, American Society Testing Material, Philadelphia, 1980, pp. 303-320.

McKin, J.M., Evaluation of Tests with Early Life Stages of Fish for Predicting Long-Term

Toxicity, Journal of Fish. Res. Board Canada, vol. 34, 1977, pp. 1148-1154. Mengel, K., Kramer, W., Isert, B. and Friedberg K.D., Thiosulphate And Hydroxocobalamin

Prophylaxis In Progressive Cyanide Poisoning In Guinea Pigs, Toxicology, vol. 54, 1989, pp. 335-342.

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Meyn, E., Zajdel, R. and Thurston, V., Acute Toxicity of Ferrocyanide and Ferricyanide to

Rainbow Trout, Technical Report No. 84-1, Fisheries Bioassay Laboratory, Montana State University, work conducted for Homestake Mining Company, June, 1984.

Mintorovitch, J., Pelt, D. V. and Satterlee, J. D., Kinetic study of the slow cyanide binding to

Glycera dibranchiata monomer hemoglobin components III and IV. Biochemistry, vol. 28, 1989, pp. 6099-6104.

Monekosso, G.L. and Wilson, J., Plasma Thiocyanate and Vitamin B12 in Nigerian Patients with

Degenerative Neurological Disease, Lancet 1(7446), 1996, pp. 1062-1064. Mudder, T., Derivation of Aquatic Life Criteria for Total and Iron Cyanide in The Cyanide

Monograph, Edited by T. Mudder, Mining Journal Books Limited, London, 1998. _______, The Sources and Environmental Significance of Low Levels of Cyanide in The Cyanide

Monograph, Edited by T. Mudder, Mining Journal Books Limited, London, 1998. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), NIOSH Pocket Guide to

Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIOSH Publications, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1994.

_______, Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, Vols.1 and 5, U.S. Dept. of Health

and Human Services, Washington, D.C., 1986. Obeso, A., Umaraz, L. and Gonzalez, C., Effects Of Cyanide And Uncouplers On Chemoreceptor

Activity And ATP Content Of The Cat Carotoid Body, Brain Res., vol. 41, 1989, pp. 250-257.

Oh, S.Y., Jalaludin, S., Davis, R.H. and Sykes, A.H., Detoxication Of Cyanide In The Chicken

By Conversion To Thiocyanate, As Influenced By The Availability Of Transferable Sulphur, Comp. Biochem. Physioi., vol. 86B, 1987, pp.129-133.

Padmaja, G. and Panikkar, Y.R., Intermediary Metabolic Changes In Rabbits Administered

Linamarin Or Potassium Cyanide, Indian Journal of Exp. Biology, vol. 27, 1989, pp. 635-639.

Palmer, I.S. and Olson, O.E., Effect Of Cyanide On Selenium Status In Rats Fed Low Selenium

Diets Nutr. Rep. Int., vol. 24, 1981, pp. 635-641. Philbrick, D.J., Hopkins, J.B., Hill, D.C., Alexander, J.C. and Thomson, R.G., Effects Of

Prolonged Cyanide And Thiocyanate Feeding In Rats, Journal of Toxicology, Environ. Health, vol. 5, 1979, pp. 579-592.

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Pritsos, C.A. and Ma, J., Tissue Specific Bioenergetic Effects and Increased Enzymatic Activities Following Acute Sublethal Peroral Exposure to Cyanide in the Mallard Duck, Toxic. Appl. Pharmacology, 1996.

Robinson, C.P., Baskin, S.I., Visnich, Jr., N., and Franz, D.R., The Effects Of Cyanide And Its

Interactions With Norepinephrine On Isolated Aorta Strips From The Rabbit, Dog, And Ferret, Toxicology, vol. 35, 1985, pp. 59-72.

Ruby, S.M., Idler, D.R. and So, Y.P., The Effect Of Sublethal Cyanide Exposure On Plasma

Vitellogenin Levels In Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) During Early Vitellogenesis. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicology, vol. 15, 1986, pp. 603-607.

_______, Changes In Plasma, Liver, And Ovary Vitellogenin In Landlocked Atlantic Salmon

Following Exposure To Sublethal Cyanide, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicology, vol. 16, 1987, pp. 507-510.

Sawyer, P.L., and Heath, A.G., Cardiac, Ventilatory And Metabolic Responses Of Two

Ecologically Dissimilar Species Of Fish To Waterbome Cyanide, Fish Physiol. Biochemistry, vol. 4, 1988, pp.203-219.

