abstracts: annual scientific meeting of the european college of veterinary opthalmologists,...

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Abstracts: Annual Scientific Meeting of the European College of Veterinary Opthalmologists, Barcelona, Spain, May 16–19, 2013 ORAL 1 A simplified medial canthoplasty technique I Allgoewer Animal Eye Practice, Berlin, Germany Purpose: To present a novel medial canthoplasty technique and its application in 173 dogs. Methods: The surgical technique is described in detail. Records of 173 dogs which underwent the medial canthoplasty technique were reviewed regarding surgical complica- tions. Results: Magnification (5-7x) is necessary. PDS â (2-0) sutures are inserted into the lacrimal canaliculi to facilitate orientation for dissection. The surgical technique starts with the resection the caruncule, followed by an incision in both the upper and lower lid margin and the excision of a rhomboid-shaped area including the nasal canthus and parts of the medial palpebral ligament. The reduction of the length of the palpebral fissure is adjusted to the individual situation. By splitting the lacrimal canaliculi the lacrimal puncta are trans- posed deeply into the conjunctival fornix. Therefore the redundant canaliculi may be sacri- ficed if necessary. This allows the palpebral fissure to be shortened by 30% or more if required. The incision is closed in two layers with single interrupted sutures (Vicryl â 6-0). The conjunctiva is not sutured. In cases with concurrent nasal entropion a Hotz-Celsus technique is subsequently performed. None of the 173 operated dogs (101 Pugs, 27 Shih Tzus, 12 Pekingese and several other breeds) developed complications related to the tech- nique. Conclusions: This nasal canthoplasty technique is simple and less invasive than the techniques described in the literature. Complications were not noted in the evaluated case series. ORAL 2 Evaluation of lip twitch restraint on applanation tonometry in criollo horses (Equus cabbalus) MCC Andrade, FQ Pereira and JAT Pigatto School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Purpose: To evaluate the influence of upper lip twitch on intraocular pressure (IOP) measured with applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen Avia â ) in healthy Criollo horses. Meth- ods: Thirty Criollo horses, aged between 2 and 20 years (male and female) were evalu- ated with Tono-Pen Avia â , with and without upper lip twitch restraint. A previous ophthalmic examination was performed with Schirmer tear test, fluorescein test, slit lamp biomicroscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy in all animals. Applanation tonometry was car- ried out with anesthetic drops (tetracaine hydrochloride 1%), between 9:30 and 11:30am of the same day. The measurements were made firstly without the lip twitch. At least 30 min after, the IOP with lip twitch restraint was performed. IOP values were statisti- cally analyzed. Results: IOP mean values measured with the lip twitch (26.43 5.48 mm Hg) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than without (23.10 4.01 mm Hg). IOP values with restraint ranged between 12 and 36 mm Hg and between 15 and 33 mm Hg without lip twitch. IOP measurements with Tono-Pen Avia â revealed no dif- ference between genders and between right and left eyes. There was no correlation between age and intraocular pressure in Criollo horses (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The restraint of horses with upper lip twitch increases equine intraocular pressure measured with Tono-Pen Avia â . ORAL 3 Sample me, sample me not: the outcome of iridociliary epithelial tumor biopsies in dogs (20002012) B Beckwith-Cohen* and RR Dubielzig *Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Comparative Ocular Pathology Lab of Wisconsin (COPLOW), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA Purpose: Evaluate the ocular outcome of biopsied eyes diagnosed with an iridociliary epi- thelial tumor (ICET). Methods: Cases were selected from the COPLOW database and included: 30 ICET biopsy specimens, 10 globes enucleated following ICET biopsy, and 20 control globes with glaucoma and ICETs without surgical history. All samples were exam- ined histologically. Biopsies were evaluated for margins and globes were graded according to: tumor type and distribution, hemorrhage, retinal detachment and presence of fibrovas- cular membranes and asteroid hyalosis. Follow-up of biopsy cases was performed via RDVM questioning and medical chart review. Results: Biopsies were performed within weeks to months of observation for diagnosis, debulking or excision. Ninety-six percent of biopsies had dirty margins and adenomas were undistinguishable from adenocarcinomas. 17.3% of biopsies were incisional, 24.1% had documented recurrence within 8.0 5.2 months, 24.1% had no recurrence clinically 20.0 14.5 months postoperatively, and 34.5% were lost to follow-up. On histopathology 33% of biopsied globes had adeno- carcinomas compared to 10% in controls, 37.5% had synechia to the surgery site, and 50% had tumor within or adjacent to it. When compared to non-biopsied globes a differ- ence was found in tumor distribution and in the presence of fibrovascular membranes, which were graded higher in the biopsied globes (P= 0.027 and P= 0.018, respec- tively). Conclusions: ICETs can be diagnosed by biopsy but one cannot distinguish ade- noma from adenocarcinoma. Complete excision is rarely achieved and debulking is of questionable merit. The effects on ocular tissues are more destructive than those found in matched globes removed after the onset of glaucoma but not operated on prior to enucleation. ORAL 4 Corrective gene therapy initiated at mid-stage disease arrests retinal degeneration in XLPRA2 dogs WA Beltran,* AV Cideciyan, AS Lewin, S Iwabe,* SL Boye, § WW Hauswirth, § SG Jacobson and GD Aguirre* *School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; § Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Purpose: We have recently shown in XLPRA that AAV-mediated gene transfer of human RPGRORF15 cDNA can rescue photoreceptors when delivered before the onset (XLPRA1), or at early stage degeneration (XLPRA2). We now investigate whether gene therapy delivered at a more advanced stage of XLPRA2 disease can still provide a positive outcome. Meth- ods: An AAV2/5 vector construct (150 lL at 1.51 9 10 11 vg/mL) carrying full-length human RPGRORF15 cDNA under the control of a hIRBP promoter was injected subretinally in three 12-week-old XLPRA2 dogs, an age at which the ONL thickness is reduced by ~40%. In addition, one XLPRA2 dog was injected shortly after the onset of disease (5.1 weeks of age) as an early disease stage control. Photoreceptor structure and function was assessed by cSLO/SD-OCT and ERG at 39 and 42 weeks of age, respectively. Results: In vivo retinal imaging showed preserved ONL thickness in the treated retinal areas. ERG function was greater in treated than in control eyes, with more than an 8-, 1.2-, and 1.6-fold difference in the amplitudes of rod, mixed rod-cone, and cone 29 Hz flicker responses, respectively. ONL thickness and ERG function were better preserved when treatment was initiated at 5.1 rather than 12 weeks. Conclusions: RPGR gene augmentation confers sustained and beneficial effect on photoreceptor structure and retinal function even when delivered at a mid-stage dis- ease. Establishing in dogs the latest stage at which a positive rescue effect can still be obtained will be relevant to patient enrollment of future human clinical trials. CR: None; WWH has a financial interest and equity in AGTC Inc. Supported by: EY-06855, -17549, -021721, -022012, FFB, Macula Vision Research Foundation, Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc. ORAL 5 Electroretinogram evaluation of equine eyes with extensive bullet-hole fundic lesions G Ben-Shlomo, RA Allbaugh and RD Whitley Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, USA Purpose: To evaluate the impact of extensive bullet-hole nontapetal fundic lesions in horses on retinal function as measured by electroretinogram (ERG). Methods: Two horses with extensive lesions in both eyes had electroretinographic responses recorded bilaterally using a contact lens electrode and a mini-Ganzfeld electroretinographic unit. The horses’ pupils were dilated, they were sedated with intravenous detomidine, and an auriculopalpebral nerve block was performed. The ERG was first recorded from the eye with the more exten- sive lesions in response to a low intensity light stimulus (0.03 cd.s/m 2 ) that was given at times (T) T = 5, 10, 15, 20 min of dark adaptation. Consecutively, combined rod-cone response was evaluated bilaterally in response to high intensity light stimulus (3 cd.s/m 2 ). Off-line analysis of the ERG was then performed. Results: Despite extensive bullet-hole lesions in the nontapetal fundus bilaterally in both horses retinal function as measured by ERG did not show any observable deficits. The b-wave amplitude of the full-field ERG increased continuously from 5 to 20 min of dark adaptation peaking at 469 and 402 μv for horse number 1 and 2 respectively. The b-wave amplitudes of the combined rod-cone response were OS- 459 μv and OD- 392 μv for horse number 1 and OS- 508 μv and OD 608 μv for horse number 2. Conclusions: Extensive bullet hole chorioretinal lesions do not appear to compromise outer retinal function or cause any observable visual deficits. ORAL 6 Chlamydophila an aetiologic agent causing orbital lymphoma? A case series BK Braus,* S Voigt, A Fuchs-Baumgartinger, J Spergser and B Nell* *Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Practice for Small Animal Ophthalmology, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria Purpose: Chlamydia psittaci is associated with the development of ocular adnexal B-cell lym- phoma in human patients. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the presence of Chlamydophila sp. in cases of feline orbital lymphoma. Methods: Medical records of cases diag- nosed with orbital lymphoma at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna were reviewed. The age, sex, breed, ophthalmic findings and survival of affected cats were recorded. Tissue samples of the cases fixated in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin were reviewed using his- topathology and the presence or absence of Chlamydophila sp. was determined via immunohisto- chemistry. DNA was extracted from paraffin embedded samples/tissue and PCR was performed © 2013 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists Veterinary Ophthalmology (2014) 17, 1, E4–E15 DOI:10.1111/vop.12135

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Page 1: Abstracts: Annual Scientific Meeting of the European College of Veterinary Opthalmologists, Barcelona, Spain, May 16-19, 2013

Abstracts: Annual Scientific Meeting of the European College ofVeterinary Opthalmologists, Barcelona, Spain, May 16–19, 2013

ORAL 1A simplified medial canthoplasty techniqueI AllgoewerAnimal Eye Practice, Berlin, GermanyPurpose: To present a novel medial canthoplasty technique and its application in 173dogs. Methods: The surgical technique is described in detail. Records of 173 dogs whichunderwent the medial canthoplasty technique were reviewed regarding surgical complica-tions. Results: Magnification (5-7x) is necessary. PDS� (2-0) sutures are inserted into thelacrimal canaliculi to facilitate orientation for dissection. The surgical technique starts withthe resection the caruncule, followed by an incision in both the upper and lower lid marginand the excision of a rhomboid-shaped area including the nasal canthus and parts of themedial palpebral ligament. The reduction of the length of the palpebral fissure is adjusted tothe individual situation. By splitting the lacrimal canaliculi the lacrimal puncta are trans-posed deeply into the conjunctival fornix. Therefore the redundant canaliculi may be sacri-ficed if necessary. This allows the palpebral fissure to be shortened by 30% or more ifrequired. The incision is closed in two layers with single interrupted sutures (Vicryl� 6-0).The conjunctiva is not sutured. In cases with concurrent nasal entropion a Hotz-Celsustechnique is subsequently performed. None of the 173 operated dogs (101 Pugs, 27 ShihTzus, 12 Pekingese and several other breeds) developed complications related to the tech-nique. Conclusions: This nasal canthoplasty technique is simple and less invasive than thetechniques described in the literature. Complications were not noted in the evaluated caseseries.

ORAL 2Evaluation of lip twitch restraint on applanationtonometry in criollo horses (Equus cabbalus)MCC Andrade, FQ Pereira and JAT PigattoSchool of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilPurpose: To evaluate the influence of upper lip twitch on intraocular pressure (IOP)measured with applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen Avia�) in healthy Criollo horses. Meth-ods: Thirty Criollo horses, aged between 2 and 20 years (male and female) were evalu-ated with Tono-Pen Avia�, with and without upper lip twitch restraint. A previousophthalmic examination was performed with Schirmer tear test, fluorescein test, slit lampbiomicroscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy in all animals. Applanation tonometry was car-ried out with anesthetic drops (tetracaine hydrochloride 1%), between 9:30 and 11:30amof the same day. The measurements were made firstly without the lip twitch. At least30 min after, the IOP with lip twitch restraint was performed. IOP values were statisti-cally analyzed. Results: IOP mean values measured with the lip twitch (26.43 �5.48 mm Hg) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than without (23.10 � 4.01 mm Hg).IOP values with restraint ranged between 12 and 36 mm Hg and between 15 and33 mm Hg without lip twitch. IOP measurements with Tono-Pen Avia� revealed no dif-ference between genders and between right and left eyes. There was no correlationbetween age and intraocular pressure in Criollo horses (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Therestraint of horses with upper lip twitch increases equine intraocular pressure measuredwith Tono-Pen Avia�.

ORAL 3Sample me, sample me not: the outcome of iridociliaryepithelial tumor biopsies in dogs (2000–2012)B Beckwith-Cohen* and RR Dubielzig†

*Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University ofJerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; †Comparative Ocular Pathology Lab ofWisconsin (COPLOW), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USAPurpose: Evaluate the ocular outcome of biopsied eyes diagnosed with an iridociliary epi-thelial tumor (ICET). Methods: Cases were selected from the COPLOW database andincluded: 30 ICET biopsy specimens, 10 globes enucleated following ICET biopsy, and 20control globes with glaucoma and ICETs without surgical history. All samples were exam-ined histologically. Biopsies were evaluated for margins and globes were graded accordingto: tumor type and distribution, hemorrhage, retinal detachment and presence of fibrovas-cular membranes and asteroid hyalosis. Follow-up of biopsy cases was performed viaRDVM questioning and medical chart review. Results: Biopsies were performed withinweeks to months of observation for diagnosis, debulking or excision. Ninety-six percent ofbiopsies had dirty margins and adenomas were undistinguishable from adenocarcinomas.17.3% of biopsies were incisional, 24.1% had documented recurrence within8.0 � 5.2 months, 24.1% had no recurrence clinically 20.0 � 14.5 months postoperatively,and 34.5% were lost to follow-up. On histopathology 33% of biopsied globes had adeno-carcinomas compared to 10% in controls, 37.5% had synechia to the surgery site, and50% had tumor within or adjacent to it. When compared to non-biopsied globes a differ-ence was found in tumor distribution and in the presence of fibrovascular membranes,which were graded higher in the biopsied globes (P = 0.027 and P = 0.018, respec-tively). Conclusions: ICETs can be diagnosed by biopsy but one cannot distinguish ade-noma from adenocarcinoma. Complete excision is rarely achieved and debulking isof questionable merit. The effects on ocular tissues are more destructive than those foundin matched globes removed after the onset of glaucoma but not operated on prior toenucleation.

ORAL 4Corrective gene therapy initiated at mid-stage diseasearrests retinal degeneration in XLPRA2 dogsWA Beltran,* AV Cideciyan,† AS Lewin,‡ S Iwabe,* SL Boye,§

WW Hauswirth,§ SG Jacobson† and GD Aguirre**School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,PA, USA; †Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Universityof Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA;‡Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida,Gainesville, FL, USA; §Department of Ophthalmology, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, FL, USAPurpose: We have recently shown in XLPRA that AAV-mediated gene transfer of humanRPGRORF15 cDNA can rescue photoreceptors when delivered before the onset (XLPRA1),or at early stage degeneration (XLPRA2). We now investigate whether gene therapy deliveredat a more advanced stage of XLPRA2 disease can still provide a positive outcome. Meth-ods: An AAV2/5 vector construct (150 lL at 1.51 9 1011 vg/mL) carrying full-lengthhuman RPGRORF15 cDNA under the control of a hIRBP promoter was injected subretinallyin three 12-week-old XLPRA2 dogs, an age at which the ONL thickness is reduced by ~40%.In addition, one XLPRA2 dog was injected shortly after the onset of disease (5.1 weeks ofage) as an early disease stage control. Photoreceptor structure and function was assessed bycSLO/SD-OCT and ERG at 39 and 42 weeks of age, respectively. Results: In vivo retinalimaging showed preserved ONL thickness in the treated retinal areas. ERG function wasgreater in treated than in control eyes, with more than an 8-, 1.2-, and 1.6-fold difference inthe amplitudes of rod, mixed rod-cone, and cone 29 Hz flicker responses, respectively. ONLthickness and ERG function were better preserved when treatment was initiated at 5.1 ratherthan 12 weeks. Conclusions: RPGR gene augmentation confers sustained and beneficialeffect on photoreceptor structure and retinal function even when delivered at a mid-stage dis-ease. Establishing in dogs the latest stage at which a positive rescue effect can still be obtainedwill be relevant to patient enrollment of future human clinical trials. CR: None; WWH has afinancial interest and equity in AGTC Inc. Supported by: EY-06855, -17549, -021721,-022012, FFB, Macula Vision Research Foundation, Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc.

ORAL 5Electroretinogram evaluation of equine eyes withextensive bullet-hole fundic lesionsG Ben-Shlomo, RA Allbaugh and RD WhitleyDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine,Iowa State University, USAPurpose: To evaluate the impact of extensive bullet-hole nontapetal fundic lesions inhorses on retinal function as measured by electroretinogram (ERG). Methods: Two horseswith extensive lesions in both eyes had electroretinographic responses recorded bilaterallyusing a contact lens electrode and a mini-Ganzfeld electroretinographic unit. The horses’pupils were dilated, they were sedated with intravenous detomidine, and an auriculopalpebralnerve block was performed. The ERG was first recorded from the eye with the more exten-sive lesions in response to a low intensity light stimulus (0.03 cd.s/m2) that was given attimes (T) T = 5, 10, 15, 20 min of dark adaptation. Consecutively, combined rod-coneresponse was evaluated bilaterally in response to high intensity light stimulus (3 cd.s/m2).Off-line analysis of the ERG was then performed. Results: Despite extensive bullet-holelesions in the nontapetal fundus bilaterally in both horses retinal function as measured byERG did not show any observable deficits. The b-wave amplitude of the full-field ERGincreased continuously from 5 to 20 min of dark adaptation peaking at 469 and 402 µv forhorse number 1 and 2 respectively. The b-wave amplitudes of the combined rod-coneresponse were OS- 459 µv and OD- 392 µv for horse number 1 and OS- 508 µv and OD608 µv for horse number 2. Conclusions: Extensive bullet hole chorioretinal lesions donot appear to compromise outer retinal function or cause any observable visual deficits.

