1. Presented by
Bren Codie Belen
GabryellRicafrente
Anthony Tran
James Vuong
Jay Xiong
Art Resource GuidePages 28 47

2. ASIAN ART
3. Chinese Art
Some findings date back to fourth millennium B.C.E
Great Wall of China
Originally had a utilitarian function
Now really just for show
Terracotta Army
Monument to the first emperor
Emperor of Qin
Clay buried as part of his tomb
4. Terracotta Army
5. Chinese Art
Tang Dynasty
618 907 C.E.
Ink drawings
Ceramic sculptures
Modern Chinese Art
Propaganda during communist revolution
Less political today
6. Indian Art
Oldest artistic traditions in the world
Influenced by Greek art and Buddhism
Reflects Hinduism
Lovely, lively, and sinuous style
7. Japanese Art
Influenced international art world
Art style
Isometric perspective
Flat areas of color
Well-known for printmaking
8. AFRICAN AND OCEANIC ART
9. African Art
Northern Africa art considered Western
History differs from South Africa
Oldest examples of African art include cave paintings in present day Namibia from 23000 B.C.E
Nok civilization (500 B.C.E.)
Lifelike terracotta sculptures
Benin Kingdom (900 C.E.)
Art associated with a rich life at the royal court
Cast bronze portrait heads for ancestral altars
Objects that reinforced the oba, or Benin king
Treasures destroyed by the British in 1897 raid
10. African Art
Study of many African art limited for a variety of reasons
Fiber and wood are perishable
European traders and colonial traders
Westerners thought African artwork was threatening to colonial pursuit
Masks
Dan and Bwa cultural groups
Used for performances
Fang Mask
11. Oceanic Art
Oceania includes Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia
Many objects lost
Polynesia
Tattooing
Other body arts
Melanesia
Asmat cultural group
Art related to warfare
Carved masks
Used in ceremonies for summoning spirits
Asmat Shield
12. ISLAMIC ART
13. Islamic Art
Islam is a major religion
Valued art objects include copies of the Quran or containers that hold it
Islamic art
Non-figurative
Abstract or calligraphic decoration on most Islamic art objects
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
687 692 C.E.
Old example of Islamic architecture
14. Dome of the Rock
15. THE AMERICAS
16. The Americas
Common art in museums, formerly thought to be simple craftsmanship
Great civilizations: Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Inca, and Aztec
Pyramid of the Sun in Mexico
Conditions for preservation not present; art from only 2,000 years ago
Southwest Native Americans: pueblos dwelling with over a hundred rooms and multiple stories
Pyramid of the Sun
17. THE ELEMENTS OF ART
FORMAL QUALITIES OF ART
18. Elements of Art: Line
Line- the path of a point moving through space, create a stable and static feeling
Length, width, and direction / hard or soft / bold or indistinct / uniform or varying / solid or dotted
Vertical lines- moves the eyes upward
Ex: Medieval churches with high arched ceilings
Horizontal lines- line of the horizon: suggests a feeling of tranquility and peace
jagged lines: creates a sense of activity
19. Elements of Art:Shape and Form
Shape- defines the two-dimensional area of an object
Form- three-dimensional object with length, width, and depth
Geometric vs. organic precision and stability vs. free form and rhythm
Positive space- the space objects, shapes, or forms occupy in an artwork
Negative space- the area around the positive space
Sculpture: freestanding- fully in the round
relief- projects from a background that is part
of the sculpture
High relief- projecting boldly from the surface
Low relief- projecting only slightly from the surface
20. Elements of Art:Perspective
Perspective- illusion of depth, use of space in two-dimensional artworks to create three-dimensionality
Techniques: shading, highlighting, object placement, size manipulation, overlap
Aerial/atmospheric perspective- takes into account the ways fog, smoke, and airborne particles change appearance from a distance
Linear perspective- 3-D effect created by lines receding into the distance
21. The Delivery of the Keys by Pietro Perugino
22. Elements of Art:Color
Hue- name of the color
Color wheel- organization of hues into a visual scheme, concepts developed by Sir Isaac Newton
Primary colors: red, blue, and yellow
Secondary colors: formed from the mixture oftwo primary colors (orange, green, violet)
Tertiary colors: formed from a primary and an adjacent secondary color (yellow-green, red-violet)
Value- lightness or darkness of a color, can change by adding white or black
Neutrals- black and white
23. Elements of Art:Color (pt. 2)
Intensity- brightness or purity of a color, can be lowered by mixing or adding colors
19th century: discovered the use of color schemes (red- brighter or darker depending on surrounding colors)
Western art: Warm colors- red, orange, yellow; Cool colors- green, blue, violet
Local color- true color of an object or area in normal daylight
Optical color- the effect special lighting has on colors
Arbitrary color- colors chosen for emotional or aesthetic appeal
24. Elements of Art:Texture
Texture- how things feel or how we think they feel if touched
Actual texture- ceramics, string, stone, etc.
