8th grade history notes - u.s. history
TRANSCRIPT
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The Cold War: Joseph Stalin:
Russian/Soviet Union Communist dictator
Communism: French Revolution
Before there are 3 classes Royalty
Old money, accustomed to running everything
Merchants New money, recently developed b/c industry
Lowly peasants During the revolutions:
Merchants overthrow royalty (Marie Antoinette is beheaded) Merchants are the Bourgeois and peasants/factory workers are the Proletariat
Bourgeois establish a capitalistic and democratic society
They have all the power because they have the money Marx and Lennon saying that their government will establish themselves as economic
and political powers based on their money Want to eliminate all social classes and make everyone the same Overthrow Bourgeois by organizing the Proletariat into one political party and
will vote themselves as a group into power Beat the Bourgeois at their own political game
Communists have political power Then take over private property so its all owned by the
government No private property=no money/power
People work for community Labor has equal value Society has everyone equal
Marx and Lennons idea is attractive because at the time there is a huge imbalance ofwealth in France
Pros Everyone is equal
Greater benefits for Proletariat No social (royalty) or economical ($) hierarchy
People who worked for the same amount of time should receive the same sociastanding no matter what their job was
Provides security Food, clothing, homes provided Nobody worked for themselves only, but for the benefit of the whole
community Cons
Everyone does the same thing People are GREEDY
Want money, power, and possession No incentive to work hard
Everyone receives the same benefits no matter what Unsavory (but necessary) jobs wouldnt be filled People motivated in different ways
Fear Get shot
Get sent to places you dont want to live Get a lesser job
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Party politics Did a good job, get moved up, more power
Idealism Some actually believed in the principles of working for the
community While the society is shifting to Communism, government has LOTS of power
Power corrupts because people like power People didnt go to college
Later fall behind when the west is in service economy People were assigned jobs
Athletes, scientists, etc. Trained from very young age
An economic and political system where the government owns all private property so that noone has more wealth or power than any other person there arent any social classes. Ideally,everyone will do different jobs for the community in order to benefit everyone. No one earnsmoney, but the government provides the people with clothing, food, and homes.
Capitalism An economic system where businesses are privately owned and the success of the products
produce directly benefit the owner. In this system the workers are selling their labor to theowners as a commodity.
Atomic Bomb and the Arms Race After the U.S. dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the rest of the world
(especially Soviet Union) rushed to get their own nuclear weapons Competition to develop the most nuclear weapons Competition to develop biggest and best nuclear weapons
Competition to gain the most nuclear power Atlantic Charter
Was created by FDR and Churchill in 1941 and stated that there would be no land or territorygain in war, but that the affected nations would be able to hold elections after the war.
Lowered the incentive to go to war and signaled the end of colonization because all nationscolonized were now allowed to chose their own government
Puppet Government Governments in eastern Europe that did whatever Stalin and the Soviet Union wanted them to
do Containment Policy
U.S. has peace and happiness ideas with the UN and democracy Soviet Union is playing along Why?
George Kenan sends Long Telegram in 1947 to explain it American diplomat who spent most of his career in Europe Says Stalin is looking to consolidate power in Eastern Europe.
We cant beat him at his own game, but if we can consolidate our influence incountries around him, we can stop the spread of Communism and it will eventuallyself-destruct
Exact opposite of Isolationism Involving ourselves in matters that dont directly pertain to us
Truman Doctrine (1947) Says the U.S. will arm or provide military aid to free people or anti-communist groups
fighting against armed minorities or outside forces Armed minorities
Lots of weapons in Greece because they had been armed to fight the Nazis inWWII
Communist fighting nationalists
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U.S. helps nationalists Outside forces
Soviet Union wants to control Iran and Turkey so they could have ports. Putlots of pressure on them and are breathing down their neck
U.S. helps Turkey
Marshall Plan (1948) Europe is devastated after WWII Marshall Plan designed to help rebuild Europe and prevent newly elected governments from
becoming Communist People are starving, veterans cant get medical care, economy has tanked all across Europe
Because all the countries are poor, U.S. is afraid that they will turn to Communism Communism is gaining popularity in Italy and France because it makes everyone equal
Under the Marshall Plan, all allies of the U.S. are offered money to rebuild their country ifthey agree to get rid of Communism in their country
Fits into Containment Policy
Creates powerful and stable anti-communist U.S. allies Money helps to set up capitalist economies
Countries were capitalistic before, so money is used to start off everythingagain
People go back to work, governments starting
Iron Curtain End of the soviets sphere of influence
Wall between eastern and western Europe Barrier between U.S. ideals and U.S.S.R.s
NATO (1949) Military alliance created between most of Western Europe the U.S. and Canada
An attack against any member is treated as an attack against the whole group Establishes a very clear western camp
Made sure that the Soviets couldnt extend their control/power into western Europe becausethen they would have to fight the U.S.
