Top 105 Physical Top 105 Physical Science ConceptsScience ConceptsTop 105 Physical Top 105 Physical Science ConceptsScience Concepts

By: Ms. AncellBy: Ms. Ancell

JEANCELL@Rochester.k12.mn.us

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1Scientists often use the scientific

method to solve problems. List the steps of the scientific method.

Identify a ProblemMake a HypothesisConduct an ExperimentMake ObservationsDraw Conclusions

2A __________ is an educated guess about what will occur in an experiment.

Hypothesis

3

The_______ variable is the variable that is changed or manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be one of these variables.

Independent

4

This variable changes as a result of changes made to the independent variable.

Dependent

5_____ variables are variables which must be held constant during an experiment to ensure that there is only one independent variable affecting the results of the experiment

Controlled

6

A ___ ___ provides a basis for comparison in an experiment.

control group

7For a line graph the ______ variable is place on the x axis (horizontal) and the _____ variable is placed on the y axis (vertical).independent, dependent

8

When we describe an environment based on our five senses, it is called an _________. When we bring our past experience into making a judgment based on an observation, it is an ____.

observation, inference

9

The ______ of an object refers to the amount of matter in an object.

Its unit is the _______. It is measured with a __________.

mass, gram, balance

10

The ______ of an object refers to the amount of space an object occupies. The SI unit is ______.

volume, liters

11

The ____ of an object refers to the pull of gravity on an object. The SI unit is the_______. It is measured with a ______.

weight, Newton, scale

12

The _________ of an object refers to the average kinetic energy of the particles in the object. The SI unit is ____. It is measured with a _____.

temperature, Kelvin, thermometer

13

The kinetic theory of matter states that ___________________.

All matter is made up of tiny particles that are constantly moving

14

________ is a physical property that measures how tightly the particles are packed together in a substance.

Density

15

Density can be calculated by dividing the ____ of an object by it’s ______.

mass, volume

16

1.Solid

2.Liquid

3.Gas

4.Plasma

A. Electrically charged particles act much like a gas.

B. Particles packed closely together and vibrate back and forth.

C. Particles are far apart and are moving very quickly.

D. Particles are not as close together and free to move around.

1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A

17 The process of changing a solid to a liquid is

called____. The energy required to do this is called the _______________. This same amount of heat must be removed to change a liquid to a solid. This process is called _______.

melting, heat of fusion, freezing

18 The process of changing a liquid to a gas is

called____. The energy required to do this is called the _______________. This same amount of heat must be removed to change a gas to a liquid. This process is called _______.

evaporation, heat of vaporization, condensation

19

The direct change of a solid to a gas is _____.

Sublimation

20

When energy is added to a material, but not enough to cause a phase change, the particles still move faster and move slightly farther apart. This is called ____ _____. This also causes a decrease in _____ because the particles are not packed together as tightly.

thermal expansion, density

21 The temperature at which all particle motion would stop is called _____ ____.

absolute zero

22 The ______ ____ of a substance measures how much energy must be added to cause the substance’s temperature to increase.

specific heat

23 Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The sub-atomic particles of atoms are ____, _____ and _____.

Protons, neutrons and electrons

24

Protons are _____ charged particles found in the ____ of an atom, with a mass of approximately ______.

Positively, nucleus, 1 atomic mass unit (amu)

25

Neutrons are ____ charged particles found in the ____ of an atom, with a mass of approximately ________.

neutrally, nucleus, 1 atomic mass unit (amu)

26

Electrons are _____ charged particles found in the ____ of an atom. It has a mass of approximately___.

Negatively, electron cloud, 0

27

Elements, Compounds

_____ are substances made up of only 1 type of atom. _____ are substances made up of 2 or more types of atoms that have chemically combined.

28 Each element is assigned a 1-3 letter

symbol. The first letter of each symbol is always ______. The symbols are used to write formulas for compounds, with ____ indicating the number of atoms of each type of element found in the compound.

Capitalized, subscripts

29 The number of ____ found in an atom is called the atomic number. Each element has a ___ atomic number.

Protons, unique

30 The mass number of an

atom refers to the total number of ____ and ___ in an atom. Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are called ___. Protons, neutrons, isotopes

31

A(n) _____ is an atom with a positive or negative charge.

ion

32 The elements are

arranged on the periodic table in order of ascending _________.