Visual texture- patterns of lines or shape that suggest texture (e.g. contrast of light and dark to make surface look rough)
25. Elements of Art:Composition
Composition- artists organization of the elements of art
Rhythm- the principle that we associate movement or pattern, uses repeated elements
Aspects of repetition: Motif and Pattern
Motif- a single element of a pattern (quilt design)
Pattern- use of multiple motifs (checkerboard)
Balance- the equal distribution of visual weight in a work of art, can use symmetry
Approximate symmetry- shapes or objects are slightly varied on either side of the central axis
Asymmetrical balance- visual balance achieved through organization of unlike objects
26. Elements of Art:Composition (pt. 2)
Focal point- an element that contrasts with the rest of the composition, more dominant
Proportion- the size relationships amongst parts of the composition
Scale- the dimensional relation of the parts of a work to the work in its entirety, the overall size of an artwork
Attracts attention and creates awe (Sistine Chapel)
2500 years ago: Classical Period of Greek sculpture
Aimed for accurate proportions for human
Had rules: 7 heads high, bottom of the nose falls halfway between the chin and the corner of the eyes, ect.
27. THE ELEMENTS OF ART
PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES
28. Processes and Techniques
Forms of two dimensional art processes
-Have height and width, but no significant depth
Drawing
Printmaking
Painting
Photography
Forms of three dimensional art processes
Sculpture
Environmental Art
-Note: Mixed media falls into both categories
29. Drawing
The most basic
Variety of drawing media (i.e. pencil, ink, charcoal, etc.) and surfaces (paper, walls, etc.)
Primarily based on the use of line, with each drawing tool having unique qualities
Shading: values of light and darkness; can be changed with pressure
Hatching/Cross-hatching: line techniques used to shade objects and create the illusion of 3-D
Strippling: creating different values with dots (more distance between dots = less shading)
30. Veronica by Albrecht Durer
31. Drawing (Continued)
Ink can be thinned down with water to whatevershade value is desired
Colored pencils and pastels can be used for coloring a drawing, but must consider their effects on an artwork
Pastels are popular, as they can be blended to create many delicate tints and shades, but very fragile.
32. Printmaking
A group of mechanically aided two-dimensional processes that permit the production of multiple original artworks
All of these processes use a printing plate that applies ink on a surface.
Relief printmaking: involves cutting away parts of the wood/linoleum plates surface. The remaining part will stand out in relief, ranging from thin lines to broad sections. These parts will be inked and will be pressed/rolled onto the surface.
Intaglio printmaking: works oppositely from relief. Lines are incised on the wood/soft metal plate. Carving tools engrave the lines, or cutting into a surface. Etching is also used, which is the process of incising a design through a layer of wax/varnish applied to the surface of a metal plate, which is then immersed in acid to eat away exposed metal. The wax /varnish is removed after, revealing the etched design.
33. Printmaking (continued)
Lithography: The process of drawing an image with a waxy pencil/crayon on a stone, zinc, or aluminum plate. The greasy image hardens and the plate is saturated in water. The ink will adhere to the greasy image, then the plate is moved through a press.
