a timeline: brief history of western history focus on conflicts

Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy

(1) Stonehenge in Southern England

(2) Epic of Gilgamesh is first written myth

c. 4300 BC Megalithic tombs in Western Europe

1800 BC c. 1800-1750; Hammurabi establishes Babylonian Empire Earliest prohibitions against pork among shepherd tribes in Middle East

2000 BC Hittites establish empire in Anatolia (modern Turkey)

1813 BC Emergence of Assyrian power under Shamshi-Adad I

2100 BC First Ziggurats in Sumer

2334 BC c. 2334-2193; First deification of kings in Sumer

2700 BC Yin and Yang theory developed in China

1333 BC Tutankhaman (King Tut) reestablishes polytheism as official religion in Egypt

1353 BC Amenhotep IV introduces monotheism to Egypt

1450 BC Mycenaean Greeks conquer Minoan Civilization on Crete Brahma worship in India

1500 BC c. 1504-1492; Thutmose I expands Egypt into Palestine, Syria, and Nubia

1700 BC c. 1700-1650; Chariot-equipped Hyksos begin invasions and conquer Middle Kingdom Egypt

1750 BC Collapse of Indus River Valley civilization at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa

1200 BC c. 1200-1100; Judaism established in Palestine

GOD CREATED THE WORLD

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957 BC Solomon builds first Jewish temple in Jerusalem

800 BC Olmecs build pyramids in Central America (modern Mexico)

850 BCc. 850-750; Approximate date of written transcriptions of

Homer'sIliad and Odyssey from existing oral tradition

883 BC Revival of Assyrian power under Ashurnasirpal II

1006 BC c. 1006-965; David becomes king of Israel and conquers Jerusalem

612 BC Babylonians sack Nineveh; Assyrian power collapses

671 BC Assyrians conquer Egypt

722 BC Sargon II seizes power in Assyria; destroys the Kingdom of Israel

744 BC Tiglath-Pileser III succeeds in Assyria; Conquers Syria, Palestine, Israel, and Babylon

772 BCConstruction begins on Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of Seven Wonders of

the Ancient World

776 BC First Olympic Games held in Greece

553 BCc. 553; Death of Zoroaster; Teachings emphasizing monotheism and eschatology

become official religion of Persian Empire

565 BC Spread of Taoism in China

587 BC Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon destroys Jerusalem; Babylonian Captivity of the Jews begins

600 BC c. 600; Greeks colonize southern France c. 600; Sappho is priestess of love cult on Lesbos

605 BC Babylonians defeat last Assyrian army at Megiddo; End of Assyria as an independent kingdom

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(1) c. 500; Polynesian culture develops in Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga

(2) Earliest versions of Sun Tzu's The Art of War

(3) Heraclitus becomes one of the earliest dialectical philosophers

(1) Spartan army under King Leonidas defeated by Persians at Battle of Thermopylae

(2) Greek fleet defeats Persian fleet at Battle of Salamis

469 BC Socrates' birth

539 BC Babylonian empire conquered by Cyrus the Great of Persia

498 BC Pindar begins composing his Odes

500 BC

499 BC Ionian Revolt marks beginning of Persian-Greek Wars

515 BC c. 515; Birth of Parmenides, who becomes founder of metaphysics

517 BC Hsiao Yen (Wu Ti) backs Buddhist missionary efforts in central China

522 BC Darius I rises to power in Persia; Expands Persian Empire to its maximum extent

472 BC Aeschylus's tragedyPersae performed

478 BC Athens founds Delian League to lead the Greek war against Persia

480 BC

479 BCBattles of Plataea and Mycale mark the end of Spartan leadership of the Greek coalition against

Persia

490 BC Athenians defeat Persians at Battle of Marathon

495 BC c. 495-483; Confucius teaches throughout China

466 BC Delian League decisively defeats Persian fleet at Battle of Eurymedon River

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(1) Death of Empedocles, who developed Four Elements theory of the natural

world

(2) c. 430; Herodotus writes his History

427 BC Plato's Birth

438 BC Phidias completes Parthenon

440 BC Sophocles' tragedyAntigone

441 BC First stage success of Euripides in Athens

455 BC Anaxagoras teaches atomistic theory of the natural world

457 BC First Peloponnesian War; Sparta dominant in Peloponnesian Peninsula

423 BC Aristophanes' comedyThe Clouds

426 BC Euripides' Andromache

428 BC Euripides' Hippolytus ; portrays struggle between sexual desire and asceticism

430 BC

429 BC c. 429, Sophocles'Oedipus Rex

431 BC Second Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta begins Euripides' Medea

415 BC Athens sends large expeditionary force to Sicily; Athenians are decisively defeated Euripides' The Trojan Women

420 BC c. 420-413; Sophocles'Electra

421 BC Aristophanes' comedyThe Peace

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(1) Posthumous production of Sophocles'Oedipus at Colonus

(2) Death of Thucydides, who leaves behind The History of the Peloponnesian War

380 BC Plato wrote the Republic

384 BC Aristotle's Birth

350 BC Aristotle wrote the "Politics"

347 BC Plato's Death

336 BC Philip II of Macedon assassinated; Alexander rises to power in Macedon

404 BC Athens surrenders, marking end of Peloponnesian War

405 BC With Persian aid, Spartan fleet decisively defeats Athenians at the battle of Aegospotami

411 BC Outnumbered Athenian fleet defeats Spartans at Battle of Cynossema Aristophanes' anti-war satire Lysistrata

343 BC Rome subdues Campania in First Samnite War

367 BC Aristotle begins study at Plato's Academy

371 BC Thebes defeats Sparta at Battle of Leuctra; Spartan helots freed

385 BC Plato establishes his Academy

401 BC Battle of Cunaxa; Xenophon and 10,000 Greek mercenaries retreat through Persian Empire

399 BC Trial and death of Socrates

335 BC Alexander destroys the rebellious city of Thebes and enslaves its population Aristotle opens the Lyceum

338 BCPhilip II of Macedon defeats Greek army at Battle of Chaeronea; End of independent Greek city-

states

340 BC Athens forms Hellenic League to resist Philip II of Macedon

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(1) Alexander the Great enters Babylon; Conquers Persian Empire

(2) Darius III assassinated by Persian satrap Bessus

(1) Alexander's general Ptolemy establishes control of Egypt

(2) Alexander the Great dies; Wars of the Diadochoi (Successors) begin

322 BC Aristotle's Death

290 BC Rome completes conquest of Samnites; Effectively controls Italy Approximate date for the construction of the Library of Alexandria

283 BC Pharos lighthouse in Alexandria

332 BC Alexander conquers Palestine and Egypt

334 BC Alexander the Great Invades Asia Minor and defeats Persians at Granicus River

312 BC Seleucus establishes Seleucid Empire in Mesopotamia

323 BC

324 BC Menander introduces 'New Comedy' to Greece

326 BCMacedonian army defeats King Porus at the battle of The Hydaspes River; Alexander the Great's

army mutinies and refuses to march farther into India

330 BC

329 BC Alexander the Great reaches India

331 BC Alexander defeats Persians at Gaugamela; Effectively destroys Persian army

281 BC Completion of the Colossus of Rhodes, one of Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

289 BC Chinese ruler/philosopher Mencius dies; Responsible for refining Confucianism

300 BC c. 300 BCE; Epicurus founds school of philosophy in Athens

301 BC Antigonus dies at battle of Ipsus; Dissolution of Alexander's empire is confirmed Zeno introduces Stoic philosophy in Athens

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(1) c. 260; Mauryan king Ashoka converts to Buddhism

(2) c. 260; First gladiatorial games in Rome

(1) c. 150; El Mirador (Guatemala) has become largest center of Mayan civilization

