A Changing World: 1813-1900

The Results of Enlightenment, Revolution, and Imperialism…

The Power of the West over the Rest

• Payback by the victors to the loser–What countries won?–What had France done to Europe from 1790-1813?

–What would the winners want for their victories? (Congress of Vienna)

What Napoleon wrought

What Enlightenment wrought

American Revolution

French Revolution Haiti

_______________________

• What countries had revolutions?• Answer the following questions…–Who led the revolt?–What year was the revolt?–What country was thrown out?–Ethnic background? Language?

Religion?

Latin American Wars of Independence

Ethnic & Social HierarchyClass

Ethnic Group

Rights/ Privileges

Peninsulares CreolesCriollos

Mestizos Mulattoes

Spanish-born

European-descended

Latins

Native American &

European

African & European

Held top jobs in gov’t & Church

2nd class – owned mines, haciendas, and ranches

Lowest – denied status, wealth & power available to whites; higher only to slaves

Nationalism Cause and Effect

1840s+ European uprisings failed b/c:• 1) Rulers’ use of military• 2) Lack of support from the masses• 3) Lack of a unified struggle

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONThe first phase of

the Industrial Revolution (~1750-1850) was:– forged from iron,–

powered by steam,

– driven by textiles…

• Later phase occurred in the mid-1800s

• New sources of energy• new methods of

production• New forms of business• New technology

Starts in Britain…why?–Factors of Production: - Land - Natural resources; coal, iron ore, rivers, transportation

- Labor – increased population, landless poor -factories-low wages, honorable for middle class to go into business

- Capital - $, tools, equipment, rich investors

- Other factors - colonies, navy, Parliament passes protective laws

Social Darwinism

• Origin of the Species (1859) natural selection = most adaptable

• Tied to human behaviour– Competition –survival of

the fittest– White Anglo-Saxon

superiority defined and supported by…White Man’s Burden … racism, religion

IMPERIALISM• im·pe·ri·al·ism • 1.the policy of extending the rule or authority of an

empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

• 2.advocacy of imperial interests.• 3.an imperial system of government.• 4.imperial government.• 5.British . the policy of so uniting the separate parts

of an empire with separate governments as to secure for certain purposes a single state.

• Origin: 1855–60; imperial1 + -ism

So to repeat the reasons for…–Self-sufficiency (Ind. Rev. inc. demand

for new raw mat’s – rubber, oil, gas,…)–New markets (to sell goods) –Nationalism – strong nation-states–Outlets for [over]population–Religious motives (e.g., spread

Christianity)– “White Man’s Burden”; duty to civilize– Social Darwinism - Cultural & Racial

Superiority – Dual Mandate…

Success of the West due to…– Weakness of non-Western states –

Ottoman Turks; Mughals (India); Qing (China)

– Western advantages – strong armies (w/ modern weapons); strong economies; well-organized gov’ts; adv. medicine,…

Forms of Imperial Rule– Direct rule - control all levels of

gov’t (French – assimilation)– Indirect rule – use local rulers

(British - protectorates)– Spheres of Influence – claim

exclusive economic privileges (U.S. – claimed most of Latin America)

Impact of ImperialismNew Economic Patterns– Global economy: a new form of

mercantilism – Money economy – replaced barter– Dependency by the “have nots”

on the “haves”– Modernization – comm. & trans.

networks, banking systems, rr’s,…

Cultural Impact– Europeans – convinced of their

own superiority – Westernization – European ways &

modernization met w/ resistance– Education – often instructed by

missionaries; taught basic literacy & job skills for colonial gov’ts

– Medicine – vaccines, hygiene; inc. pop. growth (& undermines local healers)

– Religion - spread Christianity– Traditions – many saw value in

new tech. & culture; others resisted (“old” values)

C) Impact on Western Culture– Began w/ Columbian Exchange

(1500s); sped up during 1800s (Ind. Rev.)

– Increased tensions – b/w western powers; competition for new lands (Africa, Asia, Middle East,…)

– Imperialism disrupted traditional gov’ts; united rival peoples or divided cohesive tribes & kingdoms…see Africa

– By 1900s – many western-educated elites organized nationalist movements (anti-colonial)

African ImperialismA Scramble for Colonies– Berlin Conference 1884-85– Bismarck; boundaries; no

Africans invited; free trade along Congo & Niger R’s; no Eur. claims w/o “effective occupation”

– Europe carves upAfrica – Britain, France, Belgium,Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal,…

– Ethiopia (Abyssinia) & Liberia – independent