A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien, First Edition. Edited by Stuart D. Lee.© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Works by J. R. R. Tolkien

Many of Tolkien’s works have been reprinted or revised several times, or dispersed across several anthologies. Wherever possible citations are from the most recent new or revised edition. Indication is given as to the original publication date. See also the list of academic publications at the end of ch. 2; the list at http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Index:Writings_by_J. R. R_Tolkien; the “Illustrated Tolkien Bibliography” at www.tolkienbooks.net; and the comprehensive bibliographies in Reader’s Guide 1137–1189 and Chronology 813–873.

1915. “Goblin Feet.” In Oxford Poetry, edited by G. D. H. Cole and T. W. Earp, 64–65. Oxford: Blackwell.

1918. “Prefatory Note” and ed. of A Spring Harvest by G. B. Smith. London: Esrkine MacDonald.

1922. A Middle English Vocabulary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Incorporated into later editions of Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose, edited by Kenneth Sisam, originally published in 1921 by Clarendon Press.

1923. “Holy Maidenhood.” Review of F. J. Furnivall, Hali Meidenhad (1922). Times Literary Supplement, April 26. London.

1924. “Philology: General Works.” The Year’s Work in English Studies, 4: 23–37.1925a. “Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography.” Review of English

Studies, 1.2: 210–215.1925b. “The Devil’s Coach-Horses.” Review of English Studies, 1.3: 331–336.

General Bibliography

546 General Bibliography

1926. “Philology: General Works.” The Year’s Work in English Studies, 5: 26–65.1927a. “The Nameless Land.” In Realities: An Anthology of Verse, edited by G. S.

Tancred, 24–25. Leeds: At the Swan Press. London: Gay and Hancock.1927b. “Philology: General Works.” The Year’s Work in English Studies, 6: 32–66.1928. “Foreword.” In Walter E. Haigh, A New Glossary of the Dialect of the Huddersfield

District, xiii–xviii. London: Oxford University Press.1929. “Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad.” Essays and Studies by Members of the English

Association, 14: 104–126.1932a. “Appendix I: The Name ‘Nodens’.” In R. E. M. Wheeler and T. V. Wheeler,

Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman, and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, 132–137. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

1932b. “Sigelwara Land [Part 1].” Medium Ævum, 1.3: 183–196.1934. “Sigelwara Land [Part 2].” Medium Ævum, 3.2: 95–111.1937. “The Dragon’s Visit”. The Oxford Magazine, 55: 11. Also in Tolkien (2002a),

309–311.1945. “The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun.” The Welsh Review, 4.4 (December): 254–266.1953a. “Middle English ‘Losenger’. Sketch of an Etymological and Semantic Enquiry.”

In Essais de philologie moderne (1951), 63–76. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.1953b. “A Fourteenth-century Romance.” Radio Times, December 4. London.1955a. “Preface.” In The Ancrene Riwle, trans. Mary Salu, v. London: Burns and Oates.1955b. “Imram.” Time and Tide, December: 1561.1962a. The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle: Ancrene Wisse, edited from MS. Corpus

Christi College Cam bridge 402. EETS Original Series 249. London: Oxford Univer-sity Press.

1962b. The Adventures of Tom Bombadil: And Other Verses from the Red Book. London: Allen & Unwin. See also Tolkien 2008e.

1977. The Silmarillion. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. London: Allen & Unwin.1981. The Old English Exodus: Text, Translation, and Commentary. Edited by Joan

Turville-Petre. Oxford: Clarendon Press.1982. Finn and Hengest: The Fragment and the Episode. Edited by Alan Bliss. London:

Allen & Unwin.1983a. The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays. Edited by Christopher Tolkien.

London: Allen & Unwin. Contains “Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics,” origi-nally published in 1937 by Humphrey Milford, see also Tolkien 2002b; “On Translating Beowulf,” originally published in 1940 by Allen & Unwin; “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”; “On Fairy-stories,” originally published in 1947 by Oxford University Press, see also Tolkien 2001a and 2008b; “English and Welsh,” originally published in 1963 by Oxford University Press; “A Secret Vice”; and “Valedictory Address.”

1983b. The Book of Lost Tales, Part One. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. Vol. 1 in The History of Middle-earth series. London: Allen & Unwin.

1984. The Book of Lost Tales, Part Two. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. Vol. 2 in The History of Middle-earth series. London: Allen & Unwin.