(2) c. 150; Polybius publishes first part of The Histories

150 BC

219 BC Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage begins

221 BC Chinese Emperor Shih Huang-ti outlaws and persecutes Confucianism

241 BCFirst Punic War ends after Carthaginian defeat at the battle of the Aegates Islands; Rome

conquers Sicily and makes it the first Roman province

260 BC

264 BC First Punic War begins between Rome and Carthage

272 BC Rome conquers Tarentum and unifies Italian Peninsula

171 BC Third Macedonian War between Rome and Macedon

190 BCRome defeats Seleucid king Antiochus III at battle of Magnesia; Rome secures control of Greece

and gains territory in Asia Minor

202 BCRoman army under Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Zama; Second Punic War ends with

Rome dominant in the Mediterranean

206 BCRoman army under Scipio Africanus defeats Carthaginians at battle of Ilipa; Rome conquers

Hispania

216 BC Hannibal's Carthaginian army destroys 16 Roman legions at Battle of Cannae

217 BC Roman army ambushed and destroyed at Battle of Lake Trasimene

167 BC Mattahias the Hasmonian begins Maccabean Revolt against Seleucid rule in Judea

168 BC Rome defeats Philip V of Macedon at battle of Pydna; Rome assures dominance in Greece

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(1) Romans capture Carthage; Carthaginian territory incorporated into Roman province of Africa

(2) Rome eliminates democracies in Greece

(1) Virgil begins hisEclogues

(2) Second Triumvirate deifies Julius Caesar; Origin of Caesar worship

35 BC First volume of Horace'sSatires

19 BC Virgil dies; Augustus immediately publishes theAeneid

105 BC Proto-Germanic Cimbri and Teutones destroy a Roman army at battle of Arausio

144 BC Mithridates I of Parthia conquers Babylonia, Media, and Persia

146 BC

149 BC Third Punic War between Rome and Carthage begins; Roman army besieges Carthage

51 BC Cicero's De Republica

53 BC Parthians crush Roman army at battle of Carrhae; Crassus killed afterward

58 BC Julius Caesar invades Gaul; Gallic Wars begin

63 BC Judea becomes client-kingdom of Rome

102 BC Roman army under Gaius Marius defeats Teutones at battle of Aquae Sextiae

104 BC Second Slave Revolt in Sicily

42 BC Marcus Junius Brutus defeated at the Second Battle of Philippi; Commits suicide soon after

45 BCJulius Caesar defeats conservative republican army at the Battle of Munda; Caesar returns to

Rome to rule as dictatorJulius Caesar enforces the Julian Calendar developed by Sosigenes of Alexandria

48 BC Caesar defeats Senetorial army under Crassus at Pharsalus

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70 Roman army under Titus captures Jerusalem and destroys Jewish Temple

73 Jewish Zealots commit mass suicide at Masada

18 BC Ovid's Amores

16 Romans defeat Arminius but German tribes remain independent

9Germanic revolt against Rome under Arminius; Destroys Varus and three legions at battle of

Teutoburg Forest

7 Ovid's Metamorphoses

6 AD Rome incorporates client-kingdom of Judea into new province of Iudaea

4 c. 4; Approximate date of the birth of Jesus

15 BC Augustus expands Rome's frontier to the Danube River

64 Fires destroy half of Rome; Nero blames Christians and begins persecutions

63 Seneca's work of stoic philosophy, Epistolae Morales

46 Paul of Tarsus begins missionary work in Asia Minor

30 c. 30; Crucifixion and death of Jesus

27 c. 27; Jesus is baptized and begins ministry

17Livy, Roman historian, dies leaving behind his 142-volume history of Rome, Ab

Urbe Condita

67 Official introduction of Buddhism into China

66 First Jewish Revolt against Roman rule in Judaea Petronius' Satyricon

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122 Hadrian's Wall built in Britain

132 c. 132-135; Jewish Rebellion in Jerusalem

79 Pliny the Elder killed in Pompeii during eruption of Vesuvius

76 Chinese army defeats Xiongnu nomads (Probably the early Huns)

115 Emperor Trajan expands the Roman frontier to the Tigris River

114 Rome annexes Armenia

113 Trajan's Column erected in newly rebuilt Roman Forum

106

105 Tacitus' Historiae

80 Colosseum opens in Rome

125 Approximate date of completion of the Pantheon in Rome

121 Seutonius' Lives of the Caesars

120 c. 120; Plutarch's Parallel Lives

117 Tacitus' Annales

167 Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius leads series of successful campaigns against Germanic tribes

155Martyrdom of Polycarp, an early Christian bishop in Smyrna; His Letter to the

Philippians among earliest Christian writings to survive

135 Hadrian orders destruction of Jerusalem and enforces a diaspora of the Jews

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301 Armenia becomes first state to officially adopt Christianity

200 Judah haNasi compilesMishnah , the foundation of Talmudic Law

197Approximate date of Tertullian's conversion to Christianity; Introduced the term

Trinity into Christian theology

180 Marcus Aurelius'Meditations ; Stoic philosophy

268 Roman emperor Claudius II repels invasion of Goths; Gains title Gothicus

260 Persian King Shapur I defeats Roman army and seizes emperor Valerian

250Roman emperor Decius begins systematic persecution of Christians to ensure

dominance of paganism

247 Philippus holds games to celebrate millennial anniversary of the founding of Rome

244

241 Shapur I expands the Sassanid Empire at the expense of Roman territory

306 Baths of Diocletian open in Rome, the most lavish public bath in Rome

303Roman emperor Diocletian begins the Great Persecution of Christians and

Manicheans in the empire

276Mani executed; Teachings will become Manichaeism, which combines Christian

salvation and Zoroastrian dualism

275 c. 275; Anthony begins hermetic life of study; Beginning of Christian Monasticism

274 Aurelian defeats rebels at Châlons to restore Roman authority in Gaul

313Constantine issues the Edict of Milan granting official toleration to Christianity in

the Roman Empire

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354 St. Augustine's Birth

(1) Huns invade Europe

(2) Picts invade Roman Britain

379 Roman emperor Theodosius makes treaty with Visigoths as military allies of Rome

341 Coptic Christianity introduced to Ethiopia

335 The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is consecrated in Jerusalem

330 Construction begins on St. Peter's Basilica in Rome

325 Council of Nicaea; Arian Christianity condemned

321 Sunday becomes the Sabbath in Roman Empire

378 Visigoth cavalry destroys Roman army and kills emperor Valens at battle of Adrianople

376 Visigoths permitted to settle in Balkans by Rome

372 Spread of Buddhism in China and Korea

362Roman emperor Julian decrees religious toleration in the empire and attempts to

reestablish paganism

360

350 Huns invade Persia

391 Roman emperor Theodosius orders all non-Christian books burned

390Bishop Ambrose of Milan forces emperor Theodosius to do public penance for a

massacre of 7,000 in Thessalonica

380Theodosius I establishes Catholic Christianity as the official state religion of the

Roman Empire

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(1) Vandals invade Iberian Peninsula

(2) Revolt in Britain marks the end of Roman rule

430 St. Augustine's Death

396 Visigoths under Alaric invade Greece

393 Olympic games forbidden by Emperor Theodosius

411 Augustine's The City of God

409

410 Visigoths under King Alaric sack Rome

406 Vandals invade Gaul, sacking numerous Roman cities

401 Visigoths under Alaric invade Italy

397 Augustine's Confessions

473 King Euric of the Visigoths declares Gaul independent of Roman rule

453 Attila dies; Huns expelled from Italy

451Attila and Huns defeated in Gaul at battle of Chalons; Last great military campaign by Western

Roman Empire

449 Saxons and Angles invade Britain

438 Roman law since 312 published in Codex Theodosianus

431 Council of Ephesus exiles Nestorius; Emergence of cult of the Virgin Mary

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(1) Cosmas Indicopleustes'Topographica Christiana attempts to demonstrate the

truth of the biblical Creation story and posits a flat Earth

(2) Christian chronology established by Dionysius Exiguus

(1) Benedict of Nursia founds monastic order at Monte Casino

(2) Byzantine Emperor Justinian I closes Plato's Academy

(1) Benedict of Nursia writes Regula monachorum to regulate daily life in the

monastary

(2) Roman statesman Cassiodorus retires and founds monastery at Viverium;

Becomes major center for translation of ancient Greek texts

537 Hagia Sophia completed and dedicated in Constantinople

535 Belisarius conquers the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy for Byzantine Empire

533 Belisarius conquers the Vandal kingdom in North Africa for the Byzantine Empire

529

525

507 Clovis defeats Visigoths at Vouillé; Unites all Frankish lands on the left bank of the Rhine

481

561 Chlothar I dies; Frankish kingdoms are redivided

558 Chlothar I temporarily reunites Clovis' Frankish kingdoms

553 Procopius' Anecdota (Secret History) of the Byzantine Empire

540

541 Justinian I abandons plans to conquer Gaul and Britain after plague strikes Constantinople

MIDDLE AGES

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628 Muslim army captures Mecca

