8th grade history notes - u.s. history

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  • 7/29/2019 8th Grade History Notes - U.S. History

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    The Cold War: Joseph Stalin:

    Russian/Soviet Union Communist dictator

    Communism: French Revolution

    Before there are 3 classes Royalty

    Old money, accustomed to running everything

    Merchants New money, recently developed b/c industry

    Lowly peasants During the revolutions:

    Merchants overthrow royalty (Marie Antoinette is beheaded) Merchants are the Bourgeois and peasants/factory workers are the Proletariat

    Bourgeois establish a capitalistic and democratic society

    They have all the power because they have the money Marx and Lennon saying that their government will establish themselves as economic

    and political powers based on their money Want to eliminate all social classes and make everyone the same Overthrow Bourgeois by organizing the Proletariat into one political party and

    will vote themselves as a group into power Beat the Bourgeois at their own political game

    Communists have political power Then take over private property so its all owned by the

    government No private property=no money/power

    People work for community Labor has equal value Society has everyone equal

    Marx and Lennons idea is attractive because at the time there is a huge imbalance ofwealth in France

    Pros Everyone is equal

    Greater benefits for Proletariat No social (royalty) or economical ($) hierarchy

    People who worked for the same amount of time should receive the same sociastanding no matter what their job was

    Provides security Food, clothing, homes provided Nobody worked for themselves only, but for the benefit of the whole

    community Cons

    Everyone does the same thing People are GREEDY

    Want money, power, and possession No incentive to work hard

    Everyone receives the same benefits no matter what Unsavory (but necessary) jobs wouldnt be filled People motivated in different ways

    Fear Get shot

    Get sent to places you dont want to live Get a lesser job

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    Party politics Did a good job, get moved up, more power

    Idealism Some actually believed in the principles of working for the

    community While the society is shifting to Communism, government has LOTS of power

    Power corrupts because people like power People didnt go to college

    Later fall behind when the west is in service economy People were assigned jobs

    Athletes, scientists, etc. Trained from very young age

    An economic and political system where the government owns all private property so that noone has more wealth or power than any other person there arent any social classes. Ideally,everyone will do different jobs for the community in order to benefit everyone. No one earnsmoney, but the government provides the people with clothing, food, and homes.

    Capitalism An economic system where businesses are privately owned and the success of the products

    produce directly benefit the owner. In this system the workers are selling their labor to theowners as a commodity.

    Atomic Bomb and the Arms Race After the U.S. dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the rest of the world

    (especially Soviet Union) rushed to get their own nuclear weapons Competition to develop the most nuclear weapons Competition to develop biggest and best nuclear weapons

    Competition to gain the most nuclear power Atlantic Charter

    Was created by FDR and Churchill in 1941 and stated that there would be no land or territorygain in war, but that the affected nations would be able to hold elections after the war.

    Lowered the incentive to go to war and signaled the end of colonization because all nationscolonized were now allowed to chose their own government

    Puppet Government Governments in eastern Europe that did whatever Stalin and the Soviet Union wanted them to

    do Containment Policy

    U.S. has peace and happiness ideas with the UN and democracy Soviet Union is playing along Why?

    George Kenan sends Long Telegram in 1947 to explain it American diplomat who spent most of his career in Europe Says Stalin is looking to consolidate power in Eastern Europe.

    We cant beat him at his own game, but if we can consolidate our influence incountries around him, we can stop the spread of Communism and it will eventuallyself-destruct

    Exact opposite of Isolationism Involving ourselves in matters that dont directly pertain to us

    Truman Doctrine (1947) Says the U.S. will arm or provide military aid to free people or anti-communist groups

    fighting against armed minorities or outside forces Armed minorities

    Lots of weapons in Greece because they had been armed to fight the Nazis inWWII

    Communist fighting nationalists

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    U.S. helps nationalists Outside forces

    Soviet Union wants to control Iran and Turkey so they could have ports. Putlots of pressure on them and are breathing down their neck

    U.S. helps Turkey

    Marshall Plan (1948) Europe is devastated after WWII Marshall Plan designed to help rebuild Europe and prevent newly elected governments from

    becoming Communist People are starving, veterans cant get medical care, economy has tanked all across Europe

    Because all the countries are poor, U.S. is afraid that they will turn to Communism Communism is gaining popularity in Italy and France because it makes everyone equal

    Under the Marshall Plan, all allies of the U.S. are offered money to rebuild their country ifthey agree to get rid of Communism in their country

    Fits into Containment Policy

    Creates powerful and stable anti-communist U.S. allies Money helps to set up capitalist economies

    Countries were capitalistic before, so money is used to start off everythingagain

    People go back to work, governments starting

    Iron Curtain End of the soviets sphere of influence

    Wall between eastern and western Europe Barrier between U.S. ideals and U.S.S.R.s

    NATO (1949) Military alliance created between most of Western Europe the U.S. and Canada

    An attack against any member is treated as an attack against the whole group Establishes a very clear western camp

    Made sure that the Soviets couldnt extend their control/power into western Europe becausethen they would have to fight the U.S.