Showed the U.S. policy of containment (as compared to isolationism)
Warsaw Pact (1955) Military alliance between Soviet Union and its satellite nations of eastern Europe
Created in response to West Germany joining NATO Chinese Revolution (1949)
1910 people overtake the Manua Qing dynasty Try to set up a republic, but the group of people is too small to control it
Have to give away land to Japan to get their help WWI ends and people realize their government gave away their land and they are
angry 2 separate groups are formed and at first work in harmony
KMT (nationalists) CCP (Communists)
1920s KMT and CCP start fighting warlords and each other In 1931Japan invades China and they have to put away own problems to fight the Japanese End of WWII the U.S. is allies with China and we tried to support negotiated peace between
the two groups, but it doesnt work In 1946 all out war between the two parties breaks out
CCP headed by Chairman Mao KMT headed by Chiang Kai-Shek
Supported by the U.S. In 1947 U.S. pulls support for KMT because we are busy occupying Japan and starting the
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Marshall Plan and KMT is losing 1949 Chain Kai-Shek flees to Taiwan and establishes the Republic of China there Mao declares the formation of the Peoples Republic of China
Viewed as better run ad more legitimate in China because the nationalists are viewedas corrupted
Most of the western world recognizes the PRC as the legitimate power
U.S. doesnt and doesnt let the PRC take the security council seat in the UN leads to Chinese involvement in Korea
U.S. hopes that Mao is a strong enough character that there would be frictionbetween him and the Soviets
Sino-Soviet Treaty Signed in 1950 Military alliance between China and the Soviet Union U.S.s worst fear
Korean War
After WWII the U.S. and Soviet Union split Korea at the 38th parallel Tension about how to establish a united government Note: Korea had never been divided but now is divided by two outside powers
1947 U.S. asks the UN to negotiate Korean elections
UN does but the Soviets dont let them into North Korea so elections are only held inSouth Korea and the Republic of Korea is set up
Soviets set up the Democratic Republic of Korea in response Both sides say that their government is the rightful ruler of all of Korea
1948 U.S. pulls out most troops from South Korea and the Soviet Union pulls out most of itstroops but leaves North Korea heavily armed
1950 North Korea invades South Korea and all but takes it over Soviet troops arent with them but armed them
U.S. brings in troops and asks UN for help Soviets arent at UN because they are boycotting because PRC wasnt recognized
Security Council votes to send troops to Korea
Reason why never technically a war since its a UN thing UN able to push North Korea back all the way to the Yalu River (Koreas boarder with China
China starts to send troops in to fight the U.S. MacArthur wants to invade China and use the atomic bomb to show that the U.S. would beat
Communism not only in Europe but also in Asia End of Communism once and for all
Truman want to avoid WWIII If we attack China then the Soviets will attack us because of the Sino Soviet Treat Soviets also have atomic bomb
Truman fires MacArthur
WWII hero public doesnt like him being fired
Stalemate develops in Korea Troops keep butting heads at 38th parallel 1 years of negotiation leads to a ceasefire DMZ is created (no mans land)
Buffer zone between the two militaries Communism in the U.S.
