9.3: The Jefferson Presidency

A. Republican Agrarianism

1. Thomas Jefferson emerged as a strong president with strong party backing.

2. Jefferson’s ideal was an agrarian republic of farmers. America’s abundant land allowed Jefferson to envision a nation of small family farms.

B. Jefferson’s Government and the Independent Judiciary

1. Jefferson's promise to reduce the size of the federal government was fulfilled by:

a. Cutting taxesb. reducing the size of army, navy, and

government staff. 2. While removing Federalist officeholders,

Jefferson provoked a landmark Supreme Court decision.

3. Marbury v. Madison…

C. Opportunity: The Louisiana Purchase

1. The conflict between France and Britain threatened American security.

2. Napoleon’s acquisition of the Louisiana Territory threatened American access to the Mississippi River.

3. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States, fulfilling Jefferson's desire for continued expansion.

Louisiana Purchase (1803) from Napoleon

9.4: Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America

A. Problems with Neutral Rights

1. In his second term, Jefferson faced problems protecting American neutrality.

2. British ships seized American ships trading in the French West Indies

3. Congress first imposed a boycott and then passed the Embargo Act on foreign commerce that:

a. did not change British policy; b. caused a deep depression; and c. led to widespread smuggling.

B. A Contradictory Indian Policy

1. Indian affairs remained among the most difficult problems.

2. Western tribes resisted American incursion into their territory.

3. Jefferson hoped that Indians would either be converted to white civilization or moved across the Mississippi River. Neither policy won much Indian support.

9.5: The War of 1812

War of 1812

• Why?• Shipping rights• Impressment• Neutral rights

A. The War Hawks

1. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun: War Hawks from the South and West that supported war as a means of expansion.

2. Madison’s declaration of war received no Federalist support/commerce

3. Britain executes an effective blockade; DC burns; Fort McHenry Star Spangled Banner

B. The Campaigns Against Northern and Southern Indians

1. American efforts to capture Canada failed due to:

a. New England opposition;b. the strength of the British-Indian forces;

and c. the resistance of Canadians.

C. The Treaty of Ghent

1. The Treaty of Ghent ended the war without addressing the major grievances, but the British did agree to evacuate the western forts.

1. France and Britain stopped fighting, solved itself2. Andrew Jackson’s victory at New Orleans saved

American pride. 3. The war also ended lingering feelings of

American colonial dependency. 4. The Indians were the only clear losers.

9.6: Defining the Boundaries

A. Another Westward Surge

1. Peace brought widespread Indian removal that opened lands and enabled Americans to resume their westward migration.

B. The Election of 1816 and Monroe’s Era of Good Feelings (1817-1824)

1. James Monroe presided over the post-war “era of good feelings.”

2. Monroe brought former Federalists into his cabinet.

3. Monroe’s pushes for a more modern America, in contrast to Jefferson’s Agrarian dreams

C. The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams

1. Monroe Doctrine – Any act to colonize in Western Hemisphere is an attack on the U.S.

D. The Missouri Compromise1. Effort to admit Missouri into the Union as a slave

state created a crisis. 2. Northerners opposed the creation of new slave states

because it would tip the balance between slave and free states.

3. Southerners sought to expand slavery and were concerned that Congress would even consider the matter.

4. Henry Clay forged a compromise that maintained the balance between free and slave states.

5. Maine was admitted as a free slave state and slavery was barred north of Missouri’s southern boundary.

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