    Showed the U.S. policy of containment (as compared to isolationism)

    Warsaw Pact (1955) Military alliance between Soviet Union and its satellite nations of eastern Europe

    Created in response to West Germany joining NATO Chinese Revolution (1949)

    1910 people overtake the Manua Qing dynasty Try to set up a republic, but the group of people is too small to control it

    Have to give away land to Japan to get their help WWI ends and people realize their government gave away their land and they are

    angry 2 separate groups are formed and at first work in harmony

    KMT (nationalists) CCP (Communists)

    1920s KMT and CCP start fighting warlords and each other In 1931Japan invades China and they have to put away own problems to fight the Japanese End of WWII the U.S. is allies with China and we tried to support negotiated peace between

    the two groups, but it doesnt work In 1946 all out war between the two parties breaks out

    CCP headed by Chairman Mao KMT headed by Chiang Kai-Shek

    Supported by the U.S. In 1947 U.S. pulls support for KMT because we are busy occupying Japan and starting the

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    Marshall Plan and KMT is losing 1949 Chain Kai-Shek flees to Taiwan and establishes the Republic of China there Mao declares the formation of the Peoples Republic of China

    Viewed as better run ad more legitimate in China because the nationalists are viewedas corrupted

    Most of the western world recognizes the PRC as the legitimate power

    U.S. doesnt and doesnt let the PRC take the security council seat in the UN leads to Chinese involvement in Korea

    U.S. hopes that Mao is a strong enough character that there would be frictionbetween him and the Soviets

    Sino-Soviet Treaty Signed in 1950 Military alliance between China and the Soviet Union U.S.s worst fear

    Korean War

    After WWII the U.S. and Soviet Union split Korea at the 38th parallel Tension about how to establish a united government Note: Korea had never been divided but now is divided by two outside powers

    1947 U.S. asks the UN to negotiate Korean elections

    UN does but the Soviets dont let them into North Korea so elections are only held inSouth Korea and the Republic of Korea is set up

    Soviets set up the Democratic Republic of Korea in response Both sides say that their government is the rightful ruler of all of Korea

    1948 U.S. pulls out most troops from South Korea and the Soviet Union pulls out most of itstroops but leaves North Korea heavily armed

    1950 North Korea invades South Korea and all but takes it over Soviet troops arent with them but armed them

    U.S. brings in troops and asks UN for help Soviets arent at UN because they are boycotting because PRC wasnt recognized

    Security Council votes to send troops to Korea

    Reason why never technically a war since its a UN thing UN able to push North Korea back all the way to the Yalu River (Koreas boarder with China

    China starts to send troops in to fight the U.S. MacArthur wants to invade China and use the atomic bomb to show that the U.S. would beat

    Communism not only in Europe but also in Asia End of Communism once and for all

    Truman want to avoid WWIII If we attack China then the Soviets will attack us because of the Sino Soviet Treat Soviets also have atomic bomb

    Truman fires MacArthur

    WWII hero public doesnt like him being fired

    Stalemate develops in Korea Troops keep butting heads at 38th parallel 1 years of negotiation leads to a ceasefire DMZ is created (no mans land)

    Buffer zone between the two militaries Communism in the U.S.

    1930s Communism organizes in the U.S. Very much a minority

    Soviets werent a big threat 1938 HUAC (House Committee of Un-American Activites)

    Investigates people (mainly in the government) who had ties to Communist

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    organizations that could suggest they were loyal to anti-American interests 1947 Hollywood 10

    Rumors that Hollywood was Communist

    Directors and producers and actors trying to use movies to make America sympatheticto Communism

    Anyone involved in a movie that saluted the common worker were underquestion

    10 refuse to testify in front of Congress Held in contempt

    Lots of Hollywood people are blacklisted and cant find work 1948 Alger Hiss

    Big shot in State Department (chief negotiator at Yalta) Whittaker Chambers (former Communist who came to U.S. and saw the light)

    accuses Hiss of passing information to him when he was Communist Hiss denies it To prove it Chambers pulls out rolls of negatives from a hollowed-out pumpkin his

    garden at his house in Connecticut and says Hiss gave them to him Hiss is pulled from the State Department and is tried fro espionage and sent to prison Sparked local hunts for communists within local governments, union leaders

    (especially), university teachers, clergy-men, Union leaders targeted especially because they were calling for equal rights fo

    workers (like Communism) Loyalty Oaths

    People with jobs in public positions have to sign loyalty oaths saying that they arentpart of any organization that is communist

