abd haris bin shamsuddin 98_24.pdf

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r^jDW 21^66 iilillililliilllillliillimlilllllLllUlliULull n'JiS'V" VTYB:@I0M0EH!S LAD 555: DISSERTATION TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS CIRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM by: Abd. Maris bin Shamsuddin (95781330) Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (Hons) (March 1998). Supervisors: 1. Associate Professor Mrs. Kamariyah Kamsah 2. Mr. Anuar Mohd. Noor Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, MARA Institute of Technology (ITM), 40450 SHAH ALAM Selangor Darul Ehsan Submission date: 18 March 1998 Cerff^oi A/o - Oe6fi6:ugt-o

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  • r^ jDW 21^66

    i i l i l l i l i l l i i l l l i l l l i i l l i m l i l l l l l L l l U l l i U L u l l n'JiS'V" VTYB:@I0M0EH!S

    LAD 555: DISSERTATION

    TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS CIRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM

    by: Abd. Maris bin Shamsuddin

    (95781330) Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (Hons) (March 1998).

    Supervisors: 1. Associate Professor Mrs. Kamariyah Kamsah

    2. Mr. Anuar Mohd. Noor

    Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,

    MARA Institute of Technology (ITM), 40450 SHAH ALAM

    Selangor Darul Ehsan

    Submission date: 18 March 1998

    Cerff^oi A/o - Oe6fi6:ugt-o

  • Acknowledgements:

    Bismillahirrahmanirrahim...

    I would like to declare my deepest gr^Jtiide to AUah, the Almighty, for His blessings and allowing me to accomplish the dissertation.

    My deepest thank you to my dearest and beloved wife, Maziana bte Hj. Mohamad, and my children Hadeerah Miza and Hameedan Mirza, who have sacrificed so much,

    ail these years, for my study.

    The collections of materials of study and equipments were made possible with the help and co-operation of kind and obliging friends and acquaintance. I wish to thank them all, especially to Tn. Hj. Mohamad bin Hashim, En. Alias Taib (Head of Maintenance Department), Pn. Rasan Halipah Yusoff and also to Allahyarham En. Zulkifli Ahmad.

    I would also like to express my appreciation to the Institut Teknologi MARA Public Relation Office, the Student Affairs Department, the Development Department, the Security Department, the Maintenance Department and the Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying.

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS GRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM

    CONTENTS Page

    Acknowledgements i List of illustrations vi Ustof^gures viii Abstract

    CHAPTER 1; THE RESEARCH OUTLINE 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Goal and Objectives 3

    12,1 Sodal objective 3 1.2.2 Environmental objective 4 1.2.3 Academic objective 4

    1.3 The Significance of the Study. 4 1.3.1 Internal (ITM) Perspective 5 1.3.2 National Perspective 5

    1.4 The Study Approach 5

    2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Campus Planning 8 2.2 The Campus Circulation 8 2.3 The Vehicular Circulation 9 2.4 The Pedestrian Circulation 11

    2.4.1 Designing a pedestrian circulation 13 2.4.2 The pedestrian walkway capacity 18 2.4.3 Designing details 20 2.4.4 Designing for the disabled 25

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  • 2.5

    2.6

    A Case Study Conclusion

    THE SITE STUDY

    3.1

    3.2 3.3 3.4

    3.5

    3.6 3.7

    3.8

    Background The Faculties and Academic Centres The Residence Halls The Staffs Public Spaces Public Buildings The Existing Main Pedestrian Routes Conclusion

    26 27

    3.0 THE SITE STUDY 29 29 30 31 32 32 33 34 37

    4.0 DATA AMALYSIS AND ISSUES 40 4.1 The Natural Attributes 40

    4.11 Hilly area 40 4.1.2 Lowland areas 41

    4.2 Administrative Constraints 42 4.2.1 Budget constraints 42 4.2.2 Lack of multi inter-professional contribution 42

    4.3 The Physical Planning Approach 43 4.3.1 Lack of pedestrian linkage between landmarks 43 4.3.2 The lack of proper pedestrian linkage between

    residence halls and academic centres 43 4.3.3 Lack of supporting system in the nuclei of activities 44 4.3.4 The increased of vehicles usage 44 4.3.5 Failure to identify human anticipation in design 46 4.3.6 Insufficient space for proposing pedestrian walkway 46

