About Sandia

Sandia National Laboratories began in 1945 on Sandia Base in

Albuquerque, New Mexico, as Z Division, part of what’s now Los

Alamos National Laboratory. Both labs were born out of America’s

atomic bomb development effort—the Manhattan project. Sandia

came into being as an ordnance design, testing, and assembly facility,

and was located on Sandia Base to be close to an airfield and work

closely with the military. In 1949, President Harry Truman wrote a

letter to the American Telephone and Telegraph Company president

offering the company “an opportunity to render an exceptional service

in the national interest” by managing Sandia. AT&T accepted, began

managing the Labs on Nov. 1, 1949, and continued in the role for

nearly 44 years. The Labs’ original mission—providing engineering

design for all non-nuclear components of the nation’s nuclear weapons

continues today, but Sandia now also performs a wide variety of national

security research and development.

The Lockheed Martin Corp. has managed Sandia since Oct. 1,

1993, for the U.S. Department of Energy. Most of Sandia’s work is

sponsored by DOE’s National Nuclear Security Administration, but

we also work for other federal agencies, including the Department of

Defense, Office of Homeland Security, and others. We work cooperatively

with a number of government, U.S. industry, and academic partners

to accomplish our missions. Today Sandia employs about 7,900 people

and has two primary facilities, a large laboratory and headquarters in

Albuquerque and a smaller laboratory in Livermore, Calif.

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OverviewSandia National Laboratories

Sandia National Laboratories

applies advanced science and

engineering to detect, deter,

defeat, or mitigate national

security threats. Our national

security mission has grown from

responding to the threats of the

Cold War to countering a host of

new threats—some nuclear,

others involving chemical,

biological or radiological

weapons of mass destruction,

and still others that are acts

of terrorism.

We develop technologies tomaintain our nuclear deterrence;sustain and modernize ournuclear arsenal; prevent thespread of weapons of massdestruction; protect our nationalinfrastructures; defend our nationagainst threats such as terrorism;provide new capabilities to ourarmed forces; and ensure thestability of our nation’s energyand water supplies. Our science

and technology program ensuresthat the nation will maintainnational technological superiorityand preparedness—two keys tonational defense, homelandsecurity, and our economicwell-being. As one of the nation’s nationalsecurity laboratories, we striveto become the laboratory thatthe U.S. turns to first for tech-nology solutions to the mostchallenging problems thatthreaten peace and freedom. After the horrors of Sept. 11,2001, our nation did turn to us.We responded immediately, andcontinue to respond in a varietyof ways. Technologies derivedfrom our national security missionare being deployed across thenation and around the globe. Although Sandians are proudto respond to national securityneeds, our forward-thinking and

creative employees do muchmore than just respond to needsas they develop. Many of ourpeople are charged with “thinkingin the future tense” — about newtypes of national security threatsthat may develop five years, tenyears, and more down the road.We then work to developsolutions before those threatsbecome reality. That’s truly whatwe’re all about and what makesour work so vital to the nationand the free world.

These proud employees are featured on a posterillustrating Sandia’s strong commitment to the conceptof “one team delivering the whole job.” They represent

many of the laboratory’s business units. They are(from left) Michael McDonald, Tina Nenoff, Cliff Ho,

Larry Yellowhorse, B. J. Jones, Grant Aguirre,and David Rogers.

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“Helping our nationsecure a peaceful andfree world throughtechnology.”

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Table of ContentsSandia National Laboratories Annual Report 2002/2003

Helping Protect Americaduring a time of conflict

Science & TechnologyPursuing science with the mission in mind

Nuclear WeaponsPreserving national security

Nonproliferation & Materials ControlMaking the world a safer place

Countering Emerging Threatsthrough technological superiority

Energy & Critical InfrastructuresMaintaining supplies and systems

Technology Partnershipsfor mission success

Community InvolvementGiving back through service

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36

44

54

62

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Sandia’s core purpose is“Helping Our Nation Secure aPeaceful and Free World ThroughTechnology.” Like all Americans,Sandians were shocked andangered by the tragic events ofSeptember 11. We immediatelyrallied to provide our help—bothto prevent such acts of terrorismin the future and to support thetroops moving into Afghanistan.We have not let up.

After Sept. 11, the nationdid turn to Sandia for manytechnologies and systems tobetter protect our citizens andtroops and to help win the waragainst terrorism. Sandia’s staffrapidly shifted gears to turn upthe rate of progress in ournational security work, suddenlyrendered even more importantby the instantaneous change inthe free world's security situation.

Helping Protect Americaduring a time of conflict

Today weare operating at an

unprecedented intensityto develop and deploy

national securitytechnologies.

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All across the Labs, individualsand teams made heroic effortsto extend our technologycontributions. Many of theseprojects began five or more yearsago, when we began to focuson additional kinds of threats toa peaceful and free world. Todaywe are operating at anunprecedented intensity todevelop and deploy nationalsecurity technologies. We are one of the nation’sforemost technical institutions,fulfilling missions for the NationalNuclear Security Administration,the Department of Energy, theDepartment of Defense, theOffice of Homeland Security, andother federal agencies. WhileSandia’s primary mission is tomaintain the nation’s nucleardeterrence capability, we alsowork in a variety of ways toreduce the vulnerability of theUnited States to proliferation,threat, or the use of weapons ofmass destruction. Sandia is doing its utmost todevelop science and engineeringsolutions to national securityproblems. We do that with manyof the best intellectual, scientific,and technical minds this nationhas to offer. We are now well

into a five-year program to hire2,500 new scientists, engineers,technologists and administrativestaff—nearly a third of our currentworkforce. This highly educated,new group of Sandians will buildupon the achievements of ourproud, patriotic past in excitingand creative ways. What wecontinue to offer all employees—young and old—is thechallenge to offer “exceptionalservice in the national interest.”It is extremely heartening to seeour newest employees acceptthis challenge eagerly. For all Sandians, whetherveteran employees or just startingout, the challenge is nothing lessthan to predict the future anddevelop technologies to counterfuture threats to national security. We invite you to learn moreon the following pages about themany ways Sandia’s people arecontributing to our nationalsecurity and America’s well-being.This report is not intended tocover all Sandia developments,but highlights selected work andactivities that we believe are ofparticular interest to the public.

For additional informationabout our capabilities andprograms, and technicalaccomplishments, please see ourwebsite at http://www.sandia.gov.

C. Paul Robinson

President and

Laboratories Director

Joan B. Woodard

Executive Vice President and

Deputy Director

Sandia is doing its utmost to develop scienceand engineering solutions to national security problems.

Sandia’s missions requireextraordinarily strong scienceand technology. We strive forand achieve advances that greatlyimprove performance—often byfactors of ten, a hundred, or evena thousand. We have achievedmany advances in our nanotech-nologies, microsensors, pulsedpower, and advanced materialsprograms in the past few years.Our research on light-emittingdiodes could eventually increasethe electrical efficiency of lightingby a factor of ten. Our new

modeling techniques fornanotube-based transistors couldeventually build computers withlogic devices more than onehundred times smaller thantoday’s tiniest silicon devices,with each device two or threetimes more functional. While spurred by the demandsof national security, theseadvances and others are stepson the way to achieving apeaceful and free world throughtechnology. The long-termbenefits of greatly increasedelectrical efficiency, for example,are the conservation of energyresources and a lesser environ-mental impact. A great deal ofthe nation’s progress has resulted

from an exceptional ability toconduct science with the missionin mind—to discover andengineer raw technology intorevolutionary products. Building upon our traditionalstrengths in materials and compu-tational sciences, we are makingsignificant advances in micro-and nanotechnologies, infor-mation technologies, andbiotechnologies. These threetechnologies will drive the NextGeneration Economy.

Al RomigVice PresidentScience & Technology andPartnerships

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Science & TechnologyPursuing science with the mission in mind

Sandia researcher Mark Tucker (holding nozzle)demonstrates the Sandia-developed decontaminationfoam to President George Bush (center) at a July 2002display of DOE labs’ antiterrorism projects at ArgonneNational Laboratory. Other officials seen here are (from

left) Ray Orbach, DOE’s Office of Science,DOE Secretary Spencer Abraham, and

US House Speaker Dennis Hastert (R-Ill.).

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Microsystems PromiseMacro-benefits Rapid detection, identification,and destruction of toxins are keytechnologies that Sandia has beendeveloping for many years. Ourefforts range from developmentof unique, nontoxic decontami-nation foams and mists to theborders of science: microsensorsand handheld detectors forchemical and biological toxins. Sandia demonstrated thepotential of microsystems fornational security by deployingmobile robots, each less thanone cubic inch in volume andequipped with microsensors andcommunications, across a testrange as a chemical agent simu-lant was released. The microbotsnot only detected the simulantbut also measured its concentra-tions and thus tracked how theplume spread and dispersed. We are placing the equivalentof fully staffed laboratories in thehands of first responders. Thisyear our MicroChem Lab becamethe MicroChem/Bio Lab on a

Chip. It now performs rapidchemical detection as well asdetection and identification ofimportant biotoxins, such asstaph, ricin, and botulism. It uses sensors, microsystems,and nanotechnologies developedat Sandia, where microfluidicphysics and chemistry areresearch strengths. It uses nano-tubes and micromachines thatcan grab single blood cellswithout harming them. Its heatingelements vaporize minutequantities of compounds that areanalyzed by tiny sensors. Sandia’s fabrication facilitiesare extensive. They can be usedto design complicated flowchannels with electrodes embed-ded in the glass, and fabricatethem. They can pattern porouspolymers and arrays of postswithin channels. Sandiamaintains a full-flow CMOS(complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor) fabricationfacility. And Sandia employs themost up-to-date technologies inprocesses such as deep reactive-ion etching, embossing, casting,

micro-injection molding, andLIGA—a German acronymfor lithography, electroplatingand molding. Surface propertiesof materials can be definedand tailored using plasmaoxidation. Sandia is exploringthe use of silicon-based micro-fluidic systems, fabricated usingCMOS-compatible processesand equipment, for high-voltageelectrophoresis and otherapplications. LIGA metallic and polymericmicrostructures have beenprototyped for first use as criticalcomponents flight-testing in 2003.This flight test will be a firstcritical step toward using thismicrosystem technology inweapon systems. Sandia researchers alsodesigned a wireless, battery-freesensor that would power itselfby converting mechanical energyfrom the subtle vibrations ofbuildings and bridges intoelectrical power. The sensor usesthis vibration power to takemeasurements, then stores thedata in a memory device that

Sandians Doug Chinn, Craig Henderson, andMichael Winter display a chrome mask for LIGA,a three-stage production process forfabricating microscopic parts.(Courtesy of East Bay [Calif.] Business Times)

can be read from outside thestructure—through concrete,steel, and other buildingmaterials—with a commercialradiofrequency (RF) tag readerused by trucking and ware-housing operations to tracktagged inventories. Civil engineers might usesuch a device to check the healthof a structure—a hospital,government building, dam, ortunnel—following an earthquake,storm, bomb blast, or othercatastrophe. Because the sensorsystem requires no hookups tobatteries or wires, it could beembedded into a structure duringconstruction and ignored until aneed arises to take a reading.

Sandia also developed verysensitive hand-held radiationdetectors using a uniquesemiconductor. This technologyreplaces large, refrigerated units,and could become essential fordetecting clandestine nuclearmaterials.

Nanotechnologies—New Materials, New Devices,New Potentials

Nanotechnologies operate atsizes approximately a thousandtimes smaller than microtech-nologies. Nanotechnologies areof interest not only because theycan be used to make very smallstructures, but also because the

commonly understood propertiesof ordinary materials are drama-tically different at the nanoscale.These differences provideintriguing possibilities for thosewho can integrate these newcapabilities into the micro- oreven macroworld. Silicon, for example, innanosized clumps emits light,offering a new realm of operationfor a mainstay semiconductormaterial widely known forcontrolling electrons but notphotons. The fluidity and frictionof apparently well-characterizedmaterials change unpredictablyat the nanoscale. For example,gold and copper become as hardas ceramics. Nanotechnologies at Sandiawill be developed at a newfacility, the Center for IntegratedNanotechnologies, or CINT, in ajoint program with Los AlamosNational Laboratory. CINT willhave four areas of expertise:using nanoscale structures tomanipulate electrons andphotons:; designing and synthe-sizing complex, self-assemblingnanostructures; exploring themechanics of behavior at thenanoscale; and importing bio-logical principles and functionsinto nano- and microsystems.Nanotechnologies enable ourcritical work in microsystems.

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Julie Last uses an atomic force microscope to imagethe travels of receptor-lipids on an artificial cellmembrane. Sandia researchers have witnessedmolecular movements that could evolve into some ofthe first useful tools for nanoconstruction.

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Nanomechanics and nanotri-bology (the study of friction), forexample, are fundamental forworking silicon micromachinesand microdevices produced bythe LIGA process. Labs researchers recentlycreated and then examinedmolecular movements that couldevolve into some of the firstuseful tools at future nanocon-struction sites, where proteinsmight be shuttled from place toplace in tiny chemical wheel-barrows or built upon molecularscaffolding. Using improvedobservational methods, theSandia team watched huddledmolecules on a man-made cellmembrane rapidly disperse acrossthe membrane when they latchedonto free-floating ligands(chemical attractors), thenrehuddled when the ligands wereremoved. The behavior mimicsbiological reactions at the celllevel, such as immune systemresponse to viral particles. Thework is based on previousresearch at Sandia to create metal-detecting sensors using chemicalrecognition events.

A collaboration betweenSandia and IBM modelednanotube transistors with gates100 times smaller (just 10nanometers) than today’s tiniestsilicon gates. The partnersmodeled a device in which theelectrodes of the gates werelinked by a strong, thin filamentof graphite-like carbon, rolledinto a nanotube no more thantwo nanometers (about 10 atoms)in diameter. Conventional devices can beswitched off by raising thevoltage at a gate between twoelectrodes. The new modelrevealed that increasing voltageat the gate first turns off thetransistor as in a conventionaldevice, then switches it backon. This surprising result is dueto quantum mechanical effectsthat are manifested only atthe nanoscale.

Increasing LightingEfficiency by Ten Times Sandia is at the forefront ofa revolution that promises tochange the way we light ourhomes, offices, and world. Sandiaresearchers are working toestablish the fundamental scienceand technology to replace thecountry’s primary lightingsources, incandescent bulbs andfluorescent tubes, with semi-conductor light-emitting diodes(LEDs)—solid state lighting. LEDs are already found intoys, electronics, traffic lights,automobile signals, and largeoutdoor displays—devices thatrequire durability, compactness,

Art Fischer holds a sapphire substrate withindium gallium nitride layers. This is the base

material for one type of semiconductor light-emittingdiodes (LEDs). LEDs may one day replace incandescent

bulbs and fluorescent tubes, substantiallyreducing electricity usage.

