acta: anti-counterfeiting trade agreement - threat to access to knowledge
DESCRIPTION
Apresentação feita no II Seminário Internacional Propriedade Intelectual nos Países de Língua portuguesa, em Lisboa, 27 fev. 2010. Presentation made on the II International Seminar on Intellectual Property for Countries of Portuguese Language, in Lisbon, Portugal, 26-27 Feb. 2010. Program here: http://www.marcasepatentes.pt/index.php?action=view&id=281&module=newsmoduleTRANSCRIPT
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II Seminário Internacional Propriedade Intelectual nos Países
de Língua Portuguesa
ACTA:
uma ameaça ao acesso ao conhecimento
Pedro Paranaguá
FGV-Rio e Duke University
Lisboa, 26-27 de fevereiro de 2010
ISEG/UT Lisboa
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sobre o quê vamos falar ? ? ?
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ACTA
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política pública internacional de PI . . .
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Índice
1. one size does not fit all
2. OMPI
3. OMC / TRIPs
4. bilaterais + pressão unilateral: special 301
5. Doha + TK + GR (OMC) & Agenda do
Desenvolvimento (OMPI)
6. ACTA
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Índice
1. one size does not fit all
2. OMPI
3. OMC / TRIPs
4. bilaterais + pressão unilateral: special 301
5. Doha + TK + GR (OMC) & Agenda do
Desenvolvimento (OMPI)
6. ACTA
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cenario atual
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Mapa mundial de patentes
97% das patentes = estão nos países desenvolvidos
3%
97%
Relatório UNDP 1999, p. 68
em desenvolvimentodesenvolvidos
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Mapa mundial de patentes
80% das patentes em países em desenvolvimento =são de detentores de países ricos
20% em desenvolvimento 3%
80% são desenvolvidos
Relatório UNDP 1999, p. 68
Título principal
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Mapa mundial de patentes
resultado
menos de 1% das patentes são de países em desenvolvimento
Relatório UNDP 1999, p. 68
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Mapa de direitos autorais
por volta de apenas 4% das obras com mais de 20 anos de existência estão disponíveis
comercialmente
James Boyle, “Deconstructing Stupidity”
Financial Times, 21.04.2005
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Estudos Recentes
1999 Relatório PNUD / ONU
“Direitos de propriedade intelectual mais
rígidos aumentam o preço da
transferência de tecnologia e põem em
risco bloquear países em desenvolvimento
do dinâmico setor do conhecimento ...”
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Estudos Recentes
2002 Relatório do Reino Unido (Comissão PI)
proteção mais rígida de PI: reduz acesso a
produtos de conhecimento em países em
desenvolvimento → consequências danosas
para países pobres
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Estudos Recentes
2003 Relatório FTC (concorrência) dos EUA
modificações são necessárias para manter
equilíbrio
considerar dano à competição antes de
extender o âmbito de matérias
patenteáveis
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contextualizando . . .
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Índice
1. one size does not fit all
2. OMPI
3. OMC / TRIPs
4. bilaterais + pressão unilateral: special 301
5. Doha + TK + GR (OMC) & Agenda do
Desenvolvimento (OMPI)
6. ACTA
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1974: OMPI – agência especializada da ONU
objetivo:
“responsável (...) pela promoção de atividade intelectual criativa e por facilitar a
transferência de tecnologia relacionada a propriedade industrial aos países em desenvolvimento
de forma a acelerar o desenvolvimento econômico, social e cultural, sujeita à competência e responsabilidade da Organização
das Nações Unidas e seus órgãos ...”
(art. 1 – Acordo entre ONU e OMPI)
(
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portanto . . .
função social
da
propriedade intelectual
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OMPI
2010
184 países-membro
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OMPI
2010
184 países-membro
multilateral
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de la para cá . . .
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a grande jogada
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Índice
1. one size does not fit all
2. OMPI
3. OMC / TRIPs
4. bilaterais + pressão unilateral: special 301
5. Doha + TK + GR (OMC) & Agenda do
Desenvolvimento (OMPI)
6. ACTA
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década 1980
déficit na balança comercial EUA
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década 1980
déficit na balança comercial EUA
propriedade intelectual (PI)
)
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década 1980
déficit balança comercial EUA
US$ 43-61 bilhões contrafação
1980-87: US$ 27 bi. positivo
US$ 138 bi. negativo
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“forum shifting”
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ONU OMPI
GATT/OMC TRIPs
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1986-94 Rodada Uruguai GATT – OMC
PI + comércio (?)