    4.4 Standardise Construction Details for Site Amenities 47 4.4.1 The pedestrian safety 47 4.4.2 The pedestrian comfort 49

    III

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  • 4.4.3 The pedestrian convenience 51 4.4.4 The pedestrian attractiveness 53

    4.5 Conclusion 54

    5.0 SOLUTIONS AND DESIGN GUIDELINES 56 5.1 Administration and Management Prospects 57 5.2 The Planning Stage 58 5.3 Programming 62 5.4 Design Quality 64

    5.4.1 Safety and security 64 5.4.2 Comfort and convenience 66 5.4.3 Attractiveness and aesthetic 68

    5.5 Conclusion 69

    REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

    APPENDIX

    Appendix 1: Distribution of Students by Programmes in ITM, Shah AJam Campus. (As in August, 1997)

    Appendix 2: Distribution of Full-time Students by Faculties in ITM, Shah Alam Campus. (As in August, 1997)

    Appendix 3: Distribution of the Existing Full-time Students Accommodated on Campus and Their Faculties in ITM, Shah Alam. (As in May - Oct. session, 1997)

    IV

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  • Appendix 4: Registered Private Vehicles in ITM, Shah Alam. (As in October, 1997)

    Appendix 5: The Distribution of Car and Motorcycle Parking Spaces in ITM, Shah Alam. (As in November, 1997)

    Note; The recommendations in this study are supported and supplemented by design proposals in the form of visual and graphic presentation by the author.

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  • List of illustrations:

    Illustration 1: Jalan llmu 1/1: one of the busiest road in ITM, Shah Alam. Illustration 2: Multi-storey; the landmark of ITM, Shah Alam. Illustrations: The future 20-level twin towers of the Engineering

    Faculties. Source.' The Development Department of ITM

    Ulu^ration 4: The Multi-storey square: The oldest ar^ d biggest public square in Shah Alam campus.

    JJlustration 5: Existing bus stand in front of Kolej Seroja, ITM, Shah Alam.

    Illustration 6: A well-designed food centre at Kolej Perindu. Illustration 7: The pedesfaian walkway which linked the Multi-storey and

    the Library I. Illustration 8: An overpass walkway which links the Student Centre with

    main pedestrian route. Illustration 9: The Academic II block. illustration 10: Stairway that links between Kolej Delima and the Faculty

    of Information Technology and Quantitative Science. illustration 11: Motorcycles impeding pedestrian walkway. Illustration 12: Pedestrian route by human anticipation. Illustration 13: Narrow sidewalk poses problems in designing for a proper

    pedestrian walkway.' iUustration 14: A view of a roadside pedestrian walkway of Shah Alam,

    ITM. illustration 15: The drain-edge pedestrian walkway. Illustration 16: Existing pathway connecting the Maintenance Department

    and Islamic Centre of ITM. Illustration 17: The busiest intersection on campus in front of Kolej

    Seroja.

    VI

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  • Illustration 18: Amenities such as sculpture at Academic Centre I square may stimulate interests in pedestrians.

    Illustration 19: A historical information at Academic Centre 1 may encourage interpretative walking.

    Illustration 20: Main pedestrian routes should connect residence halls and faculties. Source: Untermann, R.K., 1984, "Accommodating the Pedestrian," pg. 15.

    Illustration 21: A sidewalk vendor. Source: Untermann, R.K, 1984, "Accommodating the Pedestiian,"pQ. 28.

    Illustration 22: A sample of pedestrian signages which indicates public amenity.

    Illustration 23: A buffer between pedestrian and vehicular path will enhance pedestrian safety.

    Illustration 24: Expanding side walk at intersection. Source: Untermann, RK, 1984, "Accommodating the Pedestrian," pg. 35.

    iilusbration 25: Shelter may enhance pedestrian osmfort and convenience. Source: Untermann, R.K., 1984, "Accommodating the Pedestrian," pg, 145.

