a5 countries readiness for methyl bromide phase-out by 1st january 2015: addressing the challenges...

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A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase- out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest sector Challenges relating to susbtability and the way forward UNEB OzonAction: Webinar 7 May2013 Mohamed El Hassan Shazali Commodity Storage and Pest Management E. mail : [email protected]

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Page 1: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability

Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest sector

Challenges relating to susbtability and the way forward

UNEB OzonAction: Webinar 7 May2013

Mohamed El Hassan ShazaliCommodity Storage and Pest Management

E. mail : [email protected]

Page 2: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

- Agriculture is the main economic activity in Sudan .

- In agriculture MB is mainly used in durable commodity disinfestations , for structural fumigation and QPS fumigations;

-Durable commodities include food grains “cereals, oil seeds and legumes” staple food grains in Sudan are sorghum, millet and wheat;

-Typical storage facilities vary in stanadards.

Page 3: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

Port Sudan concrete silo, capacity 50,000 tons :

Page 4: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

Squat concrete silo, 10 bins; each 10,000 tones-

Page 5: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

Metal silos : corrugated or plain steel sheets ; each 2000-6000 tons. Lack air-tightness

Page 6: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

Warehouses : multi-purpose , poor warehouse management

Page 7: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

Poor pest management: …… Food security at risk !

Page 8: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

-The status of phosphine fumigation in Sudan: Current situation:

- Phosphine is the only fumigant identified, at the present ,as MB alternative in postharvest fumigation;.

-It is economic, viable and available option as an alternative to MB;

- It does not leave residues on the stored commodities;

- Phosphine is now in routine commercial use in the post harvest;

Page 9: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

- The use of phosphine is vital to the grain industry in meeting its market requirements for insect-free grain.

- Disinfestations of durable commodities will continue to depend heavily on fumigation with phosphine;

- It seems unlikely that another fumigant which is both effective and easy to apply will become available to replace MB in the near future;

- Alternative fumigants (other than Phosphine) are more expensive, and some are not as widely accepted by markets.

Page 10: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

- The situation is now of more phosphine as methyl bromide is being phased-out;

- At the same time there are more substandard fumigations and no counter selection pressure as provided by MB;

- Resistance has developed in insects in Sudan;

- Furthermore,Sudan is at risk of importing resistant insets;

Page 11: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

Improper fumigation

Page 12: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

Malpractices of phosphine fumigation

Page 13: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

Phosphine ash on the surface of sacks, safety …

Page 14: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

The CLF fumigation technique, efficient …even distribution etc...

Page 15: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

CLF is a means of obtaining rapid and uniform distribution in the grain bulk in silos….prevents development of resistance

Page 16: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

Challenges /Constraints:-

1- Project achievements need to be consolidated and extended;

2- Improper phosphine fumigation procedures; malpractices i.e dosages, sealing , exposures etc… - will lead to development of resistance in insects ;

3- Complete control cannot be achieved where there is resistant insects ;

Page 17: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

4- There is a need to address challenges associated with technology transfer , safety of personnel and monitoring insect resistance ;

5- Investment in equipments and instruments ,for the proper use of phosphine, is rather expensive/prohibitive ;

6- Some trading partners insist on MB as treatment measure before shipment ;

7- Lack of knowledge on fumigation requirement by Pest control officers and stakeholders;

Page 18: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

8- Controlling all possible route for illegal importation of MB;

9- Choice of Fumigants is limited,

10- If phosphine fumigation is to be ineffective, a grave situation will be created.

Page 19: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

The Way forward : Measures to ensure sustain ability

1- There is a need to identify ,evaluate and demonstrate MB alternative, “C/A ,M/a, CO2 , low O2 etc…

2- There is a need to tap on IPM. : Use of different control methods as possible.

3- There is an urgent need to rectify phosphine fumigation, as used in Sudan, to avoid catastrophic consequences i.e. resistance ,safety etc …

4- Development of fumigation techniques that can prevent selection for resistance and at the same time overcome resistance “CLF” ;

Page 20: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

5- Training is needed to raise awareness, build capacities and capabilities to achieve high standards of competence.;

6- Develop and implement national management plans for phosphine resistance. We need to Manage the development of resistance;

7- Fumigations must be carried out as a part of a technological package of integrated pest management (IPM), no in isolation as a cosmetic treatment; Hence, a holistic approach is needed;

Page 21: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest

8- To investigate efficient prophylactic technologies such as grain protectants which are contact insecticides mainly pyrethroids e.g. permethrin, deltamethrin etc...,

9- Technical assistance is needed to enhance adoption of “TEC” alternative technologies in different situations :

To enhance sustainability of MB Alternative

Page 22: A5 Countries Readiness for Methyl Bromide Phase-out by 1st January 2015: Addressing the Challenges of Sustainability Methyl Bromide Phase- out in the Postharvest