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globalização
patamar mínimo
OMC: pacote TRIPs
sanções
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EUA contentes ?
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+ + + +
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Índice
1. one size does not fit all
2. OMPI
3. OMC / TRIPs
4. bilaterais + pressão unilateral: special
301
5. Doha + TK + GR (OMC) & Agenda do
Desenvolvimento (OMPI)
6. ACTA
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tratados bilaterais . . .
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e pressões unilaterais . . .
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USTR
de 2002 a 2006 Brasil na priority watch list
TRIPs-plus patente medicamentos 2005
autoral 50 anos TRIPs
70 anos Brasil
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remessa royalties Brasil EUA
1994: US$ 161 mi. aumento 645%
2004: US$ 1,04 bi.
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special 301
1984 emenda seção 301: Lei de Comércio (1974)
1
remoção de preferências tarifárias ou a imposição de sanções a países que não propiciem “proteção adequada e efetiva” a direitos de PI dos EUA em países estrangeiros
uma ação 301 pode ser iniciada pelo USTR ou por “qualquer pessoa interessada”
o SGP, que elimina ou reduz tarifas, de forma voluntária e não recíproca, para importações de países em desenvolvimento, foi vinculado a proteção de PI
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special 301
1988: USTR deve identificar os países que negam “adequada e eficaz proteção a direitos de PI” ou que “negam um justo e equânime acesso aos seus mercados a pessoas dos EUA que se utilizam da proteção a PI”
se através de negociações bilaterais tais práticas não são eliminadas, o Presidente dos EUA pode retaliar através de sanções e outras medidas
special 301: meio para ameaçar e coagir
“priority watch list”
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special 301
1988: imposição de US$ 39 milhões em
penalidades tarifárias para produtos do BR
receio de que o BR se unisse com a Índia para
liderar um bloco contra tais pressões e
contra as negociações do TRIPs no GATT
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special 301
BR entrou com medida contra EUA, arguindo que o uso da special 301 era ilegal perante o GATT, o que levou os EUA a retirarem a medida em 1990
BR “encarou uma longa batalha buscando justiça em um sistema de comércio que era mais sobre poder do que sobre jogar pelas regras” (Drahos with Braithwaite 2003)
1996: nova lei de PI, minutada em 1990, para proteger produtos farmacêuticos
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special 301
de 2001 até 2006
o Brasil esteve na
“priority watch list”
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special 301
relatório do USTR de 2006
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IIPA
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special 301
relatório da IIPA de 18.02.2010
Brasil na watch list
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special 301
relatório da IIPA de 18.02.2010
contra a Resolução 5.213/2005 da USP, que
permite, segundo a ABDR e a IIPA, cópia
reprográfica de partes de livros por casas de
cópia com fins comerciais
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special 301
relatório da IIPA de 18.02.2010
NÃO é verdade ! !NÃO é verdade ! !
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special 301
relatório da IIPA de 12.02.2007
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special 301
relatório da IIPA de 18.02.2010
não é verdade
cópia de pequenos trechos apenas
sem fins lucrativos
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special 301
relatório da IIPA de 18.02.2010
soberania nacional ? ? ?soberania nacional ? ? ?
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special 301
relatório da IIPA de 18.02.2010
apenas 25%
e o fair use dos EUA ? ?
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GNU/Linux
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GNU/Linux
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IIPA prefere a“pirataria”
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“Pirataria”
problema ou estratégia de mercado?
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sobre software “pirateado” na Ásia, o então Dir. de Desenvolvimento de Produto da MS, Chris Williams:
"[e]stamos inundando o mercado com cópias... o
objetivo é... que, quando as pessoas tiverem que
comprar o software, já conheçam o nosso produto
e tenham que comprá-lo quando as leis forem
aprovadas. Estamos basicamente adquirindo fatias do
mercado. Tão logo comecemos a obter retorno neste
investimento, será gigantesco." (sic)
.
CUSUMANO, Michael A. e SELBY, Richard W.: “Microsoft Secrets: How the World's Most Powerful Software Company Creates Technology, Shapes Markets, and Manages People”, Free Press, 1995, p. 284-5, apud http://portal.softwarelivre.org/news/2557, visit. em 22.06.2004. Cusumano é prof. de gerenciamento de estratégia e tecnologia na Sloan School of Management do MIT. Selby é prof. de informação e ciência da comput. na Univ. da Califórnia, Irvine.