    Illustration 26: Stalls enhance pedestrian comfort and convenience. Ulustation 27: A scene of intensive planting along a pedestrian route.

    VII

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  • List of figures

    Figure 1: The location of the faculties with the respective numbers of full-time students.

    Figure 2: The distribution of residence halls and number of

    students. Figure 3: The location of main public spaces. Figure 4: The location of main public buildings. Figure 5: The site plan of the eariiest phase of ITM, Shah Alam. Figure 6: The eariiest phase of ITM Shah Alam with the

    Development and Maintenance Department and the Faculty of Art and Design.

    Figure 7: The existing pedestrian routes and circulation. Figure 8: The elevations of every major points for pedestrians

    concentration.

    Figure 9: The distribution of the activity nuclei with the numbers of

    students involved. Figure 10: Typical road cross-section of ITM, Shah Alam. Figure 11: A combination of a stair and a ramp as part of disabled

    pedestrian system. Figure 12: A curvilinear layout of walkway will enhance attractiveness

    and reduce boredom. Figure 13: Typical form of exerdse station at every open spaces and

    major pedestrian walkways. Figure 14: Open drainage system should be dosed to provide buffer. Figure 15: Improved road-crossing area. Figure 16: Cross section of planter or other raised surface can be

    used for sitting with height between 12 to 24 inches. Figure 17: The critical sites of pedestrian safety.

    VIII

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS aRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM

    Abstract

    A campus is a place for people to learn. It is a destination for national conferences or sports throughout the country. Therefore, one of ihe main aspects about campus character is it should have a condudve environment and ambience that could support the learning process. It should always be convenient for the user.

    In order to visualise the mission, a list of strategies should be proposed. One of the most paramount strategies is to develop an effjdent pedestrian drculation system within the campus. The study objective is multi-purpose, viz.: a) to analyse the existing pedestrian routes, b) to identify the major pathway between important points and destinations, and c) to design a proper and effective pedestrian drculation system. The main objective is to enhance a healthy leaming environment deemed pertinent to an institution of higher leaming.

    ITM, Shah Alam is a hilly campus which facilitate schooling for about 23,000 students induding those enrolled with the out-campus and distant learning programmes. About 10,200 of them are accommodated on the main campus. The faculties, administotion offices, residence halls, maintenance building and sport fadlities are dispersed within its 150 hectares of space. The development of the built-up area of the campus has already been pushed beyond the limits of its full capacity. Moreover, the government policy to maximise the number of local students has resulted an over-populated campus. In order to move towards an excellent leaming institute vis-a-vis the government policy, it is best to design a more pedestrian-friendly campus. This would not only minimise conflict Ijetween pedestrian and vehides but would foster a learning community living on campus.

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  • H A P T E R

    R E S E A R C H O U T L I N E

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS CIRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM

    1.0 RESEARCH OUTLINE. 1.1 Introduction

    As an institution of higher learning, campus is perceived as the centre of education process. It provides learning facilities and is known for having the most advanced technology in educational programmes.

    Perhaps, the eariiest planning for institution of higher learning in the country is the development of Malay College, Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) in 1905. However, the replacement of University Malaya

  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS ORCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM

    The demand to establish new campuses rapidly led to an outcome such as the lack to enhance the most important factor in campus planning, that is the people-oriented approach. At the end, the existing campus environment is less capable to fulfil the needs of end-users such as the result of inefficient pedestrian circulation.

    The similar scene occurs in ITM, Shah Alam. Therefore, it is very interesting and challenging to re-design the present campus environment so that the appearance will be more people-based. The study is recommended in order to have a more pleasant and amenable environment for the users to support their learning habitation with a proposal of a pedestrian-friendly campus.