Top photo: Close-up view of LED’s substrate.

and cool operation. In someapplications they also enablesignificant cost savings due totheir lower consumption ofenergy. LED-based red trafficlights, for example, consumeone-tenth the energy of theirincandescent counterparts,enabling them to pay for them-selves in as little as one year. Thanks to the developmentof the semiconductor galliumnitride, bright LEDs are nowavailable from red to green toblue light, making it possible togenerate white light forillumination. Such white LEDsare now more efficient thanincandescent bulbs, although notas efficient as fluorescents.However, LED efficiencies 10times higher than incandescentsand two times higher thanfluorescents are believed to beachievable. As part of a

Laboratory Directed Research andDevelopment (LDRD) GrandChallenge program, Sandiaresearchers are exploring waysto further increase LED effi-ciencies, as well as to reduceproduction costs by more thantwo orders of magnitude. Thisyear Sandia scientists improvedthe power output of our near-ultraviolet (UV) LEDs by a factorof 15. In related work, Sandia isdeveloping a small, portabledetector of biological agents suchas anthrax. The device will usedeep UV LEDs to excite fluor-escence in biological specimenssuch as anthrax spores. The workon deep UV LEDs (340 and 280nm wavelengths) clearlycomplements the solid-statelighting work. Sandia’s work with advancedceramics is opening many

possibilities in nano- andmicrostructures, especially inphotonics and sensors. In past research, Sandia’sphotonic lattice has shown theability to bend light with no lossof efficiency. Now a microscopictungsten lattice—in effect, atungsten filament fabricated withan internal crystalline pattern—has the potential to raise theefficiency of an incandescentelectric bulb to somethingsubstantially larger than the 5percent currently achieved today.In a manner similar to LEDs, thiscould greatly reduce the world’smost vexing and importantpower problem—the costs tohomeowners caused by ineffi-cient lighting, as well as theenvironmental impact accom-panying unnecessary powergeneration. While this approachhas the potential to achieve the

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Researchers examinea part of Sandia’s

Z-Beamlet facility, theworld’s third largest pulsed

laser, used to image theeffect on a target of a firing

of Sandia’s mightyZ machine.

same, and possibly greater,energy efficiencies as solid statelighting, it is a more exploratory,high-risk technology. The advance also could meanincreased efficiencies inphotovoltaics—the process ofchanging light to electricity. Likecars that operate best on certaintypes of gas, photovoltaics workmost efficiently when struck bylight at wavelengths the materialcan best absorb and transmute. Computer calculations show thatby using a tungsten lattice to“dial” the proper wavelengthsallowed to strike photovoltaicmaterial, the efficiency ofconverting light to electricitywould rise to 51 percent fromthe 12.6 now possible usingtypical, less “smart” emitters.

The Amazing Z Machine:New Technologies forUnderstanding High-Energy-Density Physics

Three years ago, the Z pulsed-power accelerator exceeded itsgoals by producing x-ray energiesmore than 50 times and x-raypowers more than five timesgreater than any other laboratoryfacility. Its record output of 230terawatts of x-ray power (lastingfor a fraction of a second) is stillunchallenged today, and is about80 times the world’s totalelectrical generating capacity.Having established these x-raysource capabilities, Sandia’scontributions to high-energy-density physics have continuedat a rapid pace. For more than 30 years,scientists have sought to under-

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Mary Walker uploadsdiode components into a

hydrogen/vacuum firing furnaceat Sandia’s Z pulsed-power facility.

Hardly bigger than a bread box, this stackof embedded computer systems operatesas a portable cluster computer—useful

for demonstrations, conferences and roadshows. The system, which won a “Work

in Progress“ award at a computingconference, uses central processing unitssimilar to those found in hand-held devices

and a Linux operating system.

stand the nature and behavior ofmaterials under the very highpressures of a nuclear explosionor in the center of stars. Usingthe Z accelerator, Sandia scientistsdeveloped a revolutionary newcapability referred to as theIsentropic Compression Experi-ment (ICE). This technology usesmagnetic fields to compressmaterials to ultra-high pressureswithout causing shocks thatproduce unwanted heating withinthe sample. The technology ispresently being used to compressmaterials to pressures of aboutfour Mbar (four millionatmospheres of pressure) for veryaccurate equation-of-state (EOS)measurements. Experimentalconfigurations are also being

designed to extend the capabilityto even higher pressures. Theresulting EOS information iscritical for validating advancedmaterial models used in weaponsand scientific applications. The technology is also beingused to launch dime-sized flyerplates to velocities of about 28km/second, or 2.5 times theEarth’s escape velocity, tomeasure the effects of shocks on

materials. This produces accurateEOS measurements for shockcompression to pressures of morethan 20 Mbar, which previouslyhave been possible with com-parable accuracy only inunderground nuclear tests. The ICE/flyer plate technologyalso addresses an importantscientific and programmaticquestion involving the high-pressure equation of state of

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Mark Smith uses what amounts to a laser versionof a radar gun—a laser velocimeter system—to measure speed of tiny metal particles shootingtoward the work surface during Cold Spraydeposition.

Polymer hydrogen getters irreversibly scavengeunwanted hydrogen gas at room temperature,

improving the safety of consumer products, theefficiency of industrial processes, and the safety of

nuclear material shipments.

hydrogen and its isotopes. Notonly is the EOS of hydrogencritical to various scientificapplications, such as planetarycompositions and physics, butits material response in the Mbarpressure range is critical to theperformance of weapon systems.Recent laser-shock experimentsproduced EOS data that weresignificantly different from thatused in the scientific communityfor several decades and also fromrecent theories of hydrogen. Thedifferent results obtained fromthe laser data and from ab initiotheories of hydrogen haveresulted in considerable contro-versy in the scientific community.

The high-velocity flyer platetechnology has proved valuablein addressing this controversybecause it is providing highlyaccurate EOS data on liquiddeuterium, a hydrogen isotope,to pressures of about 1 Mbar.These results, which disagreewith the laser data and supportthe ab initio theories, arereceiving widespread scientificand programmatic attention. The ICE technology is beingapplied to a variety of othernuclear weapons stockpile stew-ardship applications, includingdetermination of high-pressureequation-of-state properties,optical and mechanical prop-

erties, the effects of aging onmaterial response, and identi-fication of high-pressure phasetransitions. The isentropiccompression and associated flyerplate techniques have beenavailable only two years but arealready having a major impacton the National Nuclear SecurityAdministration (NNSA) StockpileStewardship program and basicscience programs in theuniversities. To help meet theincreasing demand for theseexperiments, ICE/flyerconfigurations have been devel-oped on the Z accelerator thatpermit up to 12 individual experi-ments to be performed on a

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Sandia researcher Mark Knudson holds two flyer plates in his right hand and chambers of his high-tech gun in his left, used with the Z acceleratorto launch dime-sized pellets to velocities exceeding 44,000 mph.

single Z shot. In FY02, materialcharacterization on the Z facilitywas in such demand thatresearchers generated more than600 individual experimentrequests, but only about 200could be accommodated. In its first try as a Sandiadiagnostic tool, Sandia’s Z-Beamlet (presently the thirdlargest laser in the world)confirmed that the Z machinespherically compressed asimulated fusion capsule.Uniform 3-D compression of aninertial confinement fusioncapsule is an essential step increating controlled nuclear fusion.It means that the x-ray energy isbeing uniformly delivered to thefusion capsule and is efficientlycompressing the capsule, forcingits atoms closer to fusing. Z-Beamlet images theimploding capsule in a mannerthat is similar to a giant dentalx-ray. Using a burst of energyonly a third of a billionth of asecond in duration, it takes asnapshot by creating a shadowon a piece of x-ray film placedbehind the BB-sized capsuleinside the central chamber of thefiring Z machine. The shadow,like the x-ray picture taken of atooth, accurately depicts what isgoing on in the “mouth” of Z.

Advancements inMaterials Sciences A long-standing problem fornuclear weapons has been theremoval of components forreplacement or testing. Sandiadeveloped a new, patentedencapsulant technology basedon a thermally decomposablepolymer within an epoxy system.The encapsulant can be removedwithout damaging sensitive com-

ponents. This technology is beingextended to develop removableadhesives and coatings forelectronic circuit boards. Plastic Encapsulated Com-mercial Off the Shelf (COTS)electronics are being used andconsidered for a wide range ofweapon (nuclear and conven-tional), satellite, and sensorapplications. However, questionsconcerning the long-term reli-ability of these electronics havekept some commercial electronics

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Researcher Peter Feibelman has studied unexpected behavior at the liquid-solid interface, leading to a newinterpretation of water-solid interactions.

from use in high-consequenceapplications. Sandia’s work hasbeen critical in demonstratingthat COTS electronics have theneeded reliability when theyare produced using bestcommercial practices. Sandia is exploring aninnovative approach to improvingthe properties of glass, especiallyfor buildings and other high-consequence applications. Duringaccidents, natural disasters, orexplosions, shattering glass canlead to significant injuries. Sandiais working with Penn StateUniversity on a new process,involving double-ion exchange,for improving the mechanicalstrength and reliability of glass.When it breaks, this EngineeredStress Profile Glass shatters intovery small, harmless pieces.

Sandia scientists made a majorbreakthrough in the search fora lightweight, low-temperature,and low-pressure means ofstoring hydrogen for fuel cellautomobile applications bydeveloping a novel method forproducing catalyzed complex-hydrides to store hydrogen. Thestarting materials are simplyaluminum and sodium hydridepowders. When mixed with atitanium catalyst precursor, theresulting material forms a powderthat is capable of storing a record4 to 5 percent hydrogen byweight. Hydrogen gas can bedesorbed (at 1 atmosphere) inless than 1 hour at 125°C.Lightweight and high-strengthaluminum alloys have greatimportance in the automotiveand aerospace industries due to

their strength both at low andhigh temperatures. A break-through in the scientific under-standing of technologically vitalalloys has been achieved. Thenew understanding of thisimportant alloy could have greatimpact in the heat treatment ofaluminum engine blocks and inoptimizing the processing of halfa billion pounds of aluminumeach year.

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A research team led by Kent Pfeifer has designedand demonstrated the feasibility of a wireless,battery-free, vibration-powered sensor thatcould help keep tabs on the structural healthof buildings and bridges.

Keith Snyder’s patented shielding system—originally designed to help protect workers at alarge, high-speed weapons centrifuge—mayfind many post-9/11 security applicationsbeyond what he originally envisioned.

New fundamental discoveriesare also being made in theprocessing of materials. A newcrystallographic orientationrelationship in steel, the firstdiscovered in nearly half acentury, was identified by twoSandia scientists studying theprocessing of stainless steels.This orientation relationship willbe important in understandinghow stainless steels, which arewidely used materials, performsubsequent to fabrication.

Biophysics andBiotechnology Sandia researchers are pursu-ing a revolutionary approach tobuilding microsystems in whichfunctions found in biological andnanoscale systems are combinedwith more conventional materialsand processes. The ultimate resultmay be the first-ever program-mable Molecular IntegratedMicrosystems (MIMS) devices thatcan be used for rapid chemicaland biochemical analysis insensors and encoded opticalinterconnects that can routeoptical energy on demand.Over the past decade, Sandia hastaken a pioneering role in themovement from traditionalmacroscale components anddevices to fully miniaturizedengineering systems. We are nowtaking advantage of microscaleaddressability to locally control

materials properties and molec-ular interactions within themicrosystem itself. The MIMS grand challengewas initiated more than two yearsago with the goal of developingthe technical basis for the nextgeneration of biochemicalanalysis and integrated opticalmicrosystems. The biochemicalanalysis portion of the project isfocused on new approaches tosort and separate small quantitiesof proteins in complex biochem-ical mixtures using the µProLab—Sandia's on-chip protein lab. TheµProLab will preconcentratedilute protein samples andperform on-chip biochemicalseparations, similar to whatSandia's “chem-lab-on-a-chip”does with deadly chemicals.Using microchannels as small asa few millimeters long, Sandiaresearchers demonstratedseparation of six proteins and

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A spatial positioner used in Sandia’s SUMMiT-VTM process—a sequence of deposition,

patterning, and etching steps—used to helpbuild microelectromechanical systems (MEMs).

The world’s smallest silicon microchain drive,developed by Sandia’s Ed Vernon, may find

applications including powering microcamerashutters and for mechanical timing and decoding.

peptides in 45 seconds—one-tenth the time it would take ifperformed in longer capillaries,and with 1/1,000th the startingsample needed for laboratory-bench-top separations usingtypical chromatography columns. Sandia researchers aredeveloping new “smart” materialsthat can reconfigure themselveslike living systems. As a first step,the researchers plan to use ormodify key components fromliving systems and integrate andcontrol those components inartificial microfluidic environ-ments. They are looking at motorproteins—considered to benature’s means for transportingcargo within living cells—as theactive components in the newdynamic nanomaterials. In the “Genomes to Life”program, Sandia will lead one ofthree national lab-led projectsand participate in the other twoprojects. The program will useadvanced computation, genomic

information, and other resourcesto take advantage of solutionsthat nature has already devisedto help solve problems in energyproduction, environmentalcleanup, and carbon cycling.Through a systems approach tobiology at the interface of thebiological, physical, andcomputational sciences, theprogram seeks to understandentire living organisms and theirinteractions with the environ-ment. One goal of the Genomes

to Life program is to understandmolecular machines and theircontrols so well that they can beused and even redesigned toaddress national needs.

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Curtis Mowry deposits biological material to be rapidlyanalyzed on the “hot plate” portion of a Sandia

prototype anthrax detector. Other Sandia researchersare studying alternate technologies for quickly detecting

anthrax and other biological and chemical agents.

Sandia’s nuclear weaponswork preserves our nationalsecurity and technological super-iority, providing overwhelmingtechnological advantages thatoften apply in many homelanddefense and other nationalsecurity applications. Only the most advanced andfailsafe technologies, processes,and validated systems fulfill ourresponsibilities to the nation toensure the safety, security, andreliability of our nuclear arsenal.

The nation’s sustained supportof Sandia has resulted in anunparalleled institution thatconducts world-class science andengineering for the most criticalnational security missions. Ourresearch laboratories and facilitiesfor large-scale testing and compu-tational simulation are nationaltreasures that are helping usachieve a more secure future.This support continues today aswe begin building the Micro-systems and Engineering SciencesApplication (MESA) complex, thecornerstone of 21st centuryweapons development. TheNational Nuclear SecurityAdministration (NNSA) alsosupported other new facilitiesthat will establish new scienceand technology foundations,

revitalize our current strengths,and modernize our longstandingcapabilities for weapons inte-gration and certification. Ultimately, our nucleardeterrent lies in the scientific andtechnological capabilities ofSandia’s people and their abilityto develop science andengineering solutions to nationalsecurity problems with thehighest degree of confidence.The nuclear weapons programat Sandia is the principal driverfor a revitalized workforce andnew technology development.Since the horrors of Sept. 11,2001, many top-of-class scientistsand engineers have been addedto revitalize our workforce. With each new generation ofscientists and engineers entering

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Nuclear Weapons

Dave Faucett (right) connects a data readout cableto an acceleration recorder while Phil Reyes

uploads data after an experiment when a testunit was rocket-propelled along Sandia’s rocket sledtrack. The nuclear weapons program has long used

this Sandia facility to conduct vital tests.

Preserving national security

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Sandia, we are determined tobuild on our advances ininnovative ways. We preservethe wisdom, art, and science ofour pioneers through theKnowledge Preservation Project,the Weapons Intern Program,and the willingness of olderSandians to serve as mentors. Scientists and engineers aredrawn to Sandia by the grandchallenges of our work, byunmatched facilities in which toconduct breakthrough research,and, most of all, by the desire torender, as their honored prede-cessors have, “exceptional servicein the national interest.” That isthe heritage and continuingcontribution of Sandia’s nuclearweapons mission.

Tom HunterSenior Vice PresidentDefense Programs

Nuclear DeterrentRemains Strong Sandia is first and foremosta steward of our nation’s nuclearstockpile. A failsafe nucleardeterrent has long been vital tominimizing our nation’s vulner-ability to attack, and Sandia iscentral to keeping the deterrentever ready. Certifying and preserving thatdeterrent remain our primarymissions, and they continue to

evolve due to such events andactivities as the nuclear armsreduction treaty with Russia,changing defense strategiesresulting from the recent nationalNuclear Posture Review, and theincreasing proliferation of nuclearand other weapons of massdestruction in a post-Cold-Warpolitical environment. Many ofthese changes result in expandedresponsibilities for Sandia and itspeople. Each year Sandia indepen-dently determines whether the

Doug Clark demonstrates hardware componentsof the new Code Management System for nuclearweapons. Sandia has delivered all hardware and

software components to the military, and thesystem is now operational.

weapons of our nuclear arsenalare safe, secure, and will functionas designed. We develop newtechnologies for weapons andfor monitoring them, andproduce alterations and modifi-cations of weapons systems tomaintain their capabilities. Wealso develop technologies andsystems to train our armed forcesin handling these weapons andto safeguard the productioncomplex. This systematic andobjective scrutiny of all aspectsof our nuclear arsenal maintains,sharpens, and deepens our systemanalysis and scientific capabilities. These capabilities, addressingevery scenario of threat in asystematic way, have beenextended to other threats to thenation. Thus, we are transformingfrom a preeminent stance as thenation’s nuclear engineering lab,to the nation’s preeminentnational security lab. We areapplying the technologies, prin-ciples, and systems developedat Sandia for nuclear suretyinto a much broader realm ofnational surety. That is the challenge ofbecoming the national securitylab, the lab the nation turns tofirst for its most challengingtechnological problems.

