a review on the effect of crumb rubber on the properties …€¦ · waste tires are been used in...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2017, pp. 599–615, Article ID: IJCIET_08_09_069

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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A REVIEW ON THE EFFECT OF CRUMB

RUBBER ON THE PROPERTIES OF

RUBBERCRETE

Bashar S Mohammed*, Musa Adamu, Nasir Shafiq

Depart of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

With rapid increase in the number of vehicles every day, the amount of scrap tire

generated keeps skyrocketing as it is estimated to reach 1.2 billion tonnes annually by

2030. Scrap tires continue to pose serious environmental, health and aesthetic

problems as they are bulky, non-biodegradable, good breeding area for mosquitos

and rodents and also flammable materials. Several attempts have been made for the

proper utilization and management of scrap tires. Due limitation in the recycling of

scrap tires, one of the most viable solution is to used crumb rubber from scrap tire as

partial replacement to fine aggregate in concrete industry. This is rationalized as the

production of concrete hit more than 3.8 billion cubic meters annually, therefore, it

could provide a solution on conservation of natural aggregate and as well as improve

properties of concrete. This paper present a review of the recent researches carried

out on investigating the fresh and hardened properties of rubbercrete. Construction

members and products made of rubbercrete have highlighted as well. In addition,

future application related to rubbercrete advancement has been discussed.

Key words: Waste Tire, Crumb Rubber, Rubbercrete, Sustainability, Recycling

Materials.

Cite this Article: Bashar S Mohammed, Musa Adamu and Nasir Shafiq, A Review on

The Effect of Crumb Rubber On The Properties of Rubbercrete, International Journal

of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(9), 2017, pp. 599–615.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9

1. INTRODUCTION

The world population keeps on increasing, with projection of 70% of the population to be

living in the cities by 2050 necessitating the need of automobiles since transportation is

needed more in the cities [1]. With this increase in population, and transportation been one of

the basic necessities in life, thus leading increase in vehicle usage, with China being the

largest automobile producing and marketing country [2, 3]. In the developed countries, it was

estimated that the rate of generation of waste tires stands in the ratio of one passenger tire per

person, with an estimate of 1 billion waste tires generated annually, with an expectation that

the waste tire generation will reach 1.2 billion by 2030, and a total of about 4 billion tires

A Review on The Effect of Crumb Rubber On The Properties of Rubbercrete


deposited as landfills globally, with more than 50% of the average 1 billion waste tires

produced globally are discarded without any treatment [4-7]. The amount of waste tires

generated in U.S.A escalated to more than 3.8 million tonnes by 2013 with civil engineering

application consuming only about 5% of the waste tire generated [8]. While in 2015 it

escalated to more than 4.1 million tons with civil engineering utilizing about 7% [9]. A tire

can be defined as complex elastomeric formulations composite combined with steel and fiber

codes while a waste tire can simply be defined as a type of solid waste generated from used,

unwanted or discarded tires, irrespective of its size or type and has been removed from its

original usage [10, 11].

1.1. Problems Associate with Waste Tires

Waste tire is a solid waste and its disposal and management poses environmental concern

among several countries [10, 12, 13]. This is mainly due to its non-biodegradable nature as a

result of presence of stabilizers, additives and the cross-linked structure of the elastomeric

polymer material [13]. In other words, disposal of waste tires is very difficult as it requires

large space causing environmental, aesthetic and health related problems to the surrounding

environment, If dumped in the environment, will be stockpiled, causing landfilling problems

with rapidly depleting the available sites for solid waste disposal, and causes so many

environmental and health hazards such as high risk of fire, provides shelter to harmful insects,

rodents and animals such as rats, mosquitoes, snakes, mice etc. [12, 14, 15].

