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Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors. Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors. Session Outline. Eating Disorders. – Defining and understanding anorexia and bulimia. – Prevalence of eating disorders in sport. – Predisposing factors. – Recognition and referral of an athlete with eating problems. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

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AddictiveAddictiveand and Unhealthy Unhealthy BehaviorsBehaviors

AddictiveAddictiveand and Unhealthy Unhealthy BehaviorsBehaviors

Page 2: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Session OutlineEating Disorders– Defining and understanding

anorexia and bulimia

(continued)

– Prevalence of eating disorders in sport– Predisposing factors

– Recognition and referral of an athlete with eating problems

– Eating disorders dos and don’ts– Preventing eating disorders

Page 3: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Session OutlineCompulsive Gambling: An Odds-On Favorite for Trouble– Prevalence of sports gambling– Signs of compulsive gambling

Page 4: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Defining Defining Anorexia Anorexia NervosaNervosaAnorexia nervosa:Anorexia nervosa:

A psychobiological disease A psychobiological disease characterized by an characterized by an intense fear of becoming intense fear of becoming obese, obese, a disturbed body image, a disturbed body image, a significant weight loss, a significant weight loss, the refusal to maintain the refusal to maintain normal body weight, and normal body weight, and amenorrhea.amenorrhea.

Page 5: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Characteristics of Characteristics of Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa

Weight loss to 15% below normalWeight loss to 15% below normalIntense fear of gaining weight or Intense fear of gaining weight or being fat, despite being being fat, despite being underweightunderweightDisturbance in one’s experience of Disturbance in one’s experience of body weight, size, and shapebody weight, size, and shapeFemales: absence of at least three Females: absence of at least three consecutive expected menstrual consecutive expected menstrual cyclescycles(APA, 1994)

Page 6: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Defining BulimiaDefining Bulimia

An episodic eating pattern of An episodic eating pattern of uncontrollable food bingeing uncontrollable food bingeing followed by purging; it is followed by purging; it is characterized by an awareness characterized by an awareness that the pattern is abnormal, fear that the pattern is abnormal, fear of being unable to of being unable to stop eating voluntarily, depressed stop eating voluntarily, depressed mood, and self-deprecation.mood, and self-deprecation.

Bulimia

Page 7: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Characteristics of Characteristics of BulimiaBulimia

Recurrent binge eatingRecurrent binge eatingA sense of lacking control over A sense of lacking control over eating behavior during the bingeseating behavior during the bingesEngaging in regular self-induced Engaging in regular self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, strict dieting or fasting, diuretics, strict dieting or fasting, or vigorous exercise in order to or vigorous exercise in order to prevent weight gainprevent weight gainAverage minimum of two binge-Average minimum of two binge-eating episodes a week for three eating episodes a week for three monthsmonths

(APA, 1994)

Consistent overconcern with body Consistent overconcern with body shape and weightshape and weight

Page 8: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Accurate assessment is difficult Accurate assessment is difficult to achieve because of the to achieve because of the secretive nature of the disorder.secretive nature of the disorder.

Prevalence of Prevalence of Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Page 9: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Research on the Research on the Prevalence of Eating Prevalence of Eating DisordersDisorders

Athletes appear to have a greater Athletes appear to have a greater occurrence of eating-related occurrence of eating-related problems than does the general problems than does the general population.population.A significant percentage of athletes A significant percentage of athletes engage in pathogenic eating or engage in pathogenic eating or weight-loss behaviors (e.g., weight-loss behaviors (e.g., bingeing, fasting), although bingeing, fasting), although subclinical in intensity.subclinical in intensity.Eating disorders and pathogenic Eating disorders and pathogenic weight-loss techniques tend to weight-loss techniques tend to have a sport-specific prevalence have a sport-specific prevalence (e.g., among wrestlers vs. archers).(e.g., among wrestlers vs. archers).

Page 10: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Predisposing FactorsPredisposing Factors

Weight restrictions and standardsWeight restrictions and standardsCoach and peer pressureCoach and peer pressurePerformance demandsPerformance demandsJudging criteriaJudging criteria

Page 11: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Recognition and Recognition and Referral Referral of an Athlete with an of an Athlete with an Eating ProblemEating Problem

Be able to recognize the physical Be able to recognize the physical and psychological signs and and psychological signs and symptoms of these conditions.symptoms of these conditions.If you suspect an eating disorder, If you suspect an eating disorder, make a referral to a specialist in make a referral to a specialist in the area.the area.