A New Generation ofTechnologies andCapabilities With the retirement of somenuclear weapons productionfacilities, Sandia continues toadvance our manufacturingcapabilities, especially inproducing new technologies toreplace components that wereoriginally designed and producedyears ago with new, superiortechnology. In 1992, we began producingelectronic and limited life-cyclecomponents such as gas genera-tors and, in 1994, neutrongenerators. Sandia’s advancedmanufacturing capabilities aremodels for manufacturing low-volume, high-reliability parts for

the nuclear weapons complex.Since 1992 we have deliveredmore than 40,000 components.Products include actuators,thermal batteries, igniters, gasgenerators, capacitors, magnetics,frequency devices, and electroniccomponents. We have maintaineda 100 percent first-time accep-tance by the National NuclearSecurity Administration’sAlbuquerque office. In manycases, through ingenuity andadvanced capabilities, we havetransformed components withlimited shelf life to componentsthat may never need replacing. Since adopting LockheedMartin’s Lean/Six Sigma projectmanagement approach, theneutron generator productioncenter has seen a 50 percentreduction in frame defects; a 66

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B61-4 Type 3-E training system produced by Sandiais used by the US Air Force to practice weaponloading and handling operations.

A group of Junior ROTC students from an Albuquerque high school examines a replica of the“Fat Man” bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, to end World War II. The replica isin the new location of the National Atomic Museum that opened in May 2002. The nuclear

science and history museum is now located in the Old Town section of Albuquerque.

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percent reduction in piecepart and fixture packaging time;a 33 percent reduction in neutrontube exhaust cycle time; andreduction in work in process andcycle times. Sandia’s largest constructionproject ever, the $423 millionMicrosystems Engineering andSciences Applications (MESA)complex, continues to move ata fast pace. NNSA allotted $68million this year for engineeringdesign completion, rerouting ofMESA site utilities, upgrading ofthe Microelectronics Develop-ment Lab major support systems,and retooling of equipment forproducing radiation-hardenedmicroelectronics. The MESAcomplex will combine micro-systems, advanced computation,and engineering design to create21st century weapons andsensors for the nation, as well asto provide facilities for joint workwith researchers from universitiesand business.

MESA will incorporate thework of other DOE/NNSAinitiatives, such as:

• the computations andsimulations of the JointComputational EngineeringLaboratory (JCEL)

• the computing power andcodes of the Advanced Simulationand Computing initiative (ASCI)

• the communications infra-structure under development atthe Distributed InformationSystems Laboratory (DISL) atSandia/California. DISL will housecomputer scientists, analysts, andweapon design engineers toresearch and deploy theadvanced computing andnetworking technologies neededto support the nuclear weaponsstockpile stewardship program. For some time we haveexplored microsystems tech-nologies to enhance existingsystems and enable new system

architectures. Sandia is focusingon the maturation of war reserve-quality microsystems technologiesand engineering methods. This year, we demonstratedcommon hermetic packaging formechanical, electrical, and opticalmicrocomponents, precisionalignment of optics, and othermicrosystems manufacturingtechniques.

Maintaining Our Nation’sNuclear WeaponsStockpile Stewardship

The U.S. nuclear weaponsstockpile requires exact engine-

Sandia researchers examine a complicateddata set displayed with a clarity unmatchedby high-definition TV. Multimillion-pixel imagesrepresenting scientific data allow scientists abetter view of complicated phenomenalike crashes and fires.

An aerial view of the Sandia/California site isprojected in the Visualization Design Center.

ering and the integration ofnuclear weapons with theirdelivery systems. Sandiaresearches, designs, and develops97 percent of the approximately6,500 components of a modernnuclear weapon. And wepreserve the nation’s capabilityto develop—should the needarise—new options for nationaldefense. Sandia is alsoresponsible for most areas oftesting systems and trainingpersonnel how to handle themsafely and securely. Our successes this past yearincluded the following:

• A new Code ManagementSystem (CMS) provides a signifi-cant security enhancement toweapons operations in Europe.The CMS project completed afour-year, full-scale engineeringeffort with a system thatenables the recoding ofnuclear weapons in a fullyencrypted manner andgreatly simplifies use andlogistics issues.

• We continuedestablishing thefoundations of modeling

and simulation forscience-based stockpilestewardship (SBSS).Using Sandia-developed or modifiedmassively parallel

computing software, wesimulated complex

problems such as optimal fincant angle, contact fuse operation,and the behavior of a reentrybody. These simulations involvea vast number of variables oncethought beyond the realm of

computation. Compared andrefined with experimental data,the simulations are providing anew level of accuracy andconfidence for SBSS.

• In past years, Sandia developeda number of application-specificintegrated circuits (ASICs). Thesecircuits, about the size of micro-chips, replace much larger printed-wiring boards (PWBs) that heldindividual electronic components.Modern ASICs are much bettersuited to withstand the hostileenvironment of weapons. Thenew, smaller units also providemore space for other in situ testingand diagnostic systems.

• This year, Sandia developed itsfirst custom microprocessorarchitecture, the Sandia SecureProcessor. With emphasis onsurety, the design applies math-ematically provable methods forverifying flawless, secure oper-ation. The processor is plannedfor fabrication in a radiation-hardened technology in our

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High-fidelity dynamics model of a sophisticated weaponcomponent assembly.

Marcus Knudson displaysa printed wiring boardcreated in telemetry R&D.

Microelectronics DevelopmentLaboratory.

• We continued developingfuture firing and fuzing systemsthat contain a wide range of newtechnologies. These technologiesincluded the use of micro-machine and LIGA stronglinks(LIGA is a German acronym fora three-stage production processfor fabricating microscopic parts),optical firing sets, and opticalcharging and triggering ofcapacitors. Through the useof simulation and rapid-prototyping tools and techniques,we were able to go from paperdesigns to hardware in less thana year. In addition, these toolsallowed us to evaluate and solvea variety of design and manu-facturing issues before prototypeswere fabricated.

• Sandia has been a worldleader in developing sensors thatcan “see, hear, and feel”substances or events thousandsof times more sensitively thanhumans can. We continue towork on miniaturized sensors

that monitor the health of nuclearweapons. The U.S. Navy W76-0/Mk4 Joint Test Assembly (JTA)redesign achieved productionunit status, following a successfuldevelopment flight test. Theredesign replaced aging tech-nology components in theexisting 20-year-old JTA, whichis used to test the continuedconformance of a denuclearizedversion of the warhead. The newJTA collects significantly morestate-of-health and criticalperformance data from onboardthe reentry vehicle. This workhas far-ranging applications inother missions, as describedelsewhere in this publication.

• For training, we completed asystem that the U.S. Air Forcewill use to practice loading andhandling operations. TheWarhead Simulator Package is akey component of the trainer,which simulates the electricalfunctionality of a real War Reservenuclear weapon. The new trainerprovides a significantimprovement by allowing military

personnel to realistically practiceperforming lock/unlock andprelaunch arming/safingoperations without using a realnuclear weapon.

Stockpile Life ExtensionPrograms

• The W76 Trident and W80cruise missile Stockpile LifeExtension Programs (SLEPs)challenge Sandia to achievetechnical innovations and employnew modeling and simulationtools. Sandia is developing newdesigns for the electrical systems,neutron generators, gas-transfersystems, and several newstructural components. We alsomust achieve significantimprovements in surety. Sandiadesigns and validates new WarReserve quality components thatemploy technologies often manygenerations ahead of the previousones. These new technologiesare far more reliable and manytimes lighter and smaller.

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Artist’s rendering of the Microsystems and EngineeringSciences Applications (MESA) complex. MESA is the

largest construction project in Sandia’s history.

• The W80 program is the firstto be based at our Livermore,Calif. site, bringing newchallenges to our workforcethere. These programs willintroduce a new generation ofscientists and engineers to thedaunting challenges ofmaintaining our national securityin the face of evolving threats,without actual nuclear testing.

• Our manufacturing groupaccomplished a seeminglyimpossible fabrication task. Basedon a W80 system requirement,they designed and fabricated atube within a tube with thin wallthicknesses; created features ofvery high aspect ratios (diameterversus length); manufacturedmicro-size grooves and angledholes; and assembled thecomponents to provide a high-pressure seal.

Meeting theGrand Challenges ofComputational Sciences

Sandia’s computer expertiseis world renowned. We are theonly institution to win two GordonBell awards, presented forsurmounting “grand challenges”in computer sciences. Sandiadeveloped the science andmethods for making thousandsof processors work togetherefficiently, when most peoplebelieved only ten processors werethe practical limit. We alsodiscovered a way to computa-tionally solve very large problemsin relatively few steps, when mostpeople believed they would takemillions of steps.This year we continued ourprogress on many fronts:

• Advanced Simulation andComputing (ASCI) is on path toachieve a revolutionary advancein computing power—100 trillion

calculations per second (100TeraOps) by 2006, or about 333times faster than the approxi-mately 300 billion calculationsper second achieved in 1996. In2004, Sandia will complete its 20TeraOps “Red Storm” system,seven times as powerful as ourcurrent supercomputer.

• Last year we developed a high-performance computer graphicsrendering system to handle thelarge datasets generated by theASCI supercomputers, whichexceeded the capability ofprevious computer graphicssystems. Sandia used $350 PCgraphics cards to build a scalablerendering system that performs100 times faster than the largestcommercial system, thussurmounting one key challengeof the ASCI.

• Still, efficiently storing andmoving hundreds of terabytes ofinformation across networksremains a second key challenge.A demonstration showed thatthe next generation network andstorage technology would allowresearchers at national labora-tories to remotely share complex3-D rendering of massivelycomplex calculations.

• We also participated in theDistance and DistributedComputing (DisCom) Project.The Tri-Lab (Sandia, Los Alamos,and Lawrence Livermore nationallabs) ASCI Grid is the world’s

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Archie Gibson, operations team leaderfor Sandia’s Corporate Computing Facility, inspectsthe ASCI Red supercomputer.

largest computationalgrid with the mostprocessors (24,548) andhighest computecapability (19 TeraOps).Grid services enableboth local and remoteusers to effectively usevarious ASCI resourcesfrom their desktops.

• Sandia continues work tomodify the Intel Pentium® micro-processor to make it capableof surviving the radiation ofweapons and deep-space envi-ronments. Intel granted Sandiaa fee-free license, saving tax-payers millions of dollars. The“hardening” of ever-smaller andmore sensitive chips is one ofSandia’s longstanding contri-butions to national defense andaerospace industries, and Sandiaexpects to complete hardeningthe Pentium soon.

• Sandia’s Cplant team developeda scalable architecture forcontinued computing expansion,and a testing strategy to ensurea quality environment for theusers. It is now a tri-lab compu-ting resource, extending its accessto sister labs and to the opencommunity. Cplant, short forComputational Plant, is now thelargest Linux cluster in the worldwith nearly 2,000 Compaq Alpha

nodes. This inexpensive, scalableand “home-grown” computernow ranks 30th on the Top 500list of the world’s most powerfulcomputers and is the world’slargest and most productive self-made supercomputer.

• Sandia computer scientists alsobuilt a cluster computer smallenough to fit in an airline storagecompartment. Using computerelements that are normallyembedded in automobiles andhome appliances and thus manytimes smaller than generalcomputer chips, they showedthat cluster computers don’t needa football-sized field to performlarge calculations.

Keeping Our Lab Secure

Hacking cyberspace is agrowing international problemand Sandia is always an attractivetarget. Agile intrusion-detectionprocesses, new firewall manage-ment procedures, network

scanning, switched high-speednetworks, and the SandiaCommon Operating Environmenthave produced a robustcybersecurity architecture thathas withstood the test ofnumerous audits and reviews.Viruses, Internet attacks,attempted intrusions, andunauthorized access are subjectto rigorous scrutiny and rapidlydealt with when detected. On-line procedures, rapid responseteams, and a sophisticatedcyberarchitecture have created astate-of-the-art system designedto provide Sandia an effectivecybersecurity posture. OurIntrusion Detection SystemLaboratory has been creditedwith capturing and identifying anumber of Internet attacks,including the damaging “CodeRed” worm.

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Sandian Ken Chavez holdsa wind-tunnel model of the

B61-11 weapon.

While arms reduction treatiesbetween the U.S. and Russia willreduce standing arsenals, thethreats of nuclear proliferationremain, as do threats from otherweapons of mass destruction.Law-enforcement agencies aroundthe world have seized more thana dozen shipments of illegal,weapons-grade uranium orplutonium since the breakup ofthe Former Soviet Union (FSU).The Nuclear Posture Review,produced by the Defense Depart-ment in late 2001, recognizes that12 nations have nuclear weaponsprograms, 28 nations have ballisticmissiles, 13 nations have biological

weapons, and 16 nations havechemical weapons. Sandia’s Nonproliferation andMaterials Control Programdevelops technology and methodsto enhance security and supportU.S. policy worldwide. We workwith the FSU to protect and tracknuclear materials from dismantledweapons systems and to providescientific employment forweapons scientists. We supporttreaty verification with othercountries and develop newtechnologies for aircraft andsatellite deployment to detect andcharacterize proliferation activitiesin nuclear, chemical, andbiological weapons. We aredeveloping and evaluatingphysical-protection systems thatinclude sophisticated technologiesthat can be employed both athome and abroad. Much of ourtechnology also is being applied

in homeland security efforts andin the war on terrorism. Sandia has successfullysupplied technologies for thedismantlement of many thousandsof nuclear weapons. We haveinstalled modern physicalprotection systems and controlsat many facilities that storeweapons and materials, thussecuring even more thousands ofweapons and many hundreds oftons of materials. As we discoverand secure weapons materials,and thwart attempts to take themfrom safe storage to potentialattack, we will continue to bolsterour nation’s vigilance.

K. David NokesVice PresidentNational Security &Arms Control

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Nonproliferation & Materials Control

Search and rescue dogs at the World Trade Center sitewere fitted with a mini-cam system that Sandia evaluated

before the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.

Making the world a safer place

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‘Waging Peace’ withTechnology Political dissuasion, negoti-ation, and internationalagreements remain the first meansof preventing the global spreadof nuclear and other weapons ofmass destruction. But carryingout that diplomacy depends onthe development of technologiesthat can accurately detect,categorize, control, and assessproliferation dangers. Developingand helping to apply thosetechnologies is Sandia’s role. Sandia’s nonproliferationtechnologies range frommicroscopic instruments to largeintelligence-gathering systems thatmonitor the globe. The tech-nologies keep track of thethousands of weapons in existingstockpiles and help to enforceinternational treaties. They alsomonitor the greater dangers oftheft or diversion of nuclearmaterials and of biological andchemical weapons productionand, potentially, their use.

Miniaturized instruments arevirtually impossible to detect orcompromise and include sensorsthat detect substances or events,such as the movement ofweapons materials, and commu-nication and tracking devices.Worldwide systems gather datafrom a vast array of sources andintelligently fuse these datastreams into information that helpsdevelop the knowledge neededfor strategic decision making.Beyond developing technology,Sandia supports the United Statesand international agencies by

applying its nuclear and systemsexpertise in a wide variety ofintelligence programs andvulnerability assessments. As thesystems integrator for the nation’snuclear arsenal, we apply ouraccumulated knowledge toforeign technology assessments,to our intelligence community,and to worldwide problems suchas cyber security of criticalinformation and globalcommunication systems.