    Moreover, ITWl, Shah Alam is an extra-ordinarily busy campus. The campus consists of academic blocks, administration buildings, residence halls, commercial hotel, sport centres including an Olympic size swimming pool and main stadium, nursery, etc. There are also supporting elements such as maintenance office, Islamic centre, bus stands, food centres, amphitheatre, etc. With 23,000 student population at present, it is established to be the biggest and most active campus.

    1.0: RESEARCH OUTLINE ABD. MARIS Page: 2

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS ORCULATION FOR (TM. SHAH ALAM

    1.2 Goal and Objectives

    Illustration 1 (above): Jalan llmu 1/1: one of the busiest road in ITM, Shah Alam.

    The main goal of the study is to develop a successful pedestrian-friendly campus that could be a model for any future development (especially for new branch campuses of ITM). The following objectives are established in conjunction with the idea towards a pedestrian-friendly campus for ITM, Shah Alam:

    1.2.1 Social objectives i. To have a safe, convenient and pleasurable walking environment for

    pedestrians by enhancing the quality of campus spaces and amenities that are closely related to the pedestrian circulation system.

    ji. To establish linkage of the existing open spaces with the pedestrian system that would support the learning environment throughout the campus,

    ill. To promote to a maximum social contact among pedestrians, and minimising conflicts with vehicular movement.

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS ORCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM

    1.2.2 Environmental objectives i. To achieve a healthy living environment in which walking is perceived as

    a healthy form of exercise for the community, ii. To establish a well defined and efficient pedestrian circulation system in

    the physical layout of the campus, ii. To contribute towards the preservation of the environment by reducing

    the impact of vehicular movement within campus.

    1.2.3 Academic objectives i. To achieve, sustain and create a more pleasant and interpretative

    pedestrian walkway system, ii. To build up the character of people places on campus, especially by

    creating academic setting and ambience, iii. To list recommended strategies for future guidelines that can be

    applied to any new appropriate development throughout the country.

    1.3 The Significance of the Study.

    As a campus is a living environment, it is ideal to design a pedestrian-ftiendiy campus. The study is cameti out in order to have a set of concrete solutions and new findings towards the establishment of a pleasant learning environment in ITM, Shah Alam campus. Therefore, this study is geared towards a proposal for a safe, convenient, comfortable and attractive campus for pedestrians. These factors are considered the most important aspects in designing pedestrian-friendly environment.

    The e)dsting pedestrian system was designed mostly based on two maiin fundamentals, that is the current vehicular circulation system and the human anticipations. Therefore, the most important aspects in pedestrian walkway

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS aRCULATION FOR ITM. SHAH ALAM

    design was not well regarded in the design process. The approach was on a piece-meal or incremental basis without comprehensive consideration for the

    whole campus system.

    The significance of the study can be interpreted through internal and

    nation-wide perspective:

    1.3w1 Internal (ITM) Perspective

    As the biggest and one of the most well-known institution of higher learning in the country, the result of the study could be a model for the improvement of other 12 existing branch campus in the country. The concept can also be applied towards the development of incipient and future permanent campus such as in Pulau Pinang, Kedah and Negeri Sembilan.

    1.3.2 National Perspective

    The study can be a source of reference for physical planning of a campus. In addition, it can also be a reference for any other pedestrianisation projects such as residential area or development of a new township. The concept could also contribute towards an energy-efficient and caring living community in conjunction with the idea of sustainable development and the government aspiration of Vision 2020.

    1.4 The Study Approach.

    The study is conducted based on the existing condition of the campus tnjt projected to the stage when all the planning developments in ITM, Shah

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMBNT OF CAMPUS aRCULATION FOR ITM. SHAH ALAM

    Alam have been completed. All relevant data and references are collected and analysed to identify the main issues. From then, the best policy and objecUves are outlined to improve the matters before withdrawing appropriate strategies.

    The infonnation are acquired by three main sources, that is the literature review, interview and site survey. The literature review is based from books or articles concern wiUi campus planning and pedestrian issues. Interviews are conducted to obtain general and specific information regarding to the subject. Meanwhile, surveys are canied out through individual and windshield observations of the respective sites.