Page 12: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Making ReferralsMaking ReferralsThe person who has the rapport The person who has the rapport with the individual should schedule with the individual should schedule a private meeting to discuss the a private meeting to discuss the matter.matter.Emphasize feelings rather than Emphasize feelings rather than directly focusing on eating directly focusing on eating behaviors.behaviors.Be supportive and keep all Be supportive and keep all information confidential.information confidential.Make a referral to a specific clinic Make a referral to a specific clinic or person.or person.

Page 13: Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors

Physical Signs of Physical Signs of Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Weight too lowWeight too lowConsiderable weight lossConsiderable weight lossExtreme weight fluctuationsExtreme weight fluctuationsBloatingBloatingSwollen salivary glandsSwollen salivary glandsAmenorrheaAmenorrhea

(continued)

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Physical Signs of Physical Signs of Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Carotinemia—yellowish palms or Carotinemia—yellowish palms or soles of feetsoles of feetSores or callouses on knuckles Sores or callouses on knuckles or back of hand from inducing or back of hand from inducing vomitingvomitingHypoglycemia—low blood sugarHypoglycemia—low blood sugarMuscle crampsMuscle crampsStomach complaintsStomach complaints

(continued)

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Physical Signs of Physical Signs of Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Headaches, dizziness, or Headaches, dizziness, or weakness from electrolyte weakness from electrolyte disturbancesdisturbancesNumbness and tingling in limbs Numbness and tingling in limbs due to electrolyte disturbancesdue to electrolyte disturbancesStress fracturesStress fractures

(See Table 20.1 on page 418 of text)(See Table 20.1 on page 418 of text)

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Psychological–Psychological–Behavioral Signs of Behavioral Signs of Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Excessive dietingExcessive dietingExcessive eating without weight Excessive eating without weight gaingainExcessive exercise that is not Excessive exercise that is not part of normal training programpart of normal training programGuilt about eatingGuilt about eatingClaims of feeling fat at normal Claims of feeling fat at normal weight despite reassurance weight despite reassurance from othersfrom others

(continued)

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Psychological–Psychological–Behavioral Signs of Behavioral Signs of Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Preoccupation with foodPreoccupation with foodAvoidance of eating in public Avoidance of eating in public and denial of hungerand denial of hungerHoarding foodHoarding foodDisappearing after mealsDisappearing after mealsFrequent weighingFrequent weighing

(continued)

Binge eatingBinge eating

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Psychological–Psychological–Behavioral Signs of Behavioral Signs of Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Evidence of self-induced Evidence of self-induced vomitingvomitingUse of drugs such as diet pills, Use of drugs such as diet pills, laxatives, and diuretics to laxatives, and diuretics to control weightcontrol weight

(See Table 20.1 on page 418 of text)(See Table 20.1 on page 418 of text)

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Dos Dos andand Don’ts Don’ts forfor Dealing Dealing With Eating DisordersWith Eating Disorders

DODO get help and advice from a get help and advice from a specialist.specialist.DODO be supportive and empathetic. be supportive and empathetic.DODO express concern about general express concern about general feelings, not specifically about feelings, not specifically about weight.weight.DODO make referrals to a specific make referrals to a specific person and, when possible, make person and, when possible, make appointments for them.appointments for them.

(continued)

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Dos Dos andand Don’ts Don’ts forfor Dealing Dealing With Eating DisordersWith Eating Disorders

DODO emphasize the importance of emphasize the importance of long-term good nutrition.long-term good nutrition.DODO provide information about eating provide information about eating disorders.disorders.

(continued)

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Dos Dos andand Don’ts Don’ts forfor Dealing Dealing With Eating DisordersWith Eating Disorders

(continued)

DON’TDON’T ask the athlete to leave ask the athlete to leave team or team or curtail participation, unless so curtail participation, unless so instructed by a specialist.instructed by a specialist.DON’TDON’T recommend weight loss or recommend weight loss or gain.gain.DON’TDON’T hold team weigh-ins. hold team weigh-ins.DON’TDON’T single out or treat the single out or treat the individual unlike other participants.individual unlike other participants.

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Dos Dos andand Don’ts Don’ts forfor Dealing Dealing With Eating DisordersWith Eating Disorders

DON’TDON’T talk about the problem with talk about the problem with nonprofessionals who are not nonprofessionals who are not directly involved.directly involved.DON’TDON’T demand the problem be demand the problem be stopped immediately.stopped immediately.DON’TDON’T make insensitive remarks make insensitive remarks or tease individuals regarding or tease individuals regarding their weight.their weight.

(See Table 20.2 on page 420 of text)(See Table 20.2 on page 420 of text)

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Preventing Eating Preventing Eating Disorders in Athletes Disorders in Athletes and Coachesand Coaches

Promote proper nutritional Promote proper nutritional practices.practices.Focus on fitness, not body weight.Focus on fitness, not body weight.Be sensitive to weight issues.Be sensitive to weight issues.Promote healthy management Promote healthy management of weight.of weight.