ORAL 6Chlamydophila – an aetiologic agent causing orbitallymphoma? A case seriesBK Braus,* S Voigt,† A Fuchs-Baumgartinger,‡ J Spergser‡ and BNell**Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of VeterinaryMedicine, Vienna, Austria; †Practice for Small Animal Ophthalmology,Leipzig, Germany; ‡Department of Pathobiology, University of VeterinaryMedicine, Vienna, AustriaPurpose: Chlamydia psittaci is associated with the development of ocular adnexal B-cell lym-phoma in human patients. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the presence ofChlamydophila sp. in cases of feline orbital lymphoma. Methods: Medical records of cases diag-nosed with orbital lymphoma at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna were reviewed.The age, sex, breed, ophthalmic findings and survival of affected cats were recorded. Tissuesamples of the cases fixated in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin were reviewed using his-topathology and the presence or absence of Chlamydophila sp. was determined via immunohisto-chemistry. DNA was extracted from paraffin embedded samples/tissue and PCR was performed

© 2013 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists

Veterinary Ophthalmology (2014) 17, 1, E4–E15 DOI:10.1111/vop.12135

Page 2: Abstracts: Annual Scientific Meeting of the European College of Veterinary Opthalmologists, Barcelona, Spain, May 16-19, 2013

to identify the Chlamydophila species. Results: Four cases of feline orbital lymphoma wereidentified. The average age of affected cats was 10 years; three neutered male and one spayedfemale European Shorthair cats were affected. The most common presenting clinical signs wereexophthalmos (3/4 cases) and associated exposure keratitis (2/4 cases). Two out of four catswere euthanized immediately after lymphoma was diagnosed; the survival time of the remainingtwo cats was 5 and 7 weeks respectively. Chlamydophila sp. was detected in 1/4 samples usingimmunohistochemistry. However, no positive signal could be detected using PCR analy-sis. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Chlamydophila sp. might play a role in the aetiologyof feline orbital lymphoma in some cases. Unfortunately species identification of Chlamydophilausing PCR analysis was unsuccessful. Further research on this topic is currently underway toconfirm the involvement of Chlamydophila sp. in the aetiology of orbital lymphoma.

ORAL 7Outcome of phacoemulsification following corneal andlens laceration in cats and dogs (2000–2010)BK Braus,* HJ Featherstone,† PW Renwick,† M Rhodes† andCL Heinrich†

*Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of VeterinaryMedicine, Vienna, Austria; †Willows Veterinary Centre & ReferralService, West Midlands, UKPurpose: To investigate the success rate of phacoemulsification following corneal and lenslaceration. Methods: Retrospective review of the records of cats and dogs presenting withcorneal and lens laceration and treated with phacoemulsification between 2000 and 2010 atWillows Referral Service. Results: The records of 33 patients (33 eyes: six feline, 27canine) were reviewed. The mean age was 32 months (range 2 months–11 years). The lacer-ations were caused by cat scratch trauma (9/33), thorn injury (6/33) and glass shards (1/33);the cause was unknown in 17/33 cases. The mean interval between trauma and phacoemulsi-fication was 6 days (range 0–48 days). In 21/33 eyes the approximate length of the anteriorlens capsule defect was recorded and the mean size was 4.38 mm (range 1.5–7 mm). Artifi-cial lens implantation was performed in 10/33 eyes (2/6 feline eyes, 8/27 canine eyes); 12/33eyes required vitrectomy and only one of these eyes received an artificial lens implant. Themean follow-up time after surgery was 7.2 months (range 0–22 months). At the last examina-tion, vision was present in 6/6 feline eyes and 23/27 canine eyes. 4/27 canine eyes were blindbecause of secondary glaucoma (4/4) and retinal detachment (1/4). Conclusion: Phaco-emulsification following corneal and lens laceration has a high success rate in both cats anddogs. Secondary glaucoma is the most common cause for vision loss.

ORAL 8Case report: a form of macular corneal dystrophy in alabrador retriever – ophthalmic, histopathologic, in vivoconfocal microscopic and transmission electronmicroscopic findings and exclusion of the CHST6 geneharboring the disease-causing mutationC Busse,* C Kafarnik,* R Tetas,* LM Downs,* C Volmers* andK Matiasek†

*Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK; †Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Munich, GermanyPurpose: To describe a corneal dystrophy in a 5 1/2 –year-old, male, neutered Labradorretriever. Methods: Ophthalmic findings and further investigations (haematology, bio-chemistry, T4, TSH, urinary screening (mucopolysaccarides, aminoacid and organicacidexcretion patterns), in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), histopathology [hematoxylin andeosin (HE) stain, colloidal iron stain and Masson trichrome (MT) stain] and transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM) of corneal epithelium and stroma are described. Mutation dis-covery by sequencing of functional candidate gene CHST6 was undertaken. Results: Multi-ple increasing well demarcated grayish-white punctate opacities were present throughout thecorneal stroma. Blood and urine analyses were normal. Histopathology revealed a normalcorneal epithelium. Stromal collagen fibers and the epithelial-stromal junction were sepa-rated by acidophilic (HE) or turquoise blue (colloidal iron stain) finely granular material(=glycosaminoglycans). MT stain failed to identify material. IVCM revealed a normal cor-neal epithelium. The area of the basement membrane showed irregular hyperreflectivity withextension into the basal cell and subepithelial region. Hyperreflective deposits and a diffusegranular hyperreflectivity were present in the stroma. Imaging of Descemet’s membrane andendothelium was restricted. TEM revealed some cellular and pericellular vacuolation of thebasal layer of the corneal epithelium, occasionally containing electron dense bodies. Epithe-lial cell degeneration and keratocytes with a vacuolated rough endoplasmatic reticulum, mul-tiple electron dense cytoplasmic inclusions and large coalescing, partially membrane boundinclusions were present. No provocative mutations were identified. We have excluded theCHST6 gene as a candidate for harboring the disease-causing mutation. Conclusion: Mac-ular corneal dystrophy is a differential diagnosis for corneal opacities in dogs.

ORAL 9Evaluation of corneal anaesthesia following topicaladministration of 2% lidocaine, 0.5% bupivacaine and1% ropivacaine solution in clinically normal dogsD Costa,* MT Pe~na,† J R�ıos‡ and M Leiva†

*Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria,Universitat Aut�onoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; †Departament deMedicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Fundaci�o HospitalCl�ınic, Universitat Aut�onoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; ‡Laboratoryof Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Bioestatistics and Data ManagementPlatform, IDIBAPS, Hospital Cl�ınic, Barcelona, Universitat Aut�onoma deBarcelona, Barcelona, SpainPurpose: To compare the efficacy and duration of topical anesthesia induced by 2% lido-caine (L), 0.5% bupivacaine (B) and 1% ropivacaine (R) in the dog. Methods: Twenty-fourclinically normal Beagles, 48 eyes, from the University of Barcelona research-teaching herd,

were included in the study. There were 14 males and 10 females, with a mean age of 4 years.Only dogs with normal ocular examination were included in the study. Dogs were randomlydivided into three groups: 2% lidocaine (n = 8), 0.5% bupivacaine (n = 8) and 1% ropiva-caine (n = 8). The same investigator (ML) performed all the measurements. Baseline cornealtouch threshold (CTT) was measured using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Corneal touchthreshold was determined applying the filament to the central cornea at maximum lengthand decreasing in 0.5 cm until a consistent blink response was elicited. The CCT wasdefined as the length of the filament at which more than the 50% of five corneal touchesinduced a blink response. Following baseline CTT measurement, a single drop of theassigned anesthetic was applied to both eyes. The CTT was measured within 1 min follow-ing treatment administration, and every 5 min until back to the basal CTT value. Statisticsconsisted on non-parametric ANOVA models and a Dunnet test for the post-hoc analy-sis. Results: Ropivacaine was the most effective drug (LCTTmax = 3 cm, BCTTmax = 2 cm,RCTTmax = 0 cm; P < 0.001), had the shorter latency (LLatency = 5 min, BLatency = 5 min,RLatency = 1 min; P < 0.001) and the smallest area under the curve (LAUC = 80,BAUC = 68.25, RAUC = 36.88; P < 0.001). The duration of corneal anesthesia had nostatistical significance between groups (P = 0.09). Conclusion: All topical anestheticsreduced corneal sensitivity, though ropivacaine had the maximal and quickest anestheticeffect. Support: None.

ORAL 10Anatomic features of the avian membrana nictitans andits functional componentsRR Dubielzig, CS Schobert and LBC TeixeiraPathobiological Sciences Department, UW School of Veterinary Medicine,Madison, WI, USAPurpose: We document the anatomy of the functional components of the avian membrananictitans (MN) using gross dissection, and light and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Methods: Globes and attached nictitans were submitted to COPLOW from aBald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, and a Mallard duck, Anas platyrhynchos. The eagle globewas dissected to illustrate the location of the different functional components of the MNincluding muscles and tendons. The duck head was decalcified and sectioned in the frontalplane with all of the components of the MN in place, making step sections to document theanatomy. The MN of the eagle was examined by light microscopy using H&E, alcian blue,PAS, and Verhoeff’s elastic stains and also by TEM. Results: In both birds, the pyramidal-is muscle inserts on the posterior sclera obliquely. The pyramidalis tendon encircles thesuperior aspect of the optic nerve where it is embedded in a sling from the quadratus muscle,which is inserted on the sclera superiorly. The tendon continues around the dependent epis-clera to attach to the dependent aspect of the MN. Histology of the eagle MN shows a col-lagenous stroma with significant elastin. The bulbar epithelium of the resting MN undulatesand mucin is entrapped in a unique cellular process called the feather epithelium. The duckMN lacks a feather epithelium. TEM captures the cellular detail of the eagle feather epithe-lium. Conclusions: Understanding the anatomy and function of the MN helps to under-stand its function in clearing debris and tear film distribution.

ORAL 11Evaluation of accelerated collagen cross-linking for thetreatment of refractory deep keratitis in eight dogs and10 catsF FamoseClinique veterinaire des Acacias, Toulouse-Blagnac, FranceIntroduction: Deep keratitides are serious conditions presenting a high risk of permanentblindness. In humans, the clinical efficacy of collagen cross-linking (CXL) has been describedin the treatment of refractory infectious keratitis by reducing bacterial load and arresting ke-ratomalacia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of accelerated CXL for thetreatment of refractory deep keratitis in dogs and cats. Material and Methods: Eight dogsand 10 cats were treated for unilateral refractory deep keratitis by accelerated CXL. Corneaswere irradiated by UVA (370 nm) at 30 mW/cm2 irradiance for 3 min after soaking by iso-tonic riboflavin for 30 min. Follow-up was conducted 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after treatmentwith clinical pain evaluation and fluorescein dye test. Results: Reduction of the pain scorewas observed for all cases 3 days after treatment. Epithelial healing was observed within14 days for all cases. Reduction in cellular infiltration was observed for all cases at day 7. At1 month, corneal vascularization was reduced or disappeared for 8/8 dogs and 9/10 and allcases presented some corneal scar but had visual function. No recurrent infection wasobserved. Conclusion: All the eyes treated have presented a complete healing with limitedsequelae of their keratitis, whatever the presence of bacterial agents, the extension of initialcorneal lesions, the duration of the disease before treatment and the previous treatments.Accelerated CXL appears to be a valuable therapeutic option for refractory deep keratitis.

ORAL 12Pilot study: pectinate ligament dysplasia in the UKleonberger populationGV Gent,* J Beel,† IK Mason,‡ D Williams§ and DJ Gould**Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, Herts, UK; †Medivet,Watford, UK; ‡Seadown Veterinary Hospital, Hythe, Southampton, UK;§The Queens Veterinary Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,UKPurpose: To investigate the incidence of pectinate ligament dysplasia (PLD) within theUK Leonberger population, following observation of a significant level of PLD within thisbreed in an analysis of UK eye scheme data from 2011. Methods: Data was compiled froma total population of 53 dogs, 32 comprising of a retrospective analysis of UK eye schemedata from 2009 to 2011. The remaining 21 were examined by one author (GVG). PLD wascategorized according to the percentage of the iridocorneal drainage angle affected (grade1 ≤ 25% affected; grade 2 = 25–50% affected; grade 3 = 51–75% affected; grade 4 ≥ 75%affected). Gonioscopy was performed with a slit lamp biomicroscope (Kowa SL14 or Keelerportable slit lamp) with a 19 mm Koeppe lens applied following application of topical proxy-metacaine 1% and carbomer liquid gel. Intraocular pressure was also recorded using arebound tonometer (Tonovet). Results: Of 53 dogs examined 31/53 (58.5%) were classedas grade 1, 11/53 (20.8%) were grade 2, 3/53 (5.7%) were grade 3 and 8/53 (15%) weregrade 4. Of these individuals, 3/53 (5.7%) were affected by glaucoma, all of these cases were

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grade 4 in the contralateral eye. In two cases the glaucomatous eye was examinedbefore an increase in intraocular pressure was detected, these eyes were grade 4 also. Con-clusions: Forty percent of the population examined were affected to some degree byPLD. Of these, 15% were severely affected (grade 4) and 5.7% were already affected byglaucoma in at least one eye. This initial analysis suggests a significant prevalence of PLDin the UK population of Leonbergers warranting further assessment of a larger popula-tion. Support: The authors would like to thank the British Veterinary Association (BVA)for sharing data from the BVA/KC/ISDS Eye Scheme, and the BVA eye panellists whocollected data under this scheme. Thanks also to members of the British Association ofVeterinary Ophthalmologists who provided information about affected dogs.

ORAL 13Corneal grafting for the treatment of feline cornealsequestrum: a retrospective study of 18 eyes (13 cats)F Laguna, M Leiva, D Costa, R Lacerda and MT Pe~naDepartament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria,Fundaci�o Hospital Cl�ınic, Universitat Aut�onoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,SpainPurpose: To determine the clinical outcome of corneal grafting for the treatment of felinecorneal sequestrum (FCS). Methods: Medical records of the VTH-UAB were reviewedfrom 2002 to 2012. Only FCSs surgically treated with keratoplasty were included in thestudy. Special attention was given to concurrent ocular diseases; size, type, and deepness ofthe keratoplasty (fresh/frozen, homologous/heterologous, lamellar/full-thickness); treatmentand postoperative complication; epithelial healing time (EHT); and visual and cosmetic out-comes [(poor/good) and (no opacity (0)-severe opacity (4), respectively]. Results: Thirteencats (18 eyes) were included in the study. Persian cats were overrepresented (12/13; 92%).There were nine males and four females, of a mean age of 3.4 years. Ipsilateral chronic cor-neal ulceration was detected in 33% of the eyes (6/18). Keratoplasty was bilateral in 5/13cats (38%) and unilateral in 8/13 (62%). Lamellar keratoplasty was performed in 14 eyes(78%) and full-thickness keratoplasty in 4 (22%). Mean graft size was 8.3 mm (3–11.5 mm).Fresh homologous tissue was used in two eyes (11%) and frozen tissue in 16 (89%). Of thelatter group, homologous tissue was grafted in six eyes (37%) and heterologous in 10 (53%).In all the cats, postoperative treatment included topical antibiotic, corticosteroid, cycloplegic,and cyclosporine A 0.2%. Main postoperative complications were diffuse epithelial pigmentformation (2/18; 11%), graft retraction (1/18; 5%), graft dehiscence (1/18; 5%), and seques-trum recurrence (1/18; 5%). Mean EHT was 19.2 days. Good visual outcome was achievedin all the eyes (100%), with moderate to severe opacity of the graft present only in one full-thickness case (5%). Conclusions: Keratoplasty, in association with an appropriate medicalmanagement, is an excellent surgical treatment for FCS, providing good tectonic supportand transparency to the affected corneas.

ORAL 14Big bubble and intrastromal air injection techniques forperforming deep anterior lamellar keratectomy in thedogM Leiva,* D Costa,† C Naranjo‡ and MT Pe~na**Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterin�aria &Fundaci�o Hospital Cl�ınic Veterinari, Universitat Aut�onoma de Barcelona,Bellaterra, Spain; †Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultatde Veterin�aria; ‡Departamento de Medicina y Cirug�ıa Animales,Universidad Complutense de MadridPurpose: To describe and establish the feasibility of the big bubble and intrastromal airinjection techniques (BBT/IAIT) for performing deep anterior lamellar keratectomy (DALK)in the dog. Methods: DALK was performed in 36 ex vivo healthy Beagle eyes. BBT wasperformed in all the eyes, preserving IAIT as a rescue technique when bubble formationfailed. Air was injected into the anterior chamber to evaluate specular images. Immediatelyafterwards, an 8 mm Barron trephine was used for 3/5 partial-thickness trephination, andanterior lamellar keratectomy was performed. A 27G needle attached to a 3 mL air-filledsyringe was inserted beveled down through the trephination groove into the paracentralstroma near Descemet′s membrane (DM), and air was injected. A 27G cannula was insertedthrough the same opening of the needle and advanced into the cleavage plane. Stroma wasthen split into 2–4 quadrants and removed. In case of no big-bubble formation, manuallamellar dissection, facilitated by previous air stromal injection, was performed manually.The remnant cornea of 18 randomly selected eyes (50% of the eyes) was submitted forhistologic evaluation. Remaining stromal thickness [RST:(l)] and bubble quantification[RSBQ: (0–4)] were measured (Image J National Institutes of Health, USA). Histopatho-logic results were divided into: Group A (9/18 first operated eyes) and Group B (9/18last operated eyes). Results: BBT, as previously described for human ophthalmology, wasnot feasible in any case. In all the eyes, injected air adopted a diffuse intrastromal distribu-tion, allowing lamellar visualization (IAIT) and facilitating manual DALK. Microperforationsoccurred in 5/36 eyes (14%). Higher RST and RSBQ values were seen for group A [RST:345.1l (222.5–548l); RSBQ:1.2] when compared to group B [RST:113.5l (6.9–225.3l);RSBQ: 0.22]. Conclusions: BBT, as described for human ophthalmology, is not feasible incanine eyes. A modification of this technique, the IAIT, although technically demanding,allows safer pre-DM dissections, opening new possibilities to canine corneal surgery. Sup-port: None.

