adapting the agriculture sectors - climate change · pdf filefao’s work on disaster risk...

Adapting the Agriculture Sectors: Examples of crop production

George PhiriProgramme Manager, FAO

LEG Regional Training Workshop

27 February - 03 March | Lilongwe, Malawi

Part 1 - FAO ACTIVITIES IN CLIMATE CHANGE

3

What we do

LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017

FAO’s work on DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR),

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (CCA) and CLIMATE RESILIENCE

Mainstreaming of DRR and CCA into agriculture, forestry and fisheries through;

• Support for preparation Agricultural Disaster Risk Reduction/Management (ADRR/M) and CCA Plans

• Analysis of DRR/M institutional systems, developing institutional and technical capacities for DRR/M

Assessment of impacts of weather and climate extremes and disasters• Development of Damage and Losses assessment methodology• Case studies on Damage and Losses in agricultural sectors and

Capacity Development• Development of Medium Term Warning Systems (MTWS): Regional

Assessment of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation

Resilience


Technical assistance to strengthen climate information services, develop databases, and tools and methodology to assess climate impacts such as:

• Climate Information services for CCA and DRR in agriculture• Agriculture Stress Index System (ASIS) to support drought

monitoring and early warning for food security• Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR) and

development of e-learning tools, Community Based Adaptation (CBA)

• Promote innovative technologies for DRR/M (e.g. ICTs, Drones etc.,)• MOSAICC - Integrated impact assessment on crop yields; from

climate data handling to economic assessment• AMICAF - Analysis and Mapping of Impacts under Climate Change

for Adaptation and Food Security • FAO-Adapt: Framework Programme on Climate Change Adaptation

Good practices for DRR and CCA

• Testing and evaluation of DRR and CCA good practices• Cost benefit analysis of good practices in agriculture• Integration of good practices into FAO databases (e.g. TECA)

Resilience

Methods and tools for DRR and CCA


INTEGRATING AGRICULTURE IN NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANS (NAPS)

FAO supports countries on the integration of agriculture and food security concerns into National Adaptation Plans (NAP)/ adaptation planning and budgeting processes. In particular, Cross-Border Cooperation:

• Supports countries in NAPs negotiation during UNFCCC sessions;

• supports countries in the UNFCCC work streams and with Expert Groups including on regional trainings and outreach and knowledge sharing;

• supports overall 29 developing countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America at the national and sub-national level to integrate agriculture and food security in NAPs as instrument to for implementing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs);

• drafted voluntary NAP guidelines on integrating agriculture, forestry and fisheries and genetic diversity into National Adaptation Plans (NAPs);

Adaptation planning

FAO/UNDP Programme: “Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP-Ag) a joint FAO UNDP Partnership Programme

to support NAPs in 11 countries. - USD 17 million until 2018


To integrate climate change risks and opportunities as they relate to

agriculture sector-related livelihood options within existing national

planning and budgeting processes

NAP-Ag Programme Objective and Outcomes

Outcome 2:

Integrated

roadmaps for

NAPs developed

Outcome 4:

Advocacy and knowledge-

sharing on NAPs promoted

Outcome 3:

Evidence-based

results for NAPs

improved

Programme Outcomes

Outcome 1:

Technical capacity and institutions

on NAPs strengthened

NAP-Ag Partner Countries

Latin America

Colombia

Guatemala

Uruguay

Africa

The Gambia

Kenya

Uganda

Zambia

Asia

Nepal

Philippines

Thailand

Vietnam

11Countries

9

Adaptation planning

(Forthcoming) Supplementary NAP Guidelines for Addressing Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries


• facilitate the consideration and integration of the agriculture sectors and food security and nutrition concerns and perspectives into the national climate change adaptation planning and implementation;

• enable the agriculture sectors’ stakeholders to incorporate climate change adaptation issues in medium- to long-term policy and planning processes;

• establish a framework for planning, implementing and monitoring adaptation actions in the agriculture sectors; and

• empower agriculture sector stakeholders to participate effectively and efficiently in the process to formulate and implement NAPs.

The NAP-Ag Guidelines are designed to be an easy to use and accessible document for planners with the following main objectives to:

May 2017: Launch at SBSTA 46

NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (NDCs)

Global• Global and regional analysis of (I)NDC commitments in the agriculture sectors • Identification of priorities for international support• Partnerships to enhance NDC implementation support for the agriculture sectors, in

particular in the NDC Partnership

Ag sectors are the foremost priority for adaptation• 131 of 188 countries include an adaptation section• 95% refer to crops and livestock• 83% refer to forests • 46% refer to fisheries and aquaculture

Planned country support• Preparation and updating of NDCs• Analysis of agriculture commitments and align implementation with existing policy

frameworks and investment plans• Technical capacity development for NDC implementation• Leveraging finance to implement NDC commitments• Reporting in line with commitments under the Paris Agreement

NDCs


Climate-Smart Agriculture is an approach for developing agricultural strategies to secure food security under climate change. CSA aims to tackle three main objectives:

(i) sustainably increase agricultural productivity and incomes;

(ii) adapt and build resilience to climate change; and

(iii) reduce and/or remove greenhouse gas emissions, where possible.

Activities include:

• Coordinating FAO’s knowledge generation and management on CSA, in particular through the Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook and related learning materials

• Engagement with global CSA fora, in particular GACSA

Country level work on CSA

“Planning, implementing and evaluating Climate-Smart Agriculture” (2 pilots in in East Africa completed)

Kenya - Improving the income of dairy producers

Tanzania - Improving livelihoods for cereal-based farming, and reduce burning, erosion and deforestation

Support to CSA planning and implementation guidance/manuals

Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)


http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5805e.pdf

FAO was accredited at the 14th meeting of the Board in October 2016.