    1.0: RESEARCH OUTLINE ABD. MARIS Page: 6

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  • ^

    L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E W

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS ORCULAVON FOR ITM. SHAH ALAM

    2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

    The literature review are mainly based from reference books. "Campus Planning," by Dober, R. P., published in 1963, is to be the main reference in understanding campus planning although this book is basically about the design of institutions of higher teaming in the United State. However, to conform with the local condition, a reference of a close to home university is made. Towards this, an article, "University Planning with Spedal Reference to Singapore" by Ta-Cheang, Meng, which was published in 1973 is utilised. In addition, a few descriptions from various articles are also applied. A paper by Kamsah, K., known as "Rekabentuk Landskap Kampus," (Campus Landscape Design) presented on Kursus Asas Landskap, Bahagian Pembangunan dan Penyelenggaraan, ITM in 1990 is also appropriated.

    Untermann, Richard. K., had studied thoroughly the aspects of pedestrian circulation in his book, "Accommodating the Pedestrian," 1984. Most of the references were gained here along with information from a book entitled "Parks: Design and Management," by Phillips, Leonard. E., in 1996. Phillips recommends useful information regarding the detailing of designing park components including pedestrian walkway, stairways and pavement. In addition,

    . a book written by Uhlig, Klaus, in 1979, "Pedestrian Areas: From Malls to Complete Network," is also applied. This book provides a remarkable collection of pictures of pedestrian places in urban areas from all over the worid.

    For purpose of comparison, a precedented study by The Campus Planning Group, University of Massachusetts, is appropriated. The title of the study is "A Landscape for Learning" which was completed in 1993. It reveals examples of numerated policies and strategies in promoting an efficient pedestrian circulation.

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS ORCULAVON FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM

    2.1 Campus Planning

    A campus is well-known to the public as the centre for an educational process. However, Dober, R. P., 1963, in his book "Campus Planning," ndicates that the general tasks of an institution of higher education are:

    to provide general education;

    i. to train professionals; ii. to foster creative thought, scholarship and research; V. to disseminate knowledge and skills through extension activities; and V. to serve as the centre of the cultural resources for those outside the

    campus community.

    Particularly, Ta-Cheang, M., 1973, in his article "University Planning witti Spedal Reference to Singapore" even explains that the primary functions of teaching and research processes in university works in many ways include such as follows:

    i. the exchange of ideas, experience, stimulation and direction between lecturers and students;

    ii. the private investigation and research of student and lecturer; iii. the exchange of experience between students through the mutual

    investigation of a field of knowledge; and iv. creative effort in the arts, techniques and science through the medium of

    exhibition, entertainment and personal contacts.

    2.2 The Campus Circulation

    Dober, R. P., identifies that there are three orders of importance in listing the parts of the campus, that is the buildings; an outdoor space; and the supporting site elements such as utilities and circulation. The circulation is

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS aRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM

    necessary to support institutional activities. In addition, there are three types of flow that comprises the campus circulation system: i. automotive (including motorcycle); ii. bicycle; and iii. pedestrian. The type of traffic complies with the explanation from Ta-Cheng, M., which defines that traffic in campus can be divided into vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic. He refers to the bicycle circulation as part of vehicular traffic.

    Furthemiore, Dober, R. P., pointed out that the intemal circulation begins at the campus gateways, which link the institution to its environs. Campus roads are the channels which carry traffic to and from the campus gateways, connecting points of origin and destination inside the campus. Campus road alos serve as convenient easements for utilities, fire breaks, and as open space between buildings.

    However, it is important to take special attention that eight times a day the faculty and student body on a typical campus move from one place to another. Much of this "peak hour" movement must take place within ten minutes, which is the average time span between classes. For this reason, Ta-Cheng, M., enhances to separate the traffics between pedestrian and vehicular, and can be achieved by through vehicular traffic avoiding the campus roads but provision of access from service road to all buildings.

