a survey of plant crude drugs of anantapur district, andhra pradesh, india

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Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 27 (1989), No. 3, pp. 145-155. 0167-7314/89/2703-0145$3.00 Wwets & Zeitlinger A Survey of Plant Crude Drugs of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India M. B. REDDY, K. R. REDDY*, and M. N. REDDY Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, TIRUPATI - 517 502, India. ABSTRACT An ethnobotanical exploration of Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh, one of the southern states of India, has been carried out during 1982-87. Ninety-two useful plant drugs currently used by herbalists for treating different diseases are presented. Anantapur district, in the southwestern corner of Andhra Pradesh, covers an area of 19,130 km2. The soil is mostly black cotton soil, except in a few places, where it is red and gravelly. The soils are shallow and devoid of humus except in a few sheltered valleys. The climate can be described as tropical semiarid with a large number of sunny days. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures are 38.5"C and 16.8"C. The average rainfall, only 53.8 cm, subjects the district to drought and famine, leading to changes in the occupation and food habits of the people. The forests are dry tropical south Indian mixed deciduous and southern cutch thorn types, covering only 10% of the area of the district. The flora of the district has been described in part by Hooker (1897), Gamble (1935) and more recently by Yasodamma (1983), however, medicinal plants of this region have not been considered. We carried out an intensive survey of the forests and their valuable products, folklore and tribal people, mode of living, attitude towards diseases, rituals and plant crude drugs, during the period 1982-1987. Most of the vernacular names of the medicinal plants are either new or different from those given in the ethnobotanical literature in India. Further, the uses recorded are mostly new from those given in the earlier literature (Anonymous 1948-76; Chopra et al., 1956, 1969) indicating that this region is underexplored as far as medicinal plants are concerned. This is the first survey of plant crude drugs of Anantapur district. * Present address: Crop simulation Research Unit, Crop Science Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Vanderbilt University on 05/12/13 For personal use only.

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Page 1: A Survey of Plant Crude Drugs of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 27 (1989), No. 3, pp. 145-155. 0167-7314/89/2703-0145$3.00 Wwets & Zeitlinger

A Survey of Plant Crude Drugs of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

M. B. REDDY, K. R. REDDY*, and M. N. REDDY

Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, TIRUPATI - 517 502, India.

ABSTRACT

An ethnobotanical exploration of Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh, one of the southern states of India, has been carried out during 1982-87. Ninety-two useful plant drugs currently used by herbalists for treating different diseases are presented.

Anantapur district, in the southwestern corner of Andhra Pradesh, covers an area of 19,130 km2. The soil is mostly black cotton soil, except in a few places, where it is red and gravelly. The soils are shallow and devoid of humus except in a few sheltered valleys. The climate can be described as tropical semiarid with a large number of sunny days. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures are 38.5"C and 16.8"C. The average rainfall, only 53.8 cm, subjects the district to drought and famine, leading to changes in the occupation and food habits of the people. The forests are dry tropical south Indian mixed deciduous and southern cutch thorn types, covering only 10% of the area of the district.

The flora of the district has been described in part by Hooker (1897), Gamble (1935) and more recently by Yasodamma (1983), however, medicinal plants of this region have not been considered.

We carried out an intensive survey of the forests and their valuable products, folklore and tribal people, mode of living, attitude towards diseases, rituals and plant crude drugs, during the period 1982-1987. Most of the vernacular names of the medicinal plants are either new or different from those given in the ethnobotanical literature in India. Further, the uses recorded are mostly new from those given in the earlier literature (Anonymous 1948-76; Chopra et al., 1956, 1969) indicating that this region is underexplored as far as medicinal plants are concerned. This is the first survey of plant crude drugs of Anantapur district.

* Present address: Crop simulation Research Unit, Crop Science Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.

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Page 2: A Survey of Plant Crude Drugs of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

146 M. 9. REDDY ET AL.

Fig. I : Map of Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh.