    Federally directed or voluntary by organization

    1949 Soviets explode atomic bomb Suspicion arises that people leaked information

    Ethel Rosenbergs brother worked at Los Alamos and was interrogated Gave Julius Rosenbergs name as being the ring-leader of Soviet sympathetic

    people in U.S. 1951 Ethel and Julius are accused of high treason for passing on secrets that could result in th

    destruction of the U.S. 1953 the Rosenbergs are given the death penalty by the electric chair

    McCarthy Face of the hunt for Communist spies in the government

    Senator from Wisconsin Hadnt really made a name for himself

    Making a speech in Wisconsin about anti-communism and the government not being toughenough on Communism (hates Truman)

    Says I have here in my hand the name of 205 Communists in the State Department

    Says that politicians are soft on Communism internationally Let China and eastern Europe become Communist

    Thinks government in communist Ruins the life of dozens of people in the state department

    Uses fear and bullying tactics If you were suggested or mentioned as being part of a communist movement you would have

    trouble finding work or being accepted McCarthy wasnt well liked within the anti-communist group

    People thought he would discredit them all

    1954 McCarthy goes after the department of the army Pressuring the army for special treatment of his friend

    Joe Walsh (Council of the Army) challenge McCarthy

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    McCarthy had no proof and was discredited 1954 Senate censured McCarthy McCarthy had been able to ruin peoples lives just by mentioning them even though he didn

    have proof No one could see his list

    Numbers on the list always changing Why did everyone follow him?

    Feeds into Americas paranoia of Communism in the government

    Fear of being connected to communism by speaking out People who were in the government were actually convicted

    Actually were internal threats How did Communism take hold in Eastern Europe? How does it spread to Asia?

    Soviet puppet governments in Europe China becomes communist North Korea occupied by Soviet Union

    CONTAINMENT is an important concept. Understand how the containment policy relates to theU.S.s support in Europe (Marshall Plan) and Asia (Korean War), NATO, and Truman Doctrine.

    Marshall Plan: Countries have to say they wont be communist Strong non-communist ally countries

    Korean War: Dont let Korea be taken over by the Soviets and become Communist (cant let

    Communism spread) NATO:

    Makes sure Communism wont spread because if the Soviets try to spread it to easternEurope, the U.S. will attack them

    Truman Doctrine: Any country trying to fight Communism from within or without will receive the U.S.

    support so Communism wont take over their country How did McCarthy inflame the second red scare?

    By feeding off the American paranoia to accuse more and more people of being Communistand not allowing anyone to speak up because of his fear and bullying tactics

    Civil Rights:

    14th amendment

    July 9, 1868 Puts states in their place

    Bill of Rights supercedes the right of the state to abridge those rights Required sense of equality among citizens

    States arent supposed to treat different citizens differently Jim Crow laws and literacy tests

    Laws requiring segregation Black barber cant cut a white womans hair Blacks and white segregated in blind wards Blacks and white segregated in burial grounds Segregated in buses, education, libraries, mental hospitals, prisons, reform schools,

    wash rooms, etc. Plessy v Ferguson

    Plessy was legally black and sat in the white section of the train Was arrested Idea of separate but equal comes out of the case Both black and white have the same rights, so it equal

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    As long as the law established political equality, then its okay Hove to accept the social structure and not mess with it politically

    Confirms social moors of the time Segregation de facto

    Brown v Board of Education Calls into question separate but equal Isnt equal

    Psychological studies on black students show black feel inferior

    Asked elementary students if they wanted to play with white or black dolls andasked which ones were prettier, smarter, and had a better life blacks alwayssaid white

    Shows the culture around segregation perpetuates a feeling of inferiorit

    19th century interpretation of 14th amendment should no longer stand because it wasdifferent then

    Education used to be all private Education is now public Interpretation is outdated because no issues about segregated schools before

    14th amendment says that race cant be the reason you divide people Equal

    14th amendment says people should be treated equally not the same

    Saying blacks and whites need different things Says separate is no longer equal (for education)

    Plessy v Ferguson is found unconstitutional Little Rock, AK School Integration and Little Rock 9

    Schools in Arkansas supposed to integrate Chose top 9 black students to go to Little Rock High School

    Only small minority upset up integration Governor of Arkansas realize he might lose his reelection if he doesnt get white supremacist

    votes Calls in the national guard to bar the black students from entering

    Other students knew their might be a crowd Came in a group to side entrance Then left in a car Elizabeth Eckford didnt have a phone

    Had to confront the whole thing on her own Faubus (governor) is preventing enforcement of federal law by prevent the black students fro

    entering Eisenhower meets with him t persuade him to let the students in Faubus removes National Guard