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Compulsive Gambling:Compulsive Gambling:An Odds–On Favorite An Odds–On Favorite for Troublefor Trouble

Compulsive gambling, despite its Compulsive gambling, despite its long history in competitive sport, is long history in competitive sport, is only only now getting public attention.now getting public attention.Gambling on sporting events Gambling on sporting events is widespread.is widespread.

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Prevalence of Prevalence of Compulsive GamblingCompulsive Gambling

1.5% of the U.S. population are 1.5% of the U.S. population are “compulsive” gamblers, 4.0% are “compulsive” gamblers, 4.0% are “problem” gamblers.“problem” gamblers.6% to 8% of college students are 6% to 8% of college students are compulsive gamblers.compulsive gamblers.Teenage gambling by high school Teenage gambling by high school students is thought to be students is thought to be widespread.widespread.

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Typical Parental Typical Parental Reactions to Teenage Reactions to Teenage GamblingGambling

Afraid; imagine organized crime.Afraid; imagine organized crime.Think they can handle it Think they can handle it (most common reaction).(most common reaction).““Thank God, it’s not drugs.”Thank God, it’s not drugs.”

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Characteristics of Characteristics of Compulsive GamblersCompulsive Gamblers

BoastfulnessBoastfulnessArroganceArroganceOptimismOptimismExternal competitivenessExternal competitivenessIntelligenceIntelligence

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Signs of Compulsive Signs of Compulsive GamblingGambling

Identification is next to impossible.Identification is next to impossible.Use Gamblers Anonymous 20 Use Gamblers Anonymous 20 Questions for self-identification.Questions for self-identification.Sport psychology professionals Sport psychology professionals should make referrals when should make referrals when negative consequences appear.negative consequences appear.

Keys:

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Gambler’s Anonymous Gambler’s Anonymous 20 Questions20 Questions

(continued)

Do you lose time from work Do you lose time from work due to gambling?due to gambling?

1.

Does gambling make your home Does gambling make your home life unhappy?life unhappy?

2.

Does gambling affect your Does gambling affect your reputation?reputation?

3.Do you ever feel remorse after Do you ever feel remorse after gambling?gambling?

4.

Do you ever gamble to get money Do you ever gamble to get money with which to pay debts or to with which to pay debts or to otherwise solve financial otherwise solve financial difficulties?difficulties?

5.

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Gambler’s Anonymous Gambler’s Anonymous 20 Questions20 Questions

(continued)

Does gambling cause a decrease Does gambling cause a decrease in your ambition or efficiency?in your ambition or efficiency?

6.

After losing, do you feel you must After losing, do you feel you must return as soon as possible to win return as soon as possible to win back your losses?back your losses?

7.

After a win, do you have a strong After a win, do you have a strong urge to return and win more?urge to return and win more?

8.

Do you often gamble until your Do you often gamble until your last dollar is gone?last dollar is gone?

9.

Do you ever borrow to finance Do you ever borrow to finance your gambling?your gambling?

10.

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Gambler’s Anonymous Gambler’s Anonymous 20 Questions20 Questions

(continued)

Do you ever sell anything to Do you ever sell anything to finance gambling?finance gambling?

11.

Are you reluctant to use Are you reluctant to use “gambling money” for normal “gambling money” for normal expenditures?expenditures?

12.

Does gambling make you careless Does gambling make you careless about the welfare of your family?about the welfare of your family?

13.

Do you ever gamble longer than Do you ever gamble longer than you planned?you planned?

14.

Do you ever gamble to escape Do you ever gamble to escape worry or trouble?worry or trouble?

15.

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Gambler’s Anonymous Gambler’s Anonymous 20 Questions20 Questions

Do you ever commit, or consider Do you ever commit, or consider committing, an illegal act to committing, an illegal act to finance your gambling?finance your gambling?

16.

Does gambling cause you to have Does gambling cause you to have difficulty sleeping?difficulty sleeping?

17.

Do arguments, disappointments, Do arguments, disappointments, or frustrations create within you or frustrations create within you an urge to gamble?an urge to gamble?

18.

(continued)

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Gambler’s Anonymous Gambler’s Anonymous 20 Questions20 Questions

Do you have an urge to celebrate Do you have an urge to celebrate good fortune by a few hours of good fortune by a few hours of gambling?gambling?

19.

Do you ever consider self-Do you ever consider self-destruction as a result of your destruction as a result of your gambling?gambling?

20.