General Bibliography 547

1985. The Lays of Beleriand. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. Vol. 3 in The History of Middle-earth series. London: Allen & Unwin.

1986. The Shaping of Middle-earth. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. Vol. 4 in The History of Middle-earth series. London: Allen & Unwin.

1987. The Lost Road and Other Writings. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. Vol. 5 in The History of Middle-earth series. London: Unwin Hyman.

1988. The Return of the Shadow (The History of the Lord of the Rings, Part One). Edited by Christopher Tolkien. Vol. 6 in The History of Middle-earth series. London: Unwin Hyman.

1989. The Treason of Isengard (The History of the Lord of the Rings, Part Two). Edited by Christopher Tolkien. Vol. 7 in The History of Middle-earth series. London: Unwin Hyman.

1990a. Smith of Wootton Major. 2nd edn. London: Unwin Hyman. First published in 1967 by Allen & Unwin. See also Tolkien 2008e.

1990b. The War of the Ring (The History of the Lord of the Rings, Part Three). Edited by Chris-topher Tolkien. Vol. 8 in The History of Middle-earth series. London: Unwin Hyman.

1992a. Sauron Defeated: The End of the Third Age (The History of the Lord of the Rings, Part Four), The Notion Club Papers, and the Drowning of Anadûnê. Edited by Chris-topher Tolkien. Vol. 9 in The History of Middle-earth series. Published also as a separate shorter volume The End of the Third Age which omits the non-Lord of the Rings material. London: HarperCollins.

1992b. Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien. 2nd edn. Foreword and notes by Christopher Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

1993. Morgoth’s Ring: The Later Silmarillion. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. Vol. 10 in The History of Middle-earth series. London: HarperCollins.

1994. The War of the Jewels. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. Vol. 11 in The History of Middle-earth series. London: HarperCollins.

1995a. The Hobbit. Rev. edn. London: HarperCollins. Originally published in 1937 (see ch. 8). See also Tolkien 2002a.

1995b. The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. New edn. Edited by Humphrey Carpenter. London: HarperCollins. Originally published in 1981 by Allen & Unwin.

1995c. “I∙Lam na∙Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of the Gnomish Tongue.” Edited by Christopher Gilson, Patrick Wynne, Arden R. Smith, and Carl F. Hostet-ter. Parma Eldalamberon, 11: 1–76.

1995d. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo. New edn. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins. Originally published in 1975 by Allen & Unwin.

1996. The Peoples of Middle-earth. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. Vol. 12 in The History of Middle-earth series. London: HarperCollins.

1998a. Roverandom. Edited by Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond. London: HarperCollins. See also Tolkien 2008e.

1998b. “Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon Together with the Poetic and Mythologic Words of Eldarissa.” Edited by Christopher Gilson, Carl F. Hostet-ter, Patrick Wynne, and Arden R. Smith. Parma Eldalamberon, 12: 1–112.

548 General Bibliography

1998c. Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins. Originally published in 1980 by Allen & Unwin.

2001a. Tree and Leaf, including the Poem Mythopoeia [and] The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins. “On Fairy-stories” originally pub lished in 1947 by Oxford University Press, see also Tolkien 1983a and 2008b. “Leaf by Niggle” originally published in 1945 in The Dublin Review (January): 46–61, see also Tolkien 2008e. “The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son” originally published in 1953 in Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association, N.S. 6: 1–18. Tree and Leaf first published in 1964 by Allen & Unwin; 2nd edition, edited by Christopher Tolkien, published in 1988 by Unwin Hyman included “Mythopoeia.”

2001b. “The Alphabet of Rúmil.” Edited by Arden R. Smith. Parma Eldalamberon, 13: 3–89.

2002a. The Annotated Hobbit. Edited by Douglas A. Anderson. Revised and expanded edn. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

2002b. Beowulf and the Critics. Edited by M. C. Drout. See also Tolkien 1983a. Tempe, AZ: Bagwyn Books (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies).

2003a. “Early Qenya Grammar.” Edited by Carl F. Hostetter and Bill Welden. Parma Eldalamberon, 14: 35–86.

2003b. “The Valmaric Script.” Edited by Arden R. Smith. Parma Eldalamberon, 14: 87–134.

2004a. The Lord of the Rings. 3 vols. 50th anniversary edn. London: HarperCollins. The Fellow ship of the Ring. First published London: Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954. The Two Towers. First published London: Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1955. The Return of the King. First published London: Allen & Unwin; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1956.