    Students have no protection Knows mob is getting crazier so it will create huge chaos when the students come to

    the school so itll show integration is bad Eisenhower sends in paratroopers (U.S. army trumps national guard)

    Says that Supreme Courts decision saying that little Rock has to integrate its schools final

    Mob rule cannot be allowed to override the decision of the courts

    Were not going to allow the feeling of a few to override federal law Faubus says We are now an occupied territory

    Brings back tension from the Civil War when the North occupied the South Has become a very racist politician was moderate before

    Little Rock becomes a national spectacle Makes people think about their opinions on segregation

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    Kids in the school have different beliefs from parents Generational gap

    Federal vs state conflict (education normally controlled by state) Non-violence

    Goals Society in 15 years that is equal and un-segregated Create an integrated community

    To welcome and want citizens in their community

    Inclusion Interracial democracy

    Unity Tools

    Actions that are non-confrontational but force confrontation Love

    NEVER verbally, physiologically, or physically attack them Force them to attack their own ideas

    Love your oppressor Overpower people with love

    Organized rebellion Lead by example Never give reason for oppressors to retaliate

    Example Sit-ins Marches

    Montgomery Bus Boycott Dec. 1955 Dec. 1956

    Very established and active civil rights groups in Montgomery Rosa Parks is a very respected member of the community (part of NAACP)

    People were enraged for her when she was arrested for not giving up her seat Organize a 1 day boycott

    30 thousand people participate Works so well they wan to continue it

    Need a leader Young, new reverend is asked to do it

    Has no enemies Where MLK gets his name (b/c national event)

    Montgomery Improvement Association ran the boycott Headed by MLK

    Victory for nonviolence Supreme Court ultimately responsible for ending boycott by ruling bus segregation is

    unconstitutional but is a victory b/c Forces the issue Psychological victory

    Makes people think nonviolence will work United community standing up against segregation

    Flies in the face of the idea that only a couple of extremist groups areunhappy

    Air of legitimacy Size of the group Determination Well-spoken, highly-educated leader who talks about using the weapon

    of love and nonviolence Contrasts whites threatening violence and hatred to destroy

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    people MLK

    Respect

    Love Dignity

    Justice KKK/White Citizen Councils

    Violence

    Destroy Hatred Bombing

    Sit-ins Young people taking a stand by sitting in and standing their ground Start in Greensborough, SC when 4 black guys set in at a lunch counter at local Woolworths Nashville is the first city to latch onto the sit-ins movement on a city-wide basis

    Separate sit-ins go on in different states Freedom Rides

    The federal government says that interstate buses have to be desegregated South isnt following that law

    Freedom riders (white and black) sat next to each other on buses from the north going into thesouth in protest

    Mobs waited for them in the south and attacked them and put them in jail

    Example of nonviolence People were obeying federal law and didnt retaliate when attacked

    Forced confrontation Raises questions about whether bus stops should be segregated

    Federal law says they should be integrated State cops at bus stations enforcing segregation laws

    HUGE CONFLICT White mobs start to meet buses

    Set some on fire Slashed tires Bombed some People are beat up by cops or forced off the bus and attacked by mobs

    Kennedy calls King and tells him to get the freedom riders to stop King says he doesnt know whos organizing it

    Doesnt know when next bus is leaving Organized within groups but dont have overall leader connecting the small

    groups Kennedy makes a deal with the governor of Mississippi

    Still arrest freedom riders

    Has to give riders protection from the mob JFK ends up getting black vote

    1st American president to take a stand on civil rights March on Washington 1963

    MLK speech Talks about his vision of America

    Injustice Segregation Police brutality

    Ghettos limited economic ability Prejudice

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    But there is still opportunity (for change) There are good ideals in America, despite these bad things and we can work to achiev

    them for everyone in America Vision for America

    United

    Not hate Integration

    Not just together but accepting and welcoming

    Society where race isnt even a factor Economically, where you live, socially, etc.

    Live up to American ideals How to get there

    No hate Love Hope

    Nonviolence Civil Rights Act

    Bill started in June of 1963 Calls for outlawing of discrimination or segregation in any public place by race,

    gender, religion, or ethnicity Wont have to go case by case to Supreme Court

    November JFK is assassinated

    LBJ rides the wave of JFK sympathy, ideals, and legacy to pass lots of liberal bills thawent along with JFKs ideas

    Civil Rights Act is passed in 1964 Freedom Summer

    White college students went to Mississippi to teach at black voter registration school

    Selma March Voting Rights Act

    Passed in 1965 Allowed people who werent allowed to vote to prove they were being discriminated against

    The voting areas would then be court-monitored to make sure they werent discriminating Malcolm X

    Parent both civil rights activists both killed Got into drugs, alcohol and petty theft When in prison at the age of 17

    Found Nation of Islam Says Christianity was forced upon slaves in the U.S.