Lithography is complex and demanding, but no professional training is needed.
Screen prints: a process in which a photograph or other image is adhered to a silk/synthetic fabric stretched onto a frame, serving as a stencil for added on colored ink. Used for printing T-shirts
Through printmaking, multiple originals can be made, lessening costs.
34. Painting
Covers a wide variety of media and techniques
Composed of three different materials:
Pigments: finely ground materials that are natural or synthetic.
Binders: the substance that holds the grains together, allowing the paint to adhere to the surface (egg yolk, wax, etc.)
Solvents: a substance (water/oil) added to change the consistency of the paint or alter drying time
fresco: a technique used to paint on walls/ceilings; pure powdered pigments are mixed with water and are applied to a wet plaster ground.
The paint is permanently bound, so careful planning is needed (buon fresco)
fresco secco:applying paints to dry plaster instead of wet plaster
35. Painting (continued)
Oil paints not widely used until 1440s; tempera was used throughout history
Tempera: water-based paint; traditional tempera use egg yolk as binder
Requires great skill
Limitations: dries quickly, narrow tonal range, cannot achieve a close imitation of natural effects
Oil paints more versatile than tempera
Can be easily mixed and thinned to build up layers of glazes: thin transparent/semi-transparent layers applied over another colorfor alteration
Can be applied thickly and heavily for impasto surface
Dries very slowly
36. Painting (continued)
Egyptian grave markers used encausticpaints, wax-based paints fused with the surface by hot irons. Very durable.
Gouache: water-based opaque paint similar to school-based tempera, but higher quality.
Good medium for bright colors and details
Watercolor: the most common water-based paint, which is transparent (shows white of paper)
Lightest colors applied first, then darker colors
Careful planning is needed; cannot make any mistakes
Acrylics are alternatives to oil paints. Composed of synthetic material, versatile, but unable to achieve subtleties of oil paints.
37. Sculpture
Created in four ways: carving, modeling, casting, and construction
Can be freestanding, (Michelangelos Pieta) or attached to surfaces such as doors or walls
Carving is the process of removing the original material. Stone or wood can be chiseled or gouged with tools to form a physical figure
Modelingis an additive process, using soft material like clay or papier-macheadded on to the surface to shape the strucure
38. Michelangelos Pieta
39. Structures (continued)
Unfired clay. Wax sculptures can be used for a basis for a cast. They are molded by plaster; the mold is then filled in with material.
Other methods include metal welding, paper adjoining, and even movement sculptures
Environmental art (Earthworks) emerged in 1960s as a newer category of art form
Many of its works are classified as sculptures
Usually large-scale and constructed on-site; redefines the space installed
Not permanent; usually preserved through photography
40. Mixed Media
A category of artworks where several art media are used.
Sometimes miscellaneous objects (such as fabric, newspaper, toys, etc.) are used in conjunction
Can be either 2-D or 3-D
Example: a collage of specific various material
Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque credited with introducing this medium
Masks, ceremonial costumes, and other cultural objects are other examples.
41. Performance
The art in which the artists engage themselves in some kind of performance; sometimes involves an audience
Lacks permanence of more traditional genres
Offers a means for recovering unique human experiences
Since it cannot be sold as objects, it is often viewed as an escape from the increasing commercialization of art.
42. Craft and Folk Art
Terms used to discuss art forms that are largely utilitarian
Pottery is a medium based upon the use of natural materials mainly clay
There are different methods to create a pot using clay
Slip: liquid clay; used to join the edges of a clay
Potters wheel
This method is known as thrown
Kiln
Fiber arts
Glass
Wood
43. Architecture
The art and science of designing and constructing buildings
Architects
Materials that could be found locally were used for building in early times
Post-and-lintel construction:
Technique in which a long stone or wooden beam is placed horizontally across upright posts
Other key developments
the arch, the vault, and the dome
Skeletal building style
Steel and Concrete
44. EUROPEANS IN AFRICA
45. Early Explorers
Textiles and sculptures
Portugals expansion into Africa caused enormous changes on both continents
Before they arrived on Africa, Europeans had sought to expand Christianity
Eager to find the land of Prester John
Sought to control markets and resources in Africa, gold that was traded across the Sahara desert, and route to India
The Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator, supported the new exploration
Europeans had a passion for goods from Africa, especially ivory and bronzes
Declined in importance in comparison to slaves
46. Europe and Slave Trading
Began in early 1440s by the Portuguese.