582 Cassiodorus' History of the Goths

579King Chosroes of Persia dies after 48 year reign; Reestablished Persian power from Red Sea to

Oxus River

594 Empress Suiko of Japan converts to Buddhism

593 Empress Suiko becomes first Japanese ruler to gain official recognition from China

589 Sui emperor Wendi reunites China

588 Lombards convert to Christianity

587 First Buddhist monastery in Japan

585 Soga clan adopts Buddhism in Japan

622Muhammad forced to flee Mecca for Medina; Becomes basis for Islamic tradition

of the hijra

620Persian king Chosroes II conquers Rhodes; Persian Empire reaches extent of Darius' 6th Century

BCE empire

610 Muhammad begins preaching in Mecca

604Japanese crown prince issues the Shotoku Taishi, which requires veneration of the

Buddha and Buddhist laws

603 First St. Paul's Cathedral built in London

601 The Vaghbata , a collection of Indian medical knowledge compiled

630 Muhammad returns to Mecca with the Koran

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710 Islamic forces conquer Tangiers; Caliphate controls entire North African coast

711 Islamic army invades Iberian Peninsula

638 Islamic forces capture Jerusalem

637 Islamic armies invade Mesopotamia

636 Battle of Yarmuk; Islamic forces under Khalid ibn al-Walid conquer Syria and Palestine

633 East Anglia converted to Christianity

661 Sunni and Shi'a branches of Islam split over succession to the Caliphate

659 c. 659; First Shinto shrines built in Japan

645 Buddhism reaches Tibet

643 Construction on the Dome of the Rock begins

642 Islamic forces decisively defeat Persians at the battle of Nihawand

639 Islamic armies conquer Egypt

700 Dandin's The Adventures of the Ten Princes , Sanskrit poetry

692 Dome of the Rock is completed by Caliph Abdel-Malik

690 Shinto Shrine of Ise first built in its current form in Japan

680 Hussein killed at battle of Karbala; Battlefield will become site for Shiite holy city

678Umayyad forces forced to lift siege of Constantinople after decisive naval defeat at the battle of

Syllaeum

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(1) Pope Gregory II excommunicates Leo III for iconoclasm

(2) Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum by Bede

796 Palatine Chapel built in Aix-la-Chapelle

801 Charlemagne conquers Barcelona from the Moors

804 Charlemagne completes conquest and conversion of Saxony

730

732 Frankish army under Charles Martel defeats Umayyad army at the battle of Tours

726 Byzantine emperor Leo III initiates iconoclastic movement in Constantinople

717 Second Siege of Constantinople; Byzantines decisively defeat Umayyad navy using Greek fire

712 Muhammad ibn Kasim makes first Islamic conquests in India Ono Yasumara's Kojiki , the first written history of Japan

790 Carolingian Renaissance begins

787 Danes invade England

774 Charlemagne visits Rome; Absorbs Lombardy into Frankish kingdom

766 York becomes English center for learning

756 Donation of Pepin creates Papal States and establishes temporal power of the papacy

752 55 ft. statue of the Buddha, Rushanabutsu , completed in Japan

814 Doge's Palace built in Venice

800 Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Emperor of the RomansAlcuin of York works on corrected version of the Bible and compiles Lives of the

Saints

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900 Laguna Copperplate Inscription

930 Althing established in Iceland; Early representative assembly in Europe

942 Edmund I of England conquers the Danelaw

820 Islamic law school established in Medina

850 Vikings seize Kiev; Origin of Varangian empire of the Rus

845 Chinese government launches persecution of Buddhists

843 Treaty of Verdun permanently splits Charlemagne's empire

836 Vikings sack London

830 Einhard's Life of Charlemagne

825King Egbert of Wessex conquers Kent, Sussex, and Essex; Wessex becomes dominant power in

England

909 Abbey of Cluny founded in eastern France

895 Magyars raid Bulgaria; Settle in Central Europe

886 Alfred the Great expels the Vikings from London; Establishes the Danelaw

874 Christians defeat Moors at Orbedo; Beginning of theReconquista in the Iberian Peninsula

862Byzantine emperor Michael III sends Cyril and Methodius to convert slavs; Origin of

Cyrillic alphabet

859 Arabs complete conquest of Sicily

939 Ngo Quyen defeats Chinese army and establishes independent kingdom in northern Vietnam

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1050 Tughril Beg conquers Isfahan and establishes Seljuk capital there

1051 Cathars executed in Germany

969 Fatimids conquer Egypt and move capital to Cairo

956 Oghuz Turks led by Seljuk move into Transoxiana

955 Otto I of Germany defeats Magyar army at the battle of Lechfeld

1018Council of Pavia; Pope Benedict VIII declares clerical marriage and concubinage

illegal

1010 Robert II proclaims the 'Peace of God' in France to curb aristocratic violence

993Pope John XV canonizes Ulric, bishop of Augsburg; First documented papal

canonization

992 Venice gains independence from Byzantine Empire

988Vladimir the Great of Kiev converts to Christianity; Foundation of Russian Orthodox

Church

982 Eric the Red begins viking invasion of Iceland Direct Chinese contact with the Philippines

1048 Seljuk Turks sack Erzurum; Maintain presence in Anatolia Henry III appoints Pope Clement II

1040 Seljuk Turks conquer territories in Persia

1035 King Cnut dies; England, Denmark, and Norway redivided

1031 Umayyad caliphate abolished in Spain; Rise of minor Moorish kingdoms

1022 Bogomils burned in France

1052 Construction on Westminster Abby begins

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1115 Peter Abelard becomes chair of theology at Notre Dame

1065 Westminster Abby consecrated

1061 The Norman conquest of Arab-controlled Sicily

1055 Seljuk Turks conquer Baghdad; Tughril Beg becomes sultan

1054Pope Leo IX and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicate each other; Final

step in the Great Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches

1080The Bayeux Tapestry, which depicts the Norman conquest of England, is

commissioned

1079 Peter Abelard born

1078 Construction on the Tower of London begins

1075Pope Gregory VII decrees papal supremacy inDictatus papae ; Beginning of Investiture

Controversy between the Pope and Holy Roman Emperor

1071Seljuk army decisively defeats Byzantine army at battle of Manzikert; Conquer parts of Anatolia

and Syria

1066 William the Conqueror defeats Harold at the battle of Hastings; Normans conquer England

1119 The Knights Templar founded in Jerusalem

1100 Baptistery in Florence built

1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem; First Crusade endsThe Order of the Knights Hospitaller chartered in Jerusalem to protect pilgrims to

the Holy Land

1095 Pope Urban II proclaims First Crusade against Islamic conquests in the Middle East

1091 Roger Guiscard completes the Norman conquest of Sicily

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(1) Peace of Constance confirms the autonomy of Italian cities from Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick I (Barbarossa)

(2) Saladin captures Aleppo; Moves his capital to Damascus

(1) Pope Gregory VIII calls for Third Crusade to halt Saladin's conquests in the Middle East

(2) Saladin captures Jerusalem from the European crusaders

1200 Lay order of the Beguines founded in Liège

1175 Saladin recognized as sultan of Egypt and Syria

1173 Thomas Becket canonized

1170The Almohads move their capital to Seville; The Almohad Dynasty has conquered much of North

African and consolidated the smaller Islamic kingdoms in SpainThomas Becket murdered by nobles loyal to King Henry II of England

1145Pope Eugene III proclaims Second Crusade to recapture Crusader Kingdom of

Edessa

1123 The First Lateran Council condemns simony and clerical marriage in Europe

1122Concordat of Worms ends the Investiture Controversy between the Pope and Holy Roman

Emperor

1192Richard I of England and Saladin sign truce which allows Christian access to Jerusalem; Richard

leaves the Holy Land

1191 Crusading army under Richard I of England captures Acre and defeats Saladin's army at Arsuf

1190Emperor Frederick I drowns while crossing the Saleph River; German crusader army

disintegrates

1188 Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) leads crusader army from Germany

