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LOUSIANA TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH
CENTER
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS FOR PAVEMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE:
USE OF WASTE TIRES IN ASPHALT MIXTURES
5 SEPTEMBER 2012
AC Binder Characterization Containing Crumb Tire
RubberGaylon L. Baumgardner
Paragon Technical Services, Inc.
INTRODUCTION
RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT
Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) is a post consumer polymer fractionally beneficial in modification of asphalt binders.
Benefits of modification of asphalt with GTR are similar to those achieved with virgin synthetic polymers with the exception GTR loadings are typically higher.
Knowledge and technology for processing GTR modified binders are just as critical as with synthetic polymer modified binders e.g. SBS
In the US, Asphalt Rubber or rubber modified bitumen/asphalt is the largest single market for recycled tires and consumes an estimated 12 million tires annually.
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT
Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) is separated into two particle sizes by class “ground” (2000μm and less) and “coarse” (greater that 2000μm)
Rubber produced from ground whole tires contains ~ 30% reactive material for asphalt modification.
Functional yield is dependent of tire composition and asphalt and is directly proportional to rubber source, rubber particle size and asphalt source.
Terminal blending can be an operations challenge without adequate knowledge of asphalt chemistry, GTR source and processing.
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
TIRE COMPONENTS AND COMPOSITION
TYPICAL TIRE CONSTRUCTION
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
TYPICAL TYPES OF MATERIALS USED TO MANUFACTURE TIRES
Synthetic Rubber Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Isoprene Butadiene Butyl Rubber Halogenated Butyl Rubber Ethylene Propylene Diene
Monomer
Natural Rubber Sulphur and sulphur
compounds Silica
Phenolic resin Oil: aromatic, naphthenic,
paraffinic Fabric: Polyester, Nylon,
Etc. Petroleum waxes Pigments: zinc oxide,
titanium dioxide, etc. Carbon black Fatty acids Inert materials Steel Wire
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
TYPICAL TIRE COMPOSITIONS BY WEIGHT
Passenger Tire Natural rubber 14 % Synthetic rubber 27% Carbon black 28% Steel 14 - 15% Fabric, fillers,
accelerators, antiozonants, etc. 16 -17%
Average weight: New 25 lbs, Scrap 20 lbs.
Truck Tire Natural rubber 27 % Synthetic rubber 14% Carbon black 28% Steel 14 - 15% Fabric, fillers,
accelerators, antiozonants, etc. 16 -17%
Average weight: New 120 lbs., Scrap 100 lbs.
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
RUBBER PERCENT BY WEIGHT IN A NEW RADIAL PASSENGER TIRE
TREAD 32.6% BASE 1.7% SIDEWALL 21.9% BEAD APEX 5.0% BEAD INSULATION 1.2% FABRIC INSULATION 11.8% INSULATION OF STEEL CORD 9.5% INNERLINER 12.4% UNDERCUSHION 3.9%
100.0%
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
MODIFIED ASPHALT BINDERS
ASPHALT MODIFICATION Samuel Whiting
1873 patent 1% natural rubber (Balata)
France 1902Rubberized asphalt
Paving technologist improving asphalt pavements since.
Use of synthetic polymers limited Styrene-Butadiene Polymers most commonRubber is a polymer of primarily the Styrene-
Butadiene type Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
UTI – SUPERPAVE MADE SIMPLE
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
SUPERPAVE – UTI
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
CONTINUOUS PHASE
20 Parts Natural Rubber + 80 Parts Cement
Water Xylenes
CR ASPHALT MODIFICATION METHODS CR in asphalt is not a new idea. Three common methods of modification:
Wet ProcessRubber blended with asphalt at the asphalt mix facilityCR content ~ 18 – 20%
Dry ProcessRubber added to mixture either fine or coarseCR content ~ 5 – 25%
Terminal BlendRubber blended with asphalt and stored as liquidCR content ~ 5 – 15%
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
CRITICAL PARAMETERS
Asphalt Source Asphalt Grade Rubber Composition Natural/Synthetic Rubber Particle Size < 30 mesh Rubber Grinding Method Ambient/Cryogenic Blending Temperature > 180 C Blending Time > 45 min.
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
SPECIFICATIONS
CRM
Historically testing has been done with pen and vis.
Viscosity was mostly rotational or vane shear.
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
OriginalDSR G*/sinδMin 1.0
64
RTFOT64 Standard MSCR3.2 <4.0
64
64 Heavy MSCR 3.2<2.0
64
64 Very heavyMSCR3.2 <1.0
64
PAV
S grade DSR G*sinδMax 5000
28 25 22 19 16
H & V grade DSR G*sinδMax 6000
28 25 22 19 16
NEW CRM SPEC TO MATCH MSCR BINDER SPEC
Low temp BBR and DTT remain unchanged
[(MSCR3.2 –MSCR 0.1)/ MSCR 0.1] < .75
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
CRM SIZES
Rubber is delivered in different systems with supper sacks very prevalent.