1.2. Possible Solutions to Waste Tire Disposal Problems

Waste tire management continues to pose serious environmental, health and aesthetic

problems and therefore need to be solved. Several attempts have being made for the proper

utilization and management of waste tires. Some of the ways used in waste tire management

include; using waste tire in asphaltic concrete, production of steam through tires incineration,

as fuel for cement kiln, in the production of carbon black, and as an artificial reef in marines

[10]. Waste tires are also used in pyrolysis i.e. production of tire derived fuels due to their

long hydrocarbon chains [16-22]. Majority of the waste tires utilized are used in the pyrolysis

of tire derived fuel, but the use of tires for fuel is economically less advantage compared to

fuel derived from petroleum products, and it involves pollution of environment by releasing

toxic gases to the surrounding environment [23, 24]. They are also used to produce activated

carbon for absorbing pollutant gases from flue gas streams i.e. for pollution control

applications [25-29]. Waste tires are also used for ground rubber applications such as in

flower beds mulch, landfill liners, artificial reefs, breakwaters, embankments, retaining walls,

cover for playground, as asphalt for paving streets and highways, sport surfacing, animal

bedding, as high volume fill for septic systems, fill material for turf grasses, and in concrete as

partial replacement to aggregate etc [9, 10, 30].

Due to the rapid growth and development in the construction industries with higher

demands of concrete which is produced in billions of tonnes annually, emphasis are been laid

on the sustainability of the concrete constituent materials most specifically aggregate which

constituent the highest volume percentage in the concrete to prevent or overcome its possible

shortage which many countries are now facing [7, 10, 13, 31]. In order to manage the

problems associated with waste tire disposal and the possible shortage of aggregate in the

construction industry, incorporating waste tire to partially replace aggregate in concrete seems

to be a possible solution [7, 12].

Waste tires are been used in concrete as partial replacement to fine aggregate or coarse

aggregate. The waste tire is grinded and reduces into smaller particles before replacing

aggregate in concrete, with the steel and thread removed. Mechanical grinding at ambient is

Bashar S Mohammed, Musa Adamu and Nasir Shafiq


used to produce chipped rubber which is used as coarse aggregate in concrete while crumb

rubber is used as fine aggregate in concrete is produced using cryogenic grinding at low

temperature [7]. For example, waste tire has being used as crumb rubber to partially replace

fine aggregate in concrete [32-40]. Other researchers uses waste tire to partially replace both

fine and coarse aggregate in concrete etc. [41-43]. However few cases exists where waste tires

was used in form of chips to replace coarse aggregate in concrete due to the high reduction in

strength [44, 45]. Waste tires was also used as fine aggregate replacement in concrete for

composite slabs applications, exterior walls, hollow blocks and roller compacted concrete [46-

50].

Different terminologies such as rubbercrete, rubberized concrete and rubcrete were used

to denote concrete containing waste tires as partial replacement of aggregate [24, 42, 51-59].

For this paper rubbercrete will be adapted.

2. CRUMB RUBBER

Crumb rubber is a waste tire in which the size of the whole tire is reduced and grinded into

smaller particle ranging from 4.75 mm to 75μm as shown in figure 2 [10]. It is produced in a

special mill through grinding of the waste tire to granular sizes between 0.425 mm to 4.75

mm, with different sizes produced based on the properties and temperature of the milling

machine generated [31]. It can be used as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete

or mortar [10, 31].

2.1. Properties of Crumb Rubber

Crumb rubber is being used in concrete as a partial replacement to fine aggregate to produce

rubbercrete [12]. In comparison to fine aggregate it has lower specific gravity ranging from

0.51 to 1.2, bulk density ranging from 524 kg/m

3 to 1273 kg/m

3, lower water adsorption,

strength and stiffness [23, 49, 60-62]. Crumb rubber is hydrophobic and non-polar material

which repels water and entraps air into its surface [63]. It also has a different gradation

compared to fine aggregate which falls below the lower limit of the curve in particle size

analysis. Therefore when it partially replaced fine aggregate in rubbercrete, it changes the

grading to a non-continuous aggregate gradation [36]. Partial replacement of fine aggregate

with crumb rubber in rubbercrete is normally done by volume of the materials due to the

lower specific gravity of crumb rubber compared to fine aggregate.