1187

1183

1179 Third Lateran Council declares crusade against Albigensian heresy

1193 Saladin dies

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(1) Western façade of Notre Dame Cathedral completed

St. Thomas Aquinas' birth

(2) Francis of Assisi'sCanticle to Brother Sun

1231 Gregory IX establishes the Papal Inquisition

1210 Foundation of the Franciscan Order

1209 Foundation of Cambridge University

1208 Pope Innocent III declares crusade against Albigensian heresy in Languedoc

1204Crusaders capture and sack Constantinople; Baldwin count of Flanders crowned Latin Emperor

and Byzantine territory partitioned with Venice

1222 Genghis Khan conquers Khwarezmid Empire (Afghanistan)

1216 Foundation of the Dominican Order

1215 Mongols under Genghis Khan sack Beijing

1214Philip II of France decisively defeats Emperor Otto IV at battle of Bouvines; Confirms French

conquest of Normandy and other English territories

1212Alfonso VIII of Castile and Sancho VII of Navarre decisively defeat Almohad army at battle of Las

Navas de TolosaFailed Children's Crusade in Europe

1211 Genghis Khan conquers Kara-Khitai empire in Turkestan and invades China

1236 Ferdinand III of Castile conquers Muslim Cordoba

1227 Genghis Khan dies; Mongol empire divided among his sons

1225

1226The Golden Bull of Rimini authorizes the Teutonic Knights to conquer and convert pagan

Prussian tribes in the Baltic

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(1) Mohammed ibn Nasr founds Nasrid Dynasty in Granada

(2) Mongol leader Batu Khan sacks Vladimir; Establishes the Golden Horde

1266 Thomas Aquinas begins work on his Summa theologica

1274 Thomas Aquinas dies

1290 Edward I expels the Jews from England

1297 William Wallace leads uprising in Scotland; Defeats English army at Stirling Bridge

1298 Edward I of England defeats William Wallace at Falkirk Marco Polo's Travels to Tartary and China

(1) Papal and Neapolitan armies destroyed by malaria; Truce ends the War of the Sicilian

Vespers

(2) Fleming militiamen defeat French army at Courtrai

1259 Henry III of England renounces claims to Normandy and other Angevin territories in France

1238

1279 Kublai Khan completes the Mongol conquest of China

1277 Edward I of England conquers Wales

1265 Dante born

1260 Mamluks defeat Mongol army at Ain Jalut; Egypt avoids conquest Chartres Cathedral consecrated

1296 Edward I of England defeats Scottish army at Dunbar; Scottish king John Balliol abdicates

1295 France and Scotland form alliance against England; Origin of the "Auld Alliance" Marco Polo returns from China

1291 Mamluks destroy Acre and end the existence of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem

1282 Beginning of the War of the Sicilian Vespers

1281Typhoon destroys Mongol invasion fleet off the coast of Japan; Japanese call itKamikaze (Divine

Wind)

1302Boniface VIII asserts papal supremacy over secular power in the bull, Unam

sanctum

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(1) Edward III of England lands in Antwerp with his army

(2) Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV supports Edward III's claim to the French throne

(1) Edward III declares himself King of France

(2) Battle of Sluys

1309 Pope Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon, France

1307 Dante's Divina Commedia (Divine Comedy )

1305 William Wallace executed in London

1338

1340

1337 Philip VI of France confiscates English territory in Gascony; Beginning of the Hundred Years War

1328 Edward III recognizes Scottish independence

1331 Ottoman Turks capture Nicaea, the last remaining Byzantine territory in Asia

1315 Swiss militia defeat Habsburg army at Morgarten and secure Swiss autonomy

1314 Robert the Bruce defeats English army at Bannockburn; English forces withdraw from Scotland

1353 Boccaccio's The Decameron

1346 English defeat French at battle of Crécy; Emergence of the English longbow

1342 Scottish troops take Roxburgh; English expelled from Scotland

1341 English garrison expelled from Edinburgh, Scotland Petrarch crowned in Rome

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(1) Emperor Charles IV issues Golden Bull establishing a system of seven Electors in the Holy

Roman Empire

(2) English longbowmen defeat French army at the Battle of Poiters; French King John II

captured and held for ransom

1364 Papal Palace completed in Avignon, France

1370 Hubert van Eyck born

(1) End of Babylonian Captivity for Roman Catholic Church

(2) Filippo Brunelleschi, early Renaissance architect and engineer born

(1) Ghiberti born

(2) The Great Schism & the election of Clement VII

1380 Islam arrived in Sulo Archipelago and Jolo

1382 Bible translated into English by Wycliffe

1390 Jan Van Eyck born

1360 Timur begins rise to military prominence; Conquers Transoxiana

1356

1377

1378

1371Ottoman army under Murad I defeats Byzantine army at battle of Chernomen; Ottomans

conquer most of the Balkans

1365Charles V recognizes John de Montfort as Duke of Brittany in the Treaty of Guérande; End of the

Breton War of Succession

1363 John II gives Burgundy to son Philip; Burgundy will emerge as independent rival to French throne

1397 Treaty of Kalmar stipulates perpetual union of the kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden & Norway

1389Ottoman army under Murad I defeats Serbian army at the battle of Kosovo; Ottoman Empire

conquers Serbia

1386 Old Swiss Confederation defeats Habsburg army at the Battle of Sempach Last pagan ruler in Europe, Jogalia of Lithuania, converts to Christianity;

Foundation of Polish-Lithuanian dynastic union

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(1) Frederick VI of the House of Hohenzollern recognized as Margrave and Prince-elector of

Brandenburg

(2) English army under Henry V decisively defeats French army at the Battle of Agincourt

(1) Vietnam gains independence from Ming China

(2) English army begins siege of Orleans

1450 Florence becomes center of Italian Renaissance

(1) Leonardo da Vinci born

(2) Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise

(1) Turks capture Constantinople and end the Byzantine Empire

(2) French army defeats English at Castillon; End of English presence in Aquitaine

(3) French forces enter Bordeaux; End of the Hundred Years' War

1453

1414 1414-1418; Council of Constance resolves the Western Schism of the Catholic Church

1444 Botticelli born

1438 Charles VII and the Pragmatic Sanction

1436 Verrocchio born

1428

1423 Venetian-Turkish Wars begin

1415 John Huss burned at the stake

1419 John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy assassinated by servants of the Dauphin Charles

1452

1447 Pope Nicholas V, the Builder Pope

1446 Filippo Brunelleschi, early Renaissance architect and engineer dies

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Machiavelli's Birth

1492 Spanish forces conquer final Moorish stronghold in Granada

1494 Savonarola's Reforms

1498 Albrecht Durer's Self Portrait

1499 Michelangelo's Pietà

1455 Pope gives approval to the slave trade

1454 The Treaty of Lodi establishes peace and a stable political framework in Italy

1477Charles the Bold killed in Switzerland; Burgundian territories divided between French and

Habsburgs

1475 Michelangelo born

1471 Albrecht Durer born

1469 Florence at its cultural height

1466 Donatello dies

1465 Erasmus born

1488 Verrocchio dies

1484 Birth of Venus by Botticelli

1483 Martin Luther born

1482 Battle of Alhama de Granada

1478 Pope Sixtus IV ratifies the Spanish Inquisition

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1513 Machiavelli wrote "The Prince"

(1) Portugal rules Bahrain 1521 - 1602

(2) Battle of Tenochtitlan; Cortes completes conquest of Aztec Empire

Ferdinand Magellan Arrived in the Cebu, Battle of Mactan w/ Lapu-lapu

(1) Spanish army defeats French at Battle of Pavia; Spain becomes dominant power in Italy

(2) Imperial-Spanish army commanded by Charles de Lannoy defeats a French army at the Battle

of Pavia and takes French king Francis I captive

(1) Battle of Panipat

(2) Mogul-Afghan War

1527 Imperial troops sack Rome Machiavelli's Death

1506 Charles of Ghent inherits the Burgundian possessions of his father Philip I Francis Xavier born

1503 Leonardo's Mona Lisa

1500 Madonna and Child by Michelangelo

1525

1521At the Imperial Diet of Worms, Martin Luther refuses to recant his critique of the

Catholic Church and Charles V declares him a heretic

1520Field of the Cloth of Gold; Fabulous meeting between Francis I of France and Henry