Microsoft Windows
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EUA
MS Windows VistaBusiness Full
+
MS OfficeProfessional 2007
=
US$ 634,98
www.amazon.com 27.11.2007
Microsoft Windows
BRA
MS Windows VistaBusiness Full
+
MS OfficeProfessional 2007
=
R$ 2.298,00
www.submarino.com.br 27.11.2007
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EUA
MS Windows Vista + Office
=
US$ 634,98
US$ 634,98
US$ 634,98
US$ 634,98
Microsoft Windows
BRA
MS Windows Vista + Office
=
R$ 2.298,00
US$ 1.255,73 (R$ 1,83 = US$ 1)
US$ 1.149,00 (R$ 2 = US$ 1)
(
US$ 766,00 (R$ 3 = US$ 1)
(
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Microsoft Windows
Pedro de Paranaguá Moniz: “Software Livre como Alternativa de Desenvolvimento e de Negócio: em busca da soberania nacional”,Juruá, in “PI: estudos em homenagem à Prof. Maristela Basso”, sob coord. Patrícia Carvalho, ago. 2005
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Microsoft Windows
Baseado em “First Annual BSA and IDC Global Software Piracy Study”, de 2004. Cf. http://www.bsa.org/globalstudy/
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special 301
relatório da IIPA de 18.02.2010
não mencionam marco civil da Internet
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Lawrence Lessig
“Com a confirmação da reforma (do
copyright), vocês terão a lei de direitos
autorais mais progressista do mundo”
http://bcufrgs.blogspot.com/2010/02/lessig-reforma-autoral-dara-ao-brasil.html
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como reação
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Índice
1. one size does not fit all
2. OMPI
3. OMC / TRIPs
4. bilaterais + pressão unilateral: special 301
5. Doha + TK + GR (OMC) & Agenda do
Desenvolvimento (OMPI)
6. ACTA
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ONU OMPI
GATT/OMC TRIPs
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+
bilaterais & unilaterais
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Doha + GR + TK (OMC)
+
Agenda do Desenvolvimento + SCP + SCCR
(OMPI)
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Índice
1. one size does not fit all
2. OMPI
3. OMC / TRIPs
4. bilaterais + pressão unilateral: special 301
5. Doha + TK + GR (OMC) & Agenda do
Desenvolvimento (OMPI)
6. ACTA
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ACTAAnti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
Tratado Comercial Anti-Contrafação
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ACTA
conversas se iniciam 2005-2006
i. jun. 2008 Genebra
ii. jul. 2008 D.C.
iii. out. 2008 Toquio
iv. dez. 2008 Paris
v. jul. 2009 Rabat
vi. nov. 2009 Seoul
vii. jan. 2010 Guadalaja
proxima: abr. 2010 Wellington, NZ
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ACTA
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ACTA
1. questoes iniciais e definiçoes
2. enforcement de direitos de PI
3. cooperação internacional
4. praticas de enforcement
5. questoes institucionais
6. questoes finais
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ACTA
1. segredo
2. interesse público
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ACTA
apenas contrafação ?
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ACTA
apenas contrafação ?
NAO
falsificação de produtos atraves do aproveitamento fraudulento de
marcas / prejuizo ao consumidor
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ACTA
i) suspender a liberação por pelo menos 1 ano de bens que infrinjam PI, baseado apenas numa suspeita do titular
ii) alfandega autorizada a bloquear transportes por iniciativa propria, com base em informação fornecida por titulares
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ACTA
iii) penas criminais para (a) casos de natureza comercial e (b) casos envolvendo consideravel intenção de infração autoral ou a marca, mesmo quando não houver motivação de ganho financeiro direto ou indireto
iv) EUA querem que titulares sejam isentos de resp. financeira ref. a estocagem ou destruição dos bens
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ACTA
Internet
procedimentos de enforcement
omite: justo, equanime e/ou proporcional (TRIPs)
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ACTA
Internet
tenta “harmonizar” responsabilidade secundaria
“contributory copyright infringement”
“indução”= grokster
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ACTA
Internet
sistema“notice-and-takedown”
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ACTA
Internet
sistema“notice-and-takedown”
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ACTA
Internet
“3 strikes and you are out”
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ACTA
Internet
desbloqueio de travas digitais (TPM/DRM)
sancoes civis E criminais (WCT-plus)
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ACTA
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ACTA
i) congelar a OMPI
ii) modelo global
iii) participacao: paises em desenvolvimento, academicos, midia, MPs, sociedade civil
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equilíbrio entre
propriedade intelectual
&
interesse público ?
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obrigado !
Pedro Paranaguá
licença de uso: Atribuição-Uso não-comercial-Compartilhamento pela mesma licença 3.0 Brasil
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/br/