1930s Communism organizes in the U.S. Very much a minority
Soviets werent a big threat 1938 HUAC (House Committee of Un-American Activites)
Investigates people (mainly in the government) who had ties to Communist
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organizations that could suggest they were loyal to anti-American interests 1947 Hollywood 10
Rumors that Hollywood was Communist
Directors and producers and actors trying to use movies to make America sympatheticto Communism
Anyone involved in a movie that saluted the common worker were underquestion
10 refuse to testify in front of Congress Held in contempt
Lots of Hollywood people are blacklisted and cant find work 1948 Alger Hiss
Big shot in State Department (chief negotiator at Yalta) Whittaker Chambers (former Communist who came to U.S. and saw the light)
accuses Hiss of passing information to him when he was Communist Hiss denies it To prove it Chambers pulls out rolls of negatives from a hollowed-out pumpkin his
garden at his house in Connecticut and says Hiss gave them to him Hiss is pulled from the State Department and is tried fro espionage and sent to prison Sparked local hunts for communists within local governments, union leaders
(especially), university teachers, clergy-men, Union leaders targeted especially because they were calling for equal rights fo
workers (like Communism) Loyalty Oaths
People with jobs in public positions have to sign loyalty oaths saying that they arentpart of any organization that is communist
Federally directed or voluntary by organization
1949 Soviets explode atomic bomb Suspicion arises that people leaked information
Ethel Rosenbergs brother worked at Los Alamos and was interrogated Gave Julius Rosenbergs name as being the ring-leader of Soviet sympathetic
people in U.S. 1951 Ethel and Julius are accused of high treason for passing on secrets that could result in th
destruction of the U.S. 1953 the Rosenbergs are given the death penalty by the electric chair
McCarthy Face of the hunt for Communist spies in the government
Senator from Wisconsin Hadnt really made a name for himself
Making a speech in Wisconsin about anti-communism and the government not being toughenough on Communism (hates Truman)
Says I have here in my hand the name of 205 Communists in the State Department
Says that politicians are soft on Communism internationally Let China and eastern Europe become Communist
Thinks government in communist Ruins the life of dozens of people in the state department
Uses fear and bullying tactics If you were suggested or mentioned as being part of a communist movement you would have
trouble finding work or being accepted McCarthy wasnt well liked within the anti-communist group
People thought he would discredit them all
1954 McCarthy goes after the department of the army Pressuring the army for special treatment of his friend
Joe Walsh (Council of the Army) challenge McCarthy
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McCarthy had no proof and was discredited 1954 Senate censured McCarthy McCarthy had been able to ruin peoples lives just by mentioning them even though he didn
have proof No one could see his list
Numbers on the list always changing Why did everyone follow him?
Feeds into Americas paranoia of Communism in the government
Fear of being connected to communism by speaking out People who were in the government were actually convicted
Actually were internal threats How did Communism take hold in Eastern Europe? How does it spread to Asia?
Soviet puppet governments in Europe China becomes communist North Korea occupied by Soviet Union
CONTAINMENT is an important concept. Understand how the containment policy relates to theU.S.s support in Europe (Marshall Plan) and Asia (Korean War), NATO, and Truman Doctrine.
Marshall Plan: Countries have to say they wont be communist Strong non-communist ally countries
Korean War: Dont let Korea be taken over by the Soviets and become Communist (cant let
Communism spread) NATO:
Makes sure Communism wont spread because if the Soviets try to spread it to easternEurope, the U.S. will attack them
Truman Doctrine: Any country trying to fight Communism from within or without will receive the U.S.
support so Communism wont take over their country How did McCarthy inflame the second red scare?