Richard Sparks displays a K-9 collar camera that Sandia evaluated, along with a TV video

monitor/receiver kit, for the National Institute ofJustice. The system was used to help search

the World Trade Center site after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks.

International SecurityRaising the TechnologicalBarriers

Sandia develops technologiesand systems to counter theincreasing nuclear dangers of thepost-Cold-War era. For decadesthe design and manufacture ofa nuclear weapon has been wellwithin the grasp of industrializedsocieties, as demonstrated byIndia and Pakistan in 1998. The biggest barrier todeveloping a nuclear weaponhas been obtaining weaponsmaterials. Sandia developstechnologies and processes toobstruct or prevent that fromhappening at a time wheninternational borders and theavailability of advanced weapondesign, production, anddeception technologies havebeen loosened. Sandia isdeveloping a wide range ofground-, air- and space-basedinstruments and systems to detectthe signatures of uranium pro-

duction. Producing plutoniumrequires large nuclear reactors,and these facilities are vulnerableto many forms of surveillance. Sandia is playing a strategicrole in the U.S./Russia armsreduction treaties. The TrilateralInitiative of the United States,Russian Federation, and theInternational Atomic EnergyAgency, aided by seniorSandians, is developing a modelverification agreement andexploring verificationtechnologies. Culminating four years ofcollaboration with the All RussianInstitute of Experimental Physics(VNIIEF), we conducted a virtualribbon cutting of the Facility-to-Facility project. The goal is toevaluate advanced fissile materialmonitoring and communicationstechnologies in a bilateral regime.Two facilities, one at SavannahRiver Site and one at VNIIEF, areplacing fissile material into asimulated bilateral monitoringregime. The results of this project

will provide critical insight intothe potential role of advancedmonitoring and communicationstechnologies for improvedsecurity and control of materialsin the US and Russia. Under the sponsorship ofthe Defense Threat ReductionAgency, we have developed anew relationship with the Russiannuclear weapons forces in thearea of warhead monitoring. Thismultiyear project will exploremonitoring concepts andtechnologies for enhancedwarhead security and safety. TheUS/Russian project team hasselected a military site in St.Petersburg for technologydevelopment and field trials.Results of the effort will lead toRussian-certified technologies forenhanced security and safety ofthe Russian stockpile. Sandia’s CooperativeMonitoring Center (CMC) is amicrocosm of our internationalsecurity efforts. The CMC wasestablished in 1994 to develop

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Sandia is a major participant in developingsatellite surveillance technology for

national defense purposes. This “antennafarm” is part of the nation’s new space-to-ground

communication path for nuclear detonation detection.

The Altus unmanned aerial vehicle.

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and provide information to othernations about how technologiescan be used to make the worlda safer place. The CooperativeMonitoring Center worked withretired military officials from Indiaand Pakistan to develop conceptsfor cooperation along theircontentious border. Pakistan hasproposed specific ground-basedborder-monitoring systems to bedeployed cooperatively betweenIndia and Pakistan. India workedwith the Center to develop plansfor cooperative aerial overflightsalong the India-Pakistan border.Both efforts seek to reduceborder tensions between thesenuclear-weapon-capable states.

Security SystemsExpanding Our Influencethrough Security-SystemsEngineering

Sandia shares technologiesfor protecting nuclear materialwith Russia in a program that

complements our support of thenation’s policies on internationalnonproliferation. Sandia is theworld’s treasury of knowledgefor nuclear security, having beencharged for many decades withdeveloping and implementingsecurity for the entire U.S.weapons complex. The theft or diversion of afew kilograms of weapons-gradematerials—not of nuclearweapons, which are highlysecure—is the greatest prolifer-ation danger. Researchersestimate there are 240 to 320metric tons of plutonium and1,700 metric tons of uraniumworldwide. The breakup of the SovietUnion poses a continuingproliferation threat for thesematerials. For decades, Russiarelied on a “guns-and-guards”approach to security. Thismethod is now vastly under-funded. For the past nine years,Sandia and the Department ofEnergy’s Office of Nonprolifer-

ation and National Security havehelped Russia develop a morerigorous technology-orientedsafeguards system. Sandia’s Second Line ofDefense (SLD) Program hassuccessfully initiated strategiesand processes to rapidly provideintegrated sustainable systems tominimize the risk of nuclearproliferation and terrorism. InRussia, 26 site surveys wereperformed at Russian airports,seaports, railroad checkpoints,and border crossings. These sitesurveys included the deploymentand acceptance of SLD systemsinstalled at eight RussianFederation State CustomsCommittee facilities to detect anddeter the illicit movement ofnuclear materials out of Russia.The program has been successfuland is growing to include otherkey countries. Russia’s nuclear cities facemany hardships, which can bemitigated with enlargedcommercial and civilian ventures.

Right: Sandia’s “Second Line of Defense” programminimizes the risk of nuclear proliferation and terrorism.

Monitoring rail traffic crossing the Russianborders is part of this program.

Below: Under sponsorship of the Defense ThreatReduction Agency, Sandia has developed a newrelationship with Russian nuclear weapons forces inwarhead monitoring. Russian weapon casesare seen here being tested.

For example, a Sandia researchproject is taking advantage ofadvances in sensors, materialsscience, and microcomputers todevelop an artificial limb thateven more closely emulates thehuman leg in terms of bothperformance and comfort. Thiseffort employs 120 Russianscientists who were designingweapons.

IntelligenceUsing Our Technologiesand Expertise to AnalyzeInformation

For decades the grandchallenge of the intelligencecommunity has been to reducegreat rivers of raw data intostreams of information. Data aregathered in gigabits per secondeach from countless sensors,many in different formats, com-municating to different receivers.The goal is to sieve these infor-mation streams in ways that helpanalysts gain sufficient knowledgeto make accurate decisions.

Sandia is one of the world’sleading centers for exploitationof massive data streams anddatabases. We produced manybreakthroughs in the computerand heuristic sciences. Today weare developing enhancedtechniques for the intelligencecommunity, as well as advancedtechnologies to gather data. The space-based GlobalPositioning System/NuclearDetonation (NUDET) DetectionSystem (GPS/NDS) is a constel-lation of Air Force satellites thathas two missions: (1) to provideaccurate navigational data and(2) to detect and report nuclearevents. The second mission tosupport worldwide NUDETdetection surveillance is providedby a sensor payload on the GPSsatellites called the Global BurstDetector (GBD). Sandia is completing theNNSA-funded GBD prototypeand qualification payload unitsfor the next generation GPS BlockIIF satellites. This series ofpayloads includes state-of-the-art optical, electromagnetic-pulse,

and x-ray sensors for thedetection of NUDETs in theatmosphere and space. As part of this technologydevelopment, Sandia hasfabricated a unique event-drivenoptical sensor assembly forsatellite applications. Theassembly, packaged in a 3-dimensional cube of electronics,contains an optical sensor frontend, signal-processing electronics,and custom processors to huntout signals of interest in high-false-alarm environments. In avolume of approximately 1.5cubic inches, this assembly iscapable of ultra-high frame-ratesensing (more than 80,000 framesper second). Signal processingoccurs at more than a gigabit persecond of raw data, a level ofperformance never beforeapproached in a package nearthis volume. The ability of imaging radarfrom airborne platforms to “see”objects below trees and foliagewas an unsolved problem formany years. Sandia is nowdeveloping a high-resolution,

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Sensor-fusion technology—which can identify obscuredobjects and track, for example,military vehicles to show ahistory of activity at a site—can support nonproliferation andtreaty verification.

3-D topographic SAR (syntheticaperture radar) that addressesfoliage penetration while stillproviding good resolution. Thesystem has met preliminary mile-stones and was scheduled for asecond test flight in fall 2002. The Multispectral ThermalImager (MTI) satellite is a Sandia-led, multilaboratory R&D projectsponsored by NNSA’s DefenseNuclear Nonproliferation Office.MTI has been in orbit since thespring of 2000 and has gatheredthousands of multispectral andthermal image sets. MTI hasdemonstrated the capability tomeasure absolute water temper-atures from space to better than2 degrees Kelvin and relativewater temperature measurementsbetter than hundredths of adegree Kelvin. Its multispectralcapabilities are now beingapplied to a wide variety ofproblems of national interest. The DOE AURA (AdvancedUV Remote-Sensing Applications)program completed the secondof three major field-testdeployments to Dugway ProvingGround, Utah. For this test theAURA payload, an advancedultraviolet laser-inducedfluorescence lidar, was installedin an environmentally controlledcontainer and configured tooperate from a fixed ground

location. The payloadwas tested againsta broad range ofweapons of massdestruction scenarios,and in many cases thesystem performance farexceeded the originaldesign goals. Sandia has providedits data fusion, model-ing and simulation, and advancedsensor capabilities to governmentorganizations responsible for theoperation of treaty verificationsystems. Examples include theability to:

• detect, locate, and identifyclandestine nuclear tests basedon detailed knowledge of theEarth’s structure and signalpropagation characteristics.

• perform detailed mathematicaland statistical analyses of morethan 20,000 sensor events in atest sponsored by the Air ForceSpace and Missile Systems Center.

• develop an improved methodfor evaluating the performanceof an intersatellite communi-cations system used by the GlobalPositioning System (GPS)satellites. This work influencedthe design of future GPS satellites.

Advanced Chemical andBiological Threats Advanced technologies,especially when they includechemical or biological agents,are potentially serious threatsthat terrorists and rogue nationscan use to terrorize a peacefulworld. In response, Sandia isdeveloping and testing advancedtechnologies and systems tothwart such threats. We have designed, fabricated,and demonstrated two portablechemical-analysis systems (theµChemLab™) that can rapidlydetect and analyze toxic agents.Extensive tests have demon-strated that our devices canquickly identify specific chemical-warfare agents and biotoxinswith extremely high sensitivityand specificity. Furthermore, ourtests have shown that commonchemicals that could serve asinterferrants do not affect these

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Scott Ferko of Sandia’s Advanced Microsystems EngineeringDepartment in Livermore, Calif., inspects a sensor that is part of

MicroChemLab/CB TM, a portable system for detecting a broadrange of chemical agents and biotoxins.

systems, now in field trials. Forexample, in tests at the NevadaTest Site we have demonstratedhigh-sensitivity detection of nerveagent simulants. In a typical test,a barrel containing triethylphosphate was exploded,releasing a plume that traveleddownwind over the sensorposition. Automated analyses atthree-minute intervals detectedthe passage of the simulantplume at sub-parts-per-billionconcentration levels. In othertrials, we were able to demon-strate the ability of the system todetect simulants even in thepresence of high concentrationsof other vapors such as jet fuelfumes. Our scientists andengineers are now developingadvanced methods that will allowus to use these systems to detectadditional potential threat agents,such as toxic industrial chemicalsand bioregulators.

Sandia is involved in severalprojects demonstrating tech-nologies to protect U.S. facilitiesagainst chemical and biologicalattacks. Under the PROTECT pro-gram, Sandia has worked withArgonne National Laboratory(ANL) to characterize thedispersal of agents in subwaysystems, to design and evaluatedistributed chemical agent sensorsystems, and to develop and testemergency response systems. Anintegrated test of the systeminvolving personnel from most

of the concerned local govern-ment agencies last winterdemonstrated that these systemscould have a major role inreducing the impact of an attackon a transportation hub. We arenow working with ANL to installand demonstrate a multi-stationdefense system. Another project is developingsystems that can be used tomitigate the impact of an attackon an airport. In collaborationwith a major U.S. airport, wehave used tracers and fog teststo characterize air flows in a newterminal to understand howchemical or biological agentswould disperse in the terminal.Models of the facility were thendeveloped that allowed us toassess the efficacy of variousresponse actions, such aschanging the ventilation system.The information produced bythe computer simulations

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Russian scientists visit Sandia’sMicroelectronics Development Laboratory.

Sandia has developed software systems toevaluate the dispersal of toxic agents in

widely used public facilities.

becomes extremely valuable indetermining cost-effectivemitigation strategies, figuring outwhere to put agent-detectionsensors, determining sensor-performance requirements, anddeciding on cleanup and decon-tamination tactics. We have also established asensor testbed in the airport andare now testing a variety ofchemical and biological agentsensors, including a MicroChem-Lab™/CW (chemical warfare)agent detection system. Thissystem continuously monitors forCW agents and can rapidly detectvery low concentrations of indi-vidual nerve and blister agentsin the same analysis. The systemincludes an internal standard thatchallenges the unit daily toguarantee successful operation. In a team effort with theWashington Institute, Sandia hasbeen analyzing approaches tothe defense of cities againstbiological attack. This work wasaimed at exploring optimaldefensive architectures, includingboth protection and medicalresponse measures coupled withdetection and informationcoordination elements. Resultsare being used to guidetechnology-development andpolicy-implementation strategies.During the past year, work hasfocused on evaluating integrated

distributed biodetection systems.The study was used to comparealternate systems architectures,detection strategies, and detectorperformance requirements. Theresults are now being used todesign prototype urbanbiodefense systems. Over the past three years,Sandia researchers have devel-oped and demonstrated anaqueous foam formulation thatcan be used to decontaminate

surfaces that have been exposedto both CW and bio agents. Thismaterial is widely referred to as“Sandia decon foam.” Theformulation contains only mildingredients such as might befound in personal health-careproducts such as shampoo whileproviding very effective and rapiddecontamination in seconds (CWagents) or minutes (e.g., anthraxspores). This material has beencommercialized by two firms and

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Sandia’s all-in-one decontaminating foam may become the best first response available

in the event of a chem/bio attack. Theformulation was used to help decontaminate

federal and private facilities where anthrax wasdiscovered in late 2001.

was available in limitedproduction quantities at the timeof the anthrax attacks inWashington and New York. Withthe advice of Sandia experts, thismaterial was used by localauthorities and contractors todecontaminate many facilities inthose cities. Assessment of humanexposure to bioweaponscurrently relies on pathogenreplication or host responsesusing tests that can take days toweeks. A collaborative DefenseAdvanced Research ProjectsAgency (DARPA)-funded projectbetween Sandia and theUniversity of New MexicoDepartment of Pathology isdeveloping methods to rapidlydetect the onset of infection.Infrared data combined withsophisticated analysis tools arebeing used to quickly delineatecells presenting an infection-likeresponse from healthy cells.

Explosives Detectionand Destruction Explosives-detection tech-nology originally developed atSandia has been licensed to acommercial firm than is nowmanufacturing portals to non-invasively screen about sevenpeople per minute for explosivesand a variety of other chemicalresidues. The portals can be usedat airports, office buildings, sportsarenas, and other high-trafficareas. The commercial Hound™and Mini-Hound™, based on thesame Sandia technologies, arehandheld units capable ofdetecting infinitesimally fainttraces (parts per trillion) ofexplosives and other chemicals. Our first responders oftenwear medical uniforms—doctorsand nurses will be the first tosee symptoms of chem/bioattacks. But will they recognize

them? Sandia’s Rapid SyndromeValidation Project (RSVP) is asimple-to-use, expandablecomputer system, now deployedin New Mexico. RSVP providedtimely information on FluType-A and RSV—a children’srespiratory ailment—to physiciansusing the system even before amajor upswing in patient visitsin Las Cruces, N.M. The infor-mation augments the traditionalnotification of outbreaks such asthose from the Department ofHealth and could be deployednationwide. Recent program advancesfocus on detection and disable-ment technologies for complexterrorist-type devices, includingstandoff detection anddisablement of truck bombs suchas the one that killed 168 peoplein the 1995 Oklahoma Citybombing of the Murrah FederalBuilding, and the developmentof a system that screens vehicles.Sandia’s Explosive DestructionSystem (EDS) advanced from theprototype unit that was used todestroy six recovered bombletsat the Rocky Mountain Arsenalto three field deployable unitsdelivered to the U.S. Army. Thetransportable, self-containedsystems can neutralize chemicalmunitions without burning ordetonating them.