Atomic number

33 Each row on the periodic table is called a ____.

Period

34

Each column on the periodic table is called a ___; these elements usually have ___ properties.

group, similar

35

Metals are found on the ___ side of the periodic table; non metals on the ____ side ; and metalloids are found along the ____.

Left, right, stair step

36

Atoms combine with other atoms to become

chemically ____, following the ___ rule which states that the outer electron level needs to have eight electrons to fill the outer shell.

Stable, octet

37

The _____ are group 18 on the

periodic table. These atoms are already stable, and thus will/will not combine with other atoms to create compounds.

noble gases, will not

38

When an atom gains or loses electrons to become chemically stable, it becomes an ion and will likely form an ___ bond with one or more atoms of the opposite charge.

ionic

39

When an atom shares electrons to become chemically stable, it forms a ___ bond with the other atoms.

covalent

40 A ____ compound is a compound made up of just 2 elements. A ____ compound contains more than 2 elements.

Binary, polyatomic

41

Write the name for (?binary

compound?) and the formula for (?binary compound?).

Period

table

42 An ______ is a number that

determines how an element will combine with other elements in a compound. It is often the charge of the element when it is

chemically stable.

Oxidation number

43

Write the name for (?polyatomic

compound?) and the formula for (?polyatomic compound?).

Period

table

44

A ______ ____ occurs when atoms

recombine to form new compounds,

molecules or atoms. The mass of the

products of the reaction must equal

the mass of the reactants to satisfy

the law of _______ __ _______.

Chemical reaction, conservation of mass

45A _______ ______ is a shorthand way to

write a chemical reaction. _______ are used to balance the chemical equation so that the numbers of atoms of each element are the same on both sides of the equation to show that the law of conservation of mass is being satisfied.

Chemical equation, Coefficients

46

In a synthesis reaction, an element and

compound react to create ___

product(s). In a __________ reaction,

one reactant breaks down to form two

or more products.

one, decomposition

47In a ____ _______ reaction, an

element and compound react, creating a new compound and a new single element. In a ________ _________ reaction, two compounds react, creating two new compoundsSingle replacement, double

replacement

48

__ is a measure of the acidity of a solution using the numbers from_ to _ with _ representing a neutral solution such as pure water.

pH, 0, 14, 7

49A _____ is a chemical that

changes colors depending on the pH of a solution, allowing you to determine if the solution is an acid or base. indicator

50

An acid is a compound that

produces _______ ions when placed in

a solution. It has a pH __ (range). Acids

are corrosive, electrolytes, usually

taste _____.

Hydrogen, less than 7, sour

51

A base is a compound that produces _____ ions when placed in a solution. It has a pH _______(range). Bases are corrosive electrolytes, and usually tastes _____ and feel ______. Hydroxide, greater than 7,bitter,

slippery

52

A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base, creating a ____ and ____.

salt, water

53

Electricity involves the movement of ______.

electrons

54Electrons move from areas of ______electrons to areas with __ electrons.

lots, few

55

T/F Lighting is the movement of many electrons from an area with lots of electrons to an area with few electrons

true

56 T/F When you rub two

objects together, one object will lose some electrons and the other will gain some electrons.true

57

______ is when you make an object become charged just by bringing another charged object near (not touching) the object.

induction

58

Electrons can move through some materials called _____ much easier than through other materials called______.

conductors, insulators

59

Opposite charges ____ to one another; like charges _____ one another.

attract, repel

60

The ______ _____ is an area around a charged object that acts like it has the same charge itself.

electric field

61 To keep electrons flowing

through a circuit, a ______ _____ must be provided (by a battery or outlet) to get the electrons to move away from their nucleus.

potential difference

62

A _____ is a closed path through which electrons can flow.

circuit

63The number of electrons

flowing past one point in the circuit in one second is called ___; it is measured in a unit called ____.current, amperes

64The amount of energy

available to push electrons along a wire is called ___; it is measured in a unit called ____.

voltage, volts

65

The opposition to flow of electrons in a circuit is called ____; it is measured in a unit called ____.

resistance, ohms

66 If the voltage of a circuit is

increased, the current will ____; if the resistance of a circuit is increased, the current will ___.

increase, decrease

67The rate at which electricity

does work or provides energy is called ___; it is measured in a unit called ____.

power, watts

68

In _____ provided by an outlet, the electrons moving in a circuit alternate direction 120 times every second. In ___ provided by a battery, the

electrons move in one direction only.

alternating current (AC), direct current (DC)

69

A magnet has a north pole and a south pole. Like poles ___ each other, and opposite poles ___ each other.

repel, attract

70

The _____ is the area around the magnet where the forces of attraction and repulsion can be felt.

magnetic field

71

Magnetic ___ are groups of atoms with aligned magnetic poles. For an object to be magnetic, they must be ___.