CRM comes in different sizes.
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENTS AT 1 AND 2 MM GAPS
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
G*/s
inδ,
1 m
m G
ap (k
Pa)
G*/sinδ, 2 mm Gap (kPa)
76°C
Linear (Line of Equality)
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
HOW TO HANDLE LARGER CRM
60 mesh material is easily handled in 1 mm gap.
30 mesh material may be tested at 2 mm 20 mesh material may require larger gaps. What is the limit of gap size? Are other geometries available to test larger
particles?
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
4 MM GAP
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
Malvern Instruments Kinexus Pro Rheometer
Active Heated Chamber Used with 25mm parallel plates
Peltier Cylinder Cartridge Used with Cup & Bob and Cup & Vane
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
PARALLEL PLATE
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
CUP & BOB
Top View
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
COMPARISON OF GEOMETRIES DSR64-22 NEAT 70-22 (64-22+PPA)
PP1, 65.8 PP2, 65.7 CB, 65.9
PP1, 72.2 PP2, 72.4 CB, 72.6
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
Continuo
us grade
tem
p
PG 64‐22 PG 70‐22
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
For Neat binder and or non particulate modifier the three geometries provide equivalent results using current G*/sin criteria.
COMPARISON OF GEOMETRIES DSR64-22 NEAT 70-22 (64-22+PPA)
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
CONTINUOUS GRADE FOR SPECIFIC BINDERS WITH DIFFERENT GEOMETRIES
65.8 65.7 65.9
24.6
‐22.00
73.6 73.6 72.1
20.4
‐25.46‐40
‐20
0
20
40
60
80
1
64‐22 PP1 64‐22 PP2 64‐22 CB 64‐22 PAV
64‐22 BBR 10% 60M PP1 10% 60M PP2 10% 60M CB
10% 60M PAV 10% 60M BBR
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
PG CONTINUOUS GRADING FOR BLENDS USING DIFFERENT GEOMETRIES
‐30
‐10
10
30
50
70
Continuo
us grade
64‐22
70‐22
76‐22
10% 60M
15% 60m
10% 30M
15% 30MPP1 PP2 C&B PAV DSR
BBR
EFFECT OF CRM ON LOW TEMPERATURE GRADE
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
64‐22 70‐22 76‐22 10% 60M 15% 60m 10% 30M 15% 30M
Low Temp Continuous GradeAll m controlled
Difference between S and M grade tempAll m controlled
‐22.00 ‐22.67 ‐23.13‐25.46
‐27.61‐25.09
‐27.63‐30.00
‐25.00
‐20.00
‐15.00
‐10.00
‐5.00
0.0064‐22 70‐22 76‐22 10% 60M 15% 60m 10% 30M 15% 30M
Low Temp Grade
Transportation
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
MSCR JNR 0.1KPA DATA FOR VARIOUS BLENDS
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
64‐22 70‐22 76‐22 10% 60M
15% 60m
10% 30M
15% 30M
Jnr 0
.1 kP
a‐1
binder blend
PP1
PP2
CB
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
MSCR JNR 3.2KPA DATA FOR VARIOUS BLENDS
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
64‐22 70‐22 76‐22 10% 60M
15% 60m
10% 30M
15% 30M
Jnr 3
.2 kP
a‐1
Binder blend
PP1
PP2
CB
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
OTHER ISSUES
Solubility – What values should be considered? 99% 93%No solubility
MSCR % Recovery – Rubber and polymers are not the same. Do we have a separate spec?
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
OriginalDSR G*/sinδMin 1.0
64
RTFOT64 Standard MSCR3.2 <4.0
64
64 Heavy MSCR 3.2<2.0
64
64 Very heavyMSCR3.2 <1.0
64
PAV
S grade DSR G*sinδMax 5000
28 25 22 19 16
H & V grade DSR G*sinδMax 6000
28 25 22 19 16
NEW CRM SPEC TO MATCH MSCR BINDER SPEC
Low temp BBR and DTT remain unchanged
[(MSCR3.2 –MSCR 0.1)/ MSCR 0.1] < .75
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
CRM binder is sensitive to crude source. Rubber size will effect test results. Particles
should be ¼ gap size or less. Careful formulation is needed to meet all Jnr
specs, but it can be done successfully. CRM Binders can be produced to meet PMA
specs. Large CRM particle sizes can be tested in DSR
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
SUMMARY There may be some differences for CRM binder spec
and PMA Spec Solubility for CRM binder may be different. Stress sensitivity may be different.Most other properties will be the same.
Addition of ground tire rubber (GTR) to asphalt is an accepted practice in HMA production
Modification of liquid asphalt binders with GTR is well established and can provide high performance pavements which aid in reduction of the number of waste tires deposed of in landfills and elsewhere
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012
THANK YOU
Louisiana Transportation Research Center - Sustainable Materials for Pavement Infrastructure: Use of Waste Tires in
Asphalt Mixtures 5 SEPTEMBER 2012