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A Sandian demonstratesan advanced prototype ofa Sandia-developedexplosives-detection portalthat has now beencommercialized byBarringer Instruments. Thetechnology can be usedto non-invasively screenpeople and items for thepresence of explosives.The portal performs arapid real-time chemicalanalysis to screen forexplosives; eventrace levels can bedetected.

Physical Security R&D The Sept. 11 terrorist attacksincreased the National NuclearSecurity Administration (NNSA)and DOE focus on homelandsecurity and counterterrorism.Sandia is the lead laboratory forphysical security research anddevelopment. We providephysical security expertise toprotect NNSA/DOE assets andthe nation’s infrastructure—andto support numerous local, state,and federal agencies. Specifically,we conduct research and devel-opment for the DOE Office ofSecurity in the areas of intrusiondetection, video assessment,entry control (including contra-band and biometrics), passiveand activated delay, alarmcommunication and display,and simulation of responseforce tactics. Sandia’s objectives are toimprove performance at reducedcost. Our Remote ResponsePlatform will significantly improvethe success of response forceswhile reducing casualties. Testingis under way to validate theeffectiveness of the system andto exercise the command andcontrol features. Automated

calibration of explosives detectionsystems will assure highperformance without manpower-intensive testing. Performance testing ofemerging technologies allowsDOE sites to select the mostappropriate physical securitytechnology for their specificneeds. We conducted biometricstesting on several human-recognition systems, includingthe HandkeyII, IrisScan2200, andSpeakEZ and published a reporton the results. Testing is underway on several exterior intrusiondetectors (Perimetrax portedcoax, Intelli-Field, andLaserGuard), several interiorintrusion detectors (Sentrol Model633 PIR and Pulnix PA-480S),and the Axcess Prism digitalLanCam camera. In addition, weare developing a partnership withUnderwriter’s Laboratories toconduct certification tests oncommercial security equipment.

Security equipment mustwork as part of an integratedsystem. Therefore, we aredeveloping the next-generationASSESS (vulnerability assessmenttool) to provide an easy-to-use,maintainable software packagethat can identify securityvulnerabilities, serve as arepository for documentation,and support security decisions.We formed a chemical defenseassessment team to develop amethodology for protecting DOEsites against chemical attack andare using the methodology toperform assessments at criticalDOE facilities. We have madeseveral assessments andsuggested improvements.

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Sandia evaluated a highly precise remote-operationsweapons platform for Department of

Energy security applications.

Sandia National Laboratorieshas been working to maintainnational technological superiorityin weapons systems since itsfounding more than 50 years ago.This superiority will be criticalin the lengthy and difficultcampaign to fight terrorism andto equip our armed forces forfuture conflicts. Sandia is awarethat national preparednessdepends in part on increasingboth the depth and scope of our

technology-based defenses.This superiority occurs on manylevels, from concepts beyond thegrasps of our best futurists, toremarkable technologicaladvances, to fundamental systemssolutions, and to mundane butoften resource-consuminglogistics problems. As the terrorist attacks ofSept. 11, 2001, only begin toindicate, the potential forasymmetrical warfare, as well aschemical, biological, nuclear, andinformation warfare, posesgreater threats than ever toAmerica and nations around theworld. But advanced technologiescan detect, locate, characterize,defend against, and, if necessary,destroy such threats. Sandia isworking hard to develop thesetechnologies.

The span of Sandia’s workin helping our nation secure apeaceful and free world throughtechnology is extraordinary. Frombasic research to globalintelligence, our mission supportsmany agencies worldwide in aneffort to combat proliferation,attempts at regional supremacy,terrorism, and threats against ourarmed forces and homeland.

Jim TegneliaVice PresidentDepartment ofDefense Programs

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Countering Emerging Threats

Sandia VP David Nokes holds a mock-up of an explosive to be used in a demonstration of Sandia counterterrorism technologies as he explains toHomeland Security Director Tom Ridge (third from right) what the group is about to see.

through technological superiority

New TechnologiesProtecting Our Nationand Armed Forces Science and technology atSandia, applied to threats againstour nation, can often exceed thevisions of futurists, fantasy toymakers, and science fictionfilmmakers. For many years the conceptof autonomous gliding flight—an engineless glider flown onautopilot—was consideredinfeasible, if not impossible. Sandia’s Volant (“flyingsquirrel”) program, operating ona shoestring budget, provedotherwise. A five-foot flying wing,combining hobby store modelairplane components with Sandia-developed microsystems andminiature flight-control systems,not only flew itself but alsodemonstrated a glide slope, orrate of descent, that would givefuture gliders a range of morethan 60 miles. Utterly silent, with minimalradar, electromagnetic, density,or heat signatures, Volants ofvarious size and capacity couldprovide our armed forces withnew options for forwardsurveillance. Towed aloft and

released, miniature navigationsystems, including global posi-tioning and terrain recognitionsystems, would guide the ultra-stealthy Volants to positionswhere they could deploy micro-sensors and communicationssystems, or weapons systems ofsmall size but vast lethality. The Volant program is justone of many where Sandia tech-nologies are drawing increasinginterest from the military andhomeland defense authorities.

Robotic VehiclesCome of Age

Once futuristic, the successof Sandia’s small robotic vehicleson surveillance missions inAfghanistan has led to anaccelerated program for roboticvehicles for military and otherapplications.

Due to overwhelming demandfor our small RATLER™ (RoboticAll Terrain Lunar ExplorationRover, originally a prototype forlunar exploration), we transferredproduction to a commercial firm.RATLER vehicles come in a rangeof sizes, from 8 inches up to 3feet long; are lightweight andmaneuverable; and are able tonavigate over long distances.Because of their wide usage,RATLERs have been equippedwith small fuel cells that triplethe range of previous battery-powered versions. Sandia robots range frominsect-like (one cubic inch)vehicles equipped with micro-sensors to large systems forcoating aircraft or transferring20-ton containers between shipsat sea. Our Sand Dragon roboticvehicles demonstrated capabilitiesto surmount obstacles and climbstairs. Our design for a larger,

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A field test determines whether Sandia syntheticaperture radar (SAR) can image military equipment

in sufficient detail to identify it.

1,500-lb unmanned combatvehicle has received funding fora prototype. Cooperating squads of roboticvehicles may some day beemployed for tasks such asfighting forest fires, cleaning upoil spills, delivering and distri-buting supplies to remote fieldoperations, and conducting avariety of military missions. At Sandia, we are applyingthis “swarm behavior” to roboticvehicles equipped with a widearray of manipulators and evenweapons. We integrate sensors,computers, and hardware to

make highly refined systems thatare able to collaboratively carryout highly complex tasks. Notonly must the sensors andinstruments collect and processdata while operating in anunstructured environment, butthe swarm must be ableto communicate andthen make decisionsabout how best toaccomplish its mission. Sandia has demonstratedswarm behavior—actually swarmintelligence—in unstructuredenvironments. This includes theuses of mobile robots to guard

a perimeter, intercept an intruder,search a building for intrudersor harmful substances, and findskiers buried in an avalanche. Ina Tactical Mobile Robotics pro-gram for the Defense AdvancedResearch Projects Agency(DARPA), Sandia demonstratedthe capability to remotely sur-round a facility with a squad ofRATLERs. To complete themission, the vehicles had toautonomously navigate terraintypical of the desert Southwest,including crossing a deep ravine,negotiating tumbleweeds andother thick brush, and followingman-made tracks. Several of thevehicles then sur-rounded the

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A Sandian checks out a Sandia-developed prototyperobot that was studied as a possible way toinspect gas pipelines.

Robotics engineer Wendy Amai witha small swarm of Sandia’s mini-RATLER robots.

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perimeter near the rear exit ofthe facility while other vehiclesentered the main entrance tocreate a diversion. Umbra is a simulationenvironment with capabilities fordescribing and controllingmultiple robots, and incorpo-rating weather, terrain, and radiofrequency interference modules.This is one of Sandia’s modelingand simulation tools used toanalyze concepts for the Army’sFuture Combat System.

Bomb-Disposal Robotics

Even before this nation wasforced to a heightened state ofalert, the number of bombs foundacross the country was stag-gering—about 3,000 per year.Sandia bomb-disposal roboticstechnology was licensed toRemotec, which has commer-cialized it. Now bomb squadshave a host of new tools—andextensive training to handlebombs in new ways. Sandia’s bomb-disablementsystems, such as the PANDisrupter™, are used to disableexplosive devices by defeatingthe physics of an explosion. The Sandia ModularArchitecture for Robotics andTeleoperation (SMART) mimics

human manipulation—taking thestrain off operators so they canmake coordinated motions ratherthan twiddling a set of controls.It permits operators to performcomplicated tasks, such asreaching through a car windowto grab a suitcase, with intuitivemotions. SMART consists of modulesfor more than 300 robotic instru-ments and controls, all of whichcan be put together on a com-puter screen, like assemblingLEGO building pieces. Thesystem then generates the com-puter programs to operate thecustom assembly. Workingthroughout the modules arerobotic functions such as co-ordinated motion, collision avoi-dance, video targeting, and auto-matic orientation, as well as basicrobotics rules for movement. Sandia has developed tech-niques and systems to identify,characterize, and potentiallydisrupt bombs from a distance

in a wide variety of situations,including truckload explosivedevices.

Fielding New Systems forCountering Terrorism Sandia not only developsnew technologies for nationalsecurity, but also plays a leadingrole in working with industryand government agencies to fieldtools and systems in use today.From simple but effectivedecontamination formulations toworldwide systems for locatinghard-to-find threats, Sandiatechnologies are playing a roleas the nation defines its futurewarfighting and homelanddefense strategies.

An Army chemical ordnance expert carries a sarin-filledbomblet at the end of a “hot stick” toward the Sandia-

developed Explosive Destruction System, whichneutralizes deadly gases and explosives.

Defending againstAnthrax

Sandia’s decontaminationformulation (see more infor-mation on page 33) was usedto rid Senate office buildingsand other federal governmentfacilities of anthrax spores in late2001. The foam can be sprayedquickly over wide areas. Sandiaengineered the foam so thatit will stick to vertical surfacesand maintain its bulk untilwashed away. Working with the U.S. PostalService, we provided technicaladvice drawn from our acceler-ator programs and longstandingwork in the effects of radiation.One of the most effective waysto kill anthrax—or any biologicalagent, for that matter—is expo-sure to x-rays. X-rays leaveabsolutely no residual effects,apart from dead organisms. ThePost Office is relying on Sandiaexpertise on what dosage ofx-rays is most effective, and howbest to implement an irradiationsystem without slowing maildeliveries.

Stand-off Chemical andBiological Detection

The ability to rapidly identifya dangerous compound from adistance has considerable benefitsfor responders in small accidentsas well as those helping inregional catastrophes. Too often,first responders lack the properinstruments and training, and canbecome victims themselves. Standoff technology is usedin the Polychromator™, amicrosystems-based technologythat could be built into a soldier’sbinoculars to safely allow him orher to detect from several milesaway whether a gas on the

battlefield is potentially deadly.Through an innovative seriesof fast micromechanical andphysics-based steps, thePolychromator sorts throughmillions of possibilities andidentifies the compounds inthe gas. That information couldbe displayed in the binocularsand transmitted to commandstations. Every step of the systemhas been demonstrated exceptfor movable microsystems-basedspectral gratings—a Sandiamicrotechnology that is currentlybeing adapted. The Polychromator is onlyone of a number of technologiesthat Sandia has developed in

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Sandia scientist Maher Tadros, developer of decontaminatingfoam for neutralizing chemical and biological agents.

Sandia has successfully tested a prototype vehicle portalthat detects trace amounts of common explosives.

standoff detection. LightDetection And Ranging (lidar)systems use scanning methodsto sweep a landscape andcharacterize the substances inatmospheric plumes. Nonscanning systems providenear real-time ranging and otherinformation. NASA used a Sandianonscanning system to verify thatthe solar panels of the Inter-national Space Station werecorrectly deployed. Other new sensors are basedon technologies such as surfaceacoustic waves and fiber opticsfor chemicals, quartz resonatorsfor fluids, and electrical or gravityfield differences—all of whichuse microsystems.

Directed Energy Weapons

The Sandia Short-pulse LaserGroup achieved revolutionaryphysics breakthroughs in under-standing propagation of high-intensity femtosecond lasers. Theexceptional utility of femtosecondoptical pulses originates fromtheir short duration and widecoherent spectral bandwidth,creating unique measurementopportunities in both thefrequency and time domains.Experiments and modelingidentified new enabling strategiesfor advanced directed-energy,communication, and remote-sensing technologies. Sandia is also developingstrategic wide-band technologiesthat will disrupt an adversary’stotal communications system,and narrow-band technologies

to disrupt specific data channels.Coupled with Sandia technologiesfor spoofing and antispoofing—deceiving an adversary’s systemsand defeating attempts to deceiveour own—these systems will givethe nation new weapons anddefenses for future warfare.Sandia is helping the Air Forcedevelop nonlethal systems thatuse microwave or lasertechnologies that will replacetear gas in dispersing riotouscrowds or delaying attacks onsensitive facilities.

Hardened, DeeplyBuried Targets

Sandia is developing a rangeof technologies and capabilitiesto defeat difficult targets. Difficulttargets include hardened, deeplyburied underground facilities

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A Sandia-produced syntheticaperture radar (SAR) map ofunprecedented fidelity of Park City,Utah, and environs. Sandia-developed SAR technology isused in a variety of nationalsecurity applications.

used to manufacture or storeweapons of mass destruction.Sandia has combined expertisein advanced sensors, geophysicalmodeling, and signal processingto develop a prototype integratedmodel that uses passive seismic,acoustic, and electromagneticsignals for target characterization.The model combines site-specificgeological information andsophisticated finite-differencemodeling tools to predictmachinery and other specificsignatures observable at theEarth’s surface.

Ballistic MissileDefense System

Because Sandia designedmany of the elements of thenation’s nuclear stockpile, itpossesses a vast storehouse ofknowledge about warhead flightcharacteristics, as well as varioussignatures and behaviors. Further,our five-decade role in nationalsecurity assessments gives usconsiderable knowledge ofadversaries’ designs and potentialcapabilities. Today, Sandia usesthis knowledge to design andbuild realistic targets and decoysfor National Missile Defense testsand target test vehicles for theNavy Theater Wide MissileDefense. This work includesdevelopment of smart,instrumented targets and decoys,

launch support activities,modeling and simulation oflethality effects, technologiesassociated with countermeasures,and independently scoring theresults of the tests. Sandia targetshave been aboard all integratedflight tests so far.

Synthetic Aperture Radar

Clouds, haze, smoke, andeven smog can blind manyairborne-surveillance systems.Nighttime poses its ownproblems, requiring the use ofsystems with less resolution.Sandia’s small, high-resolutionsynthetic aperture radars (SAR)now provide all-weather, around-the-clock surveillance with 3-Dcapabilities. Sandia has reduced the sizeof SARs so that small, unmanned

aerial vehicles (UAVs) can easilycarry them. Hovering above abattlefield, Sandia SARs canprovide 3-D field terrain mapsin real time. Instead of trying tointerpret terrain lines on a flatmap, these maps, produced ona rubber-like material, give fieldcommanders an immediate visualrepresentation of obstacles.Sandia produced radar maps withunprecedented fidelity for thesite of the 2002 Winter Olympicsin Park City, Utah. Similar mapshave been produced ofWashington D.C.; Fort Bragg,N.C.; and South Korea to supportHomeland Security andDepartment of Defense (DoD)requirements.

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Sandia is contributing to the developmentof a National Missile Defense by preparingtargets that test the ability of interceptors to

recognize and engage reentry vehicles inthe presence of other objects.