VIII of England

1519Charles of Ghent secures election as King of the Romans with financial support from the Fugger

banking family

1517 Martin Luther's 95 Theses begins the Reformation

1516Charles of Ghent proclaimed king of Aragon and Castile after the death of his grandfather

Ferdinand II

1508 Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel

1526

16TH CENTURY TIMELINE

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(1) Martin Luther publishes a full translation of the Old and New Testaments in

German

(2) England splits from Roman Catholic Church; Henry VIII confiscates church

property and establishes Church of England

(1) Erasmus dies

(2) John Calvin's Protestant theological tractInstitutes of the Christian Religion

1542 Roy Lopez de Villalobos arrived in the Visayas and Mindanao

1549 Christianity reaches Japan

1532 Battle of Cajamarca Machiavelli's The Prince phosthumously published

1531 Spanish Conquest of Peru begins

1530 Pope Clement VII crowns Charles as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Augsburg Confessions

1528 Albrecht Durer dies

1546 Smalkaldic War

1545 First Council of Trent meets in response to the Protestant Reformation

1541 El Greco born

1540 Order of the Jesuits founded

1536

1534

1535 Sir Thomas More executed

1552 Charles V loses power Francis Xavier dies

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(1) St. Basil in Moscow completed

(2) St Paul's in London burns

(3) Francis Bacon born

(1) Shakespeare born

(2) Michelangelo dies

(3) Calvin Hobbes dies

Miguel Lopez de Leazpi arrived in the Philippines

1584 William of Orange Assassinated

1564

1559 John Knox

1561

1558 Battle of St. Quentin

1555 Peace of Augsburg

1577 Peter Paul Rubens born

1576 First theatre in England built

1573 Caravaggio born

1572St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre begins in France; Thousands of Calvinist

Huguenots killed throughout France

1571 Combined Spanish, Venetian, and Papal fleet destroys Ottoman fleet at Battle of Lepanto

1566 Netherlands revolt against Spain

1587 Mary, Queen of Scots dies

1581 Cossacks conquer Siberia

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1613

(1) Sir Walter a Raleigh writes The History of the World

(2) El Greco dies

1621 12 Years' Truce expires; Dutch and Spanish resume war

1593 Henry IV of France converts to Catholicism to secure the French crown

1592 Pompeii discovered

1588Spanish Armada defeated by English fleet; Spanish invasion of England fails due to battle and

weatherThomas Hobbes was born.

1612 British to India

1611 King James version of the Bible

1606 Rembrandt born

1602 Persia rules Bahrain 1602 - 1783

1601 Conversion of St. Paul by Carravaggio

1600 Shakespeare's Hamlet

1620Imperial forces under Tilly defeat Bohemian rebels at White Mountain; Effective end of

Bohemian Revolt

1619 Dutch take over East Indies

1618 Defenestration of Prague begins the Bohemian Revolt and Thirty Years' War

1614

1615 Inquisition questions Galileo

17TH CENTURY

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(1) Jan Vermeer born

(2) John Locke born

1637

(1) Educational reforms by Comenius

(2) Anne Hutchinson expelled from Massachusetts and moves to Rhode Island

1647 Masaniello's Revolt in Naples

1626 Francis Bacon dies

1636 Harvard founded in Cambridge, Massachussets

1635 France enters Thirty Years' War as an active combatant; Franco-Spanish War begins

1634 Catholic Imperial army defeats Swedish army at the Battle of Nördlingen Anne Hutchinson settles in Massachusetts

1632 Gustavas Adolphus killed at Battle of Luetzen

1631 Gustavus Adolphus destroys Imperial Army at Breitenfeld

1630 Gustavus Adolphus invades Germany

1648 Peace of Westphalia (ends Thirty Years War)

1644 Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Bernini

1642 The Night Watch by Rembrandt

1643 Westminster Assembly

1638

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Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan was published

1672 English and French war against Dutch

1675 King Philip's War Jan Vermeer dies

1660Louis XIV marries Maria Teresa, the daughter of Philip IV of Spain, as part of the Treaty of the

Pyrenees

1659 Franco-Spanish War ends with Treaty of the Pyrenees Moliere and Comedy

1658 Battle of the Dunes

1653 Taj Mahal is completed

1651 Nell Gwyn born

1649 Religious toleration in Maryland

1650 Rene Descartes dies

1671 Morgan sacks Panama Rob Roy born

1669 Rembrandt dies

1666 London burns for five days

1664 English take New York

1661 Daniel Defoe born

1663 Ottoman army defeated at Vienna

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1684

(1) Bach born

(2) Handel born

(3) Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes and begins persecutions of Huguenots

1689 John Locke's "Second Treatise" was published.

(1) Salem witch trials

(2) College of William and Mary, Virginia, founded

(1) Charles II of Spain dies; Leaves inheritance to Dauphin of France

(2) Great Northern War begins

(1) Prussia becomes a kingdom

(2) War of the Spanish Succession begins

(1) 47 Ronin assassinate Kira Yoshinaka in Japan

(2) The first regular English-language newspaper, The Daily Courant , published for

first time

1703 Sir Isaac Newton becomes chairman of the Royal Society

1704 Battle of Blenheim John Locke dies.

18TH CENTURY

1700

1701

1692

1685

1683 Turks lay siege to Vienna, Turks later defeated

1679 Thomas Hobbes dies

1707 Act of Union between Scotland and England creates Kingdom of Great Britain

1702 William III dies; Netherlands regain status as true republic

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John Rosseau was born.

1724 Immanuel Kant born

1709 Battle of Poltava

1708 J.S. Bach appointed as chamber musician at the court in Weimar

1716 Edward Teach, or "Blackbeard," begins two years of piracy in the Caribbean

1714 War of the Spanish Succession ends

1713 Treaty of Utrecht; all states except Austria make peace with France

1712 John Arbuthnot creates John Bull to represent Britain

1711 David Hume born

1710 English conquer French colony at Nova Scotia

1722 Moll Flanders by Daniel Defoe

1721 Great Northern War ends

1720 Emperor Kangxi restricts European traders to Guangzhou

1719 Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe

1718 Voltaire imprisoned for criticizing the French aristocracy

1717 Prince Eugene and the Battle of Belgrade

1723 St John Passion by Bach

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(1) Bach dies

(2) The Great Awakening ends in America 1750

1729 Jonathan Swift publishesA Modest Proposal

1727 American Philosophical Society established

1726 Voltaire exiled from France

1725 Cassanova born

1738 John Wesley, George Whitefield & Methodism

1737 Edward Gibbon born

1735 Euler-Maclaurin formula developed

1733 The Great Awakening begins in America

1731 Treaty of Vienna

1730 Glasite sect founded in Scotland

1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends War of Austrian Succession

1746 Goya born

1743 Treaty of Worms between Great Britain, Austria, and Sardinia

1740 First Silesian War; Frederick II of Prussia conquers Austrian province of Silesia The Messiah by Handel

1739 Nadir Shah and the capture of New Delhi Moravians established in America

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(1) Braddock defeated at Fort Duquesne (1) Voltaire in Geneva

(2) Acadians exiled (2) Montesquieu born

Handel dies

Mary Wollstonecraft born

(1) Pontiac's conspiracy

(2) Seven Years' War ends

(3) French and Indian War ends

1772 First Partition of Poland by Prussia, Russia, and Austria

1773 Johann Pestalozzi

(1) American Revolution begins

(2) Battle of Lexington and Concord

1759 Battle of Quebec

1758 Noah Webster born

1757 Edmund Blake born

1755

1756 Seven Years' War begins Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born

1754 French and Indian War begins John Jacque Rosseau's "Second Discourse on Inequality" was written

1752 Political Discourses by David Hume

1770 Beethoven born

1768 Philip Astley stages first modern circus

1763

1764 Battle of Buxar establishes British East India Company as dominant force in India

1761 Slave trade to and within Portugal forbidden

1775 Jane Austen born

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon

(2) David Hume dies

1778 John Jacque Rosseau dies.

The word Liberal was popularised with rise of the Age of Enlightenment

(1) Treaty of Paris ends American Revolution

(2) Sheikhs of Khalifa begin rule of Bahrain

1791 Mozart dies

1782 Americans and British discuss peace

German philosopher Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason

1780League of Armed Neutrality created by Russia, Sweden, and Denmark to protest British seizures

of neutral shipping

1777 Burgoyne defeated at Saratoga

1776 American Declaration of Independence

1781 American and French forces trap British army of Cornwallis at Yorktown

1789 German States, Wars of the begins James Fenimore Cooper born

1788 Lord Byron born

1786 The Marriage of Figaro by Mozart

1783

1784 Treaty of Constantinople

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) French Revolutionary Wars begins