METHODOLOGY

An intensive ethnobotanical survey of the tribal lore and folklore of Anantapur district was undertaken during 1982-1987. Information on 92 medicinal plants used for treating different diseases is recorded. During the course of field work, 4-6 days were spent in each locality. Traditional healers were approached, taken to the field and enquiries made about the plants and their uses. Samples of plants were collected along with voucher specimens which were deposited in the herbarium of our institution’s department of botany. Details of formulations of herbal drugs and vernacular names of plants were confirmed with as many herbalists as possible in different localities. An attempt was also made to study the mode of living, type of housing, cultivation, mannerisms, customs, rituals

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Page 3: A Survey of Plant Crude Drugs of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

CRUDE DRUGS OF ANANTAPUR - INDIA 147

and wild edible fruits of tribals of this area. As far as possible, the nomenclature of plants is consistent with the latest floras on south India (Nair and Henry, 1983; Mathew, 1983; and Rao e ta / . , 1987).

People and their mode of life: The population of the district is about 25.48 lakhs*, of which over 20.2 lakhs live in rural areas, according to the 1981 census. The scheduled castes and tribes account for 13.7 and 2.3% of the total population, respectively.

Hindus, Muslims and Christians are the three principal religious groups living in the district. Among the Hindus the Kapu, Kamma, Balija, Velama and Lingayats are distributed all over the district and are largely landowning and cultivating groups. The other castes are Yadavas (pastoral group now taking up agriculture), Kaikalar and Sale (weavers), Vadrangis (carpenters), Boyas (hunting community now taking up agriculture), Rajakas (washerman), Nayibrahmins (barbers), Oddes (earth diggedstone cutters) and Kummaras (pot makers). The Mala and Madiga, belonging to low caste groups, are distributed all over the district.

The “Sugali” or “Lambadi” and “Yerukala” are the main tribes living in the district. The “Sugali” is a forest tribe speaking “Lambadi” language which has no script so far. They live in detached clusters of huts called “Thondas” in close proximity to forests. Each “Thonda” has a head man called “Nayaka”, whose ofice is hereditary and who settles all disputes. These tribals worship goddesses like “Ankalamma” and “Poleramma” to protect themselves from epidemic diseases and evil spirits, respectively.

“Yerukala” is another tribe who speak the “Yerukala” language which also has no script till today. They are chiefly basket and rope makers. They also rear pigs and some people wander from place to place (nomadics) to gain a living. The women are noted for their soothsaying. They also gather wild fruits, leaves of Murraya koenigii (condiment) and honey and sell the surplus in the nearby villages.

Each village or the tribal locality has 2-3 traditional healers who treat different diseases encountered by men and animals. These herbalists are highly respected from their specialization in the community. The wealth of knowledge on herbs acquired from their ancestors orally was inherited. Treatment consists of either applying drug to disease areas or by oral administration of crude drugs, either singly or in combination and also by performing rituals. Medicine and rituals are inseparable components.

Lakh = one hundred thousand

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148 M. B. REDDY ET AL.

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF ANANTAPUR DISTRICT

The following plants are arranged alphabetically by family, genus and species. The name of the plant in paranthesis conforms to Telugu, the local language of the people and commonly referred by them. The tribe which commonly uses the plant for medicinal purposes in this region is indicated after the name of the plant and the uses of other plants are collected from the other castes of this region.

ACANTHACEAE Adharoda zeylanica Medicus. (Addasarapaaku) Sugali. The leaves, with a few pieces of dried ginger (Zingiber oficinale), pepper (Piper nigrutn) and Piper longum are powdered and administered orally for bronchial asthma or cough due to asthma (asthmatic cough). Sometimes the powder is mixed with honey and administered orally for cough. The leaves are pounded in butter milk and given orally as an antidote for snake bite. The leafpowder is boiled in sesame oil, made into a fine paste, and applied to stop bleeding; pus from ears and ear aches (Otitis media). The leafjuice is applied into the nostrils for epilepsy. The leaf powder (about 5 g) taken orally early in the morning for seven consecutive days and the roots of Plumbago zeylanica are hung on the arm and ankle of the patient to alleviate jaundice.