    Oppressive white religion He gets rid of it and his last name (Little)

    Becomes very powerful and charismatic speaker

    Gets a name as a spokesperson and motivational speaker Says you should become one with yourself and empower yourself through Nation of

    Islam Becomes very well read Names becomes connected with Black Nationalism

    Ballet or Bullet speech in 1964 Black Power

    Idea that blacks have to look inside and fix their own problems first Unite as a people

    Not try to integrate into other communities Be proud of their black heritage dont try to gain entrance to white society by denying their

    black-ness

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    Urban Riots Various (inner city) communities break down into riots Everyone who could moved out and away to suburbs Watts, LA 1964 (34 dead) Newark 1967 (26 dead) Detroit 1967

    About 50 million dollars worth of property destroyed July 23 28 40 dead, 7,000 arrested

    Crowds take over, mayhem, violence, destruction, high level of fear, confusion, out ocontrol, anger, chaos Why riot

    Built up anger hate and frustration and resentment Frustration about liberties and oppression Detroit doing well as a city, but not all the communities are benefiting

    Watching the rest of the city progress and modernize but not blacks

    LBJ ends up sending in troops to calm things down Hippies

    Ginsburg (Godfather of the flower power generation) Feels separated

    Observer Restless

    Not accepted (gay) Says that our culture is promoting conformity and thats not okay

    Kerouac No say in America Not part of America Not accepted Feels separated

    Politics Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

    U.S. has a big problem

    We need to fix our problems before spreading our ideas to othercountries

    Politics shouldnt only be about politicians but about people Mr. Lyrie

    Advocating use of drugs (LSD)

    Professor of psychology Encourages hallucinatory drugs

    Separation from the world Rebel from real life

    See world in a different light Be-ins

    Wisdom Defiant of the world

    Jefferson Little connection to yesterday

    Focuses on optimism and tomorrow Wants to live for the moment and be carefree

    Hippies say its about being one and loving everyone Throw out constrains of family and organized religion Rejecting authority and systems

    Biggest cultural legacy is the music produced during the times

    How is change affected by: The courts? The federal government? The state and local government?

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    The people? The courts:

    Brown v Board and the standard that set for other similar court cases

    Federal government: Freedom rides and Little Rock paratroopers

    State and local government:

    The people:

    Sit-ins, marches, bus boycott Force the issues so the courts, federal or local government have to deal with it

    How and why did the methods and the philosophies of the Civil Rights Movement change over time Integration to black power Frustrated at white ignorance and unwillingness Only blacks that assimilated white society were integrated successfully

    What role does the media play in the Civil Rights movement?

    Vietnam War: French Colonization and Japanese Occupations

    Pre-WWII France colonized Vietnam During WWII Japan occupies Vietnam

    Vietminh fight of the Japanese

    French try to take control of Vietnam again after WWII Vietnam are tired of being ruled by outsiders

    1st Indochina War

    Geneva Accords split the country at 17th parallel

    Ho Chi Minh Asked U.S. President Wilson for help for Vietnamese independence

    Wilson says no Goes to Soviet Union for 10-15 years

    Is trained in Communism Sneaks back into Vietnam during WWII

    Leader of the Vietminh After WWII fights France for independence

    Becomes leader of North Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem

    Exiled Vietnamese leader living in France Catholic

    Anti-Communist Most of Europe is Catholic so they will support him

    Cant relate to his own people Cracks down on any religion that isnt catholic

    Tortures Buddhist monks and puts them in jail Destroys temples

    Cracks down on people who oppose him Doesnt allow reunification elections

    Instructed by U.S. not to Overthrow by his colonels and generals

    Killed U.S. knew about coup but didnt realize he would be killed

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    Viet Cong Guerilla fighters in South Vietnam that work to get rid of Diem Surprise hit and run attacks Look like normal people (cant tell them from the civilians)

    Dont have organized army uniforms Have underground bases

    Hard for U.S. to find Established because people are upset with Diem

    North upset because want to reunify South dont like Diems oppressive rule

    Most people like Ho Chi Minh because he seems legitimate Has been fighting for Vietnamese independence since the beginning

    Supported by North Vietnam Working to reunite the country

    Domino Theory Put forward by Eisenhower

    Applied to the spread of communism in Southeast Asia U.S. thought that if Vietnam became communist, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand, and Burma

    and so on would all become Communist Reason why U.S. were involved in Vietnam

    Try to stop Communism from spreading

    Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) North Vietnamese boat attacked the U.S.S. Maddox in international waters