Meeting Logisticsand DemilitarizationChallenges The DoD has set an ambitiousgoal of reducing logistics costsby about $20 billion over thenext few years. Achieving thisgoal will require revolutionarynew technologies and systemsfor how we build, supply,maintain, repair, and eventuallyretire our defense assets. Sandia’s success in usingrobotics to refurbish the stealthcoatings on the F-117A Night-hawk, saving time and moneyand improving the final finishquality, has led to additionalcontracts to develop roboticsystems to apply coatingsto future U.S. fighter planes,the F-22 Raptor and the JointStrike Fighter. The Apache Attack Helicopterentered service in 1986. Givingnew life to existing models whileperforming selected upgrades to

improve warfighting capabilitiesare the parallel paths of the ArmyRecapitalization Program(RECAP). Sandia has defined acomprehensive systems modelingand integration approach for theprogram. RECAP goals, such asreducing downtime to zero timeand zero miles and technologyinsertion for both sustainabilityand upgraded capabilities, canbe reached more quickly andefficiently with Sandia’s provencapability to model the entire lifecycle of the program. Thisapproach can be applied to manyweapons systems that are fieldedor being developed.

Demilitarization

A Sandia system that usessupercritical water oxidation—essentially superheated,superpressurized water—isdestroying munitions that couldcause environmental damage ifsimply detonated. The wastesare destroyed within seconds,producing such commonplace

end products as carbon dioxide,water, and salts. Sandia’s work in landminedetection and demining rangesfrom laying down a quick-hardening foam to clear a pathfor military vehicles, to chemicalsensing preparatory to restoringlarger areas to their prewar status.Landmine detection usingchemical sensing methods (e.g.,dogs and electronic sensingtechnologies) is challenged bythe ultra-low levels of explosivevapors emitted by buried devices.Sandia has combined laboratorytesting and numerical simulationof the transport of chemicalsignatures emitted fromlandmines to determine optimalconditions for locating buriedlandmines.

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A landmine detection dog andhandler demonstrate traditional

mine detection methods. Sandiais working with several federal

and international agenciesto develop new technology

for detecting landmines.

Sandia provides solutions tothe complex problems ofsupplying the nation with clean,abundant, and affordable energyand water. The scope of researchand development ranges fromfundamental research sponsoredby the Department of Energy(DOE) Office of Science to large-scale tests supported by U.S. andforeign governments. We study technologies todiscover and exploit energy andwater resources, systems thatdeliver the resources, efficient

processes to use resources, andthe safe disposal of wastes,particularly radioactive wastes.We focus on the safety, security,and reliability of these complexsystems to protect them fromfailure due to age, complexity,or attack. Sandia, in partnership withLos Alamos National Laboratory,established the National Infra-structure Simulation and AnalysisCenter (NISAC). NISAC willprovide the most advancedmodeling and simulation capa-bilities and expertise for analyzingthe nation’s critical infrastructures,their interdependencies,vulnerabilities, and systemcomplexities. In addition to Sandia’s twomain laboratory sites, we haveoperations in Carlsbad, N.M.;

Las Vegas, Nev.; and small contin-gents of people in Hanford,Wash.; and the north slope ofAlaska. The CombustionResearch Facility at our Californiasite is a major, and highly success-ful DOE collaborativeresearch center. The men and women whoperform the work in this arearender exceptional service in thenational interest by helping toprovide clean power for peaceand prosperity and helpingprotect our critical infrastructures.

Bob EaganVice PresidentEnergy, Information &Infrastructure Surety

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Energy & Critical Infrastructures

Sandia has long worked to ensure the safety ofnuclear power facilities. Here test engineers

Larry Humphries (left) and T.Y. Chu inspect aone-fifth-scale model lower head assemblybefore it was “tested to failure” involving

high pressures and temperatures.

Maintaining supplies and systems

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Clean Power for Peaceand ProsperityNational Security throughPlentiful Energy and Water America’s national securitydepends on efficient, reliableenergy and an abundant supplyof fresh water. Internationally,the relative scarcity of energyand water is a barrier to raisingprosperity and defusing conflict.The linkage between energygeneration and water use—eachgenerally demands largequantities of the other—is onekey to international stability. The generation and deliveryof these resources require a vastinterrelated network of circuits,wires and cables, pipelines,information, and services—allpart of the nation’s criticalinfrastructures. Sandia developstechnologies and the expertiseto ensure those infrastructuresremain secure and reliable. Sandia helps industry developmore efficient means of pro-ducing energy and of extracting

fossil fuels from the ground.Sandia’s work targets the fourstages of the energy cycle:production, distribution, con-sumption, and recycling ordisposal.

Production Sandia is developing tech-nologies to boost production ofmultiple types of energy, includ-ing hydroelectric, geothermal andsolar power, and nuclear fissionand fusion. Much of our work isfocused on helping the oil indus-try with reservoir-managementpractices, particularly as drillingreaches deeper to tap new gasand oil deposits. One difficultyis bore-hole damage caused bycompacted rock in areas such asCalifornia’s diatomite fields.Reservoirs in these fields areparticularly susceptible to com-paction due to diatomite’s highporosity. Well replacement, lostproduction, and abandonmentcosts in these reservoirs alonehave exceeded $200 million.

Funded by the Departmentof Energy, Chevron, and AeraEnergy, Sandia scientists havedeveloped computer modelingand simulation techniques topredict and analyze the impactof various well-drilling patternsand water flooding on theintegrity of wells situated in thechalk-like diatomite fields.Sandia’s industry partners haveincorporated these recommend-ations into their reservoir-management practices. DOE-funded solar-thermalsystem development, integration,and testing projects have culmin-ated in the installation of ourfirst working Dish/Stirling solarpower generating system. Sandiadelivered the system to LagunaPueblo in New Mexico, whereit is supplementing dieselengine power. Dish/Stirlingsolar power systems have thepotential of allowing remote areasto have access to power and insome cases to replace pollutingenergy generation sources withclean energy.

Joe Henfling (left) and Randy Normannshow how their high-temperature electronicspackage can be lowered into a geothermal

well. The package can function effectively to atleast 250 degrees C (about 480 degrees F)

and possibly higher. No one else has developedelectronics that can work at such high

temperatures for extended periods.

A National Academy ofSciences report released in 2001stated that the Department ofEnergy’s investment of approx-imately $13 billion in energyefficiency, coal, and other fossilfuel research programs since 1978had yielded returns of about $40billion. The report noted thework of Sandia and GeneralElectric to improve the design ofthe polycrystalline diamond com-pact drilling bit. “Penetration rateswere three to five times fasterthan with conventional diamondbits,” the report said, and thenew bits last much longer, savingdrillers the time and expense ofpulling drill strings to replaceworn-out bits. “Today these drillbits account for about one-thirdof the worldwide drill bit marketand have sales of over $200million per year.”

Distribution Sandia has developed avariety of technologies that helpkeep America’s critical infra-structures secure and reliable.

We assessed the managementsystems and security practices ofthe U.S. Bureau of Reclamation,the nation’s second largestproducer of hydroelectric power.The analysis led to the integrationof the latest supervisory-controland data-acquisition technologiesat six hydroelectric projects,including Hoover, Shasta, andGrand Coulee dams. The assess-ment program is now in itssecond phase, providing similarinput for five additional damsites. About 10 percent ofAmerica’s electricity needs areprovided by hydroelectric power. Standards and controls arevital to the predictable and secureflow of electrical power. Workingclosely with industry and utilitystandards boards, Sandia mademajor contributions towardachieving highly effective, eco-nomical methods for connectingphotovoltaic systems to utilitygrids. Our R&D programsincluded technologies for auto-matically diverting or shuttingdown electricity flow from grid-connected systems when an

electric distribution line shutsdown—an important break-through that encouragesdistributed energy systemsdevelopment. Sandia researchers are devel-oping information securitypractices to meet the next gener-ation of Internet security threats.The research team developedStandard Agent ArchitectureII/Agent-in-a-box, which hasbrought revolutionary advancesin agent and information security.The Advanced InformationSystem Lab’s (AISL) intelligentagents provide a dynamicdefense for domains, a significantcontribution to national securitythat also represents substantialcommercial value for the multi-billion-dollar cybersecurityindustry.

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The new National Infrastructure Simulation andAnalysis Center (NISAC) is a Congressionally charteredR&D group that is helping protect the nation’s criticalinfrastructures. Sandia and Los Alamos National Labare primary partners in NISAC.

Steve Conrad (sitting) demonstrates a dynamic waterbudget simulator to Sen. Jeff Bingaman (D-N.M.)during one of the senator’s visits to Sandia. Thesimulator calculates “tomorrow’s water resources”given today’s policy choices.

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Consumption

To help facilitate high-levelenergy and climate change policydiscussions, Sandia developedlaptop computer dynamicsimulation models that linkenergy, the economy, and theenvironment. Current modelsfor the United States and Chinaproject annual energy demandand carbon emissions out to 2020

and allow very rapid assessmentof alternative economic, policy,and technology scenarios. TheU.S. model has been widelyshown and distributed, and hashelped administration officialsand congressional staff under-stand the complexity of energypolicy and the difficulty ofmeeting the Kyoto Protocols. Sandia is striving to bolsterthe effective and efficient use of

nuclear power and carbon fuelenergy. We have gained greatinsight into diesel enginecombustion dynamics. Althoughdiesel fuel burns relativelyefficiently, it creates soot. Sandiahas identified diesel enginedesign factors that create soot,and is applying that knowledgeto next-generation diesel enginedesign. Research at Sandia’sCombustion Research Facility(CRF) in Livermore, Calif., hasled to guarded optimism thatparticulate and NOx (nitrogenoxides) emissions can be reducedat the source without sacrificingfuel economy. Collaborativeexperiments of Sandia’s AlternateFuels Optical Engine Laboratorywith Lawrence LivermoreNational Lab have shown thatisotope tracing with acceleratormass spectrometry (AMS) canhelp us understand howoxygenates affect soot formationin diesel engines. Scientists at the CRF and theUniversity of Nevada have madethe first measurements of thedirection in which moleculesrotate after a collision. Thesemeasurements are of basicscientific importance because adiatomic molecule struck by anatom recoils from the collisionspinning, and that energy transferprocess is fundamental to howgasses heat up, cool down, andcome to equilibrium.

Unique electronic “sniffer” monitors volatile organiccompounds in real time in air, soil, and water.

Combustion chemistry is elucidated in experiments with newly developed laserdiagnostic techniques and modeling.

Sandia has worked with TheTimken Company to develop asensor to optimize combustionand energy utilization in electricarc furnaces by the real-timemeasurement of CO and CO2

concentrations in off-gases. Thetunable-laser-based prototypesensor has been successfullytested in field trials and is nowinstalled for long-term tests inTimken’s Canton, Ohio, facility.Around-the-clock measurementsare handled under remote controlfrom the CRF. A unique electronic “sniffer”has been developed that canprovide real-time in situmonitoring of volatile organiccontaminants in air, soil, andwater. A small waterproofpackage houses an array ofchemiresistors that can instan-taneously detect a large varietyof volatile organic compounds.The sensor can be deployeddirectly in underground wells orwater resources, and data aretransmitted to a computer forremote monitoring. This systemcould save millions of dollars atsites that currently rely ontraditional manual samplingmethods and off-site laboratoryanalysis. Sandia/California developeda potentially revolutionary loco-motive for mines that is poweredby environmentally friendly fuel

cells. The four-ton commercialvehicle, originally designed tooperate on battery packs, couldreplace diesel power, whichrequires expensive ventilation.Replacing diesel with hydrogen-powered vehicles would save anestimated 30-40 percent inventilation costs, easily offsettingthe cost of the fuel cells.

Disposal and Recycling A Sandia technology thatdetects hydrocarbon gas leaks atoil refineries promises to helpcut down on greenhouse gasesand smog. The portable videoimager uses some of the newestoptical materials and lasertechnology and will streamlineindustry’s ability to achieveEnvironmental Protection Agencyregulatory compliance. Fundedby the DOE Offices of FossilEnergy and Industrial Technologyand the American Petroleum

Institute, the new instrument willquickly check for leaky valves—detecting and identifying a rangeof hydrocarbons—at refineriesand chemical plants. On thehorizon, even newer engineeredcrystals could push the imager’soperation into the long-waveinfrared region, making it pos-sible to detect more types ofgases. Researchers are workingon a backpack-sized system thatwill likely undergo refinery tests. In a NASA-funded project, aCombustion Research Facilityresearch team has developed asensor that uses ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence to detectatmospheric SO2. Fossil-fuel SO2

emissions influence atmosphericchemistry, air quality, and climateon local, regional, and globalscales. The highly sensitiveinstrument measures ambientSO2 at the parts-per-trillion level.A compact field version of thesensor being constructed uses a

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Tina Nenoff examines vials of crystallized SOMSpowder. Developed in collaboration with researchers

at other labs and universities, SOMS (Sandia OctahedralMolecular Sieves) are “molecular cages that trap

certain chemicals and may prove useful forreclaiming valuable materials from industrial

effluents or cleaning up waste streams.

single-mode fiber amplifier, atechnology adapted from opticaltelecommunications. Scientists in Sandia’s environ-mental management scienceprogram discovered a family oftunnel-collapsing materials thatis capable of trapping a varietyof molecules, including theradioactive isotope strontium-90.Called Sandia octahedral molec-ular sieves (SOMS), the materialscontain micropores that clean upindustrial processes and wastestreams, filter out valuablechemicals for reuse, and trapradioactive residues like thosethat accumulate inside under-ground storage tanks used innuclear weapon production. SOMS show promise forcleaning up the nation’s worstenvironmental problem, 53million gallons of radioactivewaste at DOE’s Hanford, Wash.,site—the byproduct of 50 yearsof nuclear weapons production.The new SOMS can be engine-ered at the atomic scale to beextremely selective for strontium-

90, one of the two most prevalentradioisotopes in the Hanfordtanks and extremely poisonousto humans. Normal strontium isan essential and plentiful mineralin vegetables and milk. In tests, the SOMS trapped99.8 percent of strontium-90 ionsin parts-per-million concentra-tions from solutions containingchemically similar and highlyabundant sodium ions. Becausethe SOMS are crystalline andinorganic, they stand up to thehighly caustic environmentsfound in the tanks. Furthermore,when heated to about 500°C, thestrontium-saturated SOMScollapse into a dense glass-likematerial with a perovskite crystalstructure, its shrunken pores lock-ing the strontium tightly into itsimpervious crystalline structure. Some radioactive wastesremain dangerous for thousandsof years. The United States plansto isolate these high-level wastespermanently in undergroundrepositories. But before arepository can accept wastes for

isolation, assessments of thefacility’s long-term performancemust show a reasonable expecta-tion that the repository willprotect the health and safety ofthe public for many thousandsof years. Sandia is helping toassess potential environmentalcontamination from radioactivewastes at several disposal sites,including the proposed YuccaMountain site in Nevada, and theexisting Waste Isolation Pilot Plant(WIPP) in Carlsbad, N.M. Sandia was part of a collabor-ative team of 26 subcontractors,including four DOE laboratoriesand the U.S. Geological Survey,and numerous private companies,who contributed to the DOE’sYucca Mountain Draft Environ-mental Impact Statement (EIS).Our risk assessment recommen-dations were included in therevised EIS, which recommendsYucca Mountain as a suitabledisposal site for high-levelradioactive waste from com-mercial power plant reactors andgovernment defense programs. The Waste Isolation PilotPlant has been receivingtransuranic radioactive wastesince 1999. With geotechnicalstudies completed, Sandia hasshifted the focus to operational

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Sandia technology may prove useful for reducing theamount of arsenic in groundwater, allowing it to meetstrict new EPA regulations for U.S. drinking water.David Teter (left) and Pat Brady were members of aSandia team that developed a family of formulationsof mixed metal oxides called Specific AnionNanoengineered Sorbents (SANS) that permanentlytrap arsenic within their chemical structures.

studies and is now engaged inensuring that hazardousbyproducts will be transportedfrom the production sites toCarlsbad within the time framespecified contractually with DOE. Sandia has developednew models for assessingfuture nuclear waste disposalrisks, including transportingspent nuclear fuel. Our modelshave greatly improved theaccuracy of the informationavailable to decision-makers andthey likely will become thenation’s standards.