Ruellia ruberosa L. (Gobbechettu) Sugali Tender shoots are pounded along with shell powder (Mollusca), made into small pills of the size of a rice grain and given orally three times (6 pills each time) per day in weakness of the semen.

AIZOACEAE nianrhema decandra L. (Tellagalijeru) Yerukala Entire plants are pounded with equal parts of dried ginger, Piper longum, pepper, and Terminalia chebula fruits; about 50 g of this powder is mixed with 100 g of jaggary, stored underground for one month in a new earthern pot and then taken about 6 g per day for one month for the treatment of dropsy.

ALANGIACEAE Alangium salviijolium (L.f.) Wangerin (Ooduga) Sugali Decoction of stem and leaves is drunk for malarial fevers.

AMARANTHACEAE Achyranlhes aspera L. (Uttareni) Sugali About 15 g of plant ash is mixed with 10 g of seeds of Calorropisgigantea; pounded in lemon juice, made into pills (1 g) and taken orally 3 times daily for asthmatic cough. The entire plant powder is used for whooping cough. Seed powder is used as an antidote for snake bites and hydrophobia.

Alrernanrhera sessilis (L . ) R.Br. ex D.C. (Ponnaganti) Yerukala The leaves with equal quantity of leaves of Leucus indica are pounded with ghee; the extract is applied into eyes and the paste made into pills is taken orally for 40 days for night blindness.

Amaranlhus spinosus L. (Doggali) Sugali Root ash is applied for ear diseases and each ache.

Celosia argenrara L. (Gurugaaku) Yerukala Seeds are used to treat diarrhoea, and leaf extracts for clearing the vision and reddening of eyes.

Digera muricara (L.) Mart. (Chenchalaaku) Yerukala Flowers and seeds are given for urinary disorders.

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CRUDE DRUGS OF ANANTAPUR - INDIA 149

ANACARDIACEAE Mungiferu indicu L. (Maamidi) Decoction of stem bark is drunk with cow milk for menarche.

ANNONACEAE Annonu squumosu L. (Sitaapalamu) Yerukala The leaves with a pinch of calcium carbonate and ash of tobacco leaves are mixed with castor oil, and applied for boils, wounds and peptic ulcers. The leafpaste is applied on head for killing lice and for dandruff.

APIACEAE Coriundrum surivum L. (Dhaniyalu) Sugali Leaf juice is used in leukoderma.

Centella usiuricu (L.) Urban. (Saraswathiaaku; Valleri) Yerukala Leaf powder is taken orally for sores, ulcers, and blisters of oral cavity. Leaves are also used to increase memory power.

Duchyspermum ummi (L.) Spragae (Vaamu) Yerukala Mixed decoction of fruits along with cloves is drunk for belching. 20 ml of fruit decoction is drunk for stomach-ache.

APOCYNACEAE Plumeriu rubru L. (Devaganneru) Yerukala Juvenile leaves plucked before dawn are eaten along with areca nuts, for 3 consecutive days in galactogogue.

Wrighriu tinctoriu (Roxb.) (Palavareni) Sugali Leaf paste is applied to the head to kill lice. Stem bark (about 40 g) along with stem bark of Tinosporu cordiyoliu. root bark of Echinops echinurus and seeds of Nigellu hispunicu (about 15-20 g) are boiled and the decoction drunk to treat fevers.

ARACEAE Pisriu srruriotes L. (Antharathaamara) Yerukala Plant is ground, along with a few fruits of Terminuliu chebulu. cloves and salt are taken with honey for cough and cold.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Arisrolochiu brucreuru Lam. (Gadida Gadapa) Yerukala/Sugali Paste of the plant is applied on the wound and slightly warmed to treat scorpion bites. Then the decoction of the plant along with human urine is drunk to dilute the poison in the body.