    Unprovoked Followed by another attack

    Johnson retaliates Leads to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

    Allows Johnson to wage war with any means he deems necessary President is able to wage war without Congress ever declaring it Give a LOT of power to the president Allows Johnson to commit more troops and use the draft

    1-2 years latter, the public finds out U.S.S. Maddox was in North Vietnamese waters

    It was aiding a South Vietnamese raiding party There may not have been a second attack

    The Resolution was drafted a couple months before the attack Search and Destroy Missions

    U.S. raiding parties would go to a particular village and tear apart peoples homes looking forweapons

    If a young man had a weapon he was considered part of the Viet Cong

    They would then evacuate all the people from the town and drop NAPALM on it (jelly-likegasoline that would stick to people and burn)

    Ho Chi Minh Trail North Vietnamese troops would sneak into South Vietnam to fight Sneak in through Laos and Cambodia couldnt barricade the whole boarder because it was

    all forest Tet Offensive (1968)

    A North Vietnamese and Viet Cong surprise attack on the Vietnamese holiday Tet(Vietnamese New Year?)

    U.S. eventually recovered and won the battle but it was the turning point in support for the wa U.S. didnt realize the Viet Cong could wage such a serious and organized attack People no longer thought the U.S. could win the war

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    Support for the war waned Credibility Gap

    Lack of trust between the president and the U.S. people Started after the Gulf of Tonkin incident Added to by the Invasion of Cambodia Very new idea of distrust for the president

    Mai Lai Massacre (1968) Company of soldiers under the direction of Lieutenant Cally went on a search and destroy

    mission in Mai Lai Not much was found Cally then orders the troops to kill all the villagers Over 300 people were killed A higher officer in the army arrived with his troops and when he saw what was going on,

    ordered the troops to stop killing the civilians and said his troops would shoot any U.S. soldiethat didnt follow his order

    Information was eventually leaked to the papers People wonder if Cally was used as a scapegoat for the army if the orders to kill the civilians

    came from above. Vietnamization

    The gradual withdrawal of American troops in Vietnam so that the South Vietnamese wouldgain responsibility for the war

    Under Nixon Invasion of Cambodia

    In early 1970s, Nixon starts a secret Cambodia Campaign where he bombed and attacked (onthe ground) Communist bases in Cambodia (which was supposed to be neutral)

    It was a neighboring country to Vietnam, potential victim of the Domino affect and the Ho CMinh trail went through Cambodia

    Nixon tried to keep it secret, but it was eventually leaked This angered the U.S. because it was view as an extension of the war when Nixon had

    promised to get out of Vietnam As a result of the U.S. invasion, the country was destabilized and the Kamar Rouge took

    control

    Napalm and Agent Orange Napalm was dropped on villages after search and destroy mission

    It burned the villages to the ground and stuck to people skin

    Agent Orange was dropped on millions of acres of jungle in Vietnam Killed trees and thick underbrush so it was easier for U.S. troops to march through the

    terrain Its a carcinogen and caused cancer in those who administered it as well as those who

    marched through area where it had just been dropped Lottery Draft

    Used to pick soldiers to be sent to Vietnam On TV Pick out birthdays

    Everyone with that birthday and a low draft number would go

    Under Nixon Kent State Tragedy

    Student reactions to the Invasion of Cambodia The campus erupts

    Administration is tired of the student activists and called in the National Guard Told the students to step down

    Students refused

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    In the chaos, 4 students were killed (at least 2 werent involved in the protests) More protests start and the campus is shut down Hadnt been riots before the shooting

    Level of violence didnt require the National Guard to be armed with live bullets The anti-war movement was so large and student focused that the killings put forth an image

    of actively silencing or punishing people standing up against the war Similar incident occurred at Jackson State (black school) received very little coverage

    Doves and Hawks

    Doves thought the war was wrong and couldnt be won and wanted to withdraw our troops Hawks thought that the U.S. should wage a full out war attack on Vietnam to decisively win

    War Powers Act (1973) Opposite of the Gulf of Tonkin Showed the complete change in the countrys attitude towards Vietnam President needs congressional approval for sustained aggression/war

    Can land troops for 60 days without approval of Congress

    Needs to tell Congress action was taken within 48 hours What were the historical events and political reasons the U.S. got involved in the Vietnam conflict?

    Domino Theory and fear of the spread of Communism Containment Policy stop another country becoming communist

    How did the Credibility Gap affect the war? It led to less support and patience for the war because America didnt trust our president to do

    the right thing in Vietnam How did the Vietnam War shape domestic politics and the culture of the 1960s?