2.2. Processing of Crumb Rubber

Production of Crumb rubber involves the reduction of the whole waste tire into smaller

granules of sizes ranging from 75 µm to 4.75 mm with the steel, fibers dust and any

contaminants removed, leaving only the rubber particles [10]. Therefore processing the waste

tire from the whole to the smaller crumb sizes involves a series of operations. Four methods

are used to grind the rubber to smaller sizes and they include; ambient temperature, cryogenic,

wet, and high-pressure water jet [64]. Similarly, there are also three methods used to reduce

scrap tires to crumb rubber, and they are granular process, cracker mill process and the micro-

mill process. However the most commonly used method in production of crumb rubber are

the cryogenic grinding and the cracker mill process as they produce almost all desirable size

[10].



3. PROPERTIES OF RUBBERCRETE

3.1. Fresh Properties of Rubbercrete

Rubbercrete at its fresh state can be cast and molded to any desired shape; therefore fresh

properties of rubbercrete such as workability, density, unit weight, and air content are

important parameters as they may adversely affect the hardened properties of rubbercrete.

3.1.1. Workability

It has been reported that workability of rubbercrete improved with increasing the partial

replacement of crumb rubber percentage to fine aggregate up to 50% [12, 65]. Other

researchers have reported drop in the workability [65, 66]. Similarly, when crumb rubber

replacement percentage increases in dry mix roller compacted rubbercrete, the consistency

improved [49]. This finding was in contrary to another study where consistency was reported

to decrease [37]. However, in another study, it has been concluded that partial replacement of

crumb rubber to fine aggregate has no effect on workability of rubbercrete [14]. The

improvement in the workability is due to the hydrophobic nature of crumb rubber, it would

repels water which results in increasing the water available for the cementitious matrix and

consequently lead to increasing in the flowability of the rubbercrete [37]. On the other hand,

smaller size and surface roughness of crumb rubber particles could adversely effects the

workability. The higher rough surface area of crumb rubber might lead to increase friction

inside the fresh rubbercrete mixture resulting in reduce the flowability [66, 67].

3.1.2 Unit Weight, density and air content

Crumb rubber is non-polar and hydrophobic in nature which entraps air on its surface,

promoting it as an air entraining agent. Therefore, crumb rubber is being used to increase air

content in rubbercrete to improve freeze and thaw resistance [68]. However, higher air content

in rubbercrete leading to reduction in unit weight [63, 69]. Another contributing factor to the

reduction in the unit weight of concrete is the density of crumb rubber is lower that fine sand

by 192% [70, 71]. It has been reported that 1.5% replacement of crumb rubber to fine

aggregate by weight result in increasing in the air content by 26% decreasing the density by

2% [72].

3.2. Hardened Properties

3.2.1 Introduction

Hardened properties of rubbercrete have been investigated and well documented by

researchers. Some of these properties have been improved, while others have shown reduction

as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Effect of partial replacement of crumb rubber on hardened properties of rubbercrete

Property Replacement

Level

Reduction

(%)

Increment

(%) Reference

Strength Compressive

strength

5 – 30 0.7 – 78.95 [34, 73]

Splitting tensile

Strength

5 – 30 5.7 – 66.67 [57, 73]

Flexural strength 5 – 30 3.8 – 40.74 [74-76]

20 – 30 21.8 – 28.8 [77]

Deformation Static modulus 5 - 30 2 – 52.2 [49, 75]

Dynamic modulus 5 – 30 5.7 – 68.4 [44, 70]

Drying shrinkage 5 – 30 1.7 – 95 [35, 78]

10 42.5 & 69 [70, 79]



Abrasion

resistance

5 – 30 0 – 81 [69, 80]

5 – 25 25 – 34.5 [65]

Impact resistance 5 – 30 71.8 – 198.3 [81, 82]

Damping 5 – 30 27 – 62 [83, 84]

