15 Environment (pollution, health protection, safety)

98lO4190 Comparison of criteria pollutants for cement kilns burning coal and haxardous waste fuels Schreiber, R. J., Jr. et al. Waste Combust. Boilers Ind. Fum., Proc. Spec. Conf., 1996, 69-87. Pollutant emissions limitations for nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulates, dioxindfurans, and metals have been established by the Clean Air Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The pollutant emissions data from Continental Cement Company were analysed to observe changes in emissions resulting from changes in fuel sources and raw material compositions The mass emissions rates were. related on a toxicity equivalency basis to better compare emissions of chemicals of concern. An overall increase in toxicity of metals emissions from burning coal and HWDF as opposed to burning coal resulted. However, an overall decrease in toxicity of NO,, SO*, and 2,3,7,8 TCDD TEQ emissions from burning coal and HWDF as opposed to burning coal also resulted. This decrease in emissions concentrations has a more favourable impact on pollutant emissions then the increase in metals emissions.

98lO4191 Comparison of HAPS and hydrocarbon emissions Schreiber, R. J., Jr. and Kellerman, S. J. Waste Combust. Boilers Ind. Fum., Proc. Spec. Conf., 1997, 151-160. Data and information on monitoring carbon monoxide (CO) or hydro- carbon (HC) emissions to control organic hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) emissions were requ,ested by the proposed hazardous waste combustor (HWC) maximum achievable control technology (MACT) rule published in the April 19, 1996, Federal Register. The proposed rule further states that monitoring HC emissions can also ensure that sources operate under ‘good combustion conditions’. The proposed rule is therefore attempting to monitor organic HAP emissions, as well as emissions from incomplete combustion (PICs). As a large fraction of HAPS are organic compounds, the use of HC as an indicator for HAP emissions warrants further investigation, but as an indicator of PICs or good combustion, the use of HC is inconceivable because HC and PIC compound emissions depend on other process variables not related to hazardous waste fuel combustion completeness. The available database of HC, and volatile and semi-volatile organic HAP emissions indicates that HC-HAP correlations are difficult to make and HC-PIC emissions are non-existent.

98lo4192 Contamination control of emission discharge Uhm, H. S. U. S. Pat. Appl. US 669,687, 31 Mar 1998, Appl. 669,687, 24 Jun 1996, 9 pp. An incineration chamber heated above room temperature was used for the burning of material, including fuel and/or waste products, while being supplied with high-power microwave radiation under conditions generating a plasma through which oxidation is enhanced to eliminate contaminants from the gaseous emission discharged from the incineration chamber.

98fo4193 Control of NO. emissions by NO, recycle approach Zhou, C. Q. et al. Symp. (lnt.) Combust., [Proc,], 1996, 26, (2), 2091-2097 An alternative approach for the control of NO, emissions from combustion is NO, recycle. It uses regenerable sorbent to adsorb NO, in the flue gas from a combustor followed by desorption, producing a highly concentrated NO,-laden stream containing both NO and NOz. This stream is then sent back to the same combustor or to a separate combustor, where the NO, is reduced in the flame and NO, formation is inhibited. Experimental studies have been performed to investigate the effect of NO, recycle on the reduction of NO, emissions; recycling of highly concentrated NO, NOz, or NO/NO? into a combustor at different locations was undertaken. It has been found that a range of 50-90% of NO, reduction efficiency could be achieved depending on experimental conditions. The most favourable recycle location is at the primary air duct. The experimental results also indicated higher NO, reduction efficiency for the NOz recycle in comparison with the NO recycle. The concept of the NO, recycle approach has been implemented in the NOXSO process, which is a dry, post- combustion flue gas treatment technology for fossil-fuelled boilers that can remove more than 90% of NO,/SOz.

98104194 Dechlorination method and apparatus for chlorine- containing waste oils Masunari, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09 53,081 [97 53.0811 (Cl. ClOG27/04), 25 Feb 1997, Appt. 95/227,024, 10 Aug 1995, 8 pp. (In Japanese) A chlorine-containing waste oil is mixed with an oxidizer by stirring for dispersing and the mixture is then irradiated with UV light and calcium hydroxide is added. The mixture is settled and the precipitated water and solid fractions are separated from the bottom of the mixture. The dechlorination treatment apparatus also include a photochemical reactor tank having a mercury lamp and liquid connection and transport means to the mixing tank at the lower and upper parts of the mixing tank. At the bottom of the mixing tank, there is a discharge outlet for treated liquid.

98m4195 Decrease of dust formation during drilling as an important factor of ecotechnology Katanov, B. A. Bezop. Tr. Prom-sti., 1997, (12), 25-28. (In Russian) Discusses the measures for the control of dust emissions in drilling of coal mine shafts.

