96/03206 Field studies of the Indoor air quality byphotoacoustic spectroscopyKruger, U. et al., Environmental Im., 1995, 21, (6), 791-801.Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) was utilized for determination of theconcentration of several airborne contaminants in buildings situated inurban environments. The investigations reported in this paper were carriedout in four residential buildings, but comparisons are also made withresults obtained at previous field studies in office buildings. In the build­ings studied, the concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, for­maldehyde, and the total concentration of volatile organic compounds wereinvestigated by continuous monitoring with PAS instruments. In this paper,some comparisons are also made between the results obtained by monitor­ing with PAS instruments and the results obtained by measurements withother types of instruments or by the use of other techniques.

96/03207 Field treatment of coal tar-contaminated soli basedon results of laboratory treatability studiesFindlay, M. et al., Microb . Transform. Degrad. Toxic Org. Chem., Wiley,New York, USA, 1995, 487·513.The chapter concerns a site at which coal tar had been released to a wet­land and had been subsequently covered with aquatic sediment. The workdescribes the laboratory treatability study that defined the biodegradationprocess and determined the optimal conditions for treatment of the sitematerial, followed by the field pilot project, which demonstrated the full­scale process and documented the extent of biodegradation.

96/03208 Fixation and util ization of carbon dioxide bymlcroalgal photosynthesisKurano, N. et al., Energy Cot/verso Mgmt ., Jun..Sep. lYY5, 36, (6),689-692.As a measure to cope with the possible global warming due to the greenhouse effect by CO2, CO2 fixation by means of microalgal photosynthesiswas studied. New microalgae were isolated as candidates for CO, fixingbiocatalyst. A new species of marine green alga, Chlorococc um lillorale ,exhibited the greatest CO2 fixation rate among the isolates.

96/03209 Flow behavior In the coal mine 'Alter Mann' andanalysis of Ignition occurrencesHenderfeld, G. and Stamer, R. Glueckauf-Forschungsh., 1995, 56, (2),55-58. (In German)Discusses gas ignition and gas flow behaviour in seven German coal minesfrom 1985-1991. Recommendations for systematic gas evacuation frommines are also given.

96/03210 Flue gas purification and desulfurlzatlon In coal-fired boilersTuregg, R. and Schoening, E. V. (Assigned 10) Noe ll-KRC UmweluechnikGmbH, GER. Off. DE.I9,511 ,673, Oct. 1995.The process consists of hydrated lime being injected into the combustionchamber, and the combustion gases are then cooled for additional condi­tioning with other additives and water. This is followed by filtration withparticle recycling.

96/03211 Fly ash hydration with qulckllrne for Improving sor-bent utilization and 502 removal In spray dryer absorbersSaunders, J. F. et al., EPA 1995, US Environ. Prot. Agency, Res. Div.Report EPA -600IR-95-015b, Paper No. 42, Proc. 1993 SO; Cont rol Symp .,1995, 2, 1-14.Fly ashes have been slurried with quicklime at elevated temperatures toenhance spray dryer performance. Bench scale experimental results indi­cate that this hydration process greatly increased the total surface area ofthe solids. Mini-pilot scale tests in the spray dryer reveal that the heatingstep increases Ca utilizatin and S02 removal of these fly ash/quicklimesorbents. The benefit, however, decreases with the Ca loading.

96/03212 Foliar absorption of resuspended 137Cs relative toother pathways of plant contaminationHinton, T. G. et al., J. Environ . Radioactivity, 1996, 30, (1), 15-30.The foliar absorption of 137Cs sorbed to suspended soil particles was quan­tified at two Ukranian locations contaminated by different forms ofChernobyl fallout. The authors' experimental design, allowed them to sep­arate the pathways of foliar absorption, rOOI uptake, and contaminationadhering to plant surfaces. The data obtained suggests that although foliarabsorption of 137Cs from suspended soil is measurable, it is inconsequentialrelative to other plant contamination pathways, and does not need to beconsidered as a critical pathway in routine radionuclide transport models.

96/03213 Forest management options for sequestering car-bon In MexicoMasera, O. R. et al., Biomass & Bioenergy, 1995, 8, (5), 357-367.The paper identifies and examines economic response options to avoidcarbon emissions and increase carbon sequestration in Mexican forests.