Aristolochiu indicu L. (Nalla Easwari) Sugali Entire plant powder is pounded with camphor, seeds of Trigonellu foenum-gruecum. shell powder and sugarcandy, and is administered orally either with coconut milk or with ghee in menorrhagia. Leaves along with pepper, garlic and turmeric powder are boiled in cow urine, pounded with castor oil and applied for acne vulgaris. Root decoction is drunk in worm infestations and leafjuice drunk in ulcers.

ASCLEPIADACEAE Culorropis gigunreu (L.) R.Br. (Jilledu) Yerukala Three drops of latex mixed with 4 drops of leafjuice of tamarind are taken daily once for 8 days for the treatment of encephalitis. One ml. of the latex is drunk for the alleviation of tuberculosis; Latex mixed with goat milk, leaf juice of tamarind and sesame oil is used for rheumatic arthritis. Root bark is used in elephantiasis.

Gymnema sylvesrre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Roemer & Schultes. (Podapathri) Sugali Leaf powder mixed with seed powder of Gynocurdiu odoruru is taken orally with butter milk in diabetes. Leaf paste is used in mycosis of toes.

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150 M. B. REDDY ET AL.

Pergularia daemia (Forsskal) Chiov. (Juttapaalateega) Yerukala Tender shoots pounded with pepper, garlic, lime, and turmeric is applied on the throat in cases of whooping cough.

ASTERACEAE Acanrhospermum hispidum DC. (Chinna palleru) About 12 g of infusion of dry crushed leaves mixed with cow milk is given twice a day in hematuria.

Carrhamus tinctorius L. (Kusuma) Seed paste is used in pimples. Latex mixed with turmeric is applied for tonsillitis.

Eclipiaprostrara (L.) L. (Guntagangiraku) Yerukala Leaves pounded with garlic and pepper are taken orally in epilepsy. If the patient is in an unconscious state, the extract is dropped into the nostrils. Leaf paste along with salt is applied for oedema of legs.

BASELLACEAE Basella alba L. (Bachali) Sugali Seeds are said to be abortifacient.

BRASSICACEAE Raphanus saiivus L. (Mullangi) Sugali Leaf juice, mixed with camphor and leaf juice of Smilax zeylanica, dried under shade and the resultant powder is used in menorrhagia and sometimes as vaginal douches.

Cossia itulica (Miller) Lam. (Naela Tangedu) Leaves are used as a purgative. Root bark pounded with lemon juice is used t o kill lice and for dandruff.

Cassia occidenialis L. (Kasinda) Yerukala Flower extract is given orally in dropsy.

CAPPARIDACEAE Cleome viscosa L. (Kukkavaaminta) Leafjuice (about 30 ml) is taken orally in myalgia chest. Leaves are pounded with pepper and garlic in cow milk and the extract is dropped into the nostrils to relieve trigeminal neurologia.

CARICACEAE Caricapapaya L. (Boppai. Parimi) Yerukala Unripe fruits are eaten for abortion. Ripe fruits are said to be diuretic and carminative.

COMBRETACEAE Terminalia arjuna (DC.) Wt. & Arn. (Maddi) Root bark decoction mixed with sugarcandy and fruit powder of Terminalia chebula are used in constipation.

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertner) Roxb. (Taandra) Yerukala Fruits along with cotyledons of Phyllanihus emblica and fruits of T chebula are mixed in equal parts by weight and taken orally thrice a day for 10 days in dropsy.

Terminalia chebula Retz. (Karakkaya) Sugali Flowers pounded with sugar are used for amoebic dysentery. Mixture of fruit powders of Phyllanrhus emblica. T bellerica and T. chebula are given orally in indigestion (dyspepsy). Fruits are also used in diabetes.

CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea siaphylina Roemer & Schultes (Theendra) Sugali Latex of stems is applied in curing leukoderma at early stages.