Water Safety, Security,and Sustainability The demand for reliable andsustainable access to fresh waterin the United States is fastoutpacing supply. Water isbecoming an increasinglyprecious commodity. Sandia’swater-management initiativeseeks solutions to the challengesfacing our nation’s water

infrastructure—challenges ofscarcity, systems vulnerability,and the economics of supplyingdrinkable water. The initiativefocuses on monitoring waterquality, assessing infrastructuresecurity, providing treatmenttechnologies, and on supportinginternational cooperative watermanagement. These areas ofconcern are addressed througha variety of programs that aimto ensure the continuation of anabundant, economical watersupply. Sandia, in cooperationwith the American Water WorksAssociation Research Foundationand the Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), developed asecurity risk-assessment method-ology for assessing the suretyof water utilities. This waterinfrastructure assessment toolhas been employed to evaluatesecurity and mitigate risksat several large municipalwater utilities. Complying with the new EPAarsenic drinking water standardof 10 parts per billion could cost

affected rural water customersan additional $100 per month. ASandia technology, specific anionnanoengineered sorbents (SANS),has arsenic-trapping propertiesthat may find application in waterpurification systems. SANS issimpler, safer, and more efficientthan purification technologiescurrently on the market. SANSmay reduce the cost of municipaland rural communities’ com-pliance with EPA standards andmay also be economical enoughfor use in homes, schools, andapartment complexes served bysingle wells. SANS systems alsocan be adapted to rid industrialwastewater and process streamsof other contaminants.

Protecting CriticalInfrastructures Sandia, in partnership withLos Alamos National Laboratory,operates the congressionallychartered National InfrastructureSimulation and Analysis Center(NISAC). NISAC providesadvanced modeling andsimulation capabilities andexpertise for analyzing thenation’s critical infrastructures,their interdependencies, vulner-abilities, and system complexities.This will lead to optimizedmitigation strategies, reconstruc-tion planning, and real time crisissupport. It will allow the nation’sleaders, policymakers, andinfrastructure owners to activelyprotect the infrastructures.Sandia lends its systems analyses

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Simulation of arsenate anion sorption onmetal oxide surface. Fundamental insightsgained through such modeling could help alleviatethe high cost of meeting tough, new standardsfor arsenic in drinking water.

abilities to the national powergrid in a number of ways. Labsresearchers in New Mexicoand California study the securityof communications betweencontrol systems, the distributionof power-generating facilitiesand how it could be improved,and system vulnerabilities.Potential attacks on the systemhave long been recognized tohave implications to the economyand national security. Since the ArchitecturalSurety program began in 1995,researchers have contributedmuch to the Labs’ ability toanswer the nation’s call follow-ing Sept. 11 with regard tothe vulnerabilities of structuresto attacks. Labs security experts havetraveled the country developingand applying security assessment

methodologies and other risk-management tools for the nation’sdams and power systems,government buildings, chemicalplants, water supplies, and otherpotential targets. The Risk Assessment Method-Property Analysis and RankingTool (RAMPART) is a new typeof computer application forassessing risk to federal buildings.RAMPART was developed for theGeneral Services Administration.Users enter basic data, andRAMPART evaluates and allocatesthe risk arising from earthquake,tornado, flood, winter storm,hurricane, crime, and terrorism.The consequences consideredare death, injury, loss of missioncapability, loss of property, lossof contents, loss of use ofproperty, and first-responder risk.Results are presented graphically.

In addition to RAMPART, Sandiahas provided technologies for:

• Tests to characterize—andglazes to improve—the blastresistance of window glass

• Computer modeling andsimulation of blast effects onbuildings

• Providing “K-9 cams” to WorldTrade Center rescue teams

• Computer analysis of fire andsmoke propagation scenariosthrough a building

• Computer modeling of chem-bio agent dispersal througha building

• Designing reliability intobuildings using a systemsapproach

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Gaining a better understanding of window glasses — why they fail, how they fracture, and what might make them stronger — is the objective of a team of Sandiaresearchers led by Jill Glass. Shattered glass is often among the most dangerous hazards in a terrorist bombing.

The GlobalNuclear Future As the nation comes togrips with the energy challengesof the 21st century, politicaland public support for nuclearpower will be vital. Interest inthe U.S. for new nuclear powerplants is growing. The Global Nuclear Futureis a Sandia vision, now sharedby many others, about hownuclear energy, bolstered byappropriate public policy

decisions, can serve the nation’srequirements for domestic energysecurity, global national security,nonproliferation, and nuclearmaterials management. Through all the years thatnuclear power has been on thewane, Sandia has continued tomaintain substantial capabilitiesin nuclear power-related issuesand is uniquely poised to con-sider nuclear power as a broadlyintegrated international system. The vision begins with thetransformation of excessweapons-grade materials. Sandia

is playing a key security role intwo major efforts to reduceweapons materials in Russia.These programs are convertingweapons materials—plutoniumand highly enriched uranium—to use as fuel for generatingelectricity. In 2001 the Depart-ment of Energy announced anagreement with the Russianfederation to dispose of 34 tonsof surplus U.S. plutonium bymaking it into commercial reactorfuel. The Russian governmentagreed to do the same. Earlierthe U.S. agreed to purchase 500tons of highly enriched uraniumfrom the Russians. As part of thisagreement, the Russians will“down-blend” the uranium toproduce material suitable forreactors, but not for weapons.Researchers from Sandia’s non-proliferation and nuclear energyorganizations are working toidentify how different tech-nologies in the fuel cycle impactthe potential for the spread ofweapons. The methodology isbeing used to compare the prolif-eration risk of advanced nuclearfuel cycles with today’s once-through nuclear fuel cycle, asubject of agreement at theBush/Putin summit in Moscow. A Sandia-developed techniquecalled Transparency Frameworksis being used to create a way forcountries to observe one

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Sandia researchers are looking toward anevolutionary suite of reactor designs, eachimproving on cost effectiveness, safetyand efficient use of available fuels.

another and assure themselvesthat nuclear energy activities arenot fostering the spread ofweapons. Sandia researchers are lookingtoward an evolutionary suite ofreactor designs, each improvingon cost effectiveness, safety, andefficient use of available fuels.To reach a level where 50 percentof U.S. power is provided fromnuclear by 2050, with an 80 to90 percent reduction in waste,advanced reactors are a must.The nuclear future can expect tosee a movement away from thepresent light-water reactortechnologies, which operate athigh temperatures to heat waterto make steam, to newer gasreactors, which generate powermore efficiently. Breeder reactorsactually create new fuel whilegenerating power and will furtherextend uranium resources. Theexperimental concept of directenergy conversion, which makesuse of the heavy ionization ofnuclear materials to generateelectricity directly from the fuelmaterials, is further into thefuture. Finally, beyond these

fission efforts lies the promiseof fusion. Part of the output of thesereactors will be hydrogen, theclean fuel of the future. The mostabundant element in the universe,separating it from water is energyintensive, but a perfect taskfor reactors.

New Regulatory andLicensing Approaches Sandia’s decades-longexperience in risk assessmentstudies for the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission (NRC) is nowleading to a new role for theLabs—suggesting newapproaches for regulatingreactors. This work applies tomodifying existing regulations aswell as shaping regulations thatwill be needed for new reactorsnow in design.

Presently nuclear plants arelicensed for 40 years, with theoption for a 20-year extension.The first U.S. license renewalapplication was filed in 1998 andapproved by the NRC in 2000.A half-dozen other applicationsfor renewal have followed.Experts expect something like athird of the nation’s 103 powerplant operators to file for renewalby 2003, with more to follow.Sandia has developed risk-informed regulation, which isa way to focus on the mostimportant aspects of designand operations in terms ofpublic safety.

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Phil Walkington holds a piece of a compositerotor hub being tested for Bell Helicopter at the FAA

Airworthiness Assurance Center that is operatedby Sandia. The chopper is a Bell 206, one of several

aircraft test specimens at the Center.

At Sandia, partnerships area fundamental strategy for meet-ing mission objectives. Throughpartnerships, we develop newand refine existing technologies;we develop commercial sourcesand provide reliability data formission programs; we leverageimportant capabilities and acquirebest engineering, business, andprogram management practicesfrom industry; and we createadvocacy and support for Sandia.Our partners gain as well. Theyhave access to Sandia’s excep-

tional technology base andinfrastructure, and leverage theU.S. government’s investment inscience and technology. The value of industrypartnerships extends beyond ourprimary Department of Energy(DOE) customer. All Sandiacustomers benefit from theleverage of cooperative industryR&D. Industry partnerships area key element of our work withthe Department of Defense, andmuch of our work in support ofhomeland security involves apartnership between a govern-mental entity (federal, state,and/or local) and industry. Our partnerships program isrobust and continues to evolve—it is a work in progress. Theprogram has matured significantlysince Congress directed thatSandia and the other DOE

laboratories partner with industryin the early 1990s. We havebecome more businesslike, moreprofessional, more experienced,and more astute in our partneringpractices. This in turn hasprovided greater value to ourDOE customer. If Sandia is tocontinue to be at the forefrontof science and technology, thenpartnering with the best in classmust be an essential strategy.

Al RomigVice PresidentScience & Technologyand Partnerships

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Technology Partnerships

Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) laser is shown to be aneffective tool for next-generation chip-making equipment.

TRW, a supplier to the EUV Lithography project, isdeveloping EUV light sources using strengths in solid-

state lasers and flowing jet technology.

for mission success

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New OpportunitiesthroughPartnerships Following are representativeexamples of our partnershipswith industry, universities, andother agencies. More detailsabout many of the technologiesmentioned in this section can befound in other sections of thispublication.

Microsystems Partnerships

Sandia continues to workwith a consortium that includesIntel, Motorola, Advanced MicroDevices, Micron Technology,Infineon Technologies, IBM,Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory, and LawrenceBerkeley National Laboratory todevelop next-generation ExtremeUltraviolet Lithography (EUVL)technology. This technology isdesigned to produce micro-processors that are ten timesmore powerful than today’sfastest chips, and memory chipsthat have 100 times more capac-ity. The EUVL approach is theleading contender for the nextgeneration semiconductor litho-graphy tool, and is favored byindustry lithography experts 3 to1 over competing technologies. Interest continues to growfor the Sandia UltraplanarMultilevel MEMS Technology, orSUMMiT, that produces siliconmicrosystems (MEMS are micro-electromechanical systems).MEMX Inc., a spin-off companyfrom Sandia, is commercializing

A Sandia engineer makes fineadjustments to a complex

Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography(EUVL) tool, developed by a

DOE labs-industry partnership.

A Sandia-designed and -built micro-transfection device demonstrates thatmicroelectromechanical systems’ (MEMs)microscopic mechanical and fluid-handlingcapabilities can be used to handleindividual cells. Sandia partners withindustrial firms and universities to use andfurther develop MEMs technology. Thechannel between the teeth seen here isabout 20 microns wide. A human hair isabout 70 microns wide.

MEMS technology by creatingcommercial products for thetelecommunications and otherindustries. We have demonstrated theapplicability of SUMMiT tobiological and medicalapplications. For example, wehave designed and manufactureda microtransfection device (a.k.a.cell Pacman) that has shown howMEMS microscopic mechanicaland fluid-handling capabilitiescan be used to handle individualcells. Also, SUMMiT technologyhas been licensed to FairchildSemiconductor’s South Portland,Maine, wafer fabrication facility,resulting in a manufacturing

source of high-volume MEMSdevices for commercial andgovernment products. MEMStechnologies can be used to builda wide range of micron-scaledevices such as sensors forautomobiles, micromirrors foroptical switching and projectiondisplays, and microfluidiccomponents for inkjet printersand chemical/biological detectionsystems.

Strengthening HomelandSecurity throughPartnerships

Sandia’s formulation for therapid decontamination ofchemical and biological warfareagents has been brought tomarket by Modec (Denver, Colo.),a specialist in mass-casualtyresponse systems for weaponsof mass destruction, and byEnviroFoam Technologies(Huntsville, Ala.). The formulationwas used to decontaminateSenate office buildings and othergovernment and commercialfacilities in late 2001 after anthraxcontamination was discovered. Waters Corporation of Milford,Mass., a worldwide leader in thedevelopment of analyticaltechnologies, licensed Sandia’smicrofluidics technology andlaunched a cooperative researchand development agreement(CRADA) to further developthis expertise.

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Paul Kotula (standing) and Michael Keenanpartnered with the company Thermo NORAN todevelop the Component Analysis Software (Compass),which automatically analyzes the chemistry of amicro- or macrostructure. The technology wonan R&D 100 Award for innovative technologyfrom R&D Magazine.

Sandia has established licensingagreements with two commercial

partners, Eksigent Technologies andMCL, that will make possible further

development of the MicroChemLab forchem/bio national security.

This is a recent prototype.

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The company is workingwith Sandia to developminiaturized liquid chroma-tography systems. This project isa major step forward in Sandia’svision to provide portable,miniature chemical-analysissystems for national securityneeds ranging from the detectionof chemical and biological agentsto the cleanup and monitoringof environmental waste sites. Wehave also established licensingagreements with Sandia spin-offs, Eksigent Technologies andMCL. The technology developedwill enhance the MicroChemLabminiature analysis systems forchem/bio national security needs. Sandia explosives engineers,working with Law EnforcementTechnologies, Inc. of ColoradoSprings, have developed atechnique that will help policeofficers at a crime scene involvinggunfire to quickly narrow the listof suspects to those who haverecently fired a gun. Lawenforcement agencies in New

York state and the Los Angeles,San Diego, and Phoenix metroareas are field testing a gunshotresidue detection kit thatincorporates the technique. A Sandia team is workingwith several agricultural univer-sities and agencies to search forways to apply Labs-developedtechnology to agricultural andfood-safety issues. These includethe decontamination formulation,the Rapid Syndrome ValidationProject (RSVP) software for rapidreporting of disease outbreaks,modeling and computingcapabilities, microsensors forchemical and biological detectionin water and food, and watersupply security. Three screening portalsemploying Sandia-developedexplosives-detection technologyare being used at the CN Towerin downtown Toronto, Canada,as part of that tourist attraction’sentry-point security process. Itis the first use of Sandia’sexplosives-detection portal

technology as a screening toolin a public setting. Built withtechnology licensed to BarringerInstruments, three SENTINEL IIportals have been screeningabout 7,500 visitors per day(15,000 per day on weekends)at an average rate of about oneperson every eight seconds foreach portal.

Above: Applying telemetry expertise to automaticallysensing water content, engineer Ken Condreva patenteda way to improve water management by checkingirrigation efficiency. His device can detect wateramounts of as little as one inch several feet belowthe surface. The device is similar to his previouslycommercialized sensor that automatically detects thewater content of snow packs.

Left: Pam Walker demonstrates a gun-residue detectiontechnique that police officers can use to rapidlydetermine whether someone has recently fired a gun.Sandia worked with Law Enforcement Technologies,Inc. of Colorado Springs to develop the technique.