    Led to hippies

    Led to War Powers Act

    Nixon through Regan: Watergate Break in

    June 17, 1972 5 men are arrested while trying to bug the offices of the Democratic NationalCommittee at the Watergate Hotel

    Caught because of the tape on the door During the investigation of the crime, the burglars were linked to the White House

    Saturday Night Massacre Nixon wants to fire Archibald Cox (special prosecutor) because he wants the tapes The Attorney General (Elliot Richardson) and the man working underneath him (Ruchelshau

    both refuse to fire Cox and resign The third man in line fires Cox

    Pentagon Papers Papers published in the New York Times that traced the steps and executive decisions and

    actions that led to U.S. furthered involvement in Vietnam Included concealed actions of government officials

    Information leaked by Ellesburg Infuriated Nixon because he wanted to move on but they brought Vietnam back into the mind

    of the citizens Led Nixon to wiretap and spy on anyone who could leak any information

    Executive Privilege

    Protected confidentiality between the president and his aids that allow them to speak freelywith one another

    Nixons reason for not handing over the tapes

    US v Nixon Nixons tapes were subpoenaed but when he refused to give them up and kept appealing the

    decision it when from the district court to the appeals court to the supreme court Nixon claimed Executive Privilege

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    The Supreme Court said he had to hand over the tapes because no national security secretswere at risk and they were key evidence in an ongoing investigation and even the presidentneeds to abide by the law

    Dtente Nixons foreign policy of reliving tension between the U.S. and communist nations like the

    Soviet Union and China Opened up communication between the U.S. and communist nations Nixon visited China and acknowledged the PRC

    Signed a treaty saying that they both didnt want the Soviets in Asia Visits Moscow and signs SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)

    Arms race is VERY expensive and damaging to the economy

    Caps weapons Dont to get rid of any, but it limits the type, number and kind

    Oil Crisis After the U.S. support Israel in the Yom Kippur War, the Middle Eastern countries are mad

    and OPEC puts an embargo on oil to the U.S. Price of gas and heating skyrockets Plastics industry and factories suffer (more expensive)

    Some factories shut down unemployment Average worker cant afford to go to work

    Economy suffers Auto industry in Detroit hit hard

    Widespread investor panic Anyone with stock in gas, car, or plastic companies pull out

    No contingency plans or means to address shortage of oil OPEC

    Organization of countries that produce/export oil Created because countries in the Middle East wanted to profit from the oil that was in their

    country instead of having foreign oil companies reaping the rewards. After the U.S. helped Israel after the Yom Kippur War, OPEC started an embargo on oil

    OPEC tried to make the U.S. and other allies of Israel stop supporting Israel by notexporting any oil to them

    U.S. economy suffered Oil in their country gave them a lot of power

    Yom Kippur War (1973) Syria and Egypt surprise attack Israel on Yom Kippur

    Israel able to get back on its feet because it has a very well trained arm and had U.S.support

    Leads to the embargo on oil and oil crisis and nationalization of oil

    Country takes control of something in its boarders Arab Nationalism

    Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Egypt Promoting Arab cultural and religious heritage

    Unify foreign policy and economics Common enemy in Israel

    Coordinate surprise attacks Iranian Hostage Crisis

    CIA decides to make sure that no communists get oil Put Shah, Mussadiq, in charge of Iran

    Anti-communist, pro-west, works to modernize the country and cracks down oreligious nature of people

    In 1970s protests break out People want to show religion openly

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    People want democracy People want change in leadership Shah flees to France in 1978

    Revolution in Iran Ayatollah Khomeini comes to power

    Islamic Fundamentalism and Ayatollah Khomeini take control o Iran Quaran/Koran is fact/law Refers to U.S. as Great Satan

    Very anti-west Allows people to practice religion openly

    Says Iran will be independent Won over student radicals and militants

    When the Shah is accepted into the U.S. the U.S. embassy in Iran is stormed and all thpeople inside are held as captives and Iran demands the Shah be returned to Iran ($ anto kill him)

    U.S. doesnt negotiate with terrorist Hostages released at the very beginning of Regans presidency (held for over a

    year) How did Nixon abuse the powers of President and how did he justify the abuse?

    Wire taping and spying on everyone . . . Executive privilege What were the underlying conditions in the US which set the stage for the oil crisis?

    No contingency plans or means to address the oil shortage Over-consumption of oil Little effort to limit energy use

    What were the lasting effects of the Iranian Hostage Crisis

    Entering a New Era: Reaganomics

    Reagans way of fixing the economy Conservative:

    Money to people Lower taxes Philosophy is the government should only do what is outlined in the Constitution and

    nothing else Cut down on government programs (expensive) Federal government only provide security and regulate between states More power to local and state governments

    Funding by local/state governments

    Trick Down Economics Tax cuts money to people people invest business grows more jobs

    Everyone got richer (those with bigger tax cuts, rich, did faster) Successfully lowered taxes, mostly on wealthy

    Government spending wasnt lowered much because of military spending Unemployment and inflation went down