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CUCURBITACEAE Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader. (Paparachettu) Fruits are pounded and used to cover boils. Fruits, seeds and roots are said to be purgative. Root extract is used for jaundice, rheumatism, and urinary diseases.

Cocciniu grundis (L.) J. Voigt (Donda) Yerukala Leaves (about 10 g) are pounded with 14 pepper fruits and 14 pieces of garlic, to make enough for 9 pills and given one per day for nine days in case of rabies. Leaves along with camphor and leaves of Adhutodu zeylunica are roasted in sesame oil and applied on the chest in cases of myalgia chest.

Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottler) C.B. Clarke (Nagadonda) SugaWYerukala Tuberous root extract is used as an antidote in snake bites.

Luff0 ucutungulu Roxb. (Beera) Leafjuice is dropped into the nostrils for trigeminal neurologia.

Momordica churuntiu L. (Kakara) Yerukala Tender shoots along with young leaves of Leucus indicu, pepper, garlic and common salt are pounded in equal quantities, made into pills and taken one for a day for 9 consecutive days in pneumonia. Tender shoots, ground with pepper, camphor, young leaves of Fluggeu lencopyros and young shoots and bark of mango are taken orally for nine consecutive days in leucorrhagia. Leaf juice is said to be purgative in children.

ERYTHROXY LACEAE Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. (Gaedari; Devadaaru) Yerukala Wood decoction is used for peptic ulcer.

EUPHORBIACEAE Aculypha indicu L. (Kuppintaaku) Leaves ground with common salt in goat urine are applied all over the body in eczema. Next day, cow’s dung is applied on the body and taken hot water bath for effective relief.

Jatrophu curcas L. (Seemanepaalam) Yerukala Plant powder is said to be purgative.

PhyIlunthus umurus Schum. & Thonn. (Naelaushirika) Sugali Entire plant is pounded with cardamom, pepper, in tamarind juice, made into small pills the size of Ziziphus muuritiunu seeds and given one per day for one week in viral hepatitis. Young shoots are used in dysentery while milky juice is applied on the body for offensive sores.

Phyllanthus emblicu L. (Ushirica) Fruits are chewed for polydipsia for the pregnant ladies. The powder of cotyledons after mixing with ghee is applied on the head for epistaxis.

Phyllunthus reticulatus Poiret (Nallapoolachettu) Sugali Fresh tender shoots are eaten along with sesame seeds and jaggary for 20 days for piles.

Ricinus communis L. (Aamudamu) Yerukala) Roots boiled in goat milk are applied to the glands in case of inflammation of lymph glands.

LAMIACEAE Leucus indicu (L.) R.Br. (Thummi) Leaves pounded with garlic, pepper and leaves of Piper longum and made into pills are used in typhoid fever.

Ocimum grutissimum L. (Raamathulasi) Four leaves per day were taken for 15 days in case of burning sensation offeet, palm, and reddening of eyes.

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152 M. B. REDDY ET AL.

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Manchithulasi) Yerukala Leaf maceration with small quantity of camphor is drunk for 3 days to maintain pregnancy. Leaves pounded with fruits of Tricosanthes dioica. flowers of Leucas indica and leaves of Aristolochia bracreata are taken daily for 7 days in typhoid fever.

LILIACEAE Allium sativum L. (Tellagaddalu; Neerulli) Infusion along with sugar is drunk in bilious fever.

LQGANIACEAE Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Visha Musti) Yerukala Leaf maceration is applied for oedema of legs.

MALVACEAE Gossypium barbadense L. (Pagada prathi) Sugali Leaf extract along with sugarcandy is taken orally for menorrhagia before menstruation. Juice of fresh cotyledons is taken with cow’s milk in hiccoughs.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Mandara) Flower decoction along with jaggary is drunk in menarche.

Pavonica zeylanica Cav. (Karubenda) Sugali Leaf juice is used as vermifuge and purgative.