Domains, aligned

72

Electricity can be used to align magnetic domains; magnets created this way are called ___.

electromagnets

73 A ______ converts electrical energy

to mechanical energy by using the forces of attraction and repulsion between electromagnets and permanent magnets.

Electric motor

74 _______ is a process used to make energy by moving a wire through

a magnetic field. Generators at power plants use this process to produce alternating current (AC) electricity.

Electromagnetic induction

75

______ are used to step up or step down voltage of alternating current using electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction.

Transformers

76Waves are rhythmic

disturbances that carry ____ through space or matter. The material through which it travels is called ____.

Energy, medium

77_____ measures the distance

from the beginning of one wave to the beginning of the next wave.

Wavelength

78_____ measures the number of waves that

pass a place in one second; it is

measured in hertz.

Frequency

79_____ measures the speed of

the wave.

Wave velocity

80When the wavelength of a

wave decreases, the frequency ____.

Increases

81In ____ waves, such as light waves, the medium

moves at a right angle to the direction the wave is moving. The ____ measures the displacement of the medium compared to the equilibrium position. The high points these waves are called ____, and the low points are called ___.

Transverse, amplitude, crests,

troughs

82 List the waves of the electro

magnetic spectrum in order from shortest to longest waves.

Gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, and radio waves

83

In ____ waves, such as sound waves, the medium vibrates in the same direction as the direction the wave is moving.

compressional

84The pitch of a sound wave

depends on the wave ____; higher pitches are created by _____.

Frequency, higher frequencies

85

The ___ is the perceived change in wave frequency when a sound source passes by a listener; the wave pitch is ___ before the sound source passes by, because the object is catching up to its own sound waves.

Doppler effect, lower

86The primary colors of light are __, __ and __;

when added together, they make ___ light.

The primary colors of pigment are __, __ and

__; when added together, they make __

pigment. Red, blue, green,

white, magenta, cyan, yellow, black

87

When waves reflect off surface, they follow the law of reflection: the angle of ______ equals the angle of______.

incidence, reflectionincidence, reflection

88

When waves enter a new medium, they bend due to the change in velocity; this is called _____.

refraction

89

_______ is when waves bend as they go around tiny barriers in a material.Diffractio

n

90

The rate of change of position of an object is called _____; the ______ tells you not only the rate of change of position, but also the direction of movement.

speed,velocityvelocity

91

The rate of change of the speed of an object is called________.

acceleration

92A force is a ____ or ____ on

object. The size of the force is measured in a unit called ______.

push, pull, Newtons

93______ forces act equally on a

object from all sides, resulting in no change in motion.

Balanced

94

___ forces do not act equally on an object from all sides, resulting in acceleration for the object.

Net

95Newton’s 1st law of motion states that

______________________. It is sometimes called the law of _____, which is the tendency of an object to resist any changes in its motion.

objects will maintain a constant velocity unless acted on by as net force; inertia

96Newton’s 2nd law of motion states that ___________________________________________.

the amount of acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the size of the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

97Newton’s 3rd law of motion states that ______________________________________.

forces always occur in pairs; in other words, for every action there is a equal and opposite reaction.

98______ is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching.

Friction

99_______ is a force that pulls two objects together. ______ is a measure of the amount of this force acting on an object.

Gravity, Weight

100________ is a force that slows

down moving objects due to the friction between the object and the air.

Air resistance

101_____ is the ability to cause

change. It is measured in a unit called ______.

Energy, Joules

102

_____ _____ is stored energy. ______ _____ is the energy due to the motion of an object. AS an object falls towards the earth, _______ energy is converted to ______ energy.

Potential energy, Kinetic energy, potential, kinetic

103The law of ________ __ ____

states that energy cannot be created of destroyed; however, it can be changed from one form to another.

Conservation of energy

104_____ is using energy to apply a

force over a distance. Like energy, it is measured in _____.

Work, Joules

105______ is the rate at which work

is done. It is measured in ____.

Power, Watts