2004b. “Sir Orfeo: A Middle English Version by J. R. R. Tolkien.” Edited by Carl F. Hostetter. Tolkien Studies, 1: 85–123. Tolkien’s text first published anonymously as a booklet. Oxford: The Academic Copying Office, 1944.

2005. Smith of Wootton Major. Extended edn. Edited by Verlyn Flieger. London: Har-perCollins. See also Tolkien 2008e.

2006. “Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets, Part 1.” Edited by Arden R. Smith. Parma Eldalam-beron, 16: 5–51.

2007a. Mr. Bliss. Rev. edn. London: HarperCollins. First published in 1982 by Allen & Unwin.

2007b. Narn i Chîn Húrin: The Tale of the Children of Húrin. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins.

2007c. “Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings.” Edited by Christopher Gilson. Parma Eldalamberon, 17: 1–220.

2008a. Farmer Giles of Ham. 60th anniversary edn. Edited by Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond. London: HarperCollins. First published in 1949 by Allen & Unwin then in 1969 as Smith of Wootton Major and Farmer Giles of Ham by Bal-lantine (New York). See also Tolkien 2008e.

General Bibliography 549

2008b. On Fairy-stories. Expanded edn. Edited by Verlyn Flieger and Douglas A. Anderson. London: HarperCollins. “On Fairy-stories” originally pub lished in 1947 by Oxford University Press, see also Tolkien 1983a and 2001a.

2008c. “Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve’s Tale.” Edited by Carl F. Hostetter. Tolkien Studies, 5: 109–171. First published in 1934 in Transactions of the Philological Society, 1–70.

2008d. “The Reeve’s Tale.” Edited by Carl F. Hostetter. Tolkien Studies, 5: 173–181. First pub lished privately in Oxford as a booklet in 1939.

2008e. Tales from the Perilous Realm. London: HarperCollins. Includes Farmer Giles of Ham, “Leaf by Niggle,” Smith of Wootton Major, The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, and Roverandom. Originally published in 1997 by HarperCollins but without Roverandom.

2009a. The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins.

2009b. “Tengwesta Qenderinwa.” Edited by Christopher Gilson and Patrick H. Wynne. Parma Eldalamberon, 18: 5–108.

2009c. “Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets, Part 2.” Edited by Arden R. Smith. Parma Eldalam-beron, 18: 109–148.

2009d. Letters from Father Christmas. Edited by Baillie Tolkien. London: HarperCollins.

2010a. “The Story of Kullervo: (Kalervonpoika).” Edited by Verlyn Flieger. Tolkien Studies, 7: 211–245.

2010b. “On ‘The Kalevala’ or Land of Heroes.” Tolkien Studies, 7: 246–262.2010c. “The Kalevala.” Tolkien Studies, 7: 262–278.2010d. “Quenya Phonology: Comparative Tables, Outline of Phonetic Development,

Outline of Phonology.” Edited by Christopher Gilson. Parma Eldalamberon, 19: 1–108.

2012. “The Qenya Alphabet.” Edited by Arden R. Smith. Parma Eldalamberon, 20: 1–160.

2013. The Fall of Arthur. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins.

Joint Publications with J. R. R. Tolkien

Tolkien, J. R. R. and S. R. T. O. d’Ardenne. 1947. “ ‘Iþþlen’ in Sawles Warde.” English Studies (Amsterdam), 27: 168–170.

Tolkien, J. R. R. and S. R. T. O. d’Ardenne. 1948. “MS Bodley 34: A Re-collation of a Collation.” Studia Neophilologica, 20: 65–72.

Tolkien, J. R. R. and E. V. Gordon, eds. 1936. Songs for the Philologists. London: English Department, University College.

Tolkien, J. R. R. and E. V. Gordon, eds. 1967. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Revised edn. by N. Davis. Oxford: Clarendon Press. First published in 1925 by Clarendon Press.

550 General Bibliography

Tolkien, J. R. R. and Donald Swann. 2002. The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle. 3rd edn. London: HarperCollins. Originally published in 1967 by Allen & Unwin.

Further Reading

The following works supplement the individual bibliographies at the end of each chapter and are recommended to allow further explorations of the themes and topics in this volume.

Agan, Cami. 2008. “Song as Mythic Conduit in The Fellowship of the Ring.” Mythlore, 26.3/4 (Spring/Summer 2008): 41–63. [A careful and thorough exploration of the role of song in The Fellowship of the Ring.]

Anon. 2001. “The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.” In National Geo-graphic Beyond the Movie: The Lord of the Rings. [Explores the cultural forces that inspired the story and takes the audience to Karelia and “finds anew” the original home of the Karelian folk poetry.]

Atherton, Mark. 2010. Teach Yourself Complete Old English. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

Blackham, Robert S. 2011. Tolkien and the Peril of War. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. [A heavily illustrated book about Tolkien’s World War I experiences.]

Blount, Douglas K. 2003. “Überhobbits: Tolkien, Nietzsche, and the Will to Power.” In The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy, edited by Gregory Bassham and Eric Bronson, 87–98. Chicago and La Salle, IL: Open Court. [As the title suggests, the author looks at power in Tolkien’s oeuvre from the perspective of an implicit polemic with perhaps its most influential conception in modern philosophy.]

Boyd, Ian, ed. 2002. J. R. R. Tolkien: Mythos and Modernity in Middle-earth. The Ches-terton Review, special edn., 28.1/2: 1–299.

Bradley, S. A. J., ed. 1995. Anglo-Saxon Poetry. London: J. M. Dent.Byock, Jesse, trans. 1999. The Saga of the Volsungs. London: Penguin. [A recent transla-

tion of Völsunga saga, with an interesting introductory discussion of history and legend.]Cameron, Kenneth. 1996. English Place Names. New edn. London: Batsford. [The book

offers a comprehensive account of the various types of names and their origins.]Campbell, Liam. 2011. The Ecological Augury in the Works of J. R. R. Tolkien. Zurich

and Jena: Walking Tree Publishers.Clark, David and Carl Phelpstead, eds. 2007. Old Norse Made New: Essays on the Post-

Medieval Reception of Old Norse Literature and Culture. London: Viking Society for Northern Research. [Essays include Dimitra Fimi’s discussion of Tolkien’s use of Old Norse material culture, and provide an introduction to the many different forms of reception.]

Clunies Ross, Margaret. 1994–1998. Prolonged Echoes: Old Norse Myths in Medieval Northern Society. 2 vols. Odense: Odense University Press. [A key reading of the myths as mediated by medieval Icelandic culture.]

General Bibliography 551

Croft, Janet Brennan. 2004. War and the Works of J. R. R. Tolkien: Contributions to the Study of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Westport, CT: Praeger. [A more detailed exploration of the themes of Tolkien and War by the same author of the essay in this volume.]

Croft, Janet Brennan. 2011. “The Hen that Laid the Eggs: Tolkien and the Officers Training Corps.” Tolkien Studies, 8: 97–106. [Adds some details on the OTC and Tolkien’s experiences in it.]

Davison, Scott A. 2003. “Tolkien and the Nature of Evil.” In The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy, edited by Gregory Bassham and Eric Bronson, 99–109. Chicago and La Salle, IL: Open Court, 2003. [The author provides a very accessible presentation of the nature of evil in Tolkien’s work from a philosophical perspective.]

Enright, Nancy. 2007. “Tolkien’s Females and the Defining of Power.” Renascence, 59.2: 93–108. [With her point of departure Tolkien’s females in The Lord of the Rings, the author of the study gives a penetrating analysis of the nature of positive and negative power in the created world.]

Fisher, Jason, ed. 2011. Tolkien and the Study of his Sources: Critical Essays. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

Flieger, Verlyn. 2012. Green Suns and Faërie: Essays on J. R. R. Tolkien. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.

Fussell, Paul. 1989. Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [A companion to The Great War and Modern Memory, Fussell’s classic work on the literary response to the war; while neither mentions Tolkien, they provide the necessary background to understanding his contemporaries.]

Garth, John. 2003. Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth. London: HarperCollins.

Garth, John. 2006. “Frodo and the Great War.” In The Lord of the Rings, 1954–2004: Scholarship in Honour of Richard E. Blackwelder, edited by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull, 41–56. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press.

Garth, John. 2007. “ ‘As Under a Green Sea’: Visions of War in the Dead Marshes.” In Myth and Magic: Art According to the Inklings, edited by Eduardo Segura and Thomas Honegger, 285–313. Zurich and Bern: Walking Tree Publishers.

Garth, John. 2008. “Tolkien, Exeter College and the Great War.” In Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings: Sources of Inspiration, edited by Stratford Caldecott and Thomas Honeg-ger, 12–56. Zurich and Bern: Walking Tree Publishers.

Garth, John. 2011. “Robert Quilter Gilson, T.C.B.S.: A Brief Life in Letters.” Tolkien Studies, 8: 67–96. [On Tolkien’s fellow TCBS member, who died early in World War I.]

Gay, David E. 2002. “Renewing Old Poems: The 1849 Kalevala as Finnish Tradition in the English-speaking World.” In Honko (2002), 54–63. [Helps to place the Finnish folk poetry tradition outside Finland.]

Gelling, Margaret. 1984. Place-names in the Landscape. London: Dent.Gordon, E. V. 1981. An Introduction to Old Norse. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University

Press. [The classic introduction to the language, by a contemporary of Tolkien’s at Leeds.]

552 General Bibliography

Hämäläinen, Niina. 2002. “Elias Lönnrot’s First Kullervo Poem and Its Folk-poem Models.” In Honko (2002), 364–387. [Gives a full account of the story of Kullervo within Finnish folklore.]

Helms, Philip W., Kerry Elizabeth Thompson, and Paul Ritz, eds. 1994. Tolkien’s Peaceful War: A History and Explanation of Tolkien Fandom and War. 2nd edn. High-land, MI: American Tolkien Society. [An early interpretation of Tolkien as a pacifist.]

Hemmi, Yoko. 2010. “Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings and His Concept of Native Language: Sindarin and British-Welsh.” Tolkien Studies, 7: 147–174. [Examines the relationship between Tolkien’s linguistic aesthetic and his invented languages.]

Hiley, Margaret. 2004. “Stolen Language, Cosmic Models: Myth and Mythology in Tolkien.” Modern Fiction Studies, 50.4 (Winter 2004): 838–858. [The author pro-vides a useful overview of the study of mythology as well as its function in Tolkien’s works.]

Hiley, Margaret. 2011. The Loss and the Silence: Aspects of Modernism in the Works of C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien and Charles Williams. Zurich and Jena: Walking Tree Publishers.

Honko, Lauri. 2002. The Kalevala and the World’s Traditional Epics. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.

Hostetter, Carl F. 2006. “Resources for Tolkienian Linguistics: An Annotated Guide.” Available at: http://www.elvish.org/resources.html, accessed November 19, 2013. [Provides an extensive list of resources for the study of Tolkien’s languages, in print and online.]

Hughes, Shaun F. D., ed. 2004. “J. R. R. Tolkien Special Issue.” Mfs: Modern Fiction Studies, 50.4: 807–1028.

Kahlas-Tarkka, Leena. 2004. “Lohikäärmeitä ja sankareita” [Dragons and Heroes]. In Englannin aika: Elävän kielen kartoitusta [Time of English: Mapping a Living Lan-guage], edited by Terttu Nevalainen, Matti Rissanen, and Irma Taavitsainen, 224–232. Helsinki: Werner Söderström. [Written in Finnish, looks at familiarity and distance in Beowulf and Tolkien’s writings from a Finnish perspective.]

Kraus, Joe. 2003. “Tolkien, Modernism and the Importance of Tradition.” In The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy, edited by Gregory Bassham and Eric Bronson, 137–149. Chicago: Open Court.

Larrington, Carolyne, trans. 1996. The Poetic Edda. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [A reliable and accessible translation of the poems, with short introductions and helpful notes.]

Larrington, Carolyne and Diane Purkiss, eds. 2013. Magical Tales: Myth, Legend, and Enchantment in Children’s Books. Oxford: Bodleian Library. [Book to accompany 2013 exhibition, contains facsimiles of many Tolkien manuscripts.]

Lobdell, Jared. 2005. The Rise of Tolkienian Fantasy. Chicago: Open Court.Mäkinen, Kirsti. 2009. The Kalevala: Tales of Magic and Adventure. Vancouver, BC:

Simply Read Books. [An easily approachable prose retelling of the whole

General Bibliography 553

original runic version, translated by Kaarina Brooks from the Finnish version by Mäkinen.]

Manni, Franco and Simone Bonechi. 2008. “The Complexity of Tolkien’s Attitude Towards the Second World War.” In The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference: 50 Years of The Lord of the Rings, edited by Sarah Wells, 33–51. The Tolkien Society.

Mathison, Phil. 2012. Tolkien in East Yorkshire 1917–1918. Brough: Deadgood Publications.

McTurk, Rory, ed. 2005. A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell. [A survey of the central topics and debates in Old Norse-Icelandic studies, with chapters written by experts in their respective fields.]

Milbank, Alison. 2009. Chesterton and Tolkien as Theologians: The Fantasy of the Real. London: T&T Clark. [The author’s treatment of the topic of evil uses the ontology of evil as privation as a point of departure, but her discussion is quite nuanced and sensitive to literary form; for instance in her analysis of the grotesque and monstrous in Tolkien.]

Morton, Andrew H. 2009. Tolkien’s Bag End. Studley: Brewin Books.Morton, Andrew H. and John Hayes. 2008. Tolkien’s Gedling: The Birth of a Legend.

Studley: Brewin Books.Muir, Bernard J. 1994. The Exeter Anthology of Old English Poetry: An Edition of Exeter

Dean and Chapter Manuscript 3051. 2 vols. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.Nelson, Dale. 2007. “Literary Influences: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” In

J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopaedia, edited by Michael Drout, 366–378. London: Routledge.

O’Donoghue, Heather. 2004. Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. [A captivating introduction to both the literature and language, and its influence on later writers.]

Phelpstead, Carl. 2004. “Auden and the Inklings: An Alliterative Revival.” Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 103.4: 433–457.

Scott, Nan C. 1972. “War and Pacifism in The Lord of the Rings.” Tolkien Journal, 15: 23–25, 27–30. [Written before the Letters were available; valuable as an analysis based only on the texts available at the time.]

Shippey, Tom. 1976. Poems of Wisdom and Learning in Old English. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. [Explores poems like Maxims II and its analogues.]

Simonson, Martin. 2008. The Lord of the Rings and the Western Narrative Tradition. Zurich and Jena: Walking Tree Publishers.

Smith, Arden R. 2000. “Certhas, Skirditaila, Fuþark: A Feigned History of Runic Origins.” In Tolkien’s Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth, edited by Verlyn Flieger and Carl F. Hostetter, 105–111. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. [Examines the relationship between Tolkien’s invented runic characters and genuine Germanic runes.]

Spencer, Andrew and Brandon Soule. 2001. “Not to Strike Without Need: Evaluation of the Dichotomy of J. R. R. Tolkien’s Views on War.” In Concerning Hobbits and

554 General Bibliography

Other Matters: Tolkien Across the Disciplines, edited by Tim Schindler, 61–65. St Paul, MN: University of St Thomas.

Snorri Sturluson. 2005. Edda. Edited and translated by Anthony Faulkes. London: Everyman. [The standard translation of Snorri’s work, also edited by Faulkes in separate scholarly editions.]

Tikka, Petri. 2006. “The Finnicization of Quenya.” Arda Philology, 1: 11–23. Avail-able at: www.oocities.org/petristikka/elvish/tikka.pdf, accessed November 18, 2013. [A detailed description of the Finnish elements in the grammar of Quenya, including phonology].

Tolkien, Hilary. 2009. Black and White Ogre Country: The Lost Tales of Hilary Tolkien. Edited by Angela Gardner. Moreton-in-Marsh: ADC Publications.

Turville-Petre, E. O. G. 1964. Myth and Religion of the North. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. [The standard scholarly survey of Old Norse myth, written by Tolkien’s former student.]

Wells, Sarah, ed. 2008. The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference. 2 vols. The Tolkien Society.

Wood, Ralph. 2003. The Gospel According to Tolkien: Visions of the Kingdom in Middle-earth. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. [Written by an accessible scholar who is equally comfortable in literary scholarship as in theology, it is one of the best books that deals with the problem of evil in Tolkien’s work from the religious perspective, treating both its nature as well as the resources that are mar-shaled in the resistance and confrontation with evil.]

Web Sites

See also the list of web sites available at the Tolkien Gateway, http://tolkiengateway .net/wiki/Top_Tolkien_websites.

The One Ring Net. Available at http://www.theonering.net/. [News and discussion forums.]

The Tolkien Gateway. Available at http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Main_Page. [An indispensable resource for Tolkien references and explanations.]

The Tolkien Library. Available at http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/. [Comprehensive news and reference site for Tolkien publications.]

The Tolkien Society. Available at http://www.tolkiensociety.org/. [International society that lists news and events on Tolkien.]