96/03214 Formation of polychlorinated dlbenzo-p-dlox­Ins/dlbenzofurans on fly ash from precursors and carbon modelcompoundsAddink, R. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (10), 1463-1471.In this article the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins andpolychlorinated dibenzofurans on waste incinerator fly ash is described.

15 Environment (pollution, health protection, safety)

96/03215 Foundation for setting up an automated system forecological monitoring In the coal Industry in RussiaKaplunov, Y. V. et al., Ugol', 1995, (2), 49-51. (In Russian)Presents an outline for air and water pollution monitoring systems in coalmining.

96/03216 A free lunch at higher CAFE? A review of eco-nomic, environmental and social benefitsDowlat abadi, H. et al., Energy Policy, Mar. 1996, 24, (3), 253-264.Pressure has been increasing to raise the corporate average fuel economy(CAFE) standard. Some researchers assert many benefits from increasingCAFE, from less dependence on imported petroleum to lower urban ozone.The authors found that fuel savings from increasing CAFE are subject todiminishing returns, with little or no effect on urban air pollution, and aless than proportional reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. HigherCAFE reduces safety, unless offsetting steps are taken. Should the publicdemand moderately higher fuel efficiency, the government should raise theCAFE standard and gasoline prices. Given current technology, substantialincreases in CAFE have potential costs, and do not appear to offer signifi­cant benefits as contended.

96/03217 Full fuel cycle evaluation of CO2 mitigation opt ionsfor fossil fuel fired power plantAudus , H. and Saroff, L. Energy Conv ersoMgmt., Jua-Sep. 1995, 36, (6),831-834.A methodology has been developed to assess the private and societal(external) costs of fossil fuel based power generation options on a full fuelcycle basis. The methodology was used to evaluate one natural gas and twocoal based cycles. In two of the cycles (one coal and one natural gas) CO2is captured at the power station and disposed of directly; in the other cyclea forest is used to offset greenhouse gas emissions. Cycle efficiencies,carbon balances, and emission inventories are reported. Conventional costsare derived for each CO2 mitigation option (base cases 6 to 9 c/kWh) aswell as for the quantifiable externalities «0.5cfkWh). Alternative valuationmethod have also been examined.

96/03218 The full fuel cycle of CO2 capture and disposal. 3.Afforestat ion, and environmental ImpactsHolland. M. R. et ai., Energy ConversoMgmt., Jun -Sep, 1995, 36, (6),853-856.The paper reports on the assessment and valuation of the environmentalimpacts arising from the full fuel cycles of three fossil fuelled power plantsequipped with CO2capture and disposal facilities.

96/03219 The full fuel cycle of CO2 capture and disposal.Capture and disposal technologiesSummerfield, I. R. et al., Energy ConversoMgm t., Jun.-Sep. 1995, 36, (6),849-852.The paper describes part of a study of the Full Fuel Cycles of powergeneration plant incorporating cal. abatement. This study was carried outfor the lEA Greenhouse Gas R&V Programme. This study involved theevaluation of three power plants with CO2 abatement.

96(03220 Geochemical engineering on low level radioactivewaste In cementltlous environmentsBrady, P. V. and Kozak, M. W. Waste Manage ment, 1995, 15, (4),293-301.Significantly reduced releases of radionuclides from low level radioactivewaste disposal facilities may be achieved by passively engineering thegeochemical environment in and immediately adjacent to shallow landburial sites. Mineral growth and adsorption onto cementitious waste forms,cask, and backfills is calculated to minimize the transport of 234.238U, 241pU,241 Am. mTh, 59.63Ni, and 14e. Reductive adsorption of Tc to Fe(II)' richminerals may be engineered by emplacing a fine-grained mafic (basalt,serpentinite, scrap iron) blanket of aggregate below and around the LLRWrepository.

96/03221 Global warming damage and the benefits ofmitigat ionMiss An drea Smith, lEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, CRE Group

Ltd., Stoke Orchard, Cheltenham, Glos. GL52 4RZ, UK, £30.00, 40 pp.

The report from the lEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme describes a fullfuel cycle examination of power generation incorporating greenhouse gasmitigation. It concentrates on the issues involved in the assessment ofexternal costs with particular reference to global warming. All types ofemission and their impacts at local, regional and global levels are assessedand the valuation of the impacts is attempted. The report is one of the firstto include a comprehensive assessment of global warming impacts andhow they vary with time as well as geographically, and includes an allow­ance for any potential benefits.

Fuel and Energy Abst racts May 1996 221