    2.3 The Vehicular Circulation

    Dober, R. P., mentions that in estimating campus circulation requirements, a straight-line projection of existing traffic volumes may be used. This parallels with the need for safety in an increasing population. Nevertheless, allowance should be made for such things as:

    i

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS CIRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM

    i. the improvement of mass transportation; ii. the change in percentage of students housed on campus or in the

    immediate environs;

    iii. the changes in the percentage of graduate and married students in the

    student body;

    iv. the improvements in external road conditions which may encourage a dispersal of off-campus population;

    V. the significant additions to parking on campus or in the immediate environs;

    vi. alterations in the operational pattern of the school; for an example, the addition of late afternoon and evening programmes; and

    vii. an increase in contract research or extra-educational activities.

    However, the general policy that should be adapted for development in planning for circulation and parking on campus are listed such as follows: i. creation of trafTic-free pedestrian precincts; ii. segregation of traffic types by separating the channels of movement for

    pedestrian, bicycle and automotive flow; iii. servicing to all buildings, preferably from the automotive, not the

    pedestrian, side of the building; iv. grade separations between major roads and major pedestrian paths; v. logical connections in traffic flow; for example, a conflict-free flow from

    major to minor road, to pari

  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPUS aRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM

    lies in the fact that parking is a large consumer of land: about three hundred fifty square feet to four hundred square feet per user. The space occupies by 20 automobiles is sufficiently used for giving instruction for 300 students.

    2.4 The Pedestrian Circulation

    Kamsah, K., 1990, in her presentation paper "Reka Bentuk Landskap Kampus," on Kursus Asas Landskap, Bahagian Pembangunan dan Penyelenggaraan, ITM, stated that an institution of higher learning is similar to a small scale township complete with residential areas, management office, parks, roads, pedestrian walkways, commercial centres, recreation, multi-purpose buildings and other facilities. However, compared to a city, a campus is effectively used by pedestrians and therefore an efficient circulation for pedestrians is imperative.

    The explanation indicates that campus environment should give priority for pedestrians, as the main user. Accordingly, Dober, R. P., identified that the circulation planning of most universities in the United State is by creating a pedestrian precinct in the form of a central campus area. The central campus contains the heart of the teaching-learning process. The diameter of this core is measured by the distance a student can walk in the time allotted for moving from one class to another.

    For students, ten minutes is acceptable to be a typical period allowed for changing classes. When this is applied, the central campus area will have a diameter of approximately 1,600 feet (500 metres), about 46 acres (20 hectares), or zone of 2 million square feet (200,000 square metres) of land. By assuming buildings with three floors and a ground coverage of 25%, the zone could theoretically accommodate about 2 million square feet of building. If each student requires about 400 square feet of instructional space, library space,

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  • TOWARDS A PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY CAMPUS: A PROPOSED RE-DEVELOPUENT OF CAMPUS CIRCULATION FOR ITM, SHAH ALAM

    union and administration space, approximately 5,000 students could be accommodated in the central campus.

    The main pedestrian route which is free from through traffic can only allow vehicles such as emergency and maintenance. Student oriented administrative services will continue in this central location and other business

    and staff function will move to the periphery. Main library (usually perceived as the focal building) and public open space are perceived as the focal activity centre on campus and are usually situated in the middle part of the central precinct.

    In terms of pedestrian circulation, Ta-Cheng, M., identifies that the pedestrian traffic on campus may be divided into 2 different types: i. the main pedestrian route between the faculties and departments,

    general teaching facilities and central facilities of the university such as the library, students union, canteen, central administration, computer

    centre and other infra social structures; and

    ii. sub-traffic routes between departments, general teaching and special teaching, offices, laboratories and workshops.

    Dober, R. P., specifically defines that the following pedestrian circulation system will be needed on most campuses: i. Transition areas from buildings to the path system. This may range from

    formal plazas to simple enlargement of the paths in front of the buildings which will allow ample movement during ten minute period between classes for changing class,

    ii. Major pedestrian paths. These are the most direct lines between origins and destinations for the heaviest pedestrian traffic. Major path are also often designed to allow access for emergency vehicles,

    iii. Intersection and exchange areas. These consist of crosswalks, pedestrian bridges and other site elements where traffic flows cross one to another.

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