National SecurityPartnerships

Rockwell Collins, DOEproduction partner HoneywellFM&T, and Sandia are engagedin a cost-shared CRADA todevelop a new radio frequency(RF) packaging and assemblytechnology. This technology willreduce costs by approximately90 percent and improve reliabilityover the existing packagingtechnology presently used forDOE systems. Rockwell Collins’participation also ensures thatthe technology developed underthe CRADA will be availablefor Department of Defensecustomers. For several years, Sandia hasbeen a strategic partner withGeneral Atomics Corporation.This strategic partnership hasresulted in the deployment ofSandia synthetic aperture radar(SAR) technology on mannedand unmanned aircraft, including

the Predator unmanned aerialvehicle. The outstanding imagequality and increased resolution,and high radar coherence of thistechnology are providing the U.S.military and intelligence organi-zations with significantlyimproved real-time radar imagery. Lockheed Martin Corporationand Sandia have formed astrategic partnership that annuallyfunds a number of technologiesrelated to defense and nationalsecurity. The emphasis of

Lockheed Martin in thispartnership is systems integration,while the Sandia emphasis is intechnology development.Collaborations have includedwork in sensors, robotics,modeling/simulation, and otherdefense technologies. Thispartnership is helping to matureSandia technology for missionprograms, and is expanding theuse of Sandia technology bythe DoD.

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Terry Litts demonstrates a template developedusing Sandia rapid-prototyping technology. Fitting

precisely over the target area of a patient’s spine, thetemplate allows an orthopedic surgeon to precisely

control placement of screws commonly used inspinal-fusion surgery. A Sandia team partnered

with a University of New Mexico Hospitalsurgeon to develop the template.

Biomedical Partnerships

In the biomedical area,Sandia is collaborating with theUniversity of New Mexico CancerCenter to develop computingtechnologies that may reveal thegenetic basis of leukemia, a formof cancer that is now known tohave many cellular variations.Funded by a $1 million grantfrom The Keck Foundation, theproject team is building a

microarray scanner that will becapable of making 10 to 20simultaneous comparisons of tensof thousands of genes—astaggering increase in throughput,accuracy, and information overthe current, slow procedure ofone-to-one cell comparisons. A unique cushion designedto relieve the lower back painsof office workers, motorists, and

truck drivers, as well as quadri-plegics and others immobilizedby reason of occupation orhealth, is under development atSandia in a partnership with LosAngeles medical companyNumotech; a Russian manu-facturing corporation, Spektr-Conversion; and New Yorkinvestment banking house M.R.Beal. The patented device avoidscurrent methods of supportingthe spine with pressure, achievedby pressing the back against apre-formed semi-rigid foamshape. Rather, in a process thatresembles assisted power steeringin a car, 16 pre-formed inflatablebladders aid muscles in the backintended by nature to supportthe spine. There is no directcontact between chair backand spine.

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Mark Vaughn with a prototype of a unique,patented back-support system intended to reduce lowerback pain in people who spend considerable time inwheelchairs. Sandia is partnering with a privatefirm, Numotech, which arranged for manufactureof the product in Russia as part of a nonproliferationprogram that provides work for Russian scientistswho otherwise might be hired by unfriendly countriesto make nuclear weapons.

AdvancingManufacturingPartnerships

Sandia and Goodyear havebolstered their strong partnershipby signing an umbrella CRADAthat will allow Sandia to take onnew research tasks quicker. It isthe seventh CRADA signed bySandia and Goodyear since 1993.Two initial tasks are defined inthe CRADA—informationmanagement and an extensionof work in current chemicalresearch. Sandia provides itsexpertise to develop advancedtechnology toolsthat helpGoodyeardevelop

better tires and otherrubber products faster andmore efficiently. Sandia is working with10 industry partners to

accelerate the developmentand commercialization of the

emerging, near-room-temperature, metal-coating

technology known as Cold Spray.In the Cold Spray process, metalor composite powders areaccelerated to high velocities ina compressed gas jet and bondto a target surface by a processsimilar to explosive welding—but on a microscale. Consortiummembers want to use new Cold

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Getting a look at Sandia’s Cold SprayTM researchsystem are (left to right) Neville Whittle of the AlcoaTechnical Center, Gregg Wagner of Siemens/Westinghouse Power Corp., and Jeff Smith of theHowmet Corp. Sandia researcher Mark Smith, farright, shows them metal strips depositedby the system.

Below: Sandia researcher Ken Gillen (front right)discusses a tire sample with Roger Assink (seated),Mike Malone (back left) and Gary Jones.

Spray processes to create wear-resistant coatings on car- oraircraft-engine components, forinstance, or to deposit layers ofreactive metals such as aluminumor copper onto substrates for useas heat-tolerant circuits.

Partnering to SupportState and RegionalEconomic Development

In 2001, The New MexicoState Legislature approvedlegislation that allows Sandia toearn a tax credit up to $1.8million a year in return forassisting small businesses in thestate. Through its New MexicoSmall Business AssistanceProgram, Sandia is providingconsulting support to smallbusinesses to help them resolvetechnological problems or

business issues. The program’semphasis is on helping smallbusinesses in rural areas of NewMexico. The program finishedits inaugural years withoutstanding results: Sandiaexperts participated in more than325 projects. Funded by the Departmentof Energy and the New MexicoState Legislature, Sandia continuesdeveloping the 217-acre Science& Technology Park, located nextto Kirtland Air Force Base inAlbuquerque. The park’s fiberoptics backbone became part ofthe infrastructure in 2002 undera $1 million grant from the U.S.Economic DevelopmentAdministration. The park nowhas nine tenants employing 500people. Investment in the parktotals $59.6 million, including$46.4 million in private

investment. Applied TechnologyAssociates, the Sandia LaboratoryFederal Credit Union, and theInternational Programs Buildingare the newest tenants.

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Cesar Lombana (right) gives a tour of Sandia’srobotics laboratory to members of the SouthernArizona Industry and Aerospace Association, oneof the groups Sandia signed a memorandum ofunderstanding with in mid-2002 as part of thenew Regional Alliance for Manufacturing Program.

David Peterson and other Sandians partneredwith EMCORE to invent the MTR8500 Very ShortReach OC-192 Parallel Array Transponder Modulethat promises to make very short-reach fiber opticcommunications less expensive. The module wonan R&D 100 Award for innovative technologyfrom R&D Magazine.

We at Sandia take pride inbeing part of our communities.We cherish the beautiful areas inwhich we live and the wonderfulpeople, our neighbors, andfriends. The people of SandiaNational Laboratories have a longtradition of service in ourcommunities. Since 1993, withsupport and encouragement fromLockheed Martin Corporation,our service and partnerships inthe community have increased

dramatically. We benefit tremen-dously from our communitypartners and friends, and areproud to give back through ourcommitment and service.

Joan B. Woodard,Executive Vice President andDeputy Director

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Community Involvement

Franz Lauffer gets passionate in his advocacy ofeducation during the annual “School to World” career

exploration event in Albuquerque for 8thand 9th graders.

Giving back through service

A Commitment to OurCommunities

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Since 1993, when LockheedMartin Corporation became ouroperating contractor, we haveexpanded our efforts to partnerwithin the communities wherewe live and work. This has meanta greater participation by Sandiaemployees serving on communityboards, chambers of commerce,service clubs, and museumfoundations; we also haveexpanded the grassroots parti-cipation of our staff in volunteerefforts for community charities.Lockheed Martin donated morethan $1 million last year to localcultural, educational, and humanservices groups.

In recognition of Sandia’slong-standing contributions tothe Albuquerque area, the state,and the nation, the PresbyterianHealthcare Foundation presentedSandia/Lockheed Martin with itsprestigious Award of Excellencein the spring of 2002.

Regionally, Sandia as acorporation is involved in itscommunities through thedevelopment of growth strategies,workforce and transportationissues, leadership programs, andstate business and economics.Sandia provides major economicbenefits locally, regionally, and

A store employee helps some Albuquerque-areayoungsters measure their feet before they select shoes

provided by Sandia employees’ annualShoes for Kids program.

The joy of new sneakers lights up the faceof a “customer” of the Shoes forKids program.

nationally through the approxi-mately 7,700 people who makeup our workforce, which gener-ates a payroll of more than $727million in direct salaries andcontract labor. In 2001, Sandia’sexpenditures totaled more than$1.7 billion. We placed contractswith the private sector for $586million in goods and services,including $289 million in con-tracts with New Mexico busi-

nesses and $71 million withCalifornia businesses. Employees are encouragedto volunteer their time to a varietyof organizations and causes, andthey respond enthusiastically bybecoming role models andpartners in community programsand contributing to youtheducation. The following are afew of the ways Sandians makea difference in our communities.

• Sandians contributed more than$2.2 million to the annualEmployee Contribution Plan forUnited Way of Central NewMexico for the secondconsecutive year. The fundraisingprogram was supported byLockheed Martin Corporation,which continued its tradition ofmaking major philanthropiccontributions to the Middle RioGrande community, particularly

in support of educationalprograms for youth.

• Sandia and Lockheed MartinCorporation recognized 32graduating high school studentswho excelled in school andcommunity activities afterovercoming adversities such asillness or addictions, the deathsof parents, becoming teenparents, or living on their own.The annual Thunderbird Awardsfor exceptional achievementinclude a $1,000 grant.

• Sandians in California, throughthe Livermore EmployeeAssistance Program, donatedmore than $230,000 to charitableorganizations. The annual charitydrive has raised more than $3.6million since 1969. In two“Holiday Spirit” drives, they alsodonated nearly 2,000 pounds of

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Thunderbird award recipient Terrance shares ahappy moment with his grandfather, who helped

support Terrance through some tough timesafter his immediate family disintegrated in alcoholism,

drug abuse, and abandonment.

A worker disinfects children’s toys at an Albuquerque child-care center, using newer disinfectants. Sandia assisted theNew Mexico Child Care Association in various ways, includingconvincing state regulators that the newer disinfectants aresafer than traditional chlorine bleach-based ones.

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food and some 750 gifts forhomeless shelters, children’sclubs, and developmentallydisabled recipients in San Joaquinand Alameda counties.

• More than 200 Sandiavolunteers built a third Habitatfor Humanity House, completingthe home for a single motherand her two small children in arecord 24 working days.

• Albuquerque’s Make aDifference Day 2001 wassponsored and coordinated byLockheed Martin and SandiaNational Laboratories. About1,700 volunteers from 35companies completed 116projects for 52 nonprofit agencies.More than 200 Sandia volunteersparticipated.

• The Office Professionals’Quality Council collected newchildren’s books and 6,500school-supply items fordisadvantaged children duringits 2002 drive.

Youth Education Our commitment to educationfocuses on educational outreachprograms that help set the stagefor scholastic success. Sandians

support these goals by judgingscience fairs, speaking at careerevents, helping to teach in theclassroom, and serving asmentors and tutors.

• Sandia provided professional-development workshops formore than 100 Albuquerque mathand science teachers. Strength-ening Quality in Schools (SQS),supported by Sandia and otherpartners, continues to serve as a

For “Make a Difference Day” at Sandia’s Californialaboratory, employees collected more than

4,000 disposable diapers and gave them tothree community shelters.

Mentoring of newer employees and studentinterns is a priority at Sandia. Here Nina Berry(left) mentors College Cyber Defender internsat Sandia/California. Nina’s dedication tomentoring earned her a national award fromCareer Communications Group Inc.

catalyst for continuousimprovement of New Mexicoschools. Over the past year, SQShas trained more than 1,500educators in 200-plus schools in58 districts statewide. SQS sitescontinue to gain measurableresults in student achievementand in improving the schools’overall system and performance.More than 1,000 elementaryschool students and their familiesenjoyed an evening of hands-onscience activities as part of theFamily Science Night program.

• Sandia’s EnvironmentalEducation Program providesstudents and teachers with hands-on activities that demonstrate theneed to protect our naturalresources. Sandians madepresentations at many events,including the annual Math &Science Awards Banquet forLivermore-area high school girls,the fourth annual YouthConference on the Environment,the spring and fall ExpandingYour Horizons in Science andMathematics conferences for

more than 600 students inNorthern California, the Womenin Science and EngineeringConference, and at the Universityof New Mexico’s ValenciaCampus Technology Fair.

• For the third year, about 250students in grades 3-12participated in the Go FigureMath Challenge in which Sandiavolunteers administered andscored a daylong, SAT-like test,then hosted community banquetsfor the 62 winners.

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The National Atomic Museum, operated by Sandia,conducts a wide variety of educational programs

for youngsters. Here a couple of would-be pilots learnsome elementary flying principles from one of the

Museum’s volunteer guides.

Hundreds of Sandia employees volunteer forcommunity projects on the annual “Make a DifferenceDay.” This elementary school student can “visit” all50 states during recess on this 35-foot U.S. mappainted by volunteers on the playground.

• The National Atomic Museum’sUp ‘N’ Atom Mobile presentedalmost 200 math, science andhistory programs (4,000 students)to schools throughout southernNew Mexico during its first yearof operation. The Science isEverywhere Summer Campprovided 22 camps to 400campers, ages 8-12 at four loca-tions throughout Albuquerque.A Taste of Science outreachprogram was developed to servelocal schools, teaching studentsabout radiation, space, andWorld War II history.

• Sandia partnered with NewMexico businesses, schools andgovernment agencies to providethe third annual School to Worldcareer event, giving more than1,500 New Mexico students theopportunity to explore 150different career opportunities.

• In 2001, Sandia internshipsbrought 700 students toAlbuquerque and more than 200to Livermore for mentoring andimmersion in our culture andwork. Half of these students wereinterns in our summer employ-ment program. The STARprogram, in partnership with the

University of New Mexico,selected 10 outstanding math andscience high school students foran intensive 8-week internshipthat allowed students to earncollege credit and workexperience under the closementorship of Sandia scientistsand engineers.

• The Advanced TechnologyAcademies and PhotonicsAcademy received nationalendorsement from severalnational technical societies. Morethan 250 students participate inthe academies, which offer careerpathways into technical fields.

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To supplement science education in Albuquerque schools, Sandia volunteers partner with teachers through Crosslinks, a program for hands-on science activities.

Internships at Sandia and areabusinesses are an integral partof the curriculum.

• Sandia coordinated theScience Bowls in New Mexicoand California, a day-longacademic competition forteams from area high schools.Winning teams participated inthe national Science Bowl heldin Washington, D.C.

Technical AssistancePrograms

Sandia and volunteeremployees also help com-munities, businesses, andgovernment agencies addresstechnical needs such as waterand air quality, arid land issues,safety, and security. Some of this technicalassistance is done informally, bySandians with special knowledge

sharing it through their continu-ing participation in civic andprofessional organizations,community service groups,and governing boards. Otherassistance is provided throughmore formal technical out-reach programs.

• Sandia conducts workshopsfor school administrators, securityofficers, and police, teachingcomprehensive approaches toschool safety and the latest insecurity technologies that cancontribute to safer schools andmake them better places to learn.Sandia’s Security Technologiesand Resource Center also servesas an independent advisor toschool administrators and securityprofessionals.

• By 2006, a new EnvironmentalProtection Agency regulation willrequire that U.S. drinking watercontain no more than 10 parts

per billion of arsenic. Manycommunities large and small—particularly in the western U.S.—have groundwater that greatlyexceeds the new limit and mustfind affordable technology tocomply with the new regulation.Sandia is cooperating withKirtland Air Force Base to fieldtest new arsenic-removaltechnologies, including some thatwere developed by Sandia.The results will be shared widelyto help communities meet thenew standard.

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House & a hug — Sandia retiree Irv Hall congratulates MarthaRodriguez at the dedication ceremonies for her new Habitat forHumanity house built by Sandia volunteers in the spring of 2002.Martha's sons are in the foreground.

Sandia volunteers prepare to hoist a wall section intoplace as they begin the Rodriguez family house.

Sandia Annual Report 2002/2003 staff:

Editor:Larry Perrine, Sandia National Laboratories

Writing:Peter Nolan, Technology Marketing

Design/Layout:Doug Prout, Technically Write

Photography:Randy J. Montoya, Sandia National Laboratories (New Mexico)

Lynda Hadley, Sandia National Laboratories (California)Bud Pelletier, Sandia National Laboratories (California)

Bill Doty, Bill Doty Photoimaging

A special thanks to the many Sandians who provided information,suggestions, and support for this publication.

To request additional copies, please contact us at (505) 844-4902,or e-mail Michelle Fleming (meflemi@sandia.gov).