ORAL 15Canine keratomycosis: a retrospective study of anemerging disease in the United KingdomP Malho,* D Donaldson,* C Barker,† C Volmer‡ and C Hartley**Unit of Comparative Ophthalmology, Animal Health Trust (AHT),Newmarket, UK; †Department of Diagnostic Microbiology, Animal HealthTrust (AHT), Newmarket, UK; ‡Diagnostic Laboratory Services, AnimalHealth Trust (AHT), Newmarket, UKPurpose: Retrospective study of canine keratomycosis cases presented to the AHT between2002 and 2012. Methods: Database search for canine keratomycosis cases between 2002

and 2012. Inclusion criteria: detection of fungal organisms on corneal cytology and/or fungalculture. Results: Seven cases presented since 2009: Border terrier (1/7), Bichon Frise (1/7),West Highland White terrier (1/7), Labrador retriever (2/7) and English Springer Spaniel(ESS; 2/7). ESSs were overrepresented (P = 0.01) relative to AHT ophthalmology referralpopulation. Four females, three males, and mean age 7 � 2.7 years (3–11 years). Oculartrauma involving plant material occurred in 3/7. Corneal cytology was diagnostic in 6/7cases; fungal cultures revealed Aspergillus fumigatus (4/7), Candida albicans (2/7) and Hormo-graphiella aspergillata (1/7). Confocal microscopy demonstrated fungal hyphae in 1/2 cases.Predisposing systemic disease and/or immunosuppression was identified in 1/7. Topicalantibiotic treatment 2–10 days prior to referral included ofloxacin (2/7), chloramphenicol(2/7) and fusidic acid (3/7). Antifungal treatment included topical clotrimazole 1% (2/7),miconazole 1% (4/7) voriconazole 1% (2/7), and systemic fluconazole (3/7). Two caseswere solely treated medically. Surgical treatments included keratectomy and conjunctivalpedicle flap (2/5), penetrating keratoplasty (1/5) and keratectomy and amnion graft (1/5).Enucleation was performed in 1/7 for financial reasons. Remaining cases (6/7) had meanduration of treatment of 6 weeks (medical and surgical, no statistical significant differencebetween treatment groups) and retained vision. Conclusions: Canine keratomycosis caseswere limited to the last 3.5 years, possibly indicating an emerging corneal disease in theUK. ESSs were over-represented. Both surgical and medical treatment was successful withsame mean duration of treatment.

ORAL 16Exclusion of functional candidate genes from causalityof congenital stationary night blindness in beaglesK Miyadera,* G Das,* S Ueno,† R Imai,‡ T Nakashita,‡

M Imawaka,‡ K Ueda,‡ H Ohtsuka,‡ K Sakai,§ H Matsubara,¶

M Sugimoto,¶ Y Nishizawa,** M Kondo¶ and GD Aguirre**School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA;†Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan;‡Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical CompanyLimited, Japan; §Kitayama Labes Company Limited, Japan;¶Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan;**Research Institute of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, JapanPurpose: To explore the molecular basis of a novel autosomal recessive congenital sta-tionary night blindness (CSNB) of the Schubert-Bornschein form in a pedigree of beagledogs, by screening for association with genes previously known for CSNB in humanpatients. Methods: Genomic DNA samples were obtained from 11 CSNB affected andeight obligate carrier dogs in the research colony. The CSNB phenotype was determinedby maze test, ophthalmoscopy, and electroretinography. Primers were designed to spanpolymorphic genetic markers within genes GRM6, TRPM1, and GPR179, and other genespreviously associated with CSNB in human patients. Genotypes were determined inselected cases by PCR and sequencing. Association between the CSNB phenotype and themarker genotypes was analysed. Results: Affected dogs showed poor maze navigation indim light, normal fundus, and absent ERG b-wave. Genetic markers within GRM6,TRPM1, and GPR179 did not co-segregate with the CSNB status among the dogs stud-ied. Conclusions: No association was found between the CSNB in beagles and the intra-genic regions for GRM6, TRPM1, and GPR179 previously associated with CSNB inhuman patients. The causal mutation should be outside of these regions and may well bea gene/locus previously not associated with CSNB. A whole genome scan is currentlyunderway to perform an unbiased search. Identification of the causal mutation and charac-terization of the molecular basis of CSNB will lead to further understanding of the pathol-ogy of CSNB as well as the physiology of the pre/post synaptic molecular mechanisms atthe inner retina.

ORAL 17A presumed inherited retinal dystrophy observed in thepolski owszarek nizinny (PON)K Narfstr€om,*,† M Svensson,‡ L Olse’n,§ E Pietil€a,¶ J Garncarz,**S Petersen-Jones† and T Bergstr€om††

*Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri,USA; †Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan StateUniversity, USA; ‡Bl�a Stj€arnans Animal Hospital, Sweden; §Departmentof Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University ofAgricultural Sciences, Sweden; ¶Department of Equine and Small AnimalMedicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; **Warsaw Animal EyeHospital, Poland; ††Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, SwedishUniversity of Agricultural Sciences, SwedenPurpose: To describe ophthalmic, functional and structural characteristics of a presumedinherited retinal dystrophy of PON dogs. Methods: Eighty four PON dogs, age2–14 years, underwent standard examination for diagnosis of inherited eye disease.Thirteen dogs (four considered normal), underwent bilateral electroretinography (ERG)using a standardized protocol. Light microscopy (LM) was performed, after fixationin 10% formalin and 2.5% glutaraldehyde, respectively, in eyes from two affected dogs. -Results: Fifteen dogs, aged 4.5–12 years, with a familial retinal dystrophy were observedover a 2.5-year period. Early onset ‘fear of the dark’ was reported by PON owners in 4–6-year-old dogs with abnormal pupillary light reflexes, observed when fundus appeared nor-mal but ERG rod responses were reduced. Vascular attenuation preceded funduscopiccolor and reflectivity changes. The latter changes, then also with reduced cone responses,were observed in 6–9-year-old dogs, followed by generalized atrophic fundi andnon-recordable ERGs by age 9–12 years. LM in a 10-year-old dog showed loss of allphotoreceptors and in a 5-year-old, a 50% reduction of photoreceptor nuclei num-bers. Conclusions: End stage of this retinal dystrophy appears similar to classical pro-gressive retinal atrophy. The rod system appears affected from an early age while the conesystem is partly preserved, up to age 9 years of age or later. This may explain why someowners of affected dogs are often unaware of their dog’s visual deficits until late in the dis-ease process. ERG is important for early diagnosis of the condition. Support: SwedishKennel Club, Agria, PON Care, PON Unionen.

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ORAL 18Discrepancies in mathematical calculations performedby the tonopen XLR Ofri, E Feldman and T Bdolah-AbramKoret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem,IsraelPurpose: Our aim was to calculate the mean intraocular pressure (IOP) and its Coefficientof Variation (CV), based on individual Tonopen readings, and to compare our calculatedvalues to those displayed by the instrument. Methods: Two hundred and seventy-five aver-aged IOP readings were obtained from dogs. In each case, we recorded the individual read-ings displayed by the instrument, and then recorded the mean IOP and CV values displayedby the Tonopen. Results: In 183/275 cases, there was a difference between the mean dis-played and mean calculated IOPs (range 1–11 mmHg). The absolute mean differencebetween the calculated and displayed means was significant (mean � SD1.48 � 1.72 mmHg, P < 0.0001, one sample t-test), with displayed means higher than calcu-lated means. The difference between the calculated and displayed means was poorly corre-lated with the number of readings taken by the Tonopen prior to displaying the mean(r = 0.312, Pearson’s correlation), but was associated with the displayed CV (Kruskal–Wallis,P = 0.001). The displayed and calculated CVs were equal in only 13.1% of cases; the formerwas lower in 86.5% of cases. Differences between calculated and displayed CVs were signifi-cant (P < 0.001, McNemar–Bowker). The number of readings taken by the Tonopen priorto displaying mean IOP (mean number of readings 3.56, range 3–11) was associated bothwith the displayed CV (Kruskal–Wallis) and with the difference between the calculated anddisplayed means (ROC analysis). Conclusions: There are statistically significant differencesbetween the calculated mean IOP and CV and values displayed by the Tonopen. However,in most cases these differences do not have clinical significance.

ORAL 19Endothelial findings after full-thickness keratoplasty indogs. Experimental studyT Pe~na,* M Leiva,* F San Roman† and F Garcia-Arnas**Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterin�aria,Universitat Aut�onoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; †Departamento deMedicina y Cirug�ıa, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense deMadrid, SpainPurpose: To describe endothelial findings after penetrating keratoplasty in dogs. Meth-ods: Twenty healthy dogs of different breed, gender and age (mean 2 years) were includedin the study. In all the dogs, corneal autograft were performed OD and corneal allograft OS.Homologous donor tissue was obtained from dogs euthanized for non-infectious or neoplas-tic causes unrelated to this study. Dogs were euthanized at 70 days (n = 7), 90 days (n = 7)and 150 days (n = 6) post-surgery. Corneas were then collected and placed with the endo-thelium side up, stained with trypan blue and alizarin red, and evaluated under the opticmicroscope. Color and B&W pictures were taken and a computerized image analyzer wasused to calculate corneal endothelial cell-area (CECA) and density (CED). The same proce-dure was performed in the contralateral donor eye (control donor cornea). Statistical analysiswas done by ANOVA with LSD like post-hoc. Results: No statistically significant differ-ences were found when comparing CECA and CED between donor and peripheral receptorcorneas. CED was lower and CECA higher in autograft tissue than in peripheral receptorcorneas (P ≤ 0.005). The same finding was present when compared allograft tissue withcontrol donor cornea (P ≤ 0.05). These changes were more marked in allograft than in auto-graft (P ≤ 0.05). Nevertheless, differences in CECA and CED values were higher betweenperipheral receptor cornea and autograft, than between allografts and autografts(P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Endothelial cellular losses are present in both, autografts and al-lografts. The surgical procedure, by itself, seems to be a more relevant factor for cornealendothelial survival than the already known rejection phenomenon.

ORAL 20Histopathologic findings after full-thicknesskeratoplasty in dogs. Experimental studyT Pe~na,* M Leiva,* C Naranjo,† F San Roman† andF Garcia-Arnas**Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterin�aria,Universitat Aut�onoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; †Departamento deMedicina y Cirug�ıa, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense deMadrid, SpainPurpose: To describe histopathologic findings after penetrating keratoplasty indogs. Methods: Twenty healthy dogs of various breed, gender and age (mean 2 years) wereincluded in the study. In all the dogs, corneal autograft (CAT) was performed OD and cor-neal allograft (CAL) OS. Homologous donor tissue was obtained from dogs euthanized fornon-infectious or neoplastic causes unrelated to this study. Dogs were euthanized at 70(n = 7), 90 (n = 7) and 150 days (n = 6) post-surgery. After euthanasia, corneas were col-lected, fixed in Zenker’s fixative and processed for histopathology. Results: The most com-mon changes in corneal epithelium were focal to multifocal hyperplasia at the donor-recipient junction (38/40) and hyperkeratosis in the axial donor cornea (6/40; 2CAT, 4CAL).Stromal neovascularization was detected in 38/40 corneas, displaying a diffuse stromal pat-tern in 21/40 of the eyes (10CAT, 11CAL) and being restricted to the surgical scars in 17/40 (8CAT, 9CAL) corneas. All the samples had some degree of stromal fibrosis, although in31/40 (16CAT, 15CAL) this was restricted to the surgical scars. Stromal pigment, mostlylocated posteriorly, was noted in 34/40 (17CAT, 17CAL) corneas. Some degree of inflamma-tion was seen in 17/40 (7CAT, 10CAL) and retrocorneal membranes were present in 27/40(13CAT, 14CAL) corneas. In donor tissue, ulcers were seen in 2/40, suture granulomas in 2/40, and collagenolysis in 3/40, one of them with abundant bacteria admixed. Conclu-sions: Distribution of histopathologic abnormalities is very similar in CAT and CAL,suggesting that the surgical technique, by itself, could be an important limiting factor forkeratoplasty succes.

ORAL 21Corneal grafting for the treatment of full-thicknesscorneal defects in dogs: a review of 48 casesRP Lacerda,* MT Pe~na,* F Laguna,* D Costa† and M Leiva**Servei d’Oftalmologia de la Fundaci�o Hospital Cl�ınic Veterinari,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterin�aria,Universitat Aut�onoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; †Departament deMedicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterin�aria, UniversitatAut�onoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainPurpose: To describe corneal grafting for the treatment of full-thickness corneal defects indogs, as well as to determine its effectiveness for preserving vision. Methods: A review ofthe medical records of dogs that underwent corneal grafting at the VTH-UAB from 2002 to2012 was carried out. Results: Forty-eight dogs of different breed, age and gender wereincluded. Brachycephalic breeds were overrepresented (36/48; 75%). All cases were unilat-eral, being euryblepharon the most common concurrent ocular abnormality seen (36/48;75%). Full-thickness penetrating keratoplasties (FTPK) were performed in 20/48 eyes (42%)and lamellar keratoplasty (LK) in 28/48 eyes (58%). Frozen grafts (FroG) were used in 43/48 eyes (90%) and fresh homologous grafts (FreHoG) in 5/48 (10%). Of the former group,26 were homologous (FroHoG: 60%) and 17 heterologous (FroHeG: 40%). Mean graft sizewas 6.9 mm (3–15 mm). A combination of topical medication (antibiotics, corticosteroids,cycloplegics, cyclosporine A 0.2%) and systemic mycophenolate mofetil, if needed, wasadministered. Mean follow-up time was 419.6 days. Post-surgical complications includedwound dehiscence (4/48; 8%) and glaucoma (4/48; 8%). Clinical signs of graft rejection werediagnosed as follows: FroHeG (10/17; 59%), FroHoG (13/26; 50%), FreHoG (3/5; 60%),FTPK (11/20; 55%) and LK (15/28; 54%). Medical and surgical treatment (conjunctivalpedicle flap) successfully controlled graft rejection in 11/23 eyes (48%), in both cases. Posi-tive visual outcome was achieved in 81% (39/48), with moderate to severe opacity of thegraft only present in 28% (11/39). Conclusions: Corneal grafting is an effective surgicaltreatment for full-thickness corneal defects in dogs. If graft rejection is present, additionalmedical or surgical therapy may be necessary, achieving a highly satisfactory visual outcome.

ORAL 22Corneal collagen cross-linking as treatment forinfectious and non-infectious corneal melting in catsand dogs: results of a prospective, non-randomized,controlled trialSA Pot,* NS Gallhoefer,* FL Matheis,* K Voelter-Ratson,*F Hafezi† and BM Spiess**Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich,Switzerland; †Department of Ophthalmology, Geneva University Hospitals,Geneva, SwitzerlandPurpose: UV-A/Riboflavin crosslinking of corneal collagen fibers (CXL) is a highly prom-ising therapy for corneal melting in humans. A prospective interventional, non-randomized,controlled study was conducted to compare the stabilizing effect of CXL treatment on melt-ing keratitis in dogs and cats and the complication rate of CXL to those of standardizedintensive medical treatment. Methods: Forty-nine eyes with melting keratitis were includedin the study between October 2009 and October 2012. All eyes were treated according tothe same medical treatment protocol. Nineteen eyes were CXL-treated and 30 eyes werenot. Follow-up included slit-lamp examination, fluorescein staining, ulcer size measurement,stromal stability evaluation, photographic documentation and documentation of complica-tions. Results: Five of 19 eyes in the CXL group and 9/30 eyes in the control grouprequired rescue stabilization due to continued melting. Seven of the nine control group cor-neas stabilized after rescue CXL treatment. At initial presentation, the ulcers in the canineCXL group were significantly deeper and larger than in the control group. Ulcer deepeningduring follow-up was more pronounced in the canine control group than in the canine CXLgroup. CXL treatment related complications were not observed. Conclusions: Based onthe similar failure rates in the control and CXL treatment groups despite the poorer initialsituation in the CXL group, the tendency for the ulcers in the control group to deepen andthe stabilization of all corneas receiving CXL rescue treatment, we believe that CXL has itsplace as an adjunctive therapy for melting keratitis in veterinary ophthalmology.

ORAL 23Single cell contractile forces and extracellular matrix(ECM) contraction generated by rabbit cornealkeratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in vitroSA Pot,* JY Shiu,† R Santoro,‡ L Zhe† and V Vogel†

*Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich,Switzerland; †Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department HealthSciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich,Zurich, Switzerland; ‡Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of VeterinaryBiochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich,SwitzerlandPurpose: Detailed knowledge of various cell phenotypes and cell-ECM interactions in thecorneal stroma is essential for a deeper understanding of corneal wound healing pathophysi-ology. Novel technologies were used to evaluate the single cell contractile force and thematrix contraction generated by primary rabbit corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofi-broblasts in vitro. Methods: Cells were cultured on fibronectin-coated substrates consistingof well-ordered nanopillars, which can be displaced by adherent cells. Deflection of thenanopillars, and indirectly cell traction forces, were measured via confocal microscopy. Cellswere also cultured on fibroblast-derived ECM consisting of collagen and dual fluorescence-labeled fibronectin. A change in distance between the different fluorophores causes a changein energy transfer efficiency between the ‘donor’ and ‘acceptor’ molecules called Fluores-

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cence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). This can be measured via confocal microscopyand quantifies a conformational matrix change. Cell phenotypes were validated via immuno-cytochemical evaluation of morphology and aSMA expression and mRNA expression ofkeratocyte and myofibroblast markers. Results: Single cell force generation, ECM produc-tion and matrix contraction were greatest for myofibroblasts, then fibroblasts. ECM produc-tion and matrix contraction were not measurable and single cell force generation was lowestfor keratocytes. Conclusions: Traction force mapping and FRET measurements can beused to evaluate various corneal stromal cell phenotypes and their effects on the extracellularmatrix in in vitro models and could be useful to study corneal wound healing, tissue regener-ation, drug effects, toxicity etc.Support: Foundation for Research in Science and theHumanities at the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich.

ORAL 24Evaluation of concentrations of taurine and precursorsin plasma and aqueous humour from healthy dogsSG Rosolen,*,† N Neveux,‡,§ J-A Sahel,† S Picaud† and N Froger†

*Clinique V�et�erinaire Voltaire, Asni�eres, France; †Institut de la Vision,INSERM UMR_S 968, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7210,Paris, France; ‡Unit�e de recherche EA 4466, stress cellulaire:Physiopathologie, strat�egies nutritionnelles et th�erapeutiques innovantes,Facult�e de Pharmacie, Universit�e Descartes Paris V. France; §ServiceInter-hospitalier de biochimie, CHU Cochin-St-Vincent de Paul, AP-HP,Paris, FrancePurpose: Taurine plays a critical role in retinal degeneration. Taurine depletion is indeedassociated with photoreceptor degeneration, while taurine supplementation can prevent reti-nal ganglion cell degeneration in experimental models. Accordingly, the evaluation of taurinelevels may represent a crucial parameter which may detect a retinal vulnerability. Becausedogs can develop glaucoma leading to damage of ganglion cells, we measured taurine levelsinto plasma and aqueous humour (AH) samples from dogs. Methods: Here, we exposedresults from a pilot study on 69 healthy dogs, without ocular pathologies. Samples were col-lected by veterinarians who belong to the ‘R�eseau Europ�een d’Ophtalmologie V�et�erinaire etde Vision Animale’ and taurine measurements were performed using HPLC tech-niques. Results: In two cohorts collected by eleven veterinarians, we found that the means(�SEM) of plasmatic concentrations was respectively 174.0 � 12.7 lM (n = 44) and141.8 � 13.2 lM (n = 25). Interestingly, in the first cohort, one group of five dogs pre-sented a plasmatic taurine level significantly higher (385.2 � 16.6 lM compared to146.9 � 5.6 lM; P < 0.001), whereas plasmatic concentrations of precursors of taurine bio-synthesis, methionine and cystine, was found similar as the mean of the other 39 dogs. Inter-estingly, these dogs presented seafood-enriched diet, suggesting the influence of nutrition onplasmatic taurine concentration. Finally, we measured in HA from the second cohort, thetaurine concentration at 51.8 � 5.0 lM. Discussion: These data reveal that the averagedconcentration of plasmatic taurine is evaluated at 162.3 lM in dog, and that taurine can alsobe detected in AH. Further studies are under investigations to determine if taurine concen-trations are changed in glaucomatous dogs. Support: None.

ORAL 25Clinical course of ophthalmic findings and potentialinfluence of herpesvirus infection: 2 year followup of aclosed herd of lipizzanersJO Rushton,* A Tichy† and B Nell**Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of VeterinaryMedicine, Vienna, Austria; †Department for Biomedical Sciences,University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, AustriaPurpose: The purpose of this study was to illustrate the course of equine ocular findingsover a period of 2 years at 6 month intervals, in correlation with the results of herpesvirusdetection. Methods: Two hundred and sixty-six Lipizzaners in three federal states of Aus-tria underwent complete ophthalmologic examination four times. Blood samples, nasal- andconjunctival swabs were obtained at the same time and used for the detection of Gam-maherpesviruses (EHV-2 and EHV-5) using consensus PCR and qPCR. Ophthalmic find-ings and results of herpesvirus PCRs were recorded and statistically analysed using one-wayANOVA, and logistic regression to determine the influence of herpesvirus infection andother contributing factors on the presence of ophthalmic findings. Results: In the first, sec-ond, third and fourth examination period 266, 261, 249 and 230 horses were includedrespectively. Ophthalmic findings consistent with herpesvirus infection included conjunctivaland corneal pathologies. Statistical analysis revealed that the probability of positive herpesvi-rus PCR results decreased with progressing age. The presence of corneal findings increasedover time and with progressing age. At the time of each examination 45.1%, 41.8%, 43.0%,and 57.0% of horses with conjunctival or corneal findings respectively were positive forGammaherpesviruses. However, 31.6%, 17.6%, 20.1%, and 13.0% of clinically sound horseswere positive for these herpesviruses at each examination period. Conclusion: Based on theresults of our study there is a significant influence of young age on herpesvirus infection.Corneal pathologies increased over time and with progressing age. Whether the identifiedfindings were caused by herpesviruses could not be clearly determined. Support: Grant bySpanish Riding School-Federal stud Piber and Veterinary University Vienna.

ORAL 26Retrospective study of the effect of topical brinzolamide 1%,dorzolamide 2% and a fixed dorzolamide 2%/timolol0.5% combination on the onset of glaucoma in thesecond eye in dogs with primary closed angle glaucoma(2003–2012)R Stavinohova,* R Newton† and C Busse**Centre of Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, UK;†Epidemiology andDisease SurveillanceDepartment, AnimalHealth Trust,UKPurpose: To determine the effect of brinzolamide 1% (B), dorzolamide 2% (D) and dorzo-lamide 2%/timolol 0.5% (D/T) on the onset of glaucoma in the second eye of dogs with

primary closed angle glaucoma (PCAG). Methods: Analysis of retrospectively-collated datafrom 41 dogs with PCAG, where the non-affected eye was treated prophylactically with B(n = 10), D (n = 19) or D/T (n = 12). Parametric and non-parametric statistical analyseswere conducted. Results: The 41 treated dogs comprised 26 females/15 males, 19 entire/22 neutered with median age 74.3 months. Twenty-one dogs developed glaucoma in the sec-ond eye (median time to PCAG 7.6 months, mean time � SD 13.5 � 12.1 months). No sta-tistically significant difference was identified in time to treatment failure between treatmentgroups (P = 0.73). In 20 dogs the second eye remained normotensive; in 4 (9.8% of all dogs)dogs until the conclusion of the study (median 27.4 months, mean 27.8 � 14.2 months), in7 (17.1%) dogs until loss to follow up (median 11.6 months, mean 19 � 21.6 months), in 3(7.3%) dogs until death (median 15.4 months, mean 11.3 � 8.1 months). Treatment was dis-continued due to lack of owner compliance in two dogs (4.9%) or following a local drugreaction in four dogs (9.8%) at median time 8.9 months, mean 9.2 � 6.8 months. Conclu-sion: The clinical benefit of B, D and D/T to delay the onset of glaucoma in the secondeye of dogs with PCAG appears limited. However, given the limitations of our preliminaryretrospective study a larger randomised, multicentre study using multivariable data analysesis warranted.

ORAL 27Visual evoked potentials in the foalL Str€om, M Michanek and B EkestenDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine andAnimal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala,SwedenPurpose: To investigate visual evoked potentials (VEP) from sedated foals and com-pare to those of adult horses. Methods: Three warmblooded trotter foals, aged 36–44 h, were included in the study. One foal was re-examined at the age of 6 months.Sedation was obtained using xylazine (0.4–0.8 mg/kg) intravenously. Pupils weredilated. Light-adapted flash-VEPs and ERGs were recorded (Acrivet RETIport,Roland-consult, Germany). Recorded waveforms were compared to previous resultsfrom adult horses. Results: Reproducible flash-VEPs could be recorded from all threenewborn foals and also from one foal at 6 months of age. Flash-VEP waveform morphol-ogy was similar to that of adult horses and latencies were comparable. Amplitudes werehigher for the most prominent wavelets such as P2, the N2-complex and P4. At re-exami-nation after six months, the waveform and latencies were similar compared to recordingsfrom the same foal at birth. Amplitudes were lower than in previous recordings, but not aslow as the amplitudes in adult horses. Conclusions: Reproducible flash-VEPs could read-ily be recorded from foals. Latencies and morphology of the waveforms were similar tothose of adult horses. The decrease of the amplitudes seen during the first years of life mayreflect anatomical and conformational development of the head of the horse, as well as mat-uration of the CNS. It seems that the visual system of the foal is relatively well developedat birth, as could be expected in a species where the offspring needs to be able to followthe mother just a few hours post-partum.

ORAL 28Corneal foreign body injury in dogs: review of 207 casesR Tetas,* M Matas† and D Donaldson**Comparative Ophthalmology Unit, Animal Health Trust (AHT),Newmarket, UK; †Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal VeterinaryCollege, London, UKPurpose: To review the clinical findings, management and outcome of canine cornealforeign body (FB) presented to the AHT from 2000 to September 2012. Methods: Asearch for ‘corneal FB’ was performed in the clinical database. Information collectedincluded date, age, gender, breed, eye affected, utility of the dog, depth of FB penetrationand concomitant ocular findings. Chi-squared tests were performed between the studypopulation and the AHT ophthalmologic population (AHT-OP). Results: Two hundredand seven cases were included. The median age (IQR) was 3 (4) year-old and 72% ofdogs younger than 5 year-old. The English Springer Spaniel (ESS) and Labrador Retrie-ver (LR) (P < 0.001) were over-represented. The depth of FB penetration was superficialin 28 eyes (13.5%), anterior stromal 19 (9.2%), mid stromal 31 (15%), deep stromal in28 (13.5%) and full thickness in 101 (48.8%). Lens involvement occurred in 46 cases(22.2%) and phacoemulsification was performed in 10/46 dogs. Of six cases with lensinvolvement treated medically and monitored long term (>2 years), gross lens pathologyremained static (4/6), slowly progressed (1/6) and rapidly progressed two years after thetrauma, developing mature cataract, glaucoma and requiring enucleation (1/6). Of all caseswith corneal FB penetration 12/206 underwent removal of the eye. Conclusion: CornealFB injuries were more frequent in younger dogs. The ESS and LR appeared predisposed.Progression of ocular pathology may occur after extended periods following FB injury.Necessary long term monitoring of ocular signs in patients with lens injury in associationwith FB injury.

ORAL 29Ocular manifestations and their therapeuticmanagement in 96 leishmanial dogsALN Thomas, AT Komnenou, GA Charalambidou and AF KoutinasClinic of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, AristotleUniversity of Thessaloniki, GreecePurpose: To investigate the spectrum, prevalence and post treatment outcome of the ocu-lar condition in dogs affected with leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum). Methods: Themedical records of 96 leishmanial dogs (2005–2012), also exhibiting ocular lesions, werereviewed. Signalment data and various types of ocular lesions were analyzed and classifiedaccordingly. Results: The ocular abnormalities were recorded as tear film changes (63/96,65.6%) eyelid (46/96, 47.9%), conjunctival (89/96, 92.7%), corneal (58/96, 60.4%), iridal(50/96, 52.1%) and posterior chamber (20/96, 20.8%) lesions. In most of the dogs quantita-tive/qualitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) (63/96, 65.6%) was the main ocular clinicalfinding. Of the other relevant conditions, blepharitis (46/96, 47.9%), keratoconjunctivitis(10/96, 10.4%), conjunctivitis (9/96, 9.4%), keratitis (4/96, 4.2%), anterior uveitis (33/96,34.4%), posterior uveitis (2/96, 2.1%), panueivitis (17/96, 17.7%), secondary glaucoma(9/96, 9.4%), sclera melting (2/96, 2.1%), cataract (5/96, 5.2%), optic neuritis (1/96, 1.1%)and pthisis bulbi (4/96, 4.2%) were also noticed. In 73 animals (76.1%) two or more abnor-malities occurred at the same time. All 96 dogs were topically treated with corticosteroids+/�antibiotics (51/96), antibiotics (17/96), non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs+/�antibiotics

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(29/96), cycloplegic drugs (19/96), cyclosporine (11/96) and tear substitutes (65/96). Systemiccorticosteroids (14/96) and antibiotics (5/96) or both (3/96) were also given in some cases(16/96, 16.7%). Antileishmanial treatment was implemented in 61/96 dogs. The response tothe treatment was evaluated in 56/96 dogs. Twenty seven out of 56 dogs (48.2%) respondedcompletely, 6/56 (10.7%) did well but eventually relapsed, 7/56 (12.5%) poorly, (5/56,8.9%) worsened, 11/56 (19.6%) died or euthanized. Twenty four out of 96 dogs (42.9%)experienced partial or complete loss of vision. Conclusions: Canine leishmaniosis is associ-ated with a broad spectrum of ocular lesions that may lead to blindness. KCS appears to bethe most common ocular disease, followed by anterior uveitis. Although favorable responseto both systemic and topical treatment would be anticipated in some dogs, despite the long-term and intensive ocular applied treatment, unpredictable or poor outcomes are a commonoccurrence.

ORAL 30Evaluation of the conjunctival fungal flora and itssusceptibility to antifungal agents in healthy horsesin SwitzerlandK Voelter-Ratson,* M Monod,† L Unger,‡ BM Spiess* and SA Pot**Equine Department, Section of Ophthalmology, Vetsuisse Faculty,University of Zurich, Switzerland; †Department of Dermatology, CHUV,University of Lausanne, Switzerland; ‡Department of Equine InternalMedicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, SwitzerlandPurpose: To characterize the conjunctival fungal flora and to determine the susceptibil-ity of two isolated molds to antifungal drugs in samples of 64 healthy horses (128 eyes)from the national stud in Switzerland. Methods: Conjunctival cytobrush samples werecollected from both eyes of 64 ophthalmically normal horses and subsequently culturedon Sabouraud agar. Growing fungi were identified and counted. E-tests or broth microdi-lution tests for Aspergillus fumigatus and Eurotium amstelodami were carried out to deter-mine antifungal drug sensitivity. These species had previously been detected in samplesfrom eyes with keratomycosis in Switzerland. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC)for voriconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B and miconazole were recordedto evaluate drug sensitivity. Results: Eleven genera of fungi were identified. The mostcommon fungal genera were Alternaria, Rhizopus, Cladosporium and Eurotium. Aspergillusand Penicillium were isolated frequently, while no Fusarium was found. In only two casesyeasts were identified as Candida. For certain fungal species bedding and housing (indoorvs. outdoor) appeared to influence prevalence. Susceptibility testing of A. fumigatus andE. amstelodami showed consistently best results with low MICs for voriconazole. HighMICs for fluconazole were detected for all tested fungi while MICs for itraconazole,amphotericin B and miconazole were variable. Conclusions: A large range of fungalmold species was identified including A. fumigatus and E. amstelodami, which have beencausative agents of keratomycosis in horses in Switzerland. Best in vitro susceptibilityresults for these two species were obtained for voriconazole. Support: ECVO ResearchGrant 2012.

POSTER 1Comparative study of clinical evaluation of tacrolimusand cyclosporine eye drops for treatment of caninekeratoconjunctivitis siccaK Radziejewski* and I Balicki†

*Veterinary Clinic “Radvet”, Słupsk, Poland; †Department and Clinic ofAnimal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LifeSciences in Lublin, PolandPurpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tacrolimus eye drops in alle-viating the clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs and to compare the effi-cacy with that of cyclosporine. Methods: The study was performed on 40 dog with KCS.The dogs were divided into two groups of 20 animals each. In group I, 0.75% cyclosporineeye drops were administered three times a day, in group II, 0.02% tacrolimus eye drops wereadministered twice daily. Additionally, each group was subdivided into three subgroups basedon the results of Schirmer test (STT). Ophthalmological examinations were performed priorto the treatment as well as after 1 and 2 months of therapy. Results: The application ofboth tacrolimus and cyclosporine resulted in a significant reduction of neovascularisationafter only one month of treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.001), however in moderate and advancedstages, the observed efficacy of tacrolimus was higher. Across all patients, a significantincrease of STT values was observed after both the first and second month of treatment withtacrolimus (P < 0.01), as well as after 2 months of treatment with cyclosporine(P < 0.05). Conclusion: In cased of advanced KCS in dogs, the efficacy of tacrolimus maybe higher than that of cyclosporine.

POSTER 2Horizontal meridian streak retinoscopy in six differentbreeds of dogs: preliminary studyL Barachetti,* L Sirtoli† and M Albertini**Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy; †Free lance of Bergamo,ItalyPurpose: To evaluate the prevalence of refractive errors in six breeds of dogs and the pos-sible association with gender, age and attitude of the animals. Methods: The study wasperformed on 61 dogs (32 males, 29 females) of six different breeds: 11 Border Collies, 10Labrador Retrievers, 10 English Bulldogs, 10 Jack Russells, 10 Pointers and 10 ItalianHounds. The average age was 4.5 years (from 1 to 6 years). All dogs received complete gen-eral and ophthalmic examination. Only normal dogs were submitted to horizontal meridianstreak retinoscopy. Results: Thirty-four (55.73%) of 61 dogs showed a refractive error.46.8% of the male and 41.3% of the female were emmetropic. Myopia and hypermetropiawere identified, respectively, in 24.59% and 31.14% of the population. The highest preva-lence of emmetropy was found in Border Collies (54.5%) and Labrador Retrievers (80.0%),of hypermetropia in Pointers (40%) and Italian Hounds (50%), and of myopia in Jack

Russells (40%). Refractive errors for most of the cases were bilateral (79.4%), with a statisti-cally significant value (P < 0.05). No statistical relationship was found between refractiveerrors and breed, gender, age, attitude. Conclusions: This study suggests that refractiveerror affects both eyes at the same time. The correlation between refractive errors and breed,gender, age has not been demonstrated. The relationship with attitude did not obtain signifi-cant values, but we can notice that both breeds of hunting dogs showed a high prevalence ofhypermetropia, while the other two working breeds (Border Collie and Labrador) werepredominantly emmetropic.

POSTER 3Rectus muscle marginal myotomy for persistentunilateral medial strabismus in a dogJ Bautista,* M Leiva,† R Lacerda,† F Laguna† and MT Pe~na†

*Fundaci�o Hospital Cl�ınic Veterinari, Universitat Aut�onoma de Barcelona;†Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterin�aria,Fundaci�o Hospital Cl�ınic Veterinari, Universitat Aut�onoma de BarcelonaPurpose: To describe a surgical technique for the treatment of strabismus in a dog. Meth-ods: A 1 year-old, intact female Bullterrier was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospi-tal of the Autonomous University of Barcelona for left eye deviation present since birth,with a progressive nature. Results: Complete ophthalmic examination revealed medial stra-bismus (MS) with a positive force duction test (FDT) OS. The remaining ocular and physi-cal examination were unremarkable. At this moment, differential diagnosis for MS includedcongenital malformation of the medial rectus muscle (fibrosis/shortening) and neurologicaldisorder (oculomotor nerve overstimulation). Blood work was within normal limits. MRIdidn’t reveal any significant abnormality and the FDT performed under general anaesthesiawas positive, ruling out the oculomotor nerve overstimulation. The dog was elected forextraocular muscle surgery. The technique consisted on performing a marginal myotomy(Z myotomy) of the medial rectus through a limbal approach. Two transverse myotomies of2/3 of the width of the muscle were performed, one in each margin. An ellipsoidal conjunc-tivectomy was performed on the lateral conjunctival sac. Both conjunctival incisions wereroutinely closed with 6/0 absorbable suture material in a continuous simple pattern. At lastre-examination the patient presented a marked improvement, and only mild medial deviationof the globe was present. Conclusions: Marginal myotomy of the rectus muscles, althoughchallenging, can be successfully used for the treatment of congenital fibrosing strabismus inthe dog.

POSTER 4Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in a chinchillaA Bayon,* C Mico,* E Gimenez† and RM Almela†

*Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Spain; †Veterinary TeachingHospital, University of Murcia, SpainPurpose: To describe the clinical signs and ultrasonographic examination of persistenthyperplastic primary vitreous in a Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). Methods: An 6-months-old male Chinchilla was referred because of a history of unilateral corneal opacity(right eye) since the animal was purchased. The Chinchilla was treated with Tobramicineand Atropine drops without improvement. Complete physical examination was performed.Ophthalmic examination included ocular reflexes, Schirmer tear test, applanation tonometryand slit-lamp biomicroscopy (Topcon SL-7F, Tokio, Japan). Ultrasonographic examinationwas performed without sedation using topical anaesthesia by applying the transducer, a7.5 MHz electronic lineal probe directly to the eyes with a standard sterile ultrasound cou-pling gel. The Chinchilla died two months after and the eyes were removed and fixed in10% buffered formol saline. Results: Ophthalmic exam showed a smaller right eye. Fur-thermore ocular reflexes were absent in the right eye. Schirmer test values were 3 mm/min(right eye) and 4 mm/min (left eye). Intraocular pressure were 17 mmHg (right eye) and22 mmHg (left eye). Slit lamp biomicroscopy exam showed corneal opacification in the righteye that prevented the examination of the intraocular structures. Ultrasonography revealed amicrophthalmic right eye with microphakia. The lens appeared hyperechoic with a retrolen-tal mass and a thin hyperechoic strand extending from the retrolental tissue to the optic disk.The enucleated right globe showed microphthalmia, a retrolental mass and a persistenthyaloid artery. The pathological findings confirmed persistent hyperplastic primaryvitreous. Conclusion: Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous should be considered as anocular disease in Chinchillas.

POSTER 5Corneal sensitivity and tear production followingphacoemulsification surgery in dogsAA Bolzan, ACA G�oes, AMV Safatle and PSM BarrosOphthalmology Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of SaoPaulo, BrazilPurpose: To investigate corneal sensitivity and tear reflex production after phacoemulsifi-cation in dogs. Methods: Twenty-two dogs (12 males and 10 females) of different breedsranging in age from 2 to 10 years were enrolled in this study. The conventional unilateraltwo-handed phacoemulsification was performed through a 2.75 mm clear corneal incisionusing a Laureate machine. Central corneal sensitivity and tear reflex production weremeasured by Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer and Schirmer tear test, respectively. Evaluationswere performed before the surgery (basal values) and 7, 15, 30, 90 and 180 days after phaco-emulsification, in both eyes and unoperated eye was a control. Results: Corneal sensitivitybasal mean values (in mm filament length) were 33 � 6 mm for the operated eyes (OE) andunoperated eyes (UE). Post-surgical values were: OE = 30 � 7 mm and UE = 33 � 8 mm(day 7); OE = 30 � 6 mm and UE = 31 � 6 mm (day 15); OE = 30 � 6 mm andUE = 31 � 6 mm (day 30); OE = 35 � 7 mm and UE = 35 � 6 mm (day 90);OE = 32 � 6 mm and UE = 33 � 7 mm (day 180). Tear production basal mean valueswere 21 � 4 mm/min for OE and UE. Post-operative values were: OE = 21 � 4 mm/minand UE = 20 � 3 mm/min (day 7); OE and UE = 21 � 4 mm/min (day 15);OE = 23 � 5 mm/min and UE = 21 � 5 mm/min (day 30); OE and UE = 23 � 4 mm/min(day 90); OE and UE = 22 � 5 mm/min (day 180). No significant statistical differences wereobserved. Conclusions: Corneal sensitivity and tear production were not changed afterphacoemulsification surgery in dogs. Support: FAPESP 2010/20555-9.

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POSTER 6Deep intrastromal keratectomy as a treatment for afeline corneal abscessM Cair�o,* M Leiva,† F Laguna,† R Lacerda† and MT Pe~na†

*Fundaci�o Hospital Cl�ınic Veterinari, Universitat Aut�onoma de Barcelona,Bellaterra, Spain; †Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultatde Veterin�aria & Fundaci�o Hospital Cl�ınic Veterinari, UniversitatAut�onoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, SpainPurpose: To describe, for the first time, intrastromal keratectomy as a treatment for a cor-neal abscess in a cat. Methods: A 5-year-old male domestic shorthair cat was referred tothe Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Autonomous University of Barcelona for evaluationof chronic blepharospasm and corneal opacification OS. Results: Complete bilateral oph-thalmic examination revealed severe anterior uveitis and focal non-ulcerative stromal keratitisOS. At that time, the differential diagnosis included corneal abscess or neoplasia. Cornealcytology showed bacilli and neutrophilic inflammation, and the ocular ultrasound confirmedposterior segment′s integrity. Based on the cytologic findings, topical and systemic medica-tion with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories was prescribed. In subsequent rechecks, thekeratouveitis improved dramatically, but there was still a focal remnant of stromal abscess.The patient was elected for surgery and a deep intrastromal keratectomy was performed. A60% depth, 3/8 free-hand stromal flap outlining the deep stromal lesion and 3 mm of sur-rounding healthy tissue, was performed using a 6400 Beaver blade. A carefully deep lamellarkeratectomy preserving the Descemet’s membrane was done following the margins of theaffected deep stroma. The corneal flap was then relocated and sutured using 9-0 nylon in asimple interrupted pattern. Histopathology confirmed the cytologic diagnosis of cornealabscess. Topical and systemic medication was progressively tapered off. Two months afterthe procedure, the cornea shows mild haze and a small epithelial lipid keratopathy. Conclu-sions: Intrastromal keratectomy is a surgically challenging but successful treatment for deepstromal abscess in the cat. The needless of grafting tissue avoids rejection and makes thissurgery feasible even if no eye banks are available.

POSTER 7Use of a modified jaeger eyelid plate (JEP) forblepharoplasties in dogsR Corvi,*,† A Guandalini* and N D’Anna**Centro Veterinario Specialistico, Rome, Italy; †Dipartimento ScienzeCliniche Veterinarie Universit�a degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, ItalyPurpose: To evaluate the manageability and possible improvements using a modified Jae-ger eyelid plate (JEP) during the most common eyelid surgical procedures in dogs. Meth-ods: A ringed prototype was evaluated during an observation time of 12 months. Theinstrument was utilized during eyelid surgeries (modified Celsus-Hotz procedure and theStades upper eyelid method) in 18 dog patients needing blepharoplasty for entropion. A sur-vey and critique of the two involved surgeons were used to collect their subjective opinionsabout manageability, versatility and stability of the instrument. Results: Twenty-seven Cel-sus-Hotz procedures and 19 Stades blepharoplasties were realized with the help of a modi-fied JEP. The surgeons evaluated the versatility and the stability of the prototype equal tothat one of the classic JEP and noticed a greater manageability and efficacy of this modifiedinstrument particularly during surgeries without assistants. Conclusions: The modified Jae-ger Eye Lid Plate appears to be a good alternative to the classic one during the most com-mon blepharoplasties in dogs. Support: Fiorentino A.M. s.r.l., Rome, Italy.

POSTER 8Orbital liposarcoma in a dog: a case reportA Crotti* and C Giudice†

*Oculistica Veterinaria, Genoa, Italy; †Department of Veterinary Scienceand Public Health, University of Milan, ItalyPurpose: To report a case of primary canine orbital liposarcoma. Methods: A middleaged female-spayed mongrel dog, from the public kennel, was referred with a history ofswelling and opacity of the left eye that had worsened over the past 2 months. Results: Noabnormalities were detected on general clinical examination. Mouth opening was not painfuland examination of the oral cavity was unremarkable. Ophthalmic examination showedsevere left exophthalmos with reduced globe retropulsion and central exposure keratitis. Cor-neal opacification prevented posterior segment examination. An orbital space occupyinglesion was diagnosed, further diagnostic tests were declined by the kennel handler due tofinancial constraints. Enucleation was performed. A retrobulbar, multilobulated mass,2.5 9 3 9 3 cm, was excised along with the globe and formalin- fixed. Histologically, themass was composed of dense sheets of large polygonal cells separated by thin fibrous stroma.Cells have well defined borders, abundant vacuolated cytoplasm and small, peripheral nuclei.Cell atypia was mild, mitoses <1/10 HPF. Immunohistochemically neoplastic cells were neg-ative for pancytokeratin and desmin, positive for vimentin and S100; a well differentiatedorbital liposarcoma was therefore diagnosed. The dog recovered uneventfully from surgeryand no recurrence has been noted after 8 months. Conclusions: Liposarcoma is a commonsoft-tissue sarcoma but only rarely detected in the orbit. In men, its outcome is dependenton tumor dimension (<5 cm) and histologic subtype. In the present case neither recurrencenor signs of metastases were detected 8 months from diagnosis. Support: None.

POSTER 9Period and point prevalence of ocular lesions in canineleishmaniosisS Di Pietro,* E Giudice,* VRF Bosco† and A Pugliese**Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Italy; †DVM,Palermo, ItalyPurpose: In this research were evaluated the period prevalence, type and prognosis of ocu-lar lesions associated to leishmaniasis in 132 dogs visited at Veterinary Teaching Hospital ofMessina (Italy) during three years. At the same time, the point prevalence of ocular lesionswas evaluated in 127 dogs living in a kennel placed in Palermo. Methods: The dogs weresubmitted to ophthalmological examination. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis was made bycytological, serological (IFAT) and molecular (RT-PCR) tests. Results: The period preva-

lence of ocular lesions was 36.36% of all ophthalmic lesions. Most of lesions were bilateral(87.50%) and involved the anterior segment (95.83%) and the posterior segment (16.67%).The most common lesion was uveitis (37.50%). The point prevalence of ocular lesions in 45kennel dogs was 71.11%. The most frequent ocular lesion was blepharitis (50%); anterioruveitis was observed in 9.37% of cases. Conclusions: The ocular lesions involved up to 2/3 of the animals infected by leishmaniasis. During the follow up of 25 dogs, the recovery ofocular lesions was observed in 48% of cases after the antiprotozoal treatment (N-methylgluc-amine antimoniate and allopurinol). In 36% of cases there was only an improvement, while16% was refractory. Most of these had anterior uveitis. The occurrence of anterior uveitis inseven animals (28%) during or after antiprotozoal treatment can be attributed to the treat-ment or to a recurrence of the systemic form. The post-treatment uveal immune reactioncould explain the difference in the frequency of uveitis between owned dogs and kenneldogs, never treated.

POSTER 10Acquired canaliculocele with intranasal extensionin a dogP Durieux,* S Libermann,* E Rattez,* M Lagadic† and T Chen‡

*Centre Hospitalier V�et�erinaire des Cordeliers, Meaux, France;†Laboratoire Idexx Alfort, Alfortville, France; ‡Department of ClinicalSciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ColoradoState University, Fort Collins, CO, USAPurpose: To describe a case of a nasolacrimal mucocele with intranasal extension in adog. Methods: A 6-year-old Jack Russell Terrier female dog was referred to the CentreHospitalier V�et�erinaire des Cordeliers for a slowly enlarging mass around the medial canthusof the right eye of 5 months duration. Ophthalmic examination, ultrasound, fine needle aspi-ration, dacryocystorhinography and CT examinations were performed. Rhinoendoscopictreatment with marsupialisation of the endonasal cyst was carried out. Results: Physicalexamination revealed a 3 cm in diameter, subcutaneous mass beneath the medial canthus ofthe right eye, with a defect in the maxillary bone below. Dacryocystorhinography demon-strated blockage at the level of the nasolacrimal duct. Fine needle aspiration confirmed thecystic nature of the lesion. During the rhinoendoscopy, a cyst containing clear fluid wasfound. Following marsupialisation with large mucosal wall resection, the lacrimal drainagesystem irrigated freely in the nasal chamber. The communication of the lumen of the cystwith the lumen of the superior but not the inferior canaliculus was clearly demonstrated dur-ing endoscopy. Given negative immunohistochemical staining for smooth muscle actin anddesmin, nasolacrimal mucocele appears to be the most likely diagnosis. Histological examina-tion confirmed that no goblet cells were present in the walls of the cyst, which is consistentwith the canaliculus rather than the lacrimal sac. Complete resolution was observed withoutrecurrence one year after surgery. Conclusions: Despite its rarity, a mucocele should beconsidered in adults dogs with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Mucocele marsupialisationseems to be appropriate therapy.

POSTER 11Retinal changes in dogs with acute leptospirosisM B€uthe,* B Kohn,* F vom Hagen,* K N€ockler† and JC Eule**Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universit€atBerlin, Germany; †Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, GermanyPurpose: Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonosis. Due to rising incidence leptospi-rosis is receiving an increasing attention in both human and veterinary medicine. As it is alsoa potential cause of ocular diseases the aim of this study is to describe the clinical appearanceof acute ocular changes in dogs affected with leptospirosis. Methods: Prospective clinicalsurvey on dogs with leptospirosis. Twenty-one dogs diagnosed with acute leptospirosisunderwent a complete ophthalmic examination. Based on the ocular findings patients weregrouped into dogs with (G1) and without ocular lesions (G2). Results of intraocular pressure(IOP), CBC and biochemistry and occurrence of radiological lung abnormalities were com-pared between groups. Results: In 11 of 21 (52%) dogs with leptospirosis retinal hemor-rhages, smaller than one disc diameter and always in association to retinal vessels weredetected. The appearance of these focal changes was highly homogeneous in all affected 11dogs. No signs of anterior uveitis, ocular hypotension or retinal detachment were detected.No statistical significant difference was identified between G1 and G2 concerning the resultsof IOP, CBC, biochemistry or lung abnormalities. Conclusions: During the acute phase ofleptospirosis retinal hemorrhages can occur in dogs. None of the dogs displayed clinicalsigns of uveitis or sight threatening ocular involvement.

POSTER 12Porcine retinal stem cells (PRSCS) growth feasibilitiyon chitosan membranesI Fernandez-Bueno,*,†,‡ GK Srivastava,*,†,‡ D Rodriguez-Crespo,*AK Singh,* C Casado-Coterillo,§ MT Garcia-Gutierrez,*,‡

J Coronas§ and JC Pastor*,†

*Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiolog�ıa Aplicada (IOBA), University ofValladolid, Spain; †Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy NetworkCenter of Castilla y Le�on, Spain; ‡Networking Research Center onBioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid,Spain; §Instituto de Nanociencia de Arag�on (INA), University of Zaragoza,SpainPurpose: Retinal stem cells (RSCs) transplantation is a promising therapy for retinal dis-eases. However, in most of cases an adequate RSCs-carrier is necessary. The purpose of thisstudy was to determine whether chitosan, a FDA approved natural polymer for clinical appli-cations, is feasible for porcine RSCs (pRSCs) growth, keeping viability and phenotype as aninitial step for in vivo studies. Methods: pRSCs were isolated from porcine eyes asdescribed by Gu et al. (2007). pRSCs expressing stem and retinal cells phenotype weregrown (20 000 cells/well) on chitosan membranes (ChM) and polystyrene surface (controls)up to 11 days and then were analyzed for adhesion, proliferation, viability and phenotypeexpression. Results: Isolated pRSCs expressed CKs 8/18, PAX6, nestin, GFAP, recoverinand isolectin proteins. pRSCs adherence on ChM at 8 h (28 � 16%) and proliferation at1 day (40 � 20 cells/field) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than on polystyrene (100%and 194 � 70 cells/field, respectively). However, similar pRSCs viability at day 1 (95 � 4%)

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and phenotype expression at day 11 (CKs 8/18, PAX6 and nestin proteins) were observed onboth surfaces. Conclusions: Isolated pRSCs express different stem and retinal cell proteinsconfirming its potentiality to differentiate into epithelial, glial and neural cells. Althoughadherence and proliferation is better on polystyrene, pRSCs show similar viability and phe-notype on ChM and polysterene. Thus, it confirms that ChM could be an adequate RSCscarrier for transplantation studies because it is a biocompatable and biodegradable polymerand it does not alterate pRSCs viability and phenotype. Support: National Plan ofI + D + I 2008–2011 and ISCIII-Subdireccion General de Evaluaci�on y Fomento de la In-vestigaci�on (PS09/00938) (MICINN) co-financed by FEDER; JCYL BIO/39/VA26/10, Juntade Castilla y Le�on, Spain; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Network Center of Ca-stilla y Le�on, Spain.

POSTER 13Horizontal temporal hemi-h plasty pedicle advancementskin graft for central upper eyelid reconstructivesurgeryC Giordano* and A Vercelli†

*Studio Veterinario Oculistico, Torino, Italy; †Ambulatorio VeterinarioAssociato, Torino, ItalyPurpose: To describe a modified hemi-H plasty surgical technique for upper eyelid recon-struction used to treat Meibomian gland epitheliomas and to evaluate the cosmetical andfunctional results. Methods: Five dogs affected with centrally located upper eyelid neopla-sia involving more than 1/3 of the eyelid margin were included. All dogs underwent en-blocrectangular surgical removal of the tumor. Reconstructive surgery was achieved using a hori-zontal temporal hemi-H plasty advancement graft. Briefly, two horizontal parallel incisionswere made lateral to the defect. The dorsal one was twice as long as the defect. The ventralone extended horizontally from the lateral canthus and away from it, with a total lengthequal to the dorsal one minus the length of the preserved lateral eyelid margin. Two Bur-row’s triangles were excised at the temporal base of the incisions. The skin flap was under-mined and transposed medially to fill the eyelid defect. The medial edge of the preservedlateral eyelid was sutured at the lateral edge of the preserved medial eyelid. The conjunctivawas advanced from adjacent palpebral region to create a conjunctival lining to the deepaspect of the flap. Simple interrupted sutures were placed along the incisional lines to com-plete the closure. Results: Postoperatively evaluation of the treated patients at 7–14 and60-days showed minimal postsurgical discomfort, excellent eyelid margin reconstruction andnormal corneas. Conclusions: The described procedure allowed plastic reconstruction witha satisfactorily anatomical lining of the eyelid edge in five patients. The outcome showedprevention of corneal exposure and secondary trichiasis.

POSTER 14Extramedullary conjunctival plasmacytoma in a catC Giudice,* N D’Anna,† C Schiano,‡ A Guandalini‡ andM Rondena§

*Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Universit�a degliStudi di Milano, Milan, Italy; †Clinica Veterinaria Roma Sud, Roma,Italy; ‡Centro Veterinario Specialistico, Roma, Italy; §Laboratorio D’AnalisiVeterinarie San Marco, Padova, ItalyPurpose: To describe a case of solitary conjunctival plasmacytoma in a cat. Methods: A9 year-old female Domestic shorthaired cat was referred with a 3 weeks history of protrusionof the left third eyelid. Results: Ophthalmic examination showed conjunctival hyperemiaand a smooth nodule on the bulbar aspect of the third eyelid. Globe retropulsion was nor-mal. Cytologic smears of the mass revealed sheets of round cells with eccentric nucleus,characteristic cartwheel appearance, and abundant cytoplasm with clear perinuclear halo,highly suggestive of plasmacytoma. Accurate stadiation was performed excluding clinicalsigns of multiple myeloma. The third eyelid was excised and submitted for histology. Histo-logically, a poorly defined neoplastic mass, 1.5 cm in diameter, expanded nictitans conjunc-tiva substituting lacrimal gland. The mass was composed of dense sheets of round cellsmorphologically consistent with mature plasma cells. Anisocytosis and anisokaryosis weremild and rare binucleated giant cells were observed. Mitoses were rare. Neoplastic cells wereimmunohistochemically positive for CD20 and lambda chains and negative for CD3. Basedon histological, immunophenotypical and clinical findings a diagnosis of extramedullary plas-macytoma of the third eyelid was posed. No recurrence has been noted 5 months after sur-gery. Conclusions: Conjunctival solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare tumor inhuman beings. In the feline species, intraocular and orbital but not conjunctival solitaryplasmacytomas have been reported so far. Since in the cat, in contrast to human, well differ-entiated myeloma commonly have extramedullary involvement, in the diagnosis of solitaryplasmacytoma it is important to rule out a myeloma-related disorder.

POSTER 15A unique case of intraocular onchocercosis (Onchocercalupi) in a dogAT Komnenou, ALN Thomas and E PapadopoulosFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Companion Animal Clinic, AristotleUniversity of Thessaloniki, GreecePurpose: In the present case report the location of the filarial worm Onchocerca lupi in theanterior chamber of a dog is described for the first time. Methods: A 4-years old, male,mixed breed dog was admitted with complaints of lacrimation and blepharospasm. On oph-thalmic examination mucopurulent discharge, chemosis, conjunctivitis, as well as signs ofanterior uveitis (mild cornea edema, miosis, engorgement of iridal vessels) were noticed inthe right eye. A more detailed examination revealed the presence of a filaria-like worm inthe anterior chamber, which was stimulated by the examination with a light. The intraocularpressure was slightly decreased. Surgical removal of the worm from the anterior chamber,through a limbal incision was performed. The worm was identified according to morpholog-ical keys. Furthermore, skin and periocular tissue biopsy samples were collected and incu-bated in saline for the presence of any microfilariae. Results: The nematode was identifiedto be a mature, male, 8 cm long Onchocerca lupi worm, based on its morphology. All tissuebiopsies for microfilariae were negative. Postoperatively, systemic prednisolone and doxycy-cline hyclate as well as antibiotics/steroids topically, were administered. Anthelminthic treat-ment including melarsomine for 1 week after surgery, followed by ivermectin administration1 month later was suggested. The dog recovered uneventfully. Conclusions: To our

knowledge, this is the first report of intraocular onchocercosis in a dog, probably due toaberrant location. It is suggested to be included in the differential diagnosis of possible intra-ocular parasites in the dog.

POSTER 16Bilateral protrusion and swelling of the nictitatingmembrane along with retinal detachment as presentingsings of acute myeloid leukemia in a dogP Grinninger,* G Rutteman,† GCM Grinwis,‡ PF Moore§

and MH Boev�e¶

*Ophthalmology Section, Tierklinik Leoben, Austria; †Department ofOncology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, TheNetherlands; ‡Division of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, The Netherlands; §Department of Pathology,Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine University ofCalifornia Davis, USA; ¶Department of Clinical Sciences of CompanionAnimals, Ophthalmology Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UtrechtUniversity, The NetherlandsPurpose: Dogs with acute leukemia usually present with nonspecific clinical signs. Thepurpose of this report is to describe clinical, hematologic, cytological, histopathological andimmunohistochemical features of a dog in which protrusion and swelling of the third eyelids,blindness and inappetence were the initial clinical signs of acute leukemia. Methods: A5.5 year old, mixed breed, female dog was referred to Utrecht University because of changesof both eyes. Mental depression and cachexia were observed at physical examination onadmission. Besides the ophthalmic signs, the general physical examination was unremarkable.Ophthalmic examination revealed protrusion and firm swelling of both nictitating mem-branes and bullous retinal detachment. Ancillary diagnostic procedures included fine needleaspiration of the nictitating membranes and complete blood count. Results: Myeloblasticleukemic cells were observed in the aspirates and in the blood. Acute myeloid leukemia wasdiagnosed. Chemotherapy was planned but due to acute deterioration and a poor prognosisthe dog was euthanized four days later. Histopathological examination revealed leukocyticinfiltration of the nictitating membranes, choroid, liver, spleen, kidneys and bone marrow.The presence of CD18 and myeloperoxidase positive cells at immunohistochemical examina-tion confirmed the diagnosis of myeloid leukemia. Conclusion: Protrusion and swelling ofboth nictitating membranes and bilateral retinal detachments can be initial signs in dogs withacute myeloid leukemia.

POSTER 17Risk factors of chlamydial conjunctivitis in relation todifferent populations of catsM Holickova,* M Halanova,† Z Kalinova,† L Palenik* andA Trbolova**Clinic of Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine andPharmacy in Kosice, Slovakia; †Department of Public Health, Faculty ofMedicine, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik, Kosice, SlovakiaPurpose: The goal of this prospective study was to clarify risk factors of chlamydial conjunc-tivitis. Methods: The cats included in this study were examined as a part of preventativescreening and as a part of diagnostic work up. Samples were obtained by a sterile cotton swabfrom conjunctival sack. To detect Chlamydiaceae spp., the conventional PCR method Ampli-Sens-55-R Chlamydiaceae CHLA-KOM (Federal State Institution of Science, Moscow, Rus-sia) was used. Positive samples were identified to be C. felis by DNA sequence analysis by genebank. Results: The most common clinical symptoms were purulent discharge with hyperae-mic conjunctiva, followed by chemosis, mucopurulent discharge and blepharospazmus. Otherclinical signs such as synechia and corneal scars were observed in two cases. Clincal signs ofURTD were found in 35% of positive cats and clincal signs of LRTD in 4% of the positivecats. Transient fever, innapetence, weigh loss occured in 20% of the positive animals. Themajority of positive cats were under 1year of age. Similar prevalence was found in the popula-tion of stray cats and in shelter cats (32%). The prevalence in strictly indoor cats with no con-tact with other cats was 0%. In the case of household cats having a possible access to othercats, the prevalence of C. felis was relatively low (10.2%). Conclusions: The risk factors forChlamydophila felis infection have not been well defined yet but it appears to be more commonamong cats from shelters, in strays, and in young cats with clinical signs of conjunctivitis.

POSTER 18Human amniotic membrane graft fixed with cornealadhesive for the treatment of feline corneal sequestrum:two clinical casesE Huguet,* F Sanz,† J Vergara‡ and C D�ıaz-Delgado§

*Oftalmovet, Valencia, Spain; †Clinica Veterinaria Bellavista Visionvet,Sevilla, Spain; ‡Cl�ınica Veterinaria San Bernardo, San Sebasti�an, Spain;§Cl�ınica Ocular Veterinaria, Islas Canarias, SpainPurpose: The extended use of amniotic membrane (AM) in human medicine, gives theopportunity to use it and investigate clinical applications in animals. This work aims to showthe excellence of its reparation in feline corneal sequestrum. Methods: The work was con-ducted in accordance with the ARVO statement for the use of Animals in Ophthalmic andVision Research and with Spanish laws. All amniotic membranes were originated in a humantissue bank and conserved frozen. The surgery was performed in two neutered femaledomestic cats (aged 2 and 3 years old), diagnosed with corneal sequestrum. In both cases, akeratectomy was performed and the AM was shaped to fill in exactly the corneal defect andwas fixed with a biodegradable polymeric corneal adhesive (OcuSeal©). The postoperativetreatment consisted in daily applications of antibiotics and NSAIDs. Results: The cornealaspect was evaluated including opacities, neovascularization and recovery of transparenceregularly during 5 months. In both cases, the graft was perfectly integrated in the cornealdefect and signs of inflammation were minimal from the first postoperative day. Conclu-sions: The human AM seems to be a good option for the surgical treatment of felinecorneal sequestrum. The use of corneal adhesive seems to accelerate the surgical procedure

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and reduce the postoperative inflammatory response usually caused by corneal sutures. Ourmid-term surgical results should be confirmed with long-term evaluations. This techniqueshould be used for other applications such as chronic or traumatic ulcers in cats and dogs.

POSTER 19Meibometry using meibometer� MB560 in healthy dogsN Joy, G Romkes and JC EuleSmall Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie University,Berlin, GermanyPurpose: To quantify the basal lipid level at the eyelid margins in dogs using Meibometer�

MB 560. Methods: The study was performed in both the eyes of 88 healthy dogs of varyingage (4 months–14.5 years), breed and sex. An ophthalmic examination using interferometry,STT, slit lamp biomicroscopy and fluorescein staining confirmed ocular surface health. Mei-bomian gland secretions were collected using Sebumeter� foil and read photometrically usingthe Meibometer� MB560 (Courage+Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). Wilcoxon Test was usedto compare meibometry and STT values from both the eyes. Pearson’s and Spearman’s corre-lation were used to quantify the correlation between meibometry and STT; and meibometryand interferometry respectively. The influence of age, gender and breed on meibometry wastested by One-way ANOVA. SPSS 20 was used. P < 0.05 was considered statistically signifi-cant. Reults: Mean meibometer unit �SD in the OD and OS was 176 � 108 MU and189 � 120 MU respectively. There was no significant difference between the eyes in meibom-etry (Z = �1.122, P = 0.262) or STT (Z = �1.379, P = 0.168). There was no significant cor-relation between meibometry and STT (r = 0.120, P = 0.264 and r = 0.073, P = 0.502) ormeibometry and interferometry (rs = 0.141, P = 0.191 and rs = 0.115, P = 0.285) for OD andOS respectively. No influence of age, gender and breed on meibometry was detected. Con-clusion: As the meibometer readings show wide variation, do not correlate with other estab-lished diagnostic tests, the clinical utility of this technique still needs to be elucidated.

POSTER 20Topical nutraceutical for the protection of ocularoxidative stressPF Kador,*,† C Guo,* H Kawada* and K Blessing*,†

*Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska MedicalCenter, Omaha, NE, USA; †Therapeutic Vision Inc., Omaha, NE, USAPurpose: Based on the hypothesis that nutraceuticals do not adequately reach the lens by oraladministration, we have evaluated the ability of a unique topical nutraceutical antioxidant for-mulation, called Optixcare EH, to ameliorate oxidative stress in the lens and retina ofrats. Methods: Oxidative stress was induced in rats by exposure to UV light, diabetes, andexposure of dark adapted rats to light. Sprague Dawley Rats were exposed to 1600 mW/cm2 ofUV light for 20 min and changes in reduced glutathione levels in the lens were measured 48 hafter exposure. Diabetes was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by tail vein injection of streptozo-tocin. Retinal light damage in 2-week dark adapted Wistar rats was induced by exposure to1000 lx light for 3 h. Results: Optixcare EH is composed of a viscous carbomer based vehiclecontaining cetrimide that delivers select antioxidants to the anterior chamber. In rats exposedto UV light, Optixcare EH was able to protect lenses against the decrease in GSH levelsinduced by exposure to UV light. Similarly, these treatments were able to delay the progressionof cataracts induced by diabetes. In light damaged rats, Optixcare EH partially reduced thelevels of retinal 4-hydroxynonenal and thioredoxin. Conclusion: These studies suggest thattopical administration of Optixcare EH can reduce experimentally induced ocular oxidativestress in rats exposed to several sources of ocular oxidative stress. This suggests that the ingredi-ents in Optixcare are able to reach the posterior segment following topical administration.Supported by a grant from Aventix Animal Health.

POSTER 21Observation of cells attached to anterior capsulesobtained using phacoemulsification and lens extractionin dogsN Kanemaki and Y IchikawaVeterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, JapanPurpose: We observed cells of the anterior capsules obtained using phacoemulsification andlens extraction in dogs. Methods: Anterior capsules were collected by using phacoemulsifi-cation in dogs with primary (n = 35), diabetic (n = 5), traumatic (n = 2), congenital (n = 2),and other cataracts (n = 15), and by using extraction in those with anterior lens luxation(n = 2). All these dogs were given eye drops and medications before capsule removal. Anteriorcapsules of five clinically healthy beagles, which were removed immediately after the dogs wereeuthanized for purposes other than that of the present study, were used as ‘normal’ capsulesafter obtaining approval from our university’s animal research committee. All anterior capsuleswere stained with toluidine blue and observed by phase-contrast microscopy. Results: Thecell types observed in the anterior capsules of dogs with cataract and anterior lens luxationwere classified as cuboidal, spindle, fiber-like, pyknotic, and necrotic, while those of normaldogs were cuboidal and pyknotic. In comparison with normal capsules, the anterior capsules ofdogs with primary, diabetic, and traumatic cataracts had more necrotic cells (P < 0.05). Spin-dle cells were observed mostly in diabetic cataracts, while cuboidal cells were absent in anteriorlens luxation. Conclusion: Since spindle, fiber-like, and necrotic cells were dominant in theanterior capsules of dogs with cataract or lens luxation, the cell type of the anterior capsulemay serve as a disability index for conditions involving lens epithelial cells.

POSTER 22Epidemiologic analysis of canine eye health in restrictedresidential enviornments in Seoul from 2009 to 2012JY Kim,* DL Williams,† SW Jeong‡ and WC Lee‡

*WooSung Animal Medical Center, Korea; †Department of VeterinaryMedicine, University of Cambridge, UK; ‡College of Veterinary Medicine,Konkuk University, KoreaPurpose: To investigate the epidemiology of canine ocular diseases in Seoul,Korea. Methods: We obtained database information of 910 new canine patients examinedin an ophthalmic referral centre (WooSung Animal Medical Center) in Seoul, Korea, from

January 2009 to December 2012. Results: Most dogs lived in apartments or houses with-out gardens or with very small gardens. The average patient age was 7.83 � 4.07. Shih Tzu(30.1%) was the most prevalent breed, followed by Maltese (19.2%), Yorkshire terrier(9.7%), cocker spaniel (8.7%), and toy poodle (7.8%) (P = 0.00). Lens diseases showed thegreatest prevalence and were followed by eyelid, corneal, retinal, and glaucomatous disease(29.3%, 20.7%, 15.5%, 10.2%, and 7.3%, respectively P = 0.00). Lens, eyelid, retinal, naso-lacrimal, uveal, vitreous, and neuro-ophthalmic disease more frequently showed a bilateraloccurrence (P = 0.00). Corneal disease was the most frequent disease in Shih Tzu dogs, fol-lowed by lens, eyelid, retinal, and glaucomatous disease. The most frequent diseases in theMaltese dogs were eyelid, lens, retinal, and corneal diseases. In Yorkshire terriers, cockerspaniels, and toy poodles, lens disease was the most prevalent disease, followed by corneal(Yorkshire terriers), glaucomatous (cocker spaniels), or eyelid disease (toy poodles;P = 0.00). Conclusions: Since most people in Seoul live in apartments without gardens,they raise small-breed dogs. Therefore, most canine patients with ophthalmic conditionsbelonged to breeds like Shin Tzu, Maltese, and Yorkshire terrier. Similarly, the most preva-lent ophthalmic diseases were not traumatic diseases, but breed-inherited diseases like eyelidanomalies and lens diseases.

POSTER 23Subconjunctival sustained-release cyclosporine implantin the treatment of chronic superficial keratitis in eightGerman shepherd dogsZ Kov�a�cov�a,* I Balicki,† A Trbolov�a,* M Holi�ckov�a* and B Gilger‡

*Small Animals Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacyin Ko�sice, Slovakia; †Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Facultyof Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland;‡Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary medicine, NorthCarolina State UniversityPurpose: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of implantation of cyclosporineimplant for chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) treatment in dogs. Methods: During theperiod from 2011 to 2013 we choosed eight German Shepherd dogs with CSK fromPoland and Slovakia. Owners were instructed and agreed to experimentally treat CSK withsubconjunctival sustained-release 10% cyclosporine-silicone matrix 0.75 inch implants. Vis-its at the Veterinary Clinics happened after 2 weeks, and after 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 monthsafter implantation and corneal area surface affected by inflammatory process as well asoccurrence of pigmentation and corneal neovascularization were assessed. Eye drops withofloxacin were adminstered for 2 weeks and 0.1% dexamethasone for 4 weeks after implan-tation. In the cases of progression of CSK 0.1% dexamethasone or 30% DMSO and0.75% cyclosporine A was applicated. Results: Progression of clinical symptoms wereobserved in period from 2 to 4 weeks after finished dexamethasone application. Three andnine months after application unilaterally displacement of implants occurred in two cases.Using cyclosporine implants together with topical anti-inflammatory drugs led to regres-sion of symptoms. Conclusion: Cyclosporine implant, which is released around 20–25 mgper day during 12 months is sufficient for the treatment of CSK only with topical applica-tion of other non-inflamnatory eye drops. Support: This work was supported by VEGAgrant: 1/1192/12.

POSTER 24Intraocular pressure and tear production circadianrhythm in adult female asinine (Eqqus asinus)GA da Silva,* CMM Coelho,* ML Silva,* CPB da Silveira,*J Sanjuan,† LCC de Lacerda,* IRM Padua* and JL Laus**Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, College of Agriculturaland Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP,Brazil; †University of Amazonia, Florencia, Caqueta, ColombiaPurpose: Eye is the main source of photic information to the central circadian rhythmpacemaker, which, in mammals, regulates the temporal organization of biochemical andphysiologic functions. It is known that the intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear productionfluctuates throughout the day in several species. The goal of this study was to establish thecircadian rhythm of IOP and tear production in asinine, since no report is available at themoment. Methods: Five animals, female, clinically healthy, aging between 7 and 15 yearsold were used in the study. Both eyes of each animal were evaluated. Animals were kept inindividual stalls under similar temperature (22 � 6.10 °C), humidity (70.46 � 18.57%), pres-sure (1019.15 � 1.07 Pa) and luminosity conditions. Animals were evaluated every 4 h(moments 0–12) for 48 h. Intraocular pressure (IOP-TonoPen Vet) and tear productions(Schirmer’s tear test-STT) were performed. Normality was accessed by Kolmogorov–Smir-nov test. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for comparison between groups, followed byBonferroni post-hoc test. Results were considered significant when P < 0.05. Results: Intra-ocular pressure was significantly higher during the afternoon periods (4 pm IOP-OD:20.600 � 1.817 and OS: 20.800 � 2.490), compared to dawn (4 am IOP–OD:14.400 � 2.302 and OS 15.000 � 2.000) (P < 0.001). No difference between left and righteyes was observed. Schirmer’s tear test did not differ at any moment or between eyes(P > 0.05). Conclusions: Based on the results, it can be concluded that IOP fluctuatesthroughout the day, however the tear production does not alter in female adult asinine. Sup-port: National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (process number300833/2010-5).

POSTER 25Parasitic keratitis in dogs, a new unrecognized disease?A preliminary report of three cases in brazilA Morales,* AM Safatle† and E Perlmann†

*Oftalmopet Veterinary Specialist Clinic, Valinhos, SP, Brazil; †VetmastersVeterinary Referral Clinic, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilPurpose: To describe the clinical and histopatological findings of parasitic keratitis causedby microfilarias in dogs. Method: Three male dogs (two Yorkshires and one Lhasa Apso)presenting corneal opacities in both eyes underwent a complete bilateral ocular examina-tion, including slit lamp biomicroscopy. All animals had similar features like: superficialcorneal opacities with areas of spots similar to lipidic degeneration occupying the periph-

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eral and the paracentral cornea with vascularization. Values of ophthalmic test such asSchirmer tear test, intraocular pressure were within normal parameters and fluorescein wasnegative. No animal had ocular discomfort or discharge. One of the dogs received topicalcorticosteroid and two were treated with 0.2% cyclosporine ointment (Optimmune�) with-out any improvement, on the contrary, the lesions worsened with opacities migratingthroughout the cornea. In one case, almost the whole cornea became opaque, with visualimpairment. Corneal biopsy was obtained by superficial lamellar ceratectomy in all ani-mals. Results: The histopathological findings revealed several microfilarias in all of thesix corneas. There were also vascularization, moderate plasma cell infiltration, thickeningof the epithelium and vacuolated macrophages. These findings were present in all corneasbiopsied. The animals were in good general condition. Complete blood work was per-formed without abnormalities, but in one case there was severe eosinophilia. In two cases,blood PCR for dirofilaria were negative and echocardiogram revealed no alteration. Con-clusion: The presence of microfilaria in the cornea should be considered as a differentialdiagnosis in chronic keratitis without apparent cause, and corneal biopsies must be made insimilar cases.

POSTER 26Retinal bleaching from autofluorescence imaging withthe confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO)LM Occelli and SM Petersen-JonesSmall Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing,MI, USAPurpose: This study investigated retinal bleaching as a result of retinal imaging using the488 nm laser of the Spectralis� OCT (Heidelberg Engineering Inc., Heidelberg, Ger-many). Methods: Normal kittens (4–20 weeks of age), adult cats and Rdy cats (Crx mutantheterozygotes – Rdycrx) were imaged with the cSLO of the Spectralis� SD-OCT (SpectralDomain Optical Coherence Tomography) as part of a protocol that also included high-res-olution cross sectional imaging of the retina. Regular fundus photography (RetCam II,Clarity Medical Systems, Inc., Pleasanton, CA) was performed in some cats after imagingusing the Spectralis� SD-OCT. Results: Following retinal imaging with the 488 nmcSLO the imaged region showed retinal bleaching in normal kittens and adult cats. Themore intensely bleached areas could also be imaged using regular color fundus photogra-phy. Retinal bleaching could not be induced in the Rdycrx kittens. Conclusions: Autofluor-esence imaging using the cSLO can result in retinal bleaching in normal kittens and cats.The lack of retinal bleaching in Rdycrx kittens may reflect the marked reduction in rhodop-sin and cone opsin levels in the mutant animals. Support: Myers-Dunlap Endowment,George H. Bird and “Casper” Endowment for Feline Initiatives, MSU Center for FelineHealth and Well-Being

POSTER 27Dacryops in nictitating membrane of a dogR Oliveira,* F Galv~ao,† H Galv~ao† and C Naranjo‡

*IOV, Instituto Oftamol�ogico Veterin�ario & Oftalmovet, Lisboa, Portugal;†Green Cross, Veterinary Clinics, Macau, China; ‡Ocular PathologySpecialists and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, SpainPurpose: To describe the ocular signs, diagnosis and surgical treatment results of a case ofnictitating membrane dacryops in a dog. Methods: A 7 year-old mixed breed dog wasreferred due to the presence of a protruding pinkish mass arising in the nictitating mem-brane of his right eye (OD). This mass had been present for over 2 months and was unre-sponsive to medical treatment with topical and oral antibiotics andcorticosteroids. Results: On ocular exam of OD there was an evident protruding nictitatingmembrane and there was a pink translucent mass in the nictitating membrane. B-mode ultra-sonography revealed the presence of an echolucent thin-walled cystic structure measuring 12by 10 mm. A viscous and transparent fluid was aspirated from the lesion. Surgery was per-formed to excise the lesion and to do a reconstruction of the nictitating membrane. The dogwas discharged with topical tobramycin and dexamethasone (Tobradex, Alcon) ointmentTID for the next 15 days. Nictitating membrane healed completely and there was no evi-dence of recurrence or conjunctiva inflammation reported 2 months after surgery. Histopa-thology showed a cystic structure lined by a double cuboidal epithelium, consistent with aductal structure of the lacrimal gland of the nictitating membrane. Conclusions: Dacryopsis rare in dogs and to the authors’ knowledge this is the second case reported of nictitatingmembrane dacryops in the dogs.

POSTER 28Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) for bullouskeratopathy in dogsSA Pot,* NS Gallhoefer,* L Walser-Reinhardt,† F Hafezi‡ and BMSpiess**Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich,Switzerland; †Vetaugenblick, Tierklinik Masans, Chur, Switzerland;‡Department of Ophthalmology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva,SwitzerlandPurpose: Corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin and UV-A (CXL) decreases cornealedema and increases visual acuity in human patients with bullous keratopathy. Presumedmechanisms are an increase in collagen packing density and a reduction in stromal swellingpressure. We present two cases in which CXL was used to treat bullous keratopathy indogs. Methods: Four eyes of two dogs with therapy resistant corneal erosions as a result ofbullous keratopathy were treated with CXL. Both corneas of the second patient were dehy-drated to �400 lm corneal thickness using topical 70% glycerol solution immediately priorto CXL. Follow-up included slit-lamp examination, fluorescein staining and photographicdocumentation in both cases and high-resolution ultrasound examination in the secondpatient. Results: All four eyes were comfortable and fluorescein negative at 1 week postCXL and remained as such for the rest of the follow-up (15 months for case 1 and 6 monthsfor case 2). The owner of the first patient reported a less edematous cornea and improve-ment in vision that lasted for 6 months. Despite a reported lack of improvement in vision,corneal thickness initially decreased, but was back at baseline thickness at the 4-month

recheck in the second patient. Conclusions: Similar to humans, CXL might become a use-ful treatment option for bullous keratopathy-induced therapy resistant corneal erosions indogs. Patient comfort was greatly improved, but corneal thickness decrease was not as long-lasting as reported for humans. The presently used protocols might need modification to fitthe dog cornea.

POSTER 29Retinal function in horses with traumatic panuveitis andequine recurrent uveitisJE Premont,* R Ofri,† T Bdolah-Abram† and M Grauwels**Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Faculty of VeterinaryMedicine, University of Li�ege, Belgium; †Medicine, Koret School ofVeterinary, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IsraelPurpose: Use the electroretinogram (ERG) to assess changes in retinal function inhorses with traumatic panuveitis (TU) and equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). Meth-ods: Dark-adapted rod, mixed rod-cone, and cone responses were recorded in standinghorses. Patients were sedated with acepromazine 0.1 mg/kg intramuscularly one hourbefore a detomidine (0.022 mg/kg/h) and morphine (0.05 mg/kg/h) intravenous constantrate infusion. Study included 12 control horses, four TU horses (four eyes), and nineERU horses (anterior uveitis only, four eyes; chronic panuveitis, seven eyes). Affectedhorses were treated medically for 3 weeks and were visual at the time of testing. Athree-way comparison between groups was conducted using the Kruskal–Walis test; incase of significant differences, pairwise comparisons (Mann–Whitney) were conducted todetermine which pairs of groups were different. Results: Implicit times of cone andmixed rod-cone responses were significantly longer in eyes with ERU panuveitis com-pared to age-matched controls. In ERU horses, implicit times of the cone photopic andflicker responses were significantly longer in eyes with panuveitis than in eyes with ante-rior uveitis only. No significant differences were detected between normal and TU eyes,nor between panuveitis-affected eyes in the TU and ERU groups. When comparing botheyes of the same individual in all groups, b-wave amplitudes of the dark-adapted rodresponse were significantly lower in all ERU-affected eyes. Conclusions: Only mildreduction in scotopic and photopic responses were identified in eyes of horses with ERU,suggesting that in equine uveitis treated, visual eyes have only moderate changes in reti-nal function.

POSTER 30Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in felinenormal uvea: preliminary reportM Quarta,* M Pugliese,* C Giudice† and F Rossi‡

*Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Messina, Italy;†Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Milano, Italy;‡Private Practice Clinica Veterinaria dell’Orologio, Sasso Marconi, ItalyPurpose: The purpose of this prospective study was to describe the perfusion of the nor-mal feline uvea after injection of a second-generation ultrasound contrast media (Sonovue,Bracco). Methods: The study population included a total of 10 cats and 20 eyes. All ani-mals were clinically healthy and without ocular diseases, as seen by ophthalmic and ultraso-nographic examination of the eye. A standard grey-scale scan was performed, followed bythe CEUS examination. After subjective evaluation of the videos, three region of interest(ROI) were drawn for each eye at the iris (I), ciliary bodies (CB) and choroid (C). Time-intensity curves were generated using a commercial software (Qcontrast, Bracco) and perfu-sion parameters were automatically calculated. Results: The flow of the contrast media waseasily detected first in the C, followed by CB and I. Mean peak intensity was 58.50% in C,39.10% in CB and 31.18% in I, mean time to peak was 15.16 in C, 21.19 in CB and 20.42 sin I. Conclusions: This is the first CEUS study of the normal feline eye. These data repre-sent the base to understand the normal eye perfusion in cats. In the future, animals sufferingfrom uveal diseases could be compared.

POSTER 31Six-week exploratory study on vigabatrin induced retinaltoxicity in pigmented (long evans) ratsSG Rosolen,*,† N Truchot‡ and A Rasmussen§

*Clinique V�et�erinaire Voltaire, Asni�eres, France; †Institut de la Vision,INSERM UMR_S 968, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7210,Paris, France; ‡Ricerca Biosciences SAS, Lyon, France; §H. Lundbeck A/S,Copenhagen, DenmarkPurpose: to replicate retinal toxicity in the Long Evans (LE) pigmented strain using combi-nations of high intensity light (HIL) exposure, mydriasis and oral administration of Vigaba-trin, a GABAergic agonist. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male rats receivedcombinations of light (normal or HIL at approximately 2000 lux), Mydriasis (1% atropinetwice per week) or oral Vigabatrin (200/150 mg/kg/day). Retinal toxicity was assessed func-tionally by electroretinography (ERG) elicited by different flash and flicker stimulations givenunder scotopic (dark) and photopic (light) conditions and by histopathological examinationafter 1, 3 or 6 weeks. Results: Functionally, in LE rats exposed to HIL and given mydriasisthe changes included altered ERG morphology, increased implicit time and decreased ampli-tude. These changes are consistent with retinal degenerative processes described in the litera-ture. Microscopic lesions included degeneration of the photoreceptor layer and outer nuclearlayer and, in some animals, degeneration in the outer plexiform layer and inner nuclear layer.Vigabatrin alone (without HIL) was not associated with functional or microscopic changes inthe retina nor was HIL alone (without mydriasis) sufficient to induce retinal changes. LE ratsexposed to HIL and given mydriasis had both functional and histopathological changes asabove but in those animals also treated with Vigabatrin, the changes occurred earlier and werecharacterised microscopically by multifocal wavy appearance and rosette formation in theouter nuclear layer of the retina. Conclusion: The LE rat under the defined experimentalconditions is a good model to demonstrate retinal changes induced by Vigabatrin. Sup-port: None.

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POSTER 32Comparative computed tomography anatomy of thelacrimal drainage system in brachycephalic dog breedsS Sahr,* A Dietrich,† E Ludewig* and G Oechtering**Department of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,University of Leipzig, Germany; †Department of Distributed Systems,Faculty of Computer Science, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg,GermanyAbstract: This study aimed to investigate the course of the nasolacrimal drainage systemin three different brachycephalic dog breeds in comparison to normocephalic dogs and todraw conclusions on potentially adverse consequences for the drainage function. A com-puted tomographic-dacryocystography (CT-DCG) was performed in 51 brachycephalicdogs, consisting of 23 Pugs, 18 French and 10 English bulldogs. Six normocephalic dogsof different breeds and body size served as a comparison. Two- and three dimensionalimages were obtained and evaluated. Several parameters (length, angulation, gradient)were used to describe the nasolacrimal drainage system and to quantify distinctionsbetween different breeds. Furthermore several additional characteristics were analysed,including the relative position of lacrimal foramen and nasolacrimal ostium, crossing ofthe nasolacrimal duct below the root of the upper canine tooth, the patency of the lacri-mal drainage system and the presence of an accessory opening. While the length of thenasolacrimal duct is substantially reduced in brachycephalic dogs, their lacrimal canaliculihave much larger dimensions than those of normocephalic dogs. Additionally varyingparts of the nasolacrimal drainage system follow an inverse direction in short-headeddogs, giving the entire nasolacrimal apparatus a characteristic U- or V-shaped appearance.The nasolacrimal duct exhibits a much steeper alignment in brachycephalic dogs com-pared to normocephalic ones. This strong slope however does not interfere with drainagefunction because of a consistently present accessory opening, being the main or only out-flow pathway in all brachycephalic dogs and hence facilitating proper tear drainageregardless of the steepness.Keywords: accessory opening, angulation, brachycephalic dogs, course of the nasolacri-mal drainage system, CT-DCG, length, nasolacrimal duct, steepness, upper canine tooth

POSTER 33Development of corneal haze after modified big bubbletechnique in comparing to conventional superficailkeratectomy in dogsS Kim, JS Ahn, ER Lee, S Park, S Park, H Noh, M Jeong and K SeoDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine,Seoul National University, Seoul, South KoreaPurpose: To evaluate the occurrence of corneal haze after applying modified big bubbletechnique by comparison with conventional superficial keratectomy. Methods: Six beagledogs without any ocular diseases were used for this study. Their eyes were divided intotwo groups. Then keratectomy was performed in those two groups using modified bigbubble technique (group A) or conventional method (group B) under the general anesthe-sia. Corneal haze was evaluated every week until 28 days postoperatively. Subsequently,these eyes were enucleated and fixed. PAS and H&E staining were done for each cornealsample. Results: The stromal structure of the cornea was severely deformed by theinjected air bubble just after applying modified big bubble technique. Corneal haze wasnoted beginning at 10 days and appeared to peak around 28 days after surgery in bothgroups. Occurrence of corneal haze was significantly greater in the group A than in thegroup B. The newly formed corneal stroma applied in the modified big bubble techniquewas distinctive in the histological section compared to the group B. Conclusions: Themodified big bubble technique induces more corneal haze than conventional method ofkeratectomy. Therefore this technique would be useful for the canine corneal hazemodel. Support: Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foun-dation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technologygrants 2012007848.

POSTER 34Case report: iridectomy and sclerectomy for uveiticglaucoma in a labrador retrieverN Sritrakoon* and A Thayananuphat†

*Ophthalmology Center, Kasetsart University Veterinary TeachingHospital, Bangkhean, Bangkok, Thailand; †Department of CompanionAnimal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, KasetsartUniversity, Bangkok, ThailandPurpose: To evaluate the efficacy of iridectomy and sclerectomy for treatment of uveiticglaucoma in a Labrador Retriever. Method: A 4-year-old male Labrador Retriever dogpresented with a history of conjunctivitis and mild buphthalmos in both eyes for one week.Ophthalmic examination revealed corneal edema, conjunctivitis, iritis, aqueous flare, poster-ior synechia, fibrin on the anterior lens capsule, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), weakpositive menace response, positive dazzle reflex and negative pupillary light reflex. Iridocor-neal angle could not be visualized due to corneal edema. Physical examination, hematologyand blood chemistry results were in normal limits. Glaucoma and uveitis were diagnosed inboth eyes. Topical prednisolone acetate, atropine, brinzolamide including with oral doxycy-clin and prednisolone were prescribed. IOPs in both eyes were controlled within normal lim-its. Three to four weeks later, IOPs of both eyes were increased over than normal limits.Glaucoma in the left eye became chronic whereas vision was remained in the right eye. Iri-dectomy and sclerectomy in the right eye and cyclocryotherapy in the left eye were per-formed. Results: Three months postoperatively, IOPs were within normal limits in botheyes at all times of examination. Menace response and dazzle reflex were positive in the righteye. An obstacle course was positive when the left eye was covered. Conclusions: Iridecto-

my and sclerectomy successfully preserved vision in a Labrador retriever with uveiticglaucoma.

POSTER 35A novel method to address brow droop, macroblepharon,ptosis, ectropion, entropion and lateral canthus laxity inone procedure: a case reportA SteinmetzDepartment of Small Animal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig,GermanyPurpose: To describe a new technique which combines rhytidectomy with shortening ofthe palpebral fissure and stabilization of the lateral canthus. Methods: A 3.5-year-old,male Neapolitan Mastiff (body weight 70 kg) was presented with a history of chronic bilat-eral purulent ocular discharge and of occasional bumping into objects. To address themajor defects (excessive facial folding, brow droop, temporarily obstructed visual axis, pto-sis and entropion of the upper eyelid, ectropion-entropion of the lower lid, lateral canthuslaxity) a shared rhytidectomy, extended to include a lateral canthoplasty with shortening ofthe palpebral fissure, was performed. The rhytidectomy on each side was extended to pro-vide shortening of the eyelids and tightening of the lateral canthus. A 10 cm by 9 cm cres-cent-shaped section of skin was removed on both sides. The incision lines ended in thelateral third of the upper and the lower eyelids respectively. In this way the upper and thelower eyelids were shorten about 1.5 and 2 cm respectively. The lateral canthus was closedon both sides first. Closing of the large skin defect above and lateral to the palpebral fis-sure caused elevation of the upper eyelid and mild lateral stretching of the lateral can-thus. Results: At recheck 10 months postoperatively the patient showed an unobstructedvisual axis. The ocular discharge had resolved and the eyelid and rhytidectomy incisionshad healed without totally changing the typical facial appearance of this breed. Conclu-sions: A shared rhytidectomy continued to lateral canthoplasty with shortening of the pal-pebral fissure can be a useful approach to address the combination of defects described inthis case.

POSTER 36Conjunctival cytology in dogs with Leishmaniainfantum-associated KCSALN Thomas, ME Mylonakis and AT KomnenouCompanion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, AristotleUniversity of Thessaloniki, GreecePurpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the conjunctival cytology patterns ofdogs with quantitative/qualitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) associated with naturallyoccurring leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum and to compare them with theconjunctival cytological findings of healthy dogs. Methods: Thirty-six dogs with clinicalCanL and 28 clinically healthy dogs were enrolled in the study. Conjunctival cytology wasbilaterally performed in all dogs by means of cyto-brush, after local anesthesia with pro-paracaine. Smears were stained with Diff-Quick and reviewed microscopically. Schirmertear test without anesthesia (STT I), break up time (BUT), meibometry (MB550) andaesthisiometry (Cochet-Bonnet) were performed in all animals prior to cytology sam-pling. Results: Sixty-eight conjunctival smears from CanL dogs and 46 from healthydogs were of sufficient quality for cytological evaluation. Cytological evidence of conjunc-tival inflammation was documented in 31/68 (45.6%) and 1/46 (2.2%) CanL and healthydogs, respectively. In CanL dogs, 15/31 (48.4%) smears had neutrophillic, 15/31 (48.4%)pyoganulomatous and 1/31 (3.2%) granulomatous conjunctivitis. Leishmania spp. amastig-otes, phagocytozed cocci or both were found in 9/31 (29%), 14/31 (45.2%) and 2/31(6.5%) smears, respectively. STT I and aesthisiometry measurements were significantly dif-ferent between eyes with conjunctival inflammation and conjunctivas with no inflammationwithin CanL dogs. Conclusions: Conjunctival inflammation appears to be significantlymore common in dogs with CanL-associated KCS compared to healthy dogs, with neu-trophillic and pyogranulomatous conjunctivitis being the most prevalent cytological pat-terns. The conjunctival inflammation may be related to tear production and cornealsensitivity.

POSTER 37Results of schirmer tear test performed with openand closed eyes in clinically normal horsesA Trbolova* and M Selk Ghaffari†

*Clinic of Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine andPharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia; †Department of Clinical Sciences, School ofVeterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University-Karaj Branch, Karaj, IranPurpose: To compare Schirmer tear test (STT) values obtained with open and closed eyesin clinically normal horses. Methods: Forty clinically healthy horses (20 male and 20female) without any ocular diseases were included in this study. Complete ophthalmic exam-inations were performed without chemical restraint. STT values were evaluated in both eyesof all horses using a commercial STT strip of a single lot number. All horses have eyes openSTT then 30 min later have eyes closed STT on day one and then on day two, all animalshave initially eyes closed STT, then 30 min later eyes open STT performed. Results:Mean value of STT performed open eye (21.5 � 3.1 mm/mim) was significantly less thanSTT with closed eye (22.1 � 3.0 mm/min) in the first day of our study (A paired samples t-test; P < 0.001). A statically significant higher value of closed eye STT (23.7 � 2.7 mm/mim) was also observed in comparison to open eye STT value (22.9 � 2.9 mm/mim) in thesecond day of the present study (A paired samples t-test; P < 0.001). A significant deferencewas also found between value of STT with open eye and STT with closed eye in the firstand second day of the study (A paired samples t-test; P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: STT valueswith closed eyes showed significantly higher values when compared to open eyes in clinicallynormal horses.

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POSTER 38Treatment of a bilateral episclerokeratitis with topical2% cyclosporine A in a bernese mountain dog withsystemic histiocytosisJ Vergara,* C Naranjo† and A Mendirichaga**Cl�ınica veterinaria San Bernardo, San Sebasti�an, Spain; †Departamentode Medicina y Cirug�ıa Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid,Madrid, SpainPurpose: To present a case of systemic histiocytosis (SH) in a 5 year-old intact female Ber-nese Mountain dog with ocular and cutaneous involvement in which the ocular signs weretreated with 2% cyclosporine A (CsA) eyedrops. Methods: A complete ophthalmic exami-nation, conjunctival and cutaneous cytology and biopsy were performed. Topical 2% CsAon a myristate isopropyl vehicle was started on the left eye (OS) and topical tacrolimus oint-ment on the right eye (OD). Results: Ophthalmic examination revealed severe hyperemiaof the dorsal bulbar conjunctiva and episclera as well as neovascularization and inflammatoryinfiltrates on the supero-lateral aspect of the cornea bilaterally. The remaining ocular struc-tures appeared normal. A poorly defined dermal nodule was found on the bridge of the nose.Ocular surface cytology revealed epithelial hyperplasia. Cutaneous and conjunctival biopsiesshowed aggregates of minimally atypical histiocytes with fewer lymphocytes and plasma cellswith a remarkable angiocentric distribution, typical of SH. Ophthalmic signs graduallyresolved OS, whereas in OD a focal area of edema remained in the lateral cornea, and themedication in this eye was switched to 2% CsA eyedrops. Three months after the diagnosisocular signs are controlled. Conclusions: SH has been previously described to cause vari-ous ophthalmic manifestations. Topical 2% CsA can be considered a safe option to manageocular signs in this disease.

POSTER 39Moxifloxacin hydrochloride ophthalmic solution forcorneal ulcer treatment in horsesJB Vieira, RA Bot~ao-Miranda and PDC CavalcantiHospital Octavio Dupont, Jockey Club Brasileiro, Rio de JaneiroPurpose: To evaluate the efficacy of topical moxifloxacin hydrochloride in racehorses whowere affected by corneal ulceration after competition. Methods: Eleven horses that devel-oped unilateral corneal ulcerative process in the period between 24 and 72 h after race weresent to Octavio Dupont Hospital (Jockey Club Brasileiro, Rio de Janeiro) for ophthalmicexamination and treatment. All animals presented deep corneal ulcers with epiphora, photo-phobia, corneal edema and melting. The treatment protocol was based on the use of anti-inflammatory and anticolagenolitic drugs. The antibiotic exclusively used was moxifloxacinhydrochloride 0.5% ophthalmic solution, varying only the number of instillations accordingto the severity of the lesion (one drop, 6–10 times a day). Results: After starting the anti-microbial therapy with moxifloxacin hydrochloride 0.5%, all animals had complete cicatriza-tion of their ulcerative lesions with healing period between 1 and 6 weeks. At the end of thetreatment, the animals immediately returned to sporting activity. Conclusions: Animalstreated with moxifloxacin hydrochloride 0.5% ophthalmic solution for ulcerative keratitishad a quick and effective healing, revealing an alternative treatment for racehorses. Sup-port: Hospital Octavio Dupont – Jockey Club Brasileiro, Rio de Janeiro.

POSTER 40Bilateral glaucoma due to a dysplastic ligamentumpectinatum (DLP) in a 2 year old pet rabbitF vom Hagen,* G Romkes,* K M€uller,* O Kershaw† and C Eule**Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit€atBerlin, Germany; †Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, Freie Universit€at Berlin, GermanyPurpose: Case report of a 2 year old male pet rabbit presented with sudden onset of clini-cal glaucoma due to DLP. Methods: Complete clinical and ophthalmic examination,hematology, blood chemistry and x-ray (thorax, abdomen) were performed. Results: Therabbit was visual, alert and the general examination was within normal limits. Ophthalmicexamination revealed a corneal edema on the right eye with an intraocular pressure of10 mmHg (TonoVet�, Troilat Finland). Corneal edema due to endothelitis/uveitis was sus-pected and locally treated with diclofenac SID. The left eye had a mild generalized cornealedema and an intraocular pressure of 74 mmHg. Secondary glaucoma was suspected and theleft eye was locally treated with dorzolamide and timolol QID, travoprost BID, diclofenacSID. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) SID and metamizol (50 mg/kg) QID were systemically admin-

istered. Blood work and x-ray were within normal limits. Blindness on the left eye developeda week later despite intensive local treatment. At the same time Haabsche striae were presenton the right eye with a pressure of 25 mmHg. The same topical medication as for the lefteye was initiated for the right eye and systemic treatment was continued. Another week laterthe rabbit was blind on both eyes and the owners decided for a bilateral enucleation. Histo-pathology identified bilateral DLP with almost complete angle closure and secondary retinalatrophy while signs of uveitis were absent. Conclusion: In pet rabbits the onset of clinicalsigns of primary glaucoma can take place not only early in life but also in adulthood.

POSTER 41Histological and immunohistochemical features of arecurrent epithelial-myoepithelial lacrimal gland tumorin a dogC Giudice* and D Multari†

*Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University ofMilan, Italy; †Centro Veterinario Oculistico “Fontane” C.V.O., Fontane diVillorba (TV), ItalyPurpose: To describe histological and immunohistochemical features of a rare lacrimalgland tumor. Methods: A conjunctival mass in the upper eyelid, lateral cantus, was surgi-cally excised from an 11 year-old female mongrel dog. Eight months later the dog presentedwith recurrence of a larger orbital mass, and complete orbital exenteration was performed.Samples from both surgeries were formalin fixed and submitted for histology. Microtomicsections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and serial sections immunostained with thestandard ABC method in order to characterize neoplastic cells. Monoclonal antibodies anti-vimentin, cytokeratin 14 (CK14), CK19, CK8/18 and alpha smooth-muscle-actin (aSMA)were applied. AEC served as the chromogen. Results: Histologically, the first mass excisedwas a large, capsulated, neoplastic nodule with expansive growth. The second mass was alarge multilobulated un-encaspulated nodule with multifocal signs of infiltrative growth. Inboth tumors two distinct cell populations were present: cuboidal cell lining small ductularstructure and elongated cells with scant, clear cytoplasm disposed in short bundles or inwhorls around ductal structures. Cuboidal cells were positive for CK19 and CK8/18, spindlecells were CK14 and aSMA positive. Both cell types were vimentin negative. Based on histo-logical and immunohistochemical feature a diagnosis of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma(ECM) was posed. Conclusions: ECM is a rare tumor of lacrimal gland, whose histologi-cal features parallel those of salivary tumors, in which both component of secretory paren-chyma, i.e. epithelial and myoepithelial cells, undergo neoplastic transformation. Furtherinvestigations are necessary to understand the specific prognostication criteria for this typeof neoplasm.

POSTER 42Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects(SCCED) in dogs: retrospective evaluation of clinicalfeatures and three different therapeutic approachesfrom 2010 to 2012L Barachetti,* C Macchioni† and CM Mortellaro**Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy; †Free Lance, Bergamo,ItalyPurpose: To review the cases of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED)and evaluate healing times and complications with three different types of treatment: gridkeratotomy (GK), grid keratotomy and bandage contact lens (GKBL), diamond burr superfi-cial keratectomy (DBSK). Methods: Eyes with a diagnosis of SCCED from 2010 to 2012were included. The signalment, features of the erosions, clinical signs, medical therapybefore and after the treatment, type of treatment, healing times, and complications wererecorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.2 software, by Chi-square test andFisher’s test. Results: A total of 60 eyes were included in this study (45 GK, five GKBLand 10 DBSK). The average age of the patients was 8.8 � 3.2 years; no breed and sex pre-disposition was identified. Corneal neovascularization was present in 19 eyes, but disap-peared in eyes treated with systemic corticosteroids. Complications occurred in 18 eyes. Inthe 75% of the eyes healing occurred after 7 days regardless of the treatment performed.Corneal scarring was present in 40% of the eyes after GKBL or DBSK, but it neverappeared following GK in dogs ≥9 year-old (P < 0.05). Conclusions: In the present studywe didn’t find any statistical significant difference in healing times among GK, GKBL andDBSK. GK showed better results in older dogs in reducing corneal vascularization as well assystemic corticosteroids.

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