Thespesiapopulnea (L.) Corr. Serr. (Gangaraavi) Decoction is used to wash wounds and the powder to heal the wounds.

MELIACEAE Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Vepa) SugaWYerukala Stem bark and seed coat are mixed with stem bark of Ziziphus mauritiana. camphor and sugar, macerated and drunk for 5 days to promote virility and potency in men. Stem bark decoction is drunk daily for seven days for malarial fevers. Tender shoots are pounded with common salt, turmeric, and asafoetida, made into pills of the size of tamarind seed and taken in cow butter in worm infestations.

MENISPHERMACEAE Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Ho0k.f. & Thomson (Tippa teega) Yerukala Plant juice (50 ml) mixed with 6 grams of copper sulphate is applied on the body for rabies. After 12 hr, the patient is advised to take a cold water bath for complete relief. Plant powder is taken orally in burning feet syndromes. Plant powder (200 g) either with ghee or with sugar is taken for seven days for the treatment of leprosy.

MIMOSACEAE Acacianilotica (L.) Del. (Nallathumma) Gum is dissolved in water and drunk either with milk or with toddy for amoebic dysentery.

AIbizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Dirisina) Yerukala Leaf maceration is applied all over the body in dropsy.

Mimosa pudica L. (Attipathi) Sugali Leaf paste in butter is taken in leucorrhagia.

Prosopis juliflora (S.) DC. (Seema thumma) Sugali Seed powder taken orally and the paste is applied on wounds, boils and in peptic ulcers.

MORACEAE Ficus benghalensis L. (Marri) Latex is applied on warts in Kibe. Prop root decoction is drunk daily for 7 days for worm infestations.

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Ficus religiosa L. (Raavichettu) Stem bark ash is mixed with water and drunk for polydipsia.

Morus australis Poiret (Mulberry) Tender shoots are macerated with sugarcandy and butter milk and drunk for piles.

MORINGACEAE Moringa oleifera Lam. (Munaga) Sugali Leaves pounded with turmeric and butter milk are applied for healing of wounds.

MUSACEAE Musaparadisiaca L. (Arati) Juice of rhizome mixed with milk and sugar is taken internally for dissolving the stones in urinary tract (cystolith).

MYRTACEAE Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Naeredu) Seeds are used in diabetes.

OLEACEAE Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton. (Malle) Warmed flower paste along with an unidentified plant is bound on testes in hernia. Leaf juice is applied on warts for kibe.

PALMAE Borassusflobellifer L. (Taadi) Sugali Fruits pounded with pepper and roots of Holarrhena antidysenterica in equal parts by weight are taken orally with honey daily early in the morning for stammering.

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. (Etha) Yerukala Tender shoot apex is used as galactogogue. Flower maceration is used for bilious fever.

PAPAVERACEAE Argemone mexicana L. (Bhramha Dandi) Leaves are pounded with cumin seeds, made into pills and swallowed with hot water for stomachache.

PASSIFLORACEAE Passiyora foetida L. (Tella jumiki) Leaves are used for giddiness, headache, and asthma.

PEDALIACEAE Sesamum orientate L. (Nuvulu) Yerukala Leaves are ground with jaggary and taken orally with coconut milk in rabies.

PIPERACEAE Piper betle L. (Thamalapaaku) Leaves pounded with small quantities of sulphur, camphor, pepper and garlic are roasted in sesame oil and applied to the skin for scabies or eczema.

RHAMNACEAE Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Regu) Yerukala Leaves ground with garlic, pepper and salt are taken with butter milk for leucorrhagia; leaf powder is also used in diabetes.

RUBIACEAE Ixora arborea Roxb. (Korivi) Sugali Leafjuice is used to rinse the oral cavity for mouth diseases.

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Limonia acidissima L. (Velaga) Tender shoot decoction is drunk for hiccoughs.