By feeding off the American paranoia to accuse more and more people of being Communistand not allowing anyone to speak up because of his fear and bullying tactics
Civil Rights:
14th amendment
July 9, 1868 Puts states in their place
Bill of Rights supercedes the right of the state to abridge those rights Required sense of equality among citizens
States arent supposed to treat different citizens differently Jim Crow laws and literacy tests
Laws requiring segregation Black barber cant cut a white womans hair Blacks and white segregated in blind wards Blacks and white segregated in burial grounds Segregated in buses, education, libraries, mental hospitals, prisons, reform schools,
wash rooms, etc. Plessy v Ferguson
Plessy was legally black and sat in the white section of the train Was arrested Idea of separate but equal comes out of the case Both black and white have the same rights, so it equal
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As long as the law established political equality, then its okay Hove to accept the social structure and not mess with it politically
Confirms social moors of the time Segregation de facto
Brown v Board of Education Calls into question separate but equal Isnt equal
Psychological studies on black students show black feel inferior
Asked elementary students if they wanted to play with white or black dolls andasked which ones were prettier, smarter, and had a better life blacks alwayssaid white
Shows the culture around segregation perpetuates a feeling of inferiorit
19th century interpretation of 14th amendment should no longer stand because it wasdifferent then
Education used to be all private Education is now public Interpretation is outdated because no issues about segregated schools before
14th amendment says that race cant be the reason you divide people Equal
14th amendment says people should be treated equally not the same
Saying blacks and whites need different things Says separate is no longer equal (for education)
Plessy v Ferguson is found unconstitutional Little Rock, AK School Integration and Little Rock 9
Schools in Arkansas supposed to integrate Chose top 9 black students to go to Little Rock High School
Only small minority upset up integration Governor of Arkansas realize he might lose his reelection if he doesnt get white supremacist
votes Calls in the national guard to bar the black students from entering
Other students knew their might be a crowd Came in a group to side entrance Then left in a car Elizabeth Eckford didnt have a phone
Had to confront the whole thing on her own Faubus (governor) is preventing enforcement of federal law by prevent the black students fro
entering Eisenhower meets with him t persuade him to let the students in Faubus removes National Guard
Students have no protection Knows mob is getting crazier so it will create huge chaos when the students come to
the school so itll show integration is bad Eisenhower sends in paratroopers (U.S. army trumps national guard)
Says that Supreme Courts decision saying that little Rock has to integrate its schools final
Mob rule cannot be allowed to override the decision of the courts
Were not going to allow the feeling of a few to override federal law Faubus says We are now an occupied territory
Brings back tension from the Civil War when the North occupied the South Has become a very racist politician was moderate before
Little Rock becomes a national spectacle Makes people think about their opinions on segregation
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Kids in the school have different beliefs from parents Generational gap
Federal vs state conflict (education normally controlled by state) Non-violence
Goals Society in 15 years that is equal and un-segregated Create an integrated community
To welcome and want citizens in their community
Inclusion Interracial democracy
Unity Tools
Actions that are non-confrontational but force confrontation Love
NEVER verbally, physiologically, or physically attack them Force them to attack their own ideas
Love your oppressor Overpower people with love
Organized rebellion Lead by example Never give reason for oppressors to retaliate
Example Sit-ins Marches
Montgomery Bus Boycott Dec. 1955 Dec. 1956
Very established and active civil rights groups in Montgomery Rosa Parks is a very respected member of the community (part of NAACP)
People were enraged for her when she was arrested for not giving up her seat Organize a 1 day boycott
30 thousand people participate Works so well they wan to continue it
Need a leader Young, new reverend is asked to do it
Has no enemies Where MLK gets his name (b/c national event)
Montgomery Improvement Association ran the boycott Headed by MLK
Victory for nonviolence Supreme Court ultimately responsible for ending boycott by ruling bus segregation is
unconstitutional but is a victory b/c Forces the issue Psychological victory
Makes people think nonviolence will work United community standing up against segregation
Flies in the face of the idea that only a couple of extremist groups areunhappy
Air of legitimacy Size of the group Determination Well-spoken, highly-educated leader who talks about using the weapon
of love and nonviolence Contrasts whites threatening violence and hatred to destroy
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people MLK
Respect
Love Dignity
Justice KKK/White Citizen Councils
Violence
Destroy Hatred Bombing
Sit-ins Young people taking a stand by sitting in and standing their ground Start in Greensborough, SC when 4 black guys set in at a lunch counter at local Woolworths Nashville is the first city to latch onto the sit-ins movement on a city-wide basis
Separate sit-ins go on in different states Freedom Rides
The federal government says that interstate buses have to be desegregated South isnt following that law
Freedom riders (white and black) sat next to each other on buses from the north going into thesouth in protest
Mobs waited for them in the south and attacked them and put them in jail
Example of nonviolence People were obeying federal law and didnt retaliate when attacked
Forced confrontation Raises questions about whether bus stops should be segregated
Federal law says they should be integrated State cops at bus stations enforcing segregation laws
HUGE CONFLICT White mobs start to meet buses
Set some on fire Slashed tires Bombed some People are beat up by cops or forced off the bus and attacked by mobs
Kennedy calls King and tells him to get the freedom riders to stop King says he doesnt know whos organizing it
Doