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A CHEMICAL STUDY OF NONSTRIATED MAMMALIAN MUSCLE. BY TADASU SAIKI. (From the Sheffield Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Yale University.) (Received for publication, April 7, 1908.) Materials used. ........................ General composition of nonstriated muscles Glycogen .............................. Lacticacid ............................ Creatin and creatinin. ................... Purin bases. ........................... Hemoglobin ........................... Connective tissue. ...................... Inorganic salts ......................... Rigor mortis and stroma-formation ........ Transformation of glycogen. ............. 483 484 485 485 486 487 488 488 488 493 494 Although the physiological behavior of the nonstriated, or involuntary muscles has been the subject of numerous investiga- tions during recent years, there remains a striking paucity of data regarding the chemical characteristics of this tissue. One need only compare the statements in the older text-books of physiological chemistry with the recent summary by Griitznerl in the Ergebnisse der Pkysiologie to seehow slight have been the accessions to our knowledge. Aside from the newer contributions regarding the proteins of nonstriated muscle,2no systematic chem- ical studies have been made, so far as we are aware. The present paper is intended to furnish briefly the chief results of an extended analytical investigation of the stomach and urinary bladder of the pig as types of nonstriated muscular tissue masses. The 1 Griitzner: Ergebnisse der Physiologic, iii (2), p. 70, 1904. 2 Cf. Velichi: Zentralblatt fiir Physiologic, xii, p. 351, 1899; Vincent and Lewis: Joztrnul of Physiology, xxvi, p. 445, rgoo-or; Vincent: Zeit- schrift fiir physiologische Chemie, xxxiv, p. 417, 1902-02; Bottazzi and Cappelli: Jahresbericht f6r Thierchemie, xxxi, p. 563, 1901. 483 by guest on July 12, 2019 http://www.jbc.org/ Downloaded from

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Page 1: A CHEMICAL STUDY OF NONSTRIATED MAMMALIAN … fileA CHEMICAL STUDY OF NONSTRIATED MAMMALIAN MUSCLE. BY TADASU SAIKI. (From the Sheffield Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Yale

A CHEMICAL STUDY OF NONSTRIATED MAMMALIAN

MUSCLE.

BY TADASU SAIKI.

(From the Sheffield Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Yale University.)

(Received for publication, April 7, 1908.)

Materials used. ........................ General composition of nonstriated muscles Glycogen .............................. Lacticacid ............................ Creatin and creatinin. ................... Purin bases. ........................... Hemoglobin ........................... Connective tissue. ...................... Inorganic salts ......................... Rigor mortis and stroma-formation ........ Transformation of glycogen. .............

483 484 485 485 486 487 488 488 488 493 494

Although the physiological behavior of the nonstriated, or involuntary muscles has been the subject of numerous investiga- tions during recent years, there remains a striking paucity of data regarding the chemical characteristics of this tissue. One need only compare the statements in the older text-books of physiological chemistry with the recent summary by Griitznerl in the Ergebnisse der Pkysiologie to see how slight have been the accessions to our knowledge. Aside from the newer contributions regarding the proteins of nonstriated muscle,2 no systematic chem- ical studies have been made, so far as we are aware. The present paper is intended to furnish briefly the chief results of an extended analytical investigation of the stomach and urinary bladder of the pig as types of nonstriated muscular tissue masses. The

1 Griitzner: Ergebnisse der Physiologic, iii (2), p. 70, 1904. 2 Cf. Velichi: Zentralblatt fiir Physiologic, xii, p. 351, 1899; Vincent and

Lewis: Joztrnul of Physiology, xxvi, p. 445, rgoo-or; Vincent: Zeit- schrift fiir physiologische Chemie, xxxiv, p. 417, 1902-02; Bottazzi and Cappelli: Jahresbericht f6r Thierchemie, xxxi, p. 563, 1901.

483

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Nonstriated Mammalian Muscle

materials were prepared by careful dissection as soon as possible after removal of the organs from the slaughter house and after superficial cleaning. The fat-containing membranes and, in the case of the stomach, the mucous coats were separated before the tissue was minced and subjected to further procedures. The impossibility of obtaining “pure” specimens of muscle need scarcely be emphasized. It is hoped,’ however, that with the care employed the analytical data have a comparative value, enhanced by the agreement of two groups of muscles from dif- ferent regions and with distinctly unlike structural environment. Connective tissues together with residual portions of blood and lymph furnish the contaminating factors.

General covnposition. Nonstriated muscular tissue is some- what richer in water than the striated variety from the same species. This fact has been determined in the case of the cow’s muscular uterus (containing 77 per cent of water) by Bottazzi and Cappelli,l the retractor penis muscle of the dog (79 per cent) and the crop of hens (78 per cent) by Panella.z The lower figures (averaging 75 to 76 per cent) usually given for adult mammalian skeletal muscle may be accounted for by the larger fat-content of the latter; flesh rich in fat is invariably relatively deficient in water. For this reason the muscle of the invertebrates is richer in water.3 A summary of the averages of our analyses follows :*

COMPOSITION OF NONSTRIATED MUSCLE.

Stomach.

Water. 81.1 per cent

Solids.. . . 18.9 “ “ Ether extract.. 1.2 “ “ Nitrogen. 2 8 ‘I I‘ Ash................... 0.9 (‘ it

Bladder.

80.1 per cent, 19.9 “ “

3 5 “ (‘ 3.0 (‘ “ 0.8 ‘( “

--.___

1 Bottazzi and Cappelli: Jahresbericht fair Thierchemie, xxxi, p. 564,

1gor. E Panella: Jahresbericht fiir Thierchenzie, xxxiv, p. 565, 1904.

s For example, the adductor muscle of Pecten irradians contains about 80 per cent of water. Chittenden: American Journal of Science, x (3), p. 26, 1875.

&Solids and water were determined by drying to constant weight at IIO' C. The ether extract was estimated by extracting the dry tissue in a Soxhlet apparatus during twenty hours, grinding the tissue and

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Tadasu Saiki

Glycogeut. The current statement that glycogen occurs in nonstriated muscular tissue appears to have been based largely upon histological evidence.’ We have failed to obtain evidence of more than traces, after analyzing both stomach and bladder muscle in quantities as large as 250 grams, by Pfliiger’s method.

Lactic acid. The evidence for the post mortem finding of lactic acid in nonstriated muscular tissue is conflicting.2 In comparing the metabolic activities of this contractile tissue with related types it seems important to determine definitely what lactic acid, if any, is formed. The significance of the substance for the muscle has been put in a new light by the work of Fletcher and Hopkins,3 according to whom lactic acid is a product of activity and rigor under anaerobic conditions. Henze4 and Mendel and Bradley5 have found fervnevttation lactic acid alone in the muscle extractives of Octopus and Sycotypus. From both bladder and stomach muscle of the pig we have isolated paralactic

acid and identified it as its zinc salt. The operations were con- ducted in one trial in the way described by Henze,6 the ether extractions being carried out in a Kutscher-Steudel extraction apparatus; in the other cases the familiar alcohol and ether extraction processes were employed.

2350 grams of stomach muscle (from ten pigs) yielded 1.79 gm. Zn (C H 0 ) a 5 32 .2H,O, or 0.05 per cent of lactic acid in the fresh muscle; in a second experiment, 0.05 per ce+zt was found.

1314 grams of bladder muscle (from forty-nine pigs) yielded 1.47 gm. Zn (C H-0 ) 3 a 32 .2H,O, or 0.07 per cent of lactic acid.

renewing the extraction another twelve hours. According to Kumagawa and Suto: Biochewzische Zeitschrift, viii, p. 212, 1908, this method fails to remove the fat completely. iNitrogen was estimated by the Kjeldahl- Gunning process.

1 Cf. Barfurth: Arch& ftir mikroskopische Anutomie, xxv, p. 288, 1885. In his well known paper on Glycogen, Brilcke wrote: “Ich habe es in der frischen Muskelhaut eines Schweinsmagens nachweisen konnen, die ich in verdiinnter Kalilauge zerkochte.” (Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 187 I, lxiii, II, p. 220.)

2 Cf. Nasse: Hermann’s Handbuch der Physiologic, i (I), p. 340, 1879. 3 Fletcher and Hopkins: Journal of Physiology, xxxv, p. 247, 1907. 4 Henze: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chemie, xliii, p. 477, 1904. 5 Mendel and Bradley: American Journal of Physiology, xvii, p. 169

1906. BHenze: Zoc. cit., p. 486.

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486 Nonstriated Mammalian Muscle

ANALYSES OF ZINC PARALACTATE.

From stomach.

Fi-OIlI bladder.

Calculated for Zn (C3He03)2.2 HZO:

H,0.............13 .O 13.1 12.9 per cent. Zn..............26.9 26.8 26.7 “ “

Fletcher and Hopkins’ have given proof in the case of frog’s skeletal muscle that “the survival processes in excised unstim- ulated muscle lead from the moment of excision onwards to a steady accumulation of lactic acid, which, under most conditions, ceases entirely with loss of irritability. * * * Partial dis- integration of the muscle represents a strong stimulus, inducing this acceleration to a marked degree.” After special precautions to secure a minimum of manipulation or cutting, with low tem- perature, etc., Fletcher and Hopkins obtained lactic acid figures for striated muscles as low as 0.02 per cent. This figure is increased ten or twenty fold after traumatic injury, such as cutting and mincing. The comparatively low figures (0.05 per cent) obtained with the nonstriated muscles without any of these special precautions to avoid the survival accumulation of lactic acid are of interest in relation to the question of rigor occurrence in such muscles.

Creative and meat&&z. There is no satisfactory evidence that creatin or creatinin occurs in the muscles of the invertebrates.2 For the somewhat related nonstriated muscles of vertebrates a few older positive statements are on record. We have applied Folin’s calorimetric method in precisely the way employed by van Hoogenhuyze and Verploegh3 in the study of skeletal muscles, except that a Duboscq calorimeter was used. Our data are summarized together with those on pig’s striated muscle recorded by the Dutch investigators. The latter determined the total content of creatinin after boiling the extracts with acid to con- vert unchanged creatin into creatinin.

1 Fletcher and Hopkins: Zoc. cit., p. 297. 2 Cf. Von Ftirth: Vergleichende chemische Physiologic der niederen Tiere,

p. 436, 1903; Mellanby: Journal of Physiology, xxxvi, p. 447; 1908. 8 Van Hoogenhuyze and Verploegh: Zeitschrift far physiologische Chemie,

Xhi, p. 432, 1905.

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Tadasu Saiki 487

SUMMARY OF AVERAGE RESULTS.

Total creatinin after boiling with acid.

Per cent. Prefonn;dootytinin.

Skeletal muscle. . . . . . . . . . . 0.39 Stomach “ . . . . . 0.079-0.093 0.026-0.052 Bladder ” . . 0.078 0.024

The lower figures obtained for the nonstriated variety cannot be explained on the basis of a larger water content; neither does it seem probable that the larger admixture of connective tissue can account entirely for the markedly lower content of these extractives and of lactic acid. A low content of creatinin has been described in the muscles of young animals1 and in the embryonic muscle of the pig.2

Purin bases. As in the case of striated muscles, the conspicuous purin base occurring free in the nonstriated muscles (i. e., obtain- able in muscle extracts) is hypoxanthiw3 This was isolated and identified by analysis. The purins were separated from the water extracts of quantities of the nonstriated muscle varying from one to four kilograms4 by the Kruger-Schmid method after removal of coagulable protein and salts precipitable with lead acetate. Steudel’s? directions were also successfully followed. In two cases typical crystals of guanin hydrochloride were ob- tained in amounts too small for analysis. In one instance a trace of impure aden& picrate (m. p. 279’ C.) was separated from stomach muscle extract. Xanthin could not be obtained. Hypoxanthin was isolated as the nitrate and analyzed:

Calculated as C~H~N~O.HNOB + HzO:

H,O . ..__............ 8.3percent. N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 “ “

Found :

8.5percent. 32.7 ” ”

1 Cf. Dorner: Zeitschrift ftir physiologische Chemie, hi, p. 264, 1907. a Cf. Mendel and Leavenworth: American Journal of Physiology, xxi,

p. IOI, 1908. s Cf. also, for embryonic pig muscles, Mendel and Leavenworth, Am&-

can Journal of Physiology, xxi, p. 102, 1908. Professor Mendel informs me that he has found hypoxanthin to be relatively conspicuous in amount in the muscular tissue of various lower vertebrates and invertebrates.

4 It is desirable to make the extracts with cold water as far as possible, to avoid the formation of gelatin from the connective tissue which inter- feres with the subsequent separations.

6 Steudel: Zeitschrijt fzir physiologische Chemie, xlii, p. 165, 1904.

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488 Nonstriated Mammalian Muscle

These observations are in accord with Kossel’s statements that adenin and guanin occur in meat extract in traces at m0st.l

Hmnoglobin. Thirty grams of fresh muscle were extracted with water, the extract strained and made up to IOO cc. Hzmo- globin was estimated calorimetrically in a Duboscq calorimeter by comparison with a standard solution containing I cc. of pig’s defibrinated blood per liter. Lehmann2 has made comparable estimations on the striated muscle of the pig.

SUMMARY.

(cc. of blood in 100 grams of muscle.)

Heart, 2.3 (Lehmann) Biceps............................... 1.6 ( “ Loin. . . . . . 1.0 ( ‘( Stomach....... _.___..._.._......... 0 28 (Saiki) Bladder.. .O. 13-O. 17 ( “ )

If the hzemoglobin content of the blood is calculated at 13 per cent, the amount present in these nonstriated muscles would not exceed 0.03 per cent. A large admixture of blood in the muscles analyzed is thus rendered improbable.

Connective tissue. In order to compare the nonstriated mus- cles with the skeletal varieties in respect to content of con- nective tissue, estimation were made on the dissected stomach and bladder muscles as was done on meat by Schepilewsky.” The results are tabulated below, the figures for beef being taken from Schepilewsky’s paper.

Connective tissue in fr,h$nI.$?.

Stomach (pig)................................ 1.5-2.9 Bladder “ _. . . . . . . . . . . 3.0-3.2 Gastrocnemius (beef). . . . . . . , . . . 0.6 Gluteus ‘I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 Filet “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2

Inorganic salts. The important role of the inorganic salts or their ions in the irritability and contractile responses of muscles

l Kossel: Zeitschrift fiir physiologische Chenzie, x, p. 263, 1885. 2 Lehmann: Zeitschrift fiir Biologic, xlv, p. 335, 1904.

3 Schepilewsky: Arch&v fiir Hygiene, xxxiv, p. 348, 1899, also Mendel and Goodman: American Journal of Physiology, iv, p. 260, 190~~or.

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Tadasu Saiki

makes a study of these constituents of particular value. An investigation of the salts of nonstriated muscle seemed the more called for because of the fundamental differences in the physio- logical responses of this type of tissue. Katz1 has enriched the literature with numerous systematic analyses of the inorganic constitutents of skeletal muscle. We have duplicated these studies on the nonstriated muscles of the pig, thus supplying data which have never been furnished heretofore. The methods of analysis were precisely like those of Katz so that our data are strictly comparable with his. The results are summarized in tabular form2 (see p. 490 flg.). The percentages have been calculated in several ways to permit ready comparison with other reports.

An inspection of these analytical data at once reveals several features of difference between the striated and nonstriated muscles examined. The content of sodium, iron, calcium and chlorine is distinctly higher in the dry and fat-free nonstriated tissue than pertains in the skeletal muscles analyzed by Katz. For the other elements the condition is reversed. Most striking, however, is the reversal of the relationship between sodium and potassium, and magnesium and calcium, respectively, in the two types studied. Whereas in the striated muscles potassium is more abundant (in percentage amounts) than sodium, and magnesium than calcium, this appears not to be true for the non- striated tissue examined.3 Such variations in the interrelation of sodium and potassium have long ago been pointed out.4

1 Katz : Arckiv fiir die gesammte Pkysiologie, lxiii, p. I, I 896 ; estimations of Fe in muscle are also given by Schmey : Zeitsckrift f& pkysiologiscke Ckemie, xxxix, p. 215, r903.

2 It seems unnecessary to extend the limits of this paper by presenting the analytical data and protocols in detail here. Two larger samples were carefully prepared from each type of muscle by drying and extraction with ether. The results are calculated for the fresh material (fresh muscle) and the dried fat-free muscle (dried muscle). Complete details are recorded in the author’s Dissertation, Yale University, r907.

3 In the flesh of marine animals alone Katz found Ca to preponderate similarly.

4 Cf. Kiihne: Lekrbuck der pkysiologiscken Ckemie, p. 333, 1866. In the chapter on “Die glatten Muskelfasern,” he says: “Die Aschenbe- standteile wurden bis jetzt sehr abweichend von denen der quergestreiften Muskeln gefunden, namlich immer reicher an Natron als an Kali.”

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Page 8: A CHEMICAL STUDY OF NONSTRIATED MAMMALIAN … fileA CHEMICAL STUDY OF NONSTRIATED MAMMALIAN MUSCLE. BY TADASU SAIKI. (From the Sheffield Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Yale

TABL

E I.

z

Com

posit

ion

of th

e “d

ried”

m

uscle

tis

sue

(par

ts in

100

gra

ms)

. z z

SOW

Ce.

K.

Na.

Fe.

Ca.

Mg.

Cl

. Fe

,Os.

CaO.

M

gO.

;;$

2. so

a. P*

O5.

t2 ---

-

Stom

ach

I.....

......

. 0.

4151

.549

0.02

80.1

11

“ Bl

adde

r ‘,

II....

......

.. ---

- N

onst

riate

d m

uscle

(av

er-

=:

age)

......

......

.....

0.32

31.1

870.

0390

.155

0.

0190

.833

0.42

20.4

16~0

.389

1.59

90.0

560.

2170

.031

1.37

41.0

540.

947

; ~-

-- ---

-,-

____

~ ~-

__~-

- St

riate

d m

uscle

(K

atz's

av

erag

e) .

. . . .

.

0.93

60.5

750.

0220

.030

0.

1040

.179

0.75

40.,8

5,~1

,128

0,77

50.0

310.

0420

.173

0.4~

41.8

821.

796

I$

II 5

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Page 9: A CHEMICAL STUDY OF NONSTRIATED MAMMALIAN … fileA CHEMICAL STUDY OF NONSTRIATED MAMMALIAN MUSCLE. BY TADASU SAIKI. (From the Sheffield Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Yale

TABL

E II.

Cbm

posit

ion

of

the

“fres

h”

mus

cle

tissu

e (p

arts

in

100

gram

s).

KzO

. Na

zO.

FezO

;. Ca

O.

MgO

. $A

;; SO

> Pz

O;.

~__

-----

Stom

ach

I.....

....

-- ~-

---

Nons

triat

ed

mus

cles

(ave

rage

s)...

.....

---

-- St

riate

d m

uscle

s --_

__

--

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492 Nonstriated Mammalian Muscle

In explanation of these differences between the two classes of muscle the possibility of a considerable admixture of blood and lymph in the nonstriated tissue at once suggests itself. The low content of haemoglobin excludes any considerable contamination with blood; and the iron content also fails to suggest any marked admixture. Uranol has calculated that one-sixth of the volume of frog’s skeletal muscle consists of interstitial fluid. If it is recalled that the nonstriated muscles were shown above (p. 488)

to be far richer in connective tissue (and therefore presumably also in lymph spaces) than skeletal muscle, one might be inclined to attribute the characteristic relation of the salts found above to the admixture of lymph with the normal salts of the muscle tissue proper. Urano assumes that the sodium ordinarily found in frog’s skeletal muscle is present entirely in the interstitial muscle lymph, since it can be completely removed by suspending the tissue in isotonic sugar solution.

A comparison of the composition of fresh pig’s muscle of different types with blood serum (resembling lymph) of the same species, indicates that the assumption of an admixture of lymph may explain the higher content of sodium and chlorine and the lower percentages of potassium, magnesium and phosphorus. It fails, however, to account for the noticeably higher content of calcium, both absolutely and relative to magnesium. For the percentage of calcium in the fresh muscle (ranging from 0.022

to 0.042 per cent) is considerable larger than that in either plasma (contiining 0.009 per cent calcium) or skeletal muscle (0.008 per cent calcium).

TABLE III.

Comparative composition of pig’s muscle and blood serum (parts per 100).

SOllICe. KzO. NazO. Fez03. CaO. MgO. Cl. PzOj. HsO. ----- --

Nonstriatedmuscle (Saiki). 0.0810.3280.0110.0440.0070.171 0.18480.6 Skeletalmuscle(Katz)...... 0.3060.2100.0080.0110.0470.0480.48772.9 Blood serum (Abderhalden) 0.027 0 425 0.0120.0040.3630.02091.8

The striking peculiarity of nonstriated muscle is its property of tonic contraction, as yet unexplained, and its tendency to auto-

1 Urano: Zeitschrift fiir Biologic 1, p. 227, 1907.

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Tadasu Saiki 493

matic rhythmic activity. Calcium ions distinctly facilitate these features. Thus Stiles1 has shown that calcium tends to heighten the tonus of frog’s cesophagus, and that precipitants of calcium cut short the rhythmic contractions. Other illustrations might be cited. At present, however, it will suffice to draw attention to a possible physiological significance of the relatively high Ca content of nonstriated muscle. Further speculation seems un- warranted.

Rigor avzd stroma-formation. The occurrence of true rigor in nonstriated muscle has been debated.2 de Zilwa maintains that the retractor penis muscle of the dog does not undergo rigor mortis, and Sax1 has made the statement more general for non- striated muscle, basing his conclusion on experiments with the uterus musculature of the cow. Sax1 has found, like previous investigators, that the rigor mortis of skeletal muscle is accom- panied by a marked transformation of soluble, coagulable pro- teins into insoluble forms which are not redissolved when the tissue emerges from its stiffened condition. Both myosin and myogen (as termed in v. Furth’s classification) are involved in this coagulation. The experiments were made by comparing portions of muscle kept at ice-cold temperatures and examined at once with others which were allowed to stand some time during which the rigor progressively increased. The heart muscle showed only a slight decrease in soluble proteins (5 to 7 per cent) and a corresponding increase in the insoluble products. With nonstriated uterus muscle the content of these two fractions of the proteins was practically unchanged.

Sax1 has found that the process of “stroma” formation (i. e., coagulation of soluble proteins) proceeds to the same extent in the cold as at room temperature in the course of twenty-four hours. Low temperatures merely delay the coagulation temporarily. We have compared the character of the proteins in stomach and bladder muscle kept twenty-four hours at room temperature and in snow with the data presented by Saxl, whose methods were

l Stiles: Anwrican Journal of Physiology, v, p. 338, 190x. 2 Cf. Nasse: Hermann’s Handbuch der Physiologic, i, p. 340, 1879; de

Zilwa: Journal of Physiology, xxvii, p. 209, 1901; Vrooman: Bio-chekcal Journal, ii, p. 363) 1907; Saxl: Reitriige ZUT chemischen Physiologic, ix,

p. ‘7, 1907.

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494 Nonstriated Mammalian Muscle

followed. The averages given below are taken from four con- cordant analyses on each type of muscle. Twenty or thirty grams were used in each estimation of the stroma and other proteins.

TABLE IV.

Comparative content of proteins in muscle (after twenty-four hours at different temperatures.)

Pig’s stomach. . .

P w eem p. ct. er cent w ceni vxcent. snow 13.8 1.1 31.4 32.5 67.5 room 15.1 0.9 29.9 30.8 69.2

Pig’s bladder snow 12.0 23.0 25.6 74.4 room 13.2 28.5 30.8 69.2

Rabbits’ skeletal muscle

2.6 2.3

(Saxl). . . . 11

ice 24.0 31.5 68.5 room 22.0 28.5 71.5

Cow’s heart muscle (Saxl) ( room 22.5 27.5 72.5

7.5 6.5 5.0

Tramformation of glycogen. The paucity of glycogen in the nonstriated muscles examined suggested the question whether these are capable of transforming glycogen as is the case with skeletal and heart muscle. Kischl has carried out an elaborate investigation of this property in striated muscles under a variety of conditions. No noteworthy differences were discovered in the various skeletal muscles. The heart musculature, however, is more efficient in this reaction. In the case of the bladder and stomach muscle the larger content of lymph (with its notable glycogen-digesting property) complicates the quantitative results when one attempts to refer them to the muscular elements themselves. Xisch’s plan of investigation was followed in the

trials reported here. The results are not strictly comparable with his, because the periods of digestion were somewhat dif-

t Kisch: Beitrtige U”W chemischen Physiologic, viii, p. 210, 1906.

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Tadasu Saiki 495

ferent. The glycogen transforming capacity is shown to be present and not inconsiderable, especially at the low temperature (I 7’) maintained.

Transformation of glycogen by nonstriated muscle.

MUS&

Stomach, 50 gm. . I‘

Bladder, 50 gm. (‘ “

i

Conditions of digestion trial.*

unboiled boiled

unboiled (control) > unboiled

boiled unboiled 1 (control) j

GlpDgC%l solution added.

I I1

Tli 50

none

50 50

none

Glycogen found after 20 murs’digestica

at 17” c.

O.E9 0.555

trace

0.224 0.562

trace

:1ycogen trans-

formed.

per cent. 59

60

*Toluene wa8 present in every trial.

The figures presented indicated a transformation of glycogen equal to over 30 milligrams per IOO grams of muscle per hour; Kisch has recorded figures from 20 milligrams upwards for skeletal muscle under similar conditions.

This investigation was undertaken at the suggestion of Prof. Lafayette B. Mendel, to whom I am indebted for assistance and helpful advice.

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Page 14: A CHEMICAL STUDY OF NONSTRIATED MAMMALIAN … fileA CHEMICAL STUDY OF NONSTRIATED MAMMALIAN MUSCLE. BY TADASU SAIKI. (From the Sheffield Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Yale

Tadasu SaikiMUSCLENONSTRIATED MAMMALIAN

A CHEMICAL STUDY OF

1908, 4:483-495.J. Biol. Chem. 

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