98lO4198 Decrease of heavy doses of gas in excavation shafts by changing ventilation pressure in mining drifts Surkov, A. V. and Stekol’shchikov, G. G. 36-38. (In Russian)

Bezop. Tr. Prom-sti., 1997, (12),

Discusses the design of ventilation for preventing methane accumulation in coal mines.

gal041 97 Decrease of the air pollution in brown coal-fired power plants Koenig, J. and Heiting, B. German)

Brennst.-Waerme-Kraft, 1998, 50, (3), 62-68. (In

Abatement methods for NO, and SOz elimination from flue gases of brown coal-fired power plants are reviewed. NO, decrease by denitrification in the reducing pyrolysis zone with controlled air supply and flue gas desulfuriza- tion by limestone scrubbing are described. Also discussed is the effect of the combustion of dry brown coal on pollutant releases.

9BiO4198 10 years

Development of power-plant chemistry in the last

Heitmann. H. G. VGB Tech. Ver. Grosskraftwerksbetr.. iTawnesber.1 VGB-TB, ‘1997, (VGB-TB 433, VGB-Konferenz ‘Chemie irn Kraltwerk 1997’), P2/1-P2/23. (In German) Emphasis is placed on water purification and treatment, water chemical, corrosion protection, maintenance and cleaning of steam boilers, flue gas desulfurization and denitrogenation, waste-water treatment, minimization of wastes and associated analysis chemistry.

98lo4199 Differences in chemical and physical properties of fly ash of powdered coal from multi-electrostatic precipitators and their significance Tu, J. et al. Nanjing Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexue, 1997, 33, (4), 580-586. (In Chinese) In the chemical compositions and physical properties of powder fly ash (PFA) from multi-electrostatic precipitators in the firings of the coal powder plant of Huaneng Nanjing Power Plant, differences exist. From the first electrostatic precipitator to the fifth, the average particle size of PFA decreases one after another, and there were also some differences in major chemical compositions. The mineral phases, however, were rather similar. Various trace elements tend to enrich in smaller particles of PFA from the fourth and fifth electrostatic precipitator. Collecting dry PFA from the electrostatic precipitators by multi-equipment separate can result in the PFA source optimization.

9alo4200 Effect of domestic cooking fuels on lung functions in women Pazhoor, B. K. et al. Poll&. Res., 1997, 16, (3), 149-154. In order to assess the effects of domestic cooking fuels on lung functions in south Indian women, a study was performed in 40 non-smoking women aged between 20 and 40 years who were selected from a neighbouring village near Medical College, Kottayam district, Kerala. A spirometer (Vitalograph Compact II, Buckingham) was used to study lung function and the study reveals that domestic cooking fuels have an adverse effect on this. The absolute values of VC, FVC, and FEV, were lowest in the chulla group who used biomass fuel. Furthermore, this study reports obstructive, restrictive, and combined ventilatory defects in women who were exposed to different types of cooking fuels.

gal04201 The effect of fuel properties and characteristics on selective catalytic reduction systems Franklin, H. N. FACT, 1996, 21, (Proceedings of the International Joint Power Generation Conference, Volume 1: Environmental Control/Fuels and Combustion Technologies, 1996), 421-428. With emphasis on fuel constituents and firing conditions that affect system design, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is reviewed from the designer’s viewpoint. For different fuels.these parameters are presented, demonstrat- ing the impact of individual fuels upon the SCR system and other SCR considerations are included if pertinent.

98lo4202 Effect of pore-modifier graphite on the performance of a zinc titanate sorbent in hot coal gas desulfurization Pineda, M. et al. Energy Fuels, 1998, 12, (2), 409-415. In both a thermobalance and a fixed-bed reactor, the reactivity and performance of different zinc-titanium-based sorbent extrudates for desulfurization of coal gas at high temperature in successive sulfidation- regeneration cycles were studied. The sulfidation and the regeneration of these sorbents as cylindrical extrudates was mostly a diffusion-controlled process. In order to change the degree of dispersion of the active phase and porosity of the sorbent extrudates, some of them were prepared by co- precipitation, while others were prepared using graphite as a high- temperature pore-modifier additive. The high degree of dispersion of the active phase achieved in the first stages of the co-precipitation process is practically destroyed during sorbent calcination at high temperature. Co- precipitation also enhanced thermal sintering during preparation and the porosity of these fresh sorbents was low. Consequently, the reactivity in thermobalance tests was also low and performance in the reactor was very poor. Graphite substantially increased the porosity of the fresh sorbent extrudates and, because it is eliminated at high temperature, this effect prevailed during calcination and successive sulfidation-regeneration cycles. Consequently, the performance of zinc titanate extrudates as hot

Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 1998 391