RUTACEAE Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. (Maredu) Leaf paste is applied on boils to open them. Burned fruit pulp is applied for rheumatic arthritis.

SAPOTACEAE Madhuca longifolia (K. Koenig.) Macbr. (Ippa) Yerukala Bark decoction is drunk in bilious fever.

Mimusops elengi L. (Bogoda) Sugali Leaf extract is dropped into ears for suppuration and for earache.

SOLANACEAE Daruru innoxia Mill. (Ummetha) Leaves warmed in sesame oil and the paste is applied for dandruff.

Daiuru metel L. (Nallaummetha) Yerukala/Sugali Leafjuice macerated with black henbane seeds is applied for measles. Root bark paste in cow urine is applied as an antidote for snake bite.

Solanum pubescens Willd. (Usti) Plant powder is consumed for piles.

Solanum surrantense Burn.f. (Vakudu/Ramamulaga) Root and leaf decoction is used in kibe.

ULMACEAE Holopielea integrifoliu (Roxb.) Planchon (Thapasi) Sugali Stem bark paste is applied for the inflammation of lymph glands. About 20 g of leaves, 12 g each of pepper and garlic are pounded and made into pills the size of peanut seeds and given one per day for 10 days for jaundice. Buttermilk with rice is allowed as diet during this period.

VERBENACEAE Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Isandaraaku) Leaf pounded with garlic, pepper and camphor, is applied for oedema of legs. Leaves warmed in sesame oil, pounded with garlic and camphor is applied for elephantiasis. Leaf juice given orally to relieve muscular pains and stiffness of legs (tetanus). The extract of leaves pounded with 3 or 4 pepper fruits and a few pieces of garlic are dropped into the nostrils for atopic rhinitis.

Clerodendrum siphonanthus R.Br. (Gantubarangi) Yerukala Stem bark decoction is used to rinse the oval cavity to relieve toothache.

Virex negundo L. (Vaavili) Sugali Leaf smoke inhaled twice a day and warmed leaves rubbed over the face to relieve cold and coughs.

VITACEAE Cissus quadranguloris L. (Nalleru) Tender shoots macerated with juvenile leaves of Pergularia daemia and Wrighiia tincioria, along with few pieces of garlic and pepper are made into pills and taken for whooping cough.

ZINGIBERACEAE Curcumu domesiicu Valeton (Pasupu) Yerukala Fresh rhizome, ground with cow milk and castor oil, is applied for paronychia.

Zingiber officinule Rose (Allamu) Juice of fresh rhizome is consumed with honey for ulcerative gingivitis.

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Page 11: A Survey of Plant Crude Drugs of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

CRUDE DRUGS OF ANANTAPUR - INDIA 155

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The financial support (to MBR) by the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India, is gratefully acknowledged.

REFERENCES

ANONYMOUS (1948-1976). The Wealth ofIndia, Vols. 1-1 1, CSIR, New Delhi, India. CHOPRA, R. N., NAYAR, S. L. and CHOPRA, I. C. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi, India. CHOPRA, R. N., CHOPRA, I. C. and VERMA, B. S. (1969). Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, CSIR, New Delhi, India. GAMBLE, J. S. (1935). Flora of Presidency of Madras, 3 Vols. BSI, Calcutta, India. HOOKER, J. D. (1897). Flora of British India, 7 Vols. BSI, Calcutta, India. MATTHEW, K. M. (1983). The Flora of the Tamil Nadu Carnotic. 3 parts. The Rapient Herbarium, Tiruchirapalle, India. NAIR, N. C. and HENRY (1983). Flora of Tamil Nadu. India, Series 1, Analysis, Vol. 1, BSI, Coimbatore, India. RAO, R. S., VENKANNA, P. and REDDY, A. T. (1987). The Flora of West Godavari District, BSI, India. YASODAMMA, N. (1983). Flora of Anantapur District. A. P., India. Ph.D. Thesis, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India.

Received Jan. 11, 1988. Accepted March 7, 1988.

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