(2) Battle of Valmy

(1) Napoleon Bonaparte is named Commander of the French Armies in Italy

(2) Third Partition of Poland by Prussia, Russia, and Austria; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

destroyed

(1) Napoleon assumes command of the Army of Italy; marries Josephine

(2) British conquer Ceylon

(3) Battle of Arcola; France takes control of Italy

1797 Mary Wollstonecraft dies

(1) Delacroix born

(2) Rosetta Stone discovered

1802 Treaty of Amiens

19TH CENTURY

1799

1798 Battle of the Nile; Napoleon's army stranded in Egypt

1796

1794 Edward Gibbon dies

1795 John Keats born

1792 Mary Wollstonecraft wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"

1793 Second Partition of Poland by Prussia, Russia, and Austria France bans Catholicism

1801Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland creates the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Ireland

1800

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(1) Battle of Austerlitz

(2) Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar to maintain naval

supremacy

(3) Treaty of Pressburg formally dissolves the Holy Roman Empire

(1) French army destroys Prussian army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt

(2) British acquire Cape Colony

(1) Bolivar in South America

(2) Mexican War of Independence begins

1811 Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen

(1) Napoleon leads French invasion of Russia, resulting in catastrophic defeat for Franch

(2) War of 1812 begins with U.S. declaration of war on the United Kingdom

(1) Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to St. Elba according to the terms of the Treaty of

Fontainebleau

(2) Representatives from Austria, Russia, Prussia, Britain, and France meet at the Congress of

Vienna to discuss future of Europe

1804 Tripolitan War Immanuel Kant dies

1805

1803Louisiana Purchase Treaty signed in Paris; The United States purchases rights to 828,800 square

miles of territory from France

1813The Sixth Coalition defeats Napoleon's army at the Battle of Leipzig, forcing French withdrawal

from German territory

1812

1810

1808 French occupy Spain; Peninsular War begins

1806 Joh Stuart Mill born

1807 Treaty of Tilsit marks high-water mark of Napoleon's empire Slave trade abolished in the British Empire

1814

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) The War of 1812 ends with the Treaty of Ghent, reaffirming prewar status quo between the

United States and United KingdomThe word Liberalism appeared first in English vocabulary

(2) Napoleon escapes Elba in an attempt to reestablish his power. Coalition forces defeat him at

the battle of Waterloo.

(1) John Keats's Romantic epic Endymion

(2) Don Juan by Lord Byron

Karl Marx was born

1820 Friedrich Engels was born.

(1) Maori civil wars begin

(2) Greek War of Independence begins

(3) Mexico gains independence under Treaty of Cordoba

(1) Leo Tolstoi born

(2) Goya dies

(3) Catholics allowed to hold office in England

1823The Monroe Doctrine declares that European powers must not colonize or interfere with

independent nations in the Americas

1821

1822 Brazil gains independence from Portugal Jean-François Champollion announces the deciphering of the Rosetta stone

1818

1819 Spain cedes Florida to United States

1816 Emma by Jane Austen

1815

1830Bourbon monarchy overthrown during the July Revolution in France. Louis-Philippe becomes

constitutional monarch of FranceEmily Dickinson born

1829 Catholic Emancipation

1828

1827 Beethoven dies

1824 Battle of Ayacucho leads to Peruvian independence

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(1) Edouard Manet born

(2) Lewis Carroll born

(3) Louisa May Alcott born

(1) Slave trade abolished

(2) James Holtzclaw born

(1) Edgar Degas born

(2) Spanish Inquisition ends

(1) Winslow Homer born

(2) Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe

(3) Ralph Waldo Emerson establishes the principles of American Transcendentalism

in his essay "Nature"

1837 The word Feminism started to flourish

(1) First Opium War begins (1839-1842)

(2) Afghan-British War, First begins

(1) Britain claims Hong Kong (1) The Murders on the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe

(2) Canada united (2) Oliver Wendell Holmes, Supreme Court Justice, born

(1) Second Seminole War ends

(2) First Afghan-British War ends

(3) Treaty of Nanjing ends First Opium War; Britain gains Hong Kong

1831 Belgium declares independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris (or The Hunchback of Notre Dame)

1840 Britain annexes New Zealand Claude Monet born

1839

1838 Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens

1836 Texan War of Independence

1834

1835 Second Seminole War begins Mark Twain born

1832 Treaty of Constantinople grants Greek independence

1833

1841

1842

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(1) YMCA founded

(2) Friedrich Nietzsche born

(1) Revolution of 1848 begins in France resulting in the establishment of the Second French

Republic and spread of revolutionary movements throughout Europe (1) Paul Gauguin born

(2) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends U.S.-Mexican War; U.S. gains California and other Mexican

territory(2) Mormons to Utah

(3) Pius IX flees Rome

(4) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the Communist Manifesto in London

Realism started to flourish

Robert Lewis Stevenson born

1853 Gadsden Purchase Treaty Vincent van Gogh born

1847 English novelist Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre

1846 U.S.-Mexican War begins

1844

1845 First publication of Edgar Allen Poe's poem "The Raven"

1843 Noah Webster dies

1852 Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

1850

1851 Moby Dick by Herman Melville

1848

1849 Feminist novelist George Sand's La Petite Fadette

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) The Charge of the Light Brigade by Lord Tennyson

(2) Oscar Wilde Born

(1) Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt publishes first suite ofAnnées de

Pèlerinage (Years of Pilgrimage)

(2) Walt Whitman publishes first edition of his collection of poetry Leaves of Grass

(1) Massacre of Potawatomie Creek

(2) Declaration of Paris

(3) Second Opium War begins (1856-1860)

1857 The Indian Mutiny

(1) A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

(2) Alexis de Tocqueville dies

(3) Georges Seurat born

(4) Liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill's On Liberty

1860 Anton Chekhov born

(1) Federal garrison at Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces; Abraham Lincoln calls for

75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellionGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens

(2) Great Britain declares its neutrality in the American Civil War Jose Rizal was born

(1) Lucien Pissarro born

(2) Edvard Munch born

Andres Bonifacio was born

1854 Crimean War begins

1855 Crimean War ends

1861

1862Union army under George B. McClellan inflicts strategic defeat on Confederate army led by

Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Antietam; Approximately 23,000 casualties mark the bloodiest day Les Miserables by Victor Hugo

1859 The Battles of Magenta & Solferino

1858 The Paulist Fathers founded

1856 George Bernard Shaw born

1865 Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House; Effectively ends U.S. Civil War

1863 Battle of Gettysburg

1864Prussia and Austria invade Schleswig and Holstein after Denmark effectively annexes the

territoriesHenri Toulouse-Lautrec born

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(1) Peace of Prague between Prussia and Austria; Austria excluded from German affairs

(2) Austro-Prussian War (Seven Week's War) begins after disagreements over the administration

of Schleswig-Holstein

(1) Fall of Maximilian das Kapital by Karl Marx

(2) United States buys Alaska

1868 Cincinnati Reds established; First Major League Baseball team

(1) Siegfried Wagner born

(2) Mahatma Ghandi born

(3) Leo Tolstoy's novelWar and Peace

John Stuart Mill wrote "On The Subjection of Women"

(1) Battle of Sedan; Napoleon III captured along with 104,000 soldiers

(2) Siege of Paris begins

(3) Italian forces capture Rome; Kingdom of Italy annexes the Papal State completing the

unification of Italy

(4) Franco-Prussian War begins following Spanish Succession Crisis

1872 Geneva Arbitration

1873 John Stuart Mill dies

(1) 1st Impressionist exhibit

(2) Gertrude Stein born

(1) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain

(2) Impressionist Camille Pissarro's The Garden of Pontoise

(1) Jack London born

(2) George Sand dies

(1) Satsuma revolt

(2) Crazy Horse surrenders to General George Crook in Nebraska

1869 Suez Canal opens

1866

1867

1876 Korea gains independence

1877

1874

1875

1870 Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne

1871Treaty of Frankfurt ends Franco-Prussian War; German Empire recognized and France loses

Alsace-LorraineStephen Crane born

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) Greco-Turkish War

(2) Afghan-British War, Second begins

(1) Zulu-British War

(2) Battle of Isandhlwana

(3) Battle of Rorke's Drift

(1) Sudan, War for the begins (1) Edgar Degas's sculpture Little Dancer of Fourteen Years

(2) British forces defeat rebel Egyptian army at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir, marking the beginning

of British military occupation of Egypt

(2) Booker T. Washington founds the Tuskegee Institute, a major center for African-

American higher education

(1) Edouard Manet dies

(2) Karl Marx dies in London

Friedrich Engels wrote The Origins of the Family …"

(1) Franz Liszt dies

(2) Statue of Liberty dedicated in New York

(1) The Cardplayers by Cezanne

(2) Publication of Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray

(1) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes first published

(2) Georges Seurat dies

(3) Agatha Christie born

Pope Leo XIII issued Rerum Novarum

1885 Victor Hugo dies

1883

Mahdist Sudanese army besieges and defeats British-led Egyptian garrison at the Siege of

KhartoumFirst publication of Mark Twain's novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

1881

1882 France takes Annam

1880 Afghan-British War, Second ends

1878

1879

1884

1891

1890 Lakota Sioux defeated by U.S. Army at Wounded Knee

1886

1888 Jack the Ripper active in London; Commits series of brutal murders

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) At the Moulin Rouge by Toulouse-Lautrec

(2) The Nutcracker Suite by Tchaiovsky

(3) Walt Whitman dies

(4) Post-Impressionist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec paints At the Moulin Rouge

(1) New Zealand grants women's suffrage

(2) Publication of French novelist Émile Zola's Le Docteur Pascal , the final

installment of his 20-volume Les Rougon-Macquart

(3) Post-Impressionist Paul Cézanne's still life Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier

Mao Zedong born

(1) The Time Machine by H. G. Wells

(2) Publication of Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage

Friedrich Engels died

Jose Rizal executed

Constructivism is believed to flourish

Andres Bonifacio executed at Mt. Buntis

Post-Impressionist Paul Gauguin's Where Do We Come From? What Are We?

Where Are We Going?

(1) British and French resolve the Fashoda Incident over colonial boundaries in Africa,

confirming British control over Sudan; Seen as important precursor to the Entente Cordiale(1) Ernest Hemingway born

(2) The United States defeats Spain in the Spanish-American War and annexes the Philippines,

Guam, and Puerto Rico(2) H. G. Wells' science fiction novel The War of the Worlds

(3) President William McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution, officially annexing Hawaii to the

United StatesPhilippine Independence declared by Emilio Aguinaldo

Theodore Herzl writes Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State )

1895

1893

1894 Sino-Japanese War

1892

Ethiopia defeats Italy in the First Italo-Ethiopian War after decisive victory at the Battle of Adwa;

Marks first victory of an African state over a European colonial power 1896

1897

1898

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) Peace Conference at the Hague

(2) Second Boer War begins

(3) Boxer Rebellion against foreign influence in China First Philippine Commission

(4) The Philippine-American War begins after a Filipino soldier is shot by an American in Manila.

U.S. forces battle those of the First Philippine Republic in Manila

Picasso begins his Blue Period

(1) President Theodore Roosevelt offers pardon and amnesty to all Filipinos who participated in

the Philippine-American War. Considered the official end of the conflict.Auguste Rodin's sculptureThe Thinker

(2) Second Boer War ends Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomenie born

1908 Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina leads to the Bosnian Crisis

1904Japan defeats Russia in the Russo-Japanese War; First victory of an Asian state over a European

one in modern era

1902

1903 Jack London's novel The Call of the Wild

1901

1899

1900 German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche dies

20TH CENTURY

1910 First Jewish kibbutz -- Kibbutz Degania -- is founded

1909National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded in

the United States

1907 Cubist Exhibition in Paris;Demoiselles d'Avignon by Picasso

1906

1905 The First Moroccan Crisis; Germany disputes status of French protectorate in Morocco

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(1) The First World War (World War I) begins after Germany declares war on Russia

(2) Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo, Serbia.

(3) The German Schlieffen Plan fails when French forces defeat the German army at the First

Battle of the Marne; Four years of trench warfare ensue on the Western Front

(1) British forces invade Mesopotamia (Iraq)

(2) British suffer over 50,000 casualties in first day of the Battle of the Somme

(3) Battle of Verdun begins as German General Erich von Falkenhayn attempts to bleed the

French Army white

(1) Battle of Cambrai; First use of tanks in warfare

(2) United States formally declares war against Germany.

(3) The Balfour Declaration expresses official British support for the establishment of a Jewish

homeland in Palestine

(1) Bolshevik government of Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, surrenders large territories

to Germany, and formally withdraws from World War I.

(2) Germany requests armistice; World War I ends

(3) German Army begins the Great March Offensive and drives the Allied army back 40 miles

before losing momentum

(1) The Treaty of Versailles is signed, blaming Germany for World War I and creating a League of

Nations

(2) Turkish War of Independence begins

1917

1918 Leonard Bernstein born

1916 Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce

1914

1915 The Ottoman government and military systematically deport and kill over 1 million Armenians

1913Treaty of Bucharest confirms territorial acquisitions of Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria at the

expense of Ottoman Empire during the First and Second Balkan Wars

1912 Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic

1919

1920 Mesopotamia becomes a British mandated territory under Article 22 of the League of Nations

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) Three Musicians by Picasso

(2) Wall Street bomb explodes

(1) Turkish War of Independence ends

(2) Charles G. Dawes presents a plan for restructuring Germany's war debt

Michael Foucault's birth

(1) First appearance of Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse in the silent cartoonPlane

Crazy

(2) The Representation of the People Act grants British women electoral equality

with men

(1) A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway

(2) Lateran Treaty

(1) Surrealist Salvador Dali's The Persistence of Memory

(2) Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali

(3) John Le Carre born

God's Little Acre by Erskine Caldwell

(1) Germany regains possession of the Saar

(2) Italy invades Ethiopia

(3) Anglo-German Naval Treaty signed 1935 Philippine Constitution

1927 The Jazz Singer debuts as first talking film

Claude Monet dies

1925John Scopes, a Tennessee high school teacher, is indicted for teaching the theory

of evolution to students of his science classes.

1923

1921

1926 Germany is admitted to the League of Nations

1935

1933 Hitler withdraws Germany from the League of Nations

1932 Iraq becomes an independent country

1931 Japan invades Manchuria

1928

1929 Independent State of Vatican City comes into existence.

Nuremburg Racial Laws limiting Jewish rights announced at Nazi Party Rally

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) Germany occupies the Rhineland

(2) Spanish Civil War breaks out between Republican and Nationalist forces

(3) 1936 - 1939 Arabs revolt across Palestine

(1) Japan invades China; Sino-Japanese War begins

(2) Nanking Massacre

(3) Italy withdraws from the League of Nations

(1) Germany invades and annexes Austria (Anschluss)

(2) Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier, and Mussolini sign the Munich Agreement, which transfers the

Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany

(1) Germany occupies Moravia and Bohemia

(2) Britain and France declare war on Germany

(3) Soviet Union invades Poland

(4) Italian forces invade Albania

(5) Signing of the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

(6) World War II begins when Germany invades Poland

(1) German forces invade Denmark and Norway

(2) Russo-Finnish war ends; Finland cedes land to the Soviet Union

(3) Battle of Britain begins in earnest as the first large air offensive begins with almost 500

bombing sorties by Germany

(4) Italian Tenth Army commanded by Marshal Rodolpho Graziani invades Egypt

(5) Italy declares war on Britain and France

(6) France under Petain signs armistice with Germany at Rethondes

(7) Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact

(1) Germany invades Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa Orson Welle's film Citizen Kane

(2) United States declares war on Japan

(3) Germany and Italy declare war on United States

(4) The US Congress passes the Lend-Lease Bill which will provide billions of dollars of war

materials to the Allied powers

(5) Japanese launch surprise attack on U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor

(6) Britain and US sign the Atlantic Charter

For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway

1937 Guernica by Picasso

1938Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass); Jewish synagogues and businesses

destroyed throughout Germany

1936

1941

1939 The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck

1940

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) Battle of Stalingrad begins

(2) Americans destroy 4 Japanese aircraft carriers at the battle of Midway

(3) Allies sign the UN Declaration

(4) American forces at Corregidor in the Philippines surrender

(5) United States Marines land on Guadalcanal

(6) The British 8th Army under General Bernard Montgomery defeats Axis army at the Second

Battle of El Alamein

(7) Allied forces land in North Africa

(1) Remnants of the German 6th Army surrender at Stalingrad

(2) Allied forces launch amphibious invasion of Sicily

(3) Italy surrenders to the Allies

(4) Teheran Conference

(5) The North African campaign of WWII ends as German forces surrender

(6) The Combined Bomber Offensive launches Operation Pointblank, a strategic bombing

campaign against German industry and civilian morale

(7) American forces defeat remaining Japanese forces on Guadalcanal

(1) Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes) begins

(2) D-Day, the Allied Invasion of Normandy, France

(3) Allied armored and airborne forces fail to secure Rhine crossing in Operation Market-Garden

(4) Dumbarton Oaks Conference

(5) Allied forces launch amphibious invasion of the Philippines

(1) U. S. Marines land on the island of Iwo Jima

(2) Germany surrenders (V-E Day)

(3) Potsdam Conference begins

(4) Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan

(5) Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan

(6) Japanese sign surrender terms on board the USS Missouri

1947UN takes over Palestinian issue from Britain. UN votes to divide Palestine into a Jewish state and

an Arab state; Jerusalem is to be an international city.Dead Sea Scrolls found

1945

1946Viet Minh forces launch rebellion against French authority in Vietnam; Beginning of the First

Indochina WarPhilippine Independence from the US

1943

1944 Lucien Pissarro dies

1942

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) Abstract-Expressionist Jackson Pollock's Number 5

(2) Tennessee Williams' play A Streetcar named Desire debuts on Broadway

Mahatma Gandhi dies

(1) The Algerian War of Independence: French forces fight Algerian guerrilla forces for 8 years

before granting independence to Algeria(1) William Golding's novelLord of the Flies

(2) French forces of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps surrender to Viet Minh forces at the

Battle of Dien Bien Phu(2) Henri Matisse dies

(3) The Supreme Court unanimously outlaws racial segregation in public schools in

Brown vs. BOE

(1) Disneyland theme park opens in Anaheim, California

(2) Rock Around the Clock by Bill Haley and His Comets becomes the first Rock &

Roll song to top the U.S. record charts

(1) Hungarian Revolution of 1956; Spontaneous revolt against Soviet-installed government in

Hungary; Soviets crush rebellion militarily

(2) Sudan granted independence by Great Britain

1958 Guggenheim Museum opens

1960 Chad gains independence from France Harper Lee's novel To Kill A Mockingbird

Ernest Hemingway dies

Elvis Presley's first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show

1954

1955

1953 Korean War ends

1952 Turkey becomes a member of NATO

1950 Korean War begins when North Korean forces invade South Korea George Bernard Shaw dies

1948 First Arab-Israeli Wars begins

1949 Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria sign armistice agreement with Israel

1961 East Germany begins construction of the Berlin Wall

1956

1957The Treaty of Rome creates the European Economic Community; West Germany, Italy, France,

and the Benelux nations are founding members

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(1) OAU formed

(2) Kenya becomes independent from Great Britain; Jomo Kenyatta's Kenya African National

Union (KANU) party forms the first independent government

(1) Massive riot erupts in Detroit after confrontation between police officers and

African American bar patrons. In 5 days, 43 people dead, 467 injured, and

thousands of buildings destroyed.

(2) Montreal Expo

(1) Indo-Pakistan War begins

(2) Bahrain declares its independence from Britain

1972 Ferdinand Marcos declares Martial Law in the Philippines

(1) Iraq joins Arab coalition against Israel during the October War (1) Pablo Picasso dies

(2) Yom Kippur War (2) Noel Coward dies

1973 Philippine Constitution

(1) All the President's Men by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

(2) Patty Hearst kidnapped

1963

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

1971

1970 President Gamal Abdel-Nasser Dies, Anwar Sadat becomes president of Egypt Postmodern Feminism started to flourish

1969 Hurricane Camille

1967

1968 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces launch Tet Offensive throughout South Vietnam

1965 First U.S. ground combat forces arrive in South Vietnam

1966President Charles de Gaulle withdraws French military forces from NATO's integrated military

command

1973

1974 Turkey starts occupying northern Cyprus to prevent Greek takeover of island

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Year Government, Politics and War Religion & Philosophy(1) The last group of Americans are evacuated from Saigon, South Vietnam during North

Vietnamese invasion(1) Patty Hearst caught

(2) Under the Alvor Agreement, Portugal grants independence to Angola; anti-Communist

UNITA, Communist MPLA, and other factions engage in civil war for control of Angola(2) Elizabeth Seton canonized

(3) Civil war breaks out in Lebanon

(1) Agatha Christie dies

(2) Episcopal Church ordains women

Mao Zedong dies

(1) Elvis Presley dies

(2) Philip of Macedon's tomb found

(3) Singer/actor Bing Crosby dies

Pope John Paul II shot

(1) Israel invades Lebanon

(2) Falklands War

1983 Senator Ninoy Aquino of Philippines Assassinated

1984 Michael Foucault dies

(1) Cary Grant dies

(2) Sultan Qaboos University founded

Philippine EDSA I Revolution

(1) Iraqi Exocet missile hits American Destroyer USS Stark; 37 crewmen are killed. Andy Warhol dies

(2) Palestinian uprising 'Intifada' breaks out in Gaza strip 1987 Philippine Constitution was enacted

1981 Israeli troops bomb the PLO headquarters in Beirut

1982

1979Soviet-Afghan War begins as Soviet forces invade and occupy important locations throughout

Afghanistan

1977

1978Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin named winners of

the Nobel Peace Prize.John Paul II becomes Pope

1975

1976

1987

1986

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(1) U. S. actress Bette Davis dies.

(2) Globe Theatre found

(3) Salvador Dali dies

(4) Laurence Olivier dies

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomenie dies

(1) The European Community establishes a unified European market by removing trade barriers (1) Steven Spielberg's filmSchindler's List

(2) 19 American soldiers die during the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia(2) President Bill Clinton announces "don't ask, don't tell" policy concerning gays

serving in the U.S. military

(1) O.J. Simpson acquitted

(2) Timothy McVeigh bombs the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killing 168 and

wounding 450

1994 Hutu militias kill 500,000-1,000,000 Tutsis during Rwandan Genocide

1991 U.S. led coalition defeats Iraqi military forces and liberates Kuwait in Operation Desert Storm USSR was disintegrated. End of Cold War

1989

1990 Iraq invades Kuwait, beginning the Persian Gulf War Berlin Wall was destroyed. Reunification of Germany

1988 The USS Vincennes shoots down Iranian Airbus Flight #655; 290 civilians are killed

1999 NATO engages in 78-day bombing campaign against Serbia for occupation of Kosovo

1998 U.S. singer Frank Sinatra dies

1997 Mother Teresa dies

1995 Dayton Agreement ends Bosnian War and confirms Bosnian independence.

1996 George Burns dies

1993

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(1) Israel withdraws from southern Lebanon

(2) USS Cole Attacked in Aden

(1) U.S. actress Katharine Hepburn dies at age 96.

(2) Former U. S. poet laureate Josephine Jacobsen dies.

2005 Pope John Paul II dies

2012 US Election Re-election of Barack Obama

2013 Xavier University IS 11 Class

21ST CENTURY

2003 United States and allied forces invade Iraq in Operation Iraqi Freedom

2009 US Election Barack Obama, first Black President of USA

2002 U.N. Security Council passes resolution demanding that Iraq disarm

2000

2001Terrorists destroy World Trade Center in New York City and damage the Pentagon in

Washington, D.C.EDSA II Revolution in the Philippines

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