Scott, J. and Ingles, J., State-of-the-Art of Processes for the Treatment of Gold Mill Effluents,

Mining, Mineral, and Metallurgical Processes Division, Industrial Programs Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, March, 1987.

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Leduc, G., The Role of Cyanide as an Ecological Stressing Factor to Fish, Recent Advances in Fish Toxicology: A Symposium, Tobb, R. (Editor), USEPA-600/3-085, Corvallis, Oregon, 1977, pp. 152-182.

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EEFFFFEECCTTSS OONN WWIILLDDLLIIFFEE Technical References Abel, P.D. and Garner, S.M., Comparison Of Median Survival Times And Median Lethal

Exposure Times For Gammarus Pulex Exposed To Cadmium, Permethrin And Cyanide. Water Res., vol. 20, 1986, pp. 579-582.

Alabaster, J.S., Shurben, D.G. and Mallett, M.J., The Acute Lethal Toxicity Of Mixtures Of

Cyanide And Ammonia To Smolts Of Salmon, Salmo salar L. At Low Concentrations Of Dissolved Oxygen, Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 22, 1983, pp. 215-222.

Bapat, J.A. and Abhyankar, Y.N., Cyanide Poisoning In Cattle Due To Feeding Of Sorghum,

Indian Journal of Animal Science, vol. 54, 1984, pp. 577-578. Barron, M.G. and Adelman, I.R., Nucleic Acid, Protein Content, And Growth Of Larval Fish

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Barron, M.G. and Adelman, I.R., Temporal Characterization Of Growth Of Fathead Minnow

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Rep. Fish. No. 253, 1958. Burdick, G.E., Dean, H.J. and Harris, E.J., Toxicity of Cyanide to Brown Trout and Smallmouth

Bass, New York Fish and Game Journal, vol. 5, 1958, pp. 133-163. Cairns, J. and Scheier, A., Environmental Effects Upon Cyanide Toxicity to Fish, Not. Nat. Acad.

Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 361, 1963, pp.1-11. Cardwell, R.D., Foreman, D.G., Payne, T.R. and Wilbur, D.J., Acute Toxicity of Selected

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Clark, Jr., D.R. and Hothem, R.L., Mammal Mortality at Arizona, California, and Nevada Gold Mines Using Cyanide Extraction, Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 77, 1991, pp. 61-69.

Cook, R.H., Hoos, R.A., and Cote, R.P., The Toxicity of Copper and Zinc to Atlantic Salmon,

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_______, Cyanides In Water: Toxicological Significance in Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 2, L.J.

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hydrogen cyanide to freshwater fishes. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 7:325-337, 1978. _______ and Lind, D.T., Acute And Chronic Toxicity Of HCN To Fish And Invertebrates. U.S.

Environ. Prot. Agency Rep. 600/3-79-009, 1979. Sterner, R.T., Effects Of Sodium Cyanide And Diphacinone In Coyotes (Canis latrans):

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Vaughan, J., Parker, W., and Doe, K, The Effect of pH and Hardness on the Acute Lethality of Cyanate to Fingerling Rainbow Trout, Air and Water Branch, Environment Canada, July, 1985.

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Connolly, G. and Simmons, G. D., Performance Of Sodium Cyanide Ejectors, in D.O. Clark, ed.

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Leduc, G., Pierce, R.C. and McCracken, I.R., The Effects Of Cyanides On Aquatic Organisms

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015, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1976. Alstrom, S., and Burns, R.G., Cyanide Production By Rhizobacteria As A Possible Mechanism

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Cade, J.W. and Rubira, R.J., Cyanide Poisoning Of Livestock By Forage Sorghums,

Government of Victoria Department of Agriculture, Agnote 1960/82, 1982. Caruso, S.C., The Chemistry of Cyanide Compounds and Their Behaviour in the Aquatic

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Used By Tukanoan Indians In Northwest Amazonia. Econ. Bot., vol. 42, 1988, pp. 255-266. Dragun, J., The Soil Chemistry of Hazardous Material, Hazardous Materials Control Research

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Frank, S.N. and Bard, A.J., Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Cyanide Ion in Aqueous Solutions with TiO2 Powder, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 99, January 5, 1977, pp. 303-304.

Fuller, W., Movement of Selected Metals, Asbestos and Cyanide in Soils: Applications to Waste

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158, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978, p. 239. Gomez, G., Aparicio, M.A. and Willhite, C.C., Relationship Between Dietary Cassava Cyanide

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