Due to the rise of large-scale sugar production.
Holland and Great Britain grew powerful.
Key labor force in the Americas
British, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese grew wealthy.
47. The Slave Trade by Auguste-Francois Biard
48. Africa and Slavery
Already in Africa
African slaves had more rights
Asanti, Benin, and Kongo Kingdoms supplied slaves and other things for luxury goods.
Slavery was opposed from the beginning
1807, Slave Trade Act abolishes trading of slaves
1833, slavery abolished throughout the British empire
49. African Expansion
Began in the 1880s after the decline of slave trade
Europeans had control over most of Africa resulting in political shift of rule over African colonies
Few countries were not under European rule
Ethiopia,and Libera both maintained independence.
France, England, Belgium, Italy, and Germany.
Portugal plays a minor role in this time
50. European Changes
Assimilation of West African colonies
Forced to speak French in official dealings
African leaders were exiled and status symbols destroyed
Art production greatly impacted
Nkisi, an empowered sculpture created and used by the Kongo groups
51. Nkisi Sculpture
52. African Changes
African countries win independence
Ghana, followed by other West African nations including Nigeria, Cote dIvoire, and Sierra Leone
Due to educated African leaders from abroad
Various barriers in the push for independence
African Artist face challenges
African Art seen as primitive, tribal and native of outside influence
Contemporary artists follow the path of European modernism
53. Selected Work
Lidded Saltcellar Sapi-Portuguese
[sierra leone, fifteenth-sixteenth century]
54. Lidded Saltcellar
Appealed to foreign visitors
Identified as Sapi-Portuguese
Sapiproduced a great number of items for the Portuguese
Saltcellar is delicately carved in ivory to form a lidded bowl supported by a conical base
Saltcellar provides evidence of masterful carving of the Sapi artists
55. Lidded Saltcellar
56. QUESTIONS
57. Question #1
The perspective that the Japanese art style primarily uses is:
A. Isometric perspective
B. Linear perspective
C. Aerial perspective
D. Parallel perspective
58. Question #1
The perspective that the Japanese art style primarily uses is:
A. Isometric perspective
B. Linear perspective
C. Aerial perspective
D. Parallel perspective
59. Question #2
True or False:
Hue is the name of the color.
60. Question #2
True or False:
Hue is the name of the color.
True
61. Question #3
Slip is:
A. Another term for ink
B. A type of art style
C. An aspect of printmaking
D. Liquid clay used to join the edges of clay
62. Question #3
Slip is:
A. Another term for ink
B. A type of art style
C. An aspect of printmaking
D. Liquid clay used to join the edges of clay
63. Question #4
True or False: Lithography is the process in which a photograph or other image is adhered to a silk/synthetic fabric stretched onto a frame, serving as a stencil for added on colored ink.
64. Question #4
True or False: Lithography is the process in which a photographor other image is adhered to a silk/synthetic fabric stretched onto a frame, serving as a stencil for added on colored ink.
FALSE
Lithography is the process of drawing an image with a waxy pencil/crayon on a stone, zinc, or aluminum plate. The greasy image hardens and the plate is saturated in water. The ink will adhere to the greasy image, then the plate is moved through a press.
65. Question #5
The lidded saltcellar is identified as:
A. Sapi-French
B. Sapi-Portuguese
C. Sapi-German
D. Sapi-British
66. Question #5
The lidded saltcellar is identified as:
A. Sapi-French
B. Sapi-Portuguese
C. Sapi-German
D. Sapi-British
67. END