    National debt skyrocketed huge deficit 1981: $907.7 billion 1985: $2350.3 billion

    De-regulation Cutting restrictions of businesses that kept them from growing

    Cutting environmental restrictions Can dump chemicals in stream (used to be illegal)

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    Iran-Iraq War Iran in turmoil after Shah flees Iraq invades (1980-1990)

    Saddam Hussein and Ayatollah Khomeini hate each other Iraq sees massive Shiite revolution

    Iraqi people predominately Shiite affects Iraq population Iraq thinks maybe they arent protecting the oil fields

    Fight for 10 years no ground gained

    Helped unite Iran in fundamentalism U.S. buying oil from Iraq

    Sent US troops to Persian Gulf to protect Iraqi oil to prevent oil prices from going p Iran-Contra Scandal

    U.S. sold arms to Iran and funneled the money to the Contras, who were fighting thecommunist and anti-US Sandinistas in Nicaragua

    Invasion of Afghanistan (1978)

    Marxist-Leninist group in power More loyalty to local leaders than to national leaders of Communism

    Isnt that much political unity Communists arent recognized as soul authority

    Religious Islamic guerilla militants fight against Communists Because didnt let them practice religion openly

    Soviets invade Afghanistan to help out communist government Launch massive air strikes against Mujahideen outposts

    U.S. sees the Soviet Union extending their power to another country Arm Mujahideen with anti-air missiles

    Afghanistan is torn apart by civil and national conflict Taliban comes to power in early 90s (war ends in 89)

    Star Wars/Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Reagan doesnt stand by Anti-Bolist Missile Treaty made under Nixon Instead designs a theoretical system that will protect the country with satellites and lasers from

    incoming missiles Never really put into place Tension between US and Soviet Union goes up

    Gorbachev Soviet Union has fallen behind the west because the Soviets have an industrial economy whil

    the west has a service economy with ideas and knowledge Soviets have rise in military expenses

    Arms race increasing Helping Afghanistan

    Mikhail S. Gorbachev is part of the younger generation of Communism Wants to get communism on its feet

    Perestroika: restructuring People are given a set amount of time to make sure their particular industry is

    self-sufficient (like capitalism) In order to move economy forward, need a sense of openness so people can present

    new ideas Glasnost: openness

    Freedom of press Many independent newspapers spring up

    Reagan starts taking him seriously Lowering censorship Allowing people to have a voice Protecting individual voice

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    Liberal In 1987 Reagan sees Gorbachev changing his country

    Reducing arms Wont make anymore short/intermediate range missiles

    Demonstration that Soviets are looking to be part of the larger world and bemore connected

    Gets rid of puppet governments and ideas that they can control other countries Pulls out troops voluntarily

    500 thousand from Warsaw Pact countries Iron Curtain breaking down

    Hungary opens up its boarders between Austria and Hungary and Soviet Union doesndo anything

    Pope John Paul II (from Poland) able to start to speak out against Communism inPoland

    Gives Poles renewed desire to express religion

    Labor unions start to form in new found ability to put pressure on governmentto change

    Catholic Church allowed to reopen facilites

    Fall of the Berlin Wall and Soviet Union Berlin Wall

    Symbol of division in the world Symbol of iron curtain

    In 1989 mass demonstrations against the East German government Nov. 4, 1989 1 million gathered on Alexander Platz in East Berlin

    Nov. 9, 1989 refugees allowed to cross freely between East and West Germany and Berlin Wall comes down in early 1990 Germany has a whole generation of adults that have completely different educations

    Hard to unite Germany reunifies

    Poland has free elections Soviet Union has huge elections

    More than Congress is replaced with non-communist people

    Baltic states break free from Soviet Union December 31, 1991 Soviet Union no longer in existence

    Tiananmen Square Massacre June 4, 1989

    New Chinese leader: Deng Xiaoping Xiaoping starts to introduce some elements of competitions

    Industries have 2 years to make business profitable Move towards capitalism

    Students in China Knowledge becomes very valuable See rebellion everywhere else where theres communism

    Se liberating economy Want to liberate politics too

    Tiananmen Square In capital Next to Forbidden City

    Mao buried there Important communist spot

    Students showing: Dont like communism

    Dont care

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    Threw paint on one of Maos pictures Ultimate defacement

    Evaluate Reagans economic policies. Helped rich out more than poor. Led to large national deficit Sort of worked

    Trace the USs attitude about the Cold War during the 1970s and 80s

    Why did the Cold War end? What events lead up to the dissolution of the Communist bloc and howdid they contribute to the end of the Cold War? Soviets had a bad economy, a lot of military spending, no service economy, couldnt keep up

    with west How has the world fundamentally changed because of the end of the Cold War?

    No longer any Soviet Union