FAO is exploring three ways to support Member States to work with the GCF: • As a GCF-accredited implementing entity.• Supporting the design and implementation of projects led by other accredited entities.• As a delivery partner in the GCF Readiness Programme.

Laying the foundation for GCF projects has involved: • Hosting a series of webinars on the Paris Agreement and Intended/Nationally Determined

Contributions (INDCs/NDCs), and the role of the GCF in supporting implementation;

Supporting countries to access NAP GCF readiness funds:• Countries can now request up to USD 3 million in support through a new, dedicated NAP

activity area under the GCF Readiness and Preparatory Support Program.

GREEN CLIMATE FUND

Climate Finance


This is the name of the Conference 1318 May 2015

Part II – ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR CROP PRODUCTION

14LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017

Climate change affects agricultural production

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

2090-2109

(22)

2070-89

(134)

2050-69

(500)2030-49

(250)2010-29

(184)

Projected changes in crop yields for all locations worldwide owning to climate change

Percentage of Yield Projections (n= 1090)

Innovation is the key to adaptation in farming systems

Sustainable intensification

Agroecology

Efficient water management

Managing carbon and nitrogen

Making production systems more resilient

FAO Economic and Social Development Department 10/ 30LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017

FAO Economic and Social Development Department 11/ 30

Improved production systems enhance

food security


Some barriers that need to be overcome as reported in the literature on the determinants of

adoption :

Several barriers constrain the adoption of improved

technologies and practices

FAO Economic and Social Development Department 14/ 30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Information

Credit access & resource endowments

Risk and shocks

Groups/ social capital

Tenure security

Labour availability

Share of studies where variable was statistically significant (%)

Agronomy Agroforestry


19

Event Potential impact

Cold periods becoming warmer and shorter; over most land areas, days and nights becoming hotter (virtually certain)

Increased yields in colder environments; decreased yields in warmer environments; increased outbreaks of new insect pests and pathogens; potential impacts on crop production

Heavy precipitation events increasing in frequency over most areas (very likely)

Damage to crops; soil erosion; inability to cultivate land owing to waterlogging of soils

Drought-affected area increases (likely) Land degradation and soil erosion; lower yields from crop damage and failure; loss of arable land

Intense tropical cyclone activity increases (likely)

Damage to crops

Extremely high sea levels increase in incidence (excludes tsunamis) (likely)

Salinization of irrigation water, estuaries and freshwater systems; loss of arable land

Examples of projected climate change impacts on crop production

Source: adapted from IPCC, 2007, in FAO, 2008a


LEG Technical Regional Workshop 2001 March 2017

CROP SYSTEMS CLIMATE-SMART PRACTICES/TECHNOLOGIES FOR

EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT

CCA CCM

CLI

MA

TE

CH

AN

GE

IMP

AC

TS

Wat

er

stre

ss

All systems Implementing good agronomic management decisions (e.g. selecting crop varieties that are

drought tolerant and/or have a higher water productivity, i.e. that provide more yield per liter of

water, using inorganic fertilizer, adjusting cropping calendars) and practices (e.g. encouraging

deeper rooting of crops, using Conservation Agriculture for higher water retention, mulching)

improves crop water productivity.

*

All systems Implementing soil and water conservation techniques (e.g. soil mulching, shading, rainwater

harvesting, wind shelter to reduce evaporation) enhances crop productivity.

*

Systems including

perennial cropsIntegrating feed for livestock from annual crops with perennial feed, and particularly from deep

rooting legumes, supports soil health while it provides additional quality forage during dry

periods, which improves the quality of the diet of ruminants, and thus reduces enteric methane.

* *

Irrigated systems Irrigation becomes more and more the rule in commercial crop (such as horticulture) systems

since it is the only way to secure the yield through adequate water supply at all stages of the

plant development.

In irrigated systems, increasing the efficiency of irrigation (including through deficit irrigation,

precise water applications, high-efficiency pumps), reducing water losses, and improving water

allocation and management of water demand optimizes yields per volume of water applied,

reduces greenhouse gas emissions and allows energy (mainly fuel) efficiency gains.

* *

Wat

er

/exc

ess Systems including In the case of increased rain in quantity, frequency and intensity, avoids damage to roots from

waterlogging:

*

annual and

perennial cropsImproving drainage.

perennial crops Planting trees on berms.

Example of locally specific climate change effects in Zambia

Source: (FAO, 2013)LEG Technical Regional Workshop01 March 2017

32 33 34 35 36-18

-17

-16

-15

-14

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9Maximum Temperature CoV

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03

32 33 34 35 36-18

-17

-16

-15

-14

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9Average Maximum Temperature

24.05

24.60

25.16

25.71

26.27

26.82

27.38

27.93

28.49

29.04

29.60


Effect of improved cropland management practices: average % marginal increase of cereal yields at global level – agroecological

differences play a major role in the variable results


Smallholder agriculture particularly vulnerable to climate change risks

and impacts

Rural women are among the most vulnerable


No eradication of global poverty without resilient

smallholder agriculture

FAO Economic and Social Development Department 9 / 30

Improving smallholders resilience through:

• improvement of their production systems

• build more resilient livelihood for vulnerable population

WHAT THE SOLUTION CAN BE

Key steps for packaging options into programmes?

Step 1 – Review the existing framework and identify the gaps and needs to address climate change impacts in the agriculture sectors

Step 2 – Identify the priority areas

Step 3 – Map out key milestones necessary to advance efforts in adapting to climate change

This is the name of the Conference 2618 May 2015

Wrap-up

THANK YOU!

www.fao.org/climatechange


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