ACTED (BRACE)

Establishing livelihood baselines in Warrap, Northern and Western Bahr El Ghazal

States,South Sudan

21st December 2012

Contents

• HEA Overview• What was done• Baseline results• HEA Outcome analysis• Discussion - Q&A

HEA Framework: Overview

HEA starts with an understanding of how households normally live….

HEA Framework: Overview

…then it incorporates the impact of a

shock….

Survival ThresholdSurvival Threshold

Livelihoods Protection ThresholdLivelihoods Protection ThresholdGap

HEA Framework: Overview

…and finally looks at how people might be

able to cope.

The analysis suggests that post-shock, households will not be able to maintain their normal livelihood

assets without assistance.

BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING OUTCOME+ =

HEA Framework Overview: Components

In practice this process is broken into six steps

What it does:Defines areas within which people share broadly the

same patterns of livelihood

BASELINE

Livelihood Zoning

Why it is necessary:Allows you to target

geographically &

to customize indicators for livelihoods monitoring

systems

Step 1:

HEA Framework Overview: Components

BASELINE

Step 2:

What it does:Groups people together using local definitions

of wealth and quantifies their livelihood assets

Why it is necessary:Allows you to

disaggregate the population and indicate who (and how many)

need assistance

HEA Framework Overview: Components

Wealth Breakdown

0

10

20

30

40

50

very poor poor middle better off

% o

f hou

seho

lds

Step 3:

What it does:Quantifies sources of food and income, and expenditure patterns

using ‘common currency’

Why it is necessary:Enables comparisons across wealth groups, zones and countries

& provides starting point

for outcome analysis

BASELINE

HEA Framework Overview: Components

What was done

• Training

• District level enquiry and Market information.

• Key informants FDGs

• Household level FG Interviews in both zones

HEA Training

• Participants are selected and recruited by ACTED

• 10 people are trained and 8 are selected for the field work

INFORMATION:

Reference year

(Sept 2011 - August 2012)

Ironstone Plateau

Western Flood Plains (N)

Total

District level meetings Secondary data 2 5 7

Market interviews Prices

Supply routes

2 2 4

Key informant focus groups at village level

Wealth groups

Seasons

Timelines

8 8 128

Focus Group Discussions FDG) with Very poor and Poor households

(6-8 participants)

Source of food, income , expenditure

(12 months)

16 16 224

FDGs with Middle wealth groups (6-8 participants)

As above 8 8 112

FDGs with Better-off households

(6-8 participants)

As above 8 8 112

Total sample size of study > 587

HH sizeLand area cultivated

Crops cultivated Livestock/Asset Holding

Very Poor 4-6 0.5-1 feddan

Sorghum, maize, groundnut, seaseme,

cowpeas, okra, pumpkin, cassava

4-5 chicken, 0-1 beehives

Poor 5-70.5-1.5 feddan

Sorghum, maize, groundnut, seaseme,

cowpeas, okra, pumpkin, cassava

0-3 goats, 3-5 chicken 0-2 beehives, 0-1 goats

Middle 9-11 2-2.5 feddan

Sorghum, maize, groundnut, seaseme,

cowpeas, okra, pumpkin, cassava

2-3 cattle, 3-4 goats, 0-4 sheep, 5-7 chicken, 0-4

beehives

Better-off 10-14 4-5 feddan

Sorghum, maize, groundnut, seaseme,

cowpeas, okra, pumpkin, millet, cassava

4-5 cattle, 6-14 goats, 5-9 sheep, 8-12 chicken, 0-6

beehives

1 feddan=

Wealth Groups Characteristics

0% 20% 40%% of households

Wealth group criteria

The Ironstone livelihood zone

Wealth group criteria

Western Flood Plains LZ

HH sizeLand area cultivated

Crops cultivated Livestock/Asset Holding

Very Poor 3-5 0-1 feddan sorghum, maize, Ground

nut, Sesame, cow pea,Okra and Pumpikin

0-2 Goat 0-2 sheep, 1-3 hen and 0-1fishing net and 0-1

hooks

Poor 4-10 0.5-1 feddan sorghum, maize, Ground

nut, Sesame, cow pea,Okra and Pumpikin

3-5 cattle, 4-6 Goat 3-5 sheep, 4-8 hen and 0-

2fishing net and 0-2 hooks

Middle 7-11 1-2 feddan sorghum, maize, Ground

nut, Sesame, cow pea,Okra and Pumpikin

10-14 cattle, 10-30 Goat 10-18 sheep, 10-14 hen and 2-4-fishing net and 2-4 hooks

Better-off 10-14 2-4 feddan sorghum, maize, Ground

nut, Sesame, cow pea,Okra and Pumpikin

50-70 cattle, 35-55 Goat 20-40 sheep, 16-24 hen and 30-

504-8 fishing net and 4-6 hooks

1 feddan=

Wealth Groups Characteristics

0% 20% 40% 60%

% of households

Sources of Food - Western Flood Plains

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off

wild food & fish

food aid

purchase

payment in kind

livestock prod.

crops

Sources of Food- Ironstone Plateau

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off

wild food & fish

food aid

purchase

payment in kind

livestock prod.

crops

12 FOOD TYPES (FNTA technical guide on DD Version II)

Wet season (May- Sept/Oct, 5-6 months)

Dry season (Nov- April/May, 5-6 months)

1. Cereals (sorghum,maize, millet, rice and various types of naturally occurring ‘grass’ seeds)

Some stored, some purchased depending on own production and in-kind payments and Household budgeting for cult/cropping season (Peak energy needs)

Eaten green pre-harvest, own production post harvest and purchased to benefit from lower seasonal prices plus saving own production for cult/cropping season.

2. Roots and tubers inc. wild foods Cassava in Ironstone plateau plus wild tubers

Dried cassava, but mostly naturally occurring wild roots & tubers

3. Vegetables & wild foods Okra, pumpkin, wild leaves plus other naturally occurring greens (vines, leaves,etc.) Onion and tomatoes purchased by Better off groups.

Dried and stored Okra and other veg. used in sauces. Okra and local greens also cultivated by rivers. Onion and tomatoes purchased by Better off.

4. Fruits & wild foods Wild fruits consumed by children (Dhiot, Cum, Cuei, Lang, Thou flesh, Pac,

Wild fruits consumed by children

5. Meat & offal including game meat Mainly only consumed during festivals (funeral & wedding feasts etc)

Mainly only consumed during festivals (funeral & wedding feasts etc)

6. Eggs Occasional Occasional

7. Fish Pool fishing at the end of the wet season - begining of the dry season,

Dried fish used in cooking. River fishing end of the dry season- beg. wet season

8. Pulses & nuts including Wild Foods Cowpea, groundnuts, and nuts occurring naturally in the forest

Stored own production plus Thou/Lalop from the forest (January - March)

9. Milk/products Less available for Poor Hhs - occasionally accessed from wealthier kin or purchased

Less available for Hh members not moving to the Toic with the cattle - especially for poorer Hhs

10. Oils and fats including simsim (sesame) and Lulu oil (Raak/Shea nut)

Groundnut oil, Lulu oil (Ironstone Plateau), simsim oil and from market

Groundnut oil, Lulu oil (Ironstone Plateau) simsim/sesame oil & from market

11. Sugar & honey Sugar purchased. Honey more accessible in the Ironstone plateau zone

Sugar purchased. Honey more accessible in the Ironstone plateau zone

12. Misc. Termites, shield bugs, etc when in season

Beer and other local brews

Termites, shield bugs, etc when in season

Beer and other local local brews

Dietary Diversity & Quality

Sources of Income- Western Flood Plains (N)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off

wild fish/ meat sale wild root/ fruit

self-employment agr.labour

livestock sales

l/stock prod. salescrop sales

Sources of Income- Ironstone LZ

Income Level by LZ and Wealth GroupHh category Average annual Hh

Income (SSP)

Ironstone LZ

Average annual Hh Income (SSP)

Western Flood plains LZ

V Poor

2750-3250 3000-4000

Poor

4000-4500 4500-5500

Middle

5000-6000 7000-8000

Better- off

9000-10000 13000-14000

Gender aspects re income activities

Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

CODE: Men Women Both, BOLD: High demand, W -more, w -less

Economic Activities

Season Dry Dry Dry Dry Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Rain Dry Dry

Land preparation B B

Planting B B B

Weeding B B

Harvesting B B B

Labor employment M M M M M M M M

Charcoal M M M M M M

Firewood W W W W W W

Grass sale W W

Brewing W W W W

Brick Making M M M M M

Livestock sale M M M M M M

Milking W W W W W W W W

Wild food collection W W W W W W W

Fishing M M M M M

Expenditure- Western Flood Plains (N)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off

other

clothes

social serv.

inputs

water

HH items

non-staple foodstaple food

Expenditure - Ironstone Plateau Zone

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

V.Poor Poor Middle Better-off

other

clothes

social serv.

inputs

water

HH items

non-staple foodstaple food

Seasonal calendarNB seasonal access to food and income sources-Ironstone LZ

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rainfall

Legend cons. green harvest planting

Weeding

shoats cattle and shoats cattle

Cow PeaMilletOkraPumpkin seeds/leavesLabor employmentCharcoal and f irew oodGrass saleLivestock sale Bartering

RaakAjuetThouNgaanaAkondok

Land Preparation

SorghumGround nutSeaseme

Fishing

Maize

Food purchase

Livestck disease

Milk productionInheat PeriodLivestock Births

Hunger season

Seasonal calendarNB seasonal access to food and income sources-Western Flood Plains LZ

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rainfall

Legend cons. green harvest planting

Weeding

shoats cattle and shoats cattle

Cow PeaMilletOkraPumpkin seeds/leavesLabor employmentCharcoal and f irew oodGrass saleLivestock sale Bartering

RaakAjuetThouLangCumFishing

Maize

Food purchase

Livestck disease

Milk productionInheat PeriodLivestock Births

Hunger season

Land Preparation

SorghumGround nutSeaseme

Outcome analysis

Step 4:

What it does:Translates a hazard

into economic consequences at household level

Why it is necessary:Allows you to

mathematically link the shock to each relevant

livelihood strategy

OUTCOME ANALYSIS

Problem Specification

Crop loss of 75%

Local labor rates down 50%

Food prices doubled

Chicken prices down 50%

Migratory labor increased 50%

HEA Framework Overview: Components

Step 5:

What it does:Assesses the ability of households to respond

to the hazard

Why it is necessary:Determines the amount

of external assistance required

&Highlights monitoring

indicators for testing prediction

OUTCOME ANALYSIS

HEA Framework Overview: Components

Livelihoods Protection ThresholdLivelihoods Protection Threshold

Predicted Outcome

Step 6:

What it does:Predicts the outcome of the hazard in relation to livelihood protection and

survival thresholds

Why it is necessary:Allows you to determine

whether people need external assistance in order to survive and/or

to maintain their livelihood assets

OUTCOME ANALYSIS

HEA Framework Overview: Components

Survival ThresholdSurvival Threshold

Outcome Analysisand follow up in 2013

• Run a common shock(s)

• Baseline <> shock <> expandability (Final checks needed) > Outcome

• Possible options to support greater resilience?

• Key parameters for monitoring?– Discussion on LIAS and 2013 plans

Relevance for BRACE

• GOAL: To build household and community resilience to shocks and to improve food and economic security in rural areas..

• OUTCOME: The target group are vulnerable populations including returnees.

• The sustained increase in food security during the hunger period (April to September/October) for up to 25,000 households (175,000 beneficiaries).

• Dietary quality

• Gender awareness

Discussion points: Food availability, access and

utility?– Seasonal aspects? - the contribution from food/income sources April-October viz local labour and petty trade options for the more vulnerable groups + wild food access + stored and preserved foods?

– Community dynamics and wealth group inter-relationships? (Employers<> Employees)…strengthening the local labour market and care needed when considering FFA work that may clash with local labour demand. … acting as a disincentive for the Middle and Better-off groups to increase area under cultivation etc.

– Markets - availability and access issues (Cash and in-kind payment shifts depending on access and inflationary factors) - Seasonal road access and trade from North and South, oil revenues back on ? Etc.

– Gender inequalities, Childcare - traditional roles and responsibilities, maternal education, hygiene and sanitation practices? Link to malnutrition trends, seasonal events and household behaviour.

– Production constraints for more vulnerable (Risk & RTHL)

Resilience

• Strengthen coping options?• Monitor changes around the Livelihood

protection threshold• Observe any shifts in proportioning of Wealth

groups• Try to detect whether increased access to

food (from FFA) is building resilience or resulting in the substitution of other food and income activities by households

• Expected benefits of FFA viz GFD?– Short term– Long term?…. in order to monitor these changes.