Energy absorption 5 – 30 2.2 – 91 [60, 65]

Brittleness index 5 – 30 37.8 – 63.8 [44]

Peak strain 5 – 30 14 – 251.7 [85, 86]

ultimate strain 5 – 30 62.8 – 183 [85, 86]

peak deflection 5 – 30 3 – 137.5 [85, 86]

Toughness 5 – 30 4 – 193.2 [87, 88]

Fatigue 5 – 30 0.4 – 3.8 [86]

5 – 30 61.4 – 409.7 [85]

Durability Chloride ion

penetration

5 – 30 0.8 – 78.3 [14, 67]

10 – 20 1.37 – 35.85 [14, 24]

Water absorption 10 - 30 2.86 – 95.24 [7, 23]

10 – 30 1.52 – 32.5 [34, 89]

Porosity 10 - 30 21.21 –

262.12

1[90, 91]

Carbonation

resistance

5 – 20 5 – 275 [23, 32]

Corrosion

resistance

5 – 20 2.59 – 6.23 [35]

30 100 [92]

Freeze and thaw

resistance

10 – 20 5.24% [68]

Nonstructural

performance

Sound absorption 5 – 30 8.26 – 113.31 [48, 93]

Electrical

resistivity

5 – 30 1.57 – 21.9 [94]

Thermal

conductivity

5 – 30 7.08 – 49.72 [48, 89, 93, 95]

3.2.2. Strengths

The reduction in strengths of rubbercrete as shown in table 1 was mainly due to the physical

properties of crumb rubber and its compatibility with fine aggregate. Increased air content in

the fresh rubbercrete mix due to the hydrophobic nature of crumb rubber leads to increased

void content in the hardened rubbercrete thereby allowing stresses concentration across the

pose causing micro cracks formation and consequently reduction in strength [48, 75, 96, 97].

In addition, the entrapped air on the crumb rubber surface increases the interfacial transition

zone (ITZ) thickness, and causes poor bonding with the hardened matrix as the ITZ itself is a

weak porous zone between cement paste and aggregate with the weak bonding causing micro

cracks formation leading to reduced strength and premature failure [6, 52, 98, 99]. In addition

crumb rubber is also non-compactible with sand, having lower specific gravity, strength,

stiffness, and load carrying capacity thus leading to reduced strength when replaced part of

fine aggregate [77, 84]. In addition as crumb rubber changes the aggregate grading in the

rubbercrete mix to a non-continuous with more voids formed due to the inability of the voids

in the aggregate to be filled by the crumb rubber, this leads to a more porous rubbercrete thus

reducing its strength [61]. However, some reported an increase in flexural strength and this is

attributed to the fiber nature of crumb rubber, high ductility and post cracking behavior of

rubbercrete which allows it to resist flexural loads even after failure [34, 100].

In order to reduce the strength loss in rubbercrete several attempts have been made to

either enhancing the bonding between hardened cement paste and crumb rubber or to increase

the chemical reaction in cement to densify the hardened rubbercrete micro structure. For

instance crumb rubber has been pre-coated with limestone and in another case it has been

coated with cement mortar to densify the ITZ and subsequently improving bonding [14, 62,

74, 101, 102]. Others researchers have treated the crumb rubber with sodium hydroxide so as



to make its surface rougher to improve bonding [103, 104]. Similarly ultraviolet using water

retention has been applied to crumb rubber to change its surface energy so that to prevent it

from repelling water and entrapping air and consequently improve its bonding [105].

Furthermore, to densify the hardened rubbercrete microstructure, cement replacement

materials have been used such as silica, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakoalin and

fly ash [65, 77, 104, 106]. Additionally, crumb rubber has been oxidized using potassium

permanganate (KMnO4) solution before sulphonating it with sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3)

solution so that can have better bonding with hardened cement matrix [107]. Recently nano

silica has been added to rubbercrete to refine the pore system, increase chemical reaction of

cement and densify the ITZ as shown in Figure 3 [52]. While in another study deairing agent

was added to rubbercrete to reduce the air content and consequently improve strength [108].

However in contrary to this it was reported that treating crumb rubber does not significantly

improve strength in rubbercrete compared to normal concrete [109, 110]. It is worthy of note

that treating the crumb rubber would increases the cost of rubbercrete thus offsetting its

advantage. However, using Nano Silica would present an economical solution in mitigating

strength loss in rubbercrete due to its physical and chemical properties and also to its

relatively low cost.

3.2.3 Deformation Properties

3.2.3.1 Static and Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity

The reduction in elastic modulus of rubbercrete is attributed to lower stiffness and elastic

modulus of crumb rubber particles in comparing to the fine aggregate. With the crumb rubber

particles acting like tiny springs in the hardened rubbercrete which having no significant

effect in terms of resisting the applied external loads. This is leading to reduction in strength

which adversely affects the elastic modulus of rubbercrete [14, 60, 66, 111]. In addition

internal factors leading to reduction in elastic modulus of rubbercrete include; weak bonding

between cement paste and crumb rubber particles, higher voids content in the cement paste

together and the thicker and weaker ITZ due to entrapped air by the crumb rubber which

significantly affects the stress-strain behavior. In addition, the lower volumetric proportions of

natural aggregates in rubbercrete lead to reduction in elastic modulus [14, 67]. This is due to

the lower elastic modulus of crumb rubber particles in comparison to that of natural

aggregate. While the reduction in dynamic modulus of elasticity of rubbercrete is mainly

attributed to the higher porosity in the hardened rubbercrete. This is explained by the

reduction in the ultrasonic pulse velocity due to lower density, stiffness and ability of the

crumb rubber particles in absorbing ultrasonic wave [14, 32, 54].

3.2.3.2 Drying Shrinkage and Abrasion Resistance

Drying shrinkage of rubbercrete increases with increasing the crumb rubber content. The

increase in shrinkage of rubbercrete are mainly caused by the following factors: poor bonding

between crumb rubber and cement paste, lower stiffness, lower load carrying capacity of

crumb rubber which leads to reduction in restraint to drying. In addition, higher w/c ratio,

lower strength and modulus of elasticity leading to lower restraint to drying of the rubbercrete

microstructure [15, 23, 35, 112, 113]. While abrasion resistance increases with increasing the

crumb rubber content. This is due to the crumb rubber acting like a brush and preventing the

rubbing and grinding of the rubbercrete surface. Additionally, the fiber-like-shape of crumb is

holding and preserving the cement paste [34, 69, 80].

3.2.3.3 Impact Resistance, Ductility and Energy Absorption

The impact resistance, damping, ductility and energy absorption increase with increasing in

crumb rubber content in rubbercrete. The improvement of impact resistance and damping



ratio of rubbercrete are attributed to the more elastic, higher deformation and lower stiffness

of crumb rubber in comparing to fine aggregate. Therefore, rubbercrete has better ability to

absorb shock, vibration and consequently having higher impact resistance and damping ration

[65, 83]. The energy absorption capacity is measured through different ways such as

brittleness index, peak deflection, ultimate strain, peak strain and peak load. It can also be

measured through the load deflection curve as shown in Figure 4. The improvement in energy

absorption is attributed to the ability of low stiffness crumb rubber to bridge cracks, bend,

twist and compress to allowing the rubbercrete to be relatively more flexible and thus be able

to absorb more energy[65, 67, 86]. In addition, the low stiffness of crumb rubber particles

enables it to decrease internal frictions and recovering extra strain in the rubbercrete matrix

[12, 65]

3.2.3.4 Toughness and Fatigue Performance

Improvement in fatigue performance and toughness of rubbercrete are attributed to the

content of crumb rubber. The fatigue fracture of rubbercrete consists of three phases: 10%

nucleation, 80 % stable and 10% instable phase of the full fatigue life of rubbercrete [86]. The

increase in fatigue is mainly due to the fact that rubber particles suppress the formation of

micro cracks and absorbs more strain energy thereby resisting more cycles of repetitive loads

[85]. While toughness improves due to the higher energy absorption capacity, enhanced strain

energy, and anti-cracking performance of rubbercrete [87, 88].

3.2.4 Durability Performance and Freeze/Thaw Resistance

3.2.4.1 Chloride ion penetration, water absorption, porosity and carbonation resistance

Partially replacing fine aggregate with crumb rubber in rubbercrete adversely affects the

durability of rubbercrete. The increase in chloride penetration of rubbercrete is mainly due to

its high permeability, with poor internal packing and interconnected voids formed by the

crumb rubber due to entrapped air during mixing thus leading to increased porosity and this

favors penetration of chloride ion through permeation, absorption or diffusion [6, 14, 32].

While increase in water absorption is attribute to the high water absorption, thicker and

porous ITZ between crumb rubbers and cement matrix in combination to the higher porosity

in the rubbercrete [33, 92]. With regards to carbonation and corrosion resistance very scares

and limited literatures are available on the subject matter. However, Corrosion resistance and

carbonation resistance have been found to be adversely affected with increasing percentage of

crumb rubber replacement [4, 23, 32, 35, 92]. This due to the well-established fact that

porosity and void ratio of rubbercrete increases with increasing of crumb rubber percentage.

3.2.4.2 Freeze and Thaw Resistance

Freeze and thaw resistance of rubbercrete increases with increasing crumb rubber percentage

[33, 68, 72]. This is due to the increasing in the void ratio inside the rubbercrete. Whereas

these voids provide space to accommodate the increased volume of crystalized water in the

rubbercrete pore system during freezing. Which consequently normalize the internal pressure

hardened rubbercrete during the freeze and thaw cycling.

3.2.5 Nonstructural Performance

3.2.5.1 Sound Absorption and Electrical Resistivity

Both sound absorption and electrical resistivity increases with increasing of crumb rubber

content. However, the increase is sound absorption of rubbercrete is higher for lower sized

crumb rubber compared to larger sizes as shown in Figure 5 [93]. The increase in electrical

resistivity is ascribed to the properties of crumb rubber being a dielectric material and



blocking the paths for electric wave to transfer across the rubbercrete, while increase in sound

absorption is due to the ability of the sound to be absorbed by the entrapped air on the crumb

rubber surface [48].

3.2.5.2 Thermal Conductivity

As shown in figure 6, the size of crumb rubber has significant effect on the thermal

conductivity of rubbercrete with lower sizes showing higher values [48, 94, 114]. The

decrease in thermal conductivity is as a result of higher entrapped air in the rubbercrete

mixtures. Whereas both air and crumb rubber have lower thermal conductivity than hardened

cement paste. Hardened cement paste has thermal conductivity of 1.7 Wm/K which is greater

than that of air 0.025 Wm/K and crumb rubber 0.11 Wm/K. This causes the thermal flow to

be opposed by air in the voids and crumb rubber particles [48, 114].

4. CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS UTILIZING

RUBBERCRETE

Capitalizing on the improved properties of rubbercrete in comparison to normal concrete,

researchers have developed construction building products made of rubbercrete to meet

specific requirements. Some of these products are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Construction building materials made of rubbercrete

Item Product Specific requirements Reference

1 Railway

slippers/ballast Improved fatigue and impact resistance ([115, 116]

2 Beams Improved Impact resistance and ductility [117] 3 Composite slab Improved ductility [46]

4 In situ wall panels Improved sound absorption [93]

5 Precast wall panels Improved sound absorption and thermal conductivity [94]

6 Columns Improved seismic resistance [118, 119]

7 Road side barriers Improved impact resistance [120]

8 Hollow concrete

blocks

Improved sound absorption, thermal conductivity

and electrical resistivity [48]

9 paving block Improved skid resistance and abrasion resistance [121]

10 Pavement surface Improved sound absorption [122]

11 Masonry walls Improved toughness, post-failure loads, and

earthquake resistance [98]

12 Drainage layer in

green roof

Improved hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate

and weight reduction [123]

13

Embankment for

expansive soils in

road and railway

projects

Reduced swelling, increased elastic recovery and

undrained shear strength [124]

14 Soft clays Improved shear strength, axial strain and post-peak

strength [125]

5. FUTURE TRENDS

In some developing countries, scrap tires are being used as a low cost supplementary fuel due

to its high calorific value. This is lead to dramatically increase the emission of greenhouse

gases which is the main contributor to the global warming. However, to address this issue,

Kyoto protocol has put in place an enforcement mechanism restriction on production of

greenhouse gases which causes climate changes. Therefore, there will be a serious problem

of scrap tire disposal due to limitation in the landfill availability and also to the associated

multiple environmental and health hazards problems. The current scenario on recycling of



scrap tires is quite narrow for limited applications such as children’s playground, flower beds

mulch, landfill liners, artificial reefs, breakwaters, embankments, retaining walls, sport

surfacing, animal bedding, as high volume fill for septic systems, fill material for turf grasses,

and in concrete as partial replacement to aggregate, there is an urgent need to use recycled

scrap tire in useful mass applications. On the other hand, production of concrete has hit more

than 3.8 billion cubic meters annually. This will lead to depletion in the natural resources

which also will adversely affect the eco-system.

Using crumb rubber from scrap tires as partial replacement to fine aggregate in concrete

results rubbercrete. In comparison with normal concrete, rubbercrete has several improved

properties such as ductility, fatigue performance, impact resistance, thermal conductivity,

acoustic properties, electrical resistivity, etc. However, rubbercrete exhibits lower strengths

and modulus elasticity which discourage personals in the construction industry to practically

accept it. Therefore, attempts have been made to recover the strengths lost by treating and

coating crumb rubber particles. These attempts have failed to provide an acceptable economic

solution. Recently, nano silica has been added to rubbercrete and successfully improves it

strengths without offset cost and other improved properties. Therefore, this will provide

available economical solution to the waste tire management. Although the fresh and hardened

properties of rubbercrete have been thoroughly investigated and well documented by

researchers. However, some aspects require further attention such as: systematic mix design,

fire resistance, behavior in elevated temperatures, carbonation resistance and deformation

properties (shrinkage and creep).

6. CONCULDING REMARKS

This paper reviews the latest works have been conducted to investigate rubbercrete properties

in both fresh and hardened state. The fresh properties include unit weight, air content, and

workability while the hardened properties include compressive, tensile and flexural strengths,

static and dynamic modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, abrasion resistance, impact resistance,

ductility, energy absorption, toughness and fatigue properties. It also covers durability

performances which include chloride Ion Penetration, water absorption, porosity, carbonation

resistance, corrosion resistance, and freeze/thaw resistance. Other physical properties such as

sound absorption, electrical resistivity, and thermal conductivity have been reviewed. The

summary of the remarks derived from this paper are as follows:

Rubbercrete has improved workability and freeze / thaw resistance.

Reduction in the strengths of rubbercrete can be offset economically using nano silica as

cementitious addition.

The lower drying shrinkage of rubbercrete will promote it as good repair mortar and also in

mass concreting application such dams and rigid pavements.

Due to the ability of rubbercrete in absorbing impact loading, members subject to accidental

impact loads can be made of rubbercrete such as crush barrier

The improved fatigue load cycles and toughness of rubbercrete make it suitable for roller

compacted rigid pavement

The rubbercrete can be used in producing of members/products that can be used in improving

life quality of habitants due to its high sound absorption, high electrical resistivity and lower

thermal conductivity.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education (MOE) of Malaysia for granting

the project under code PRGS/1/13/TK03/UTP/02/02.

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a review on the effect of crumb rubber on the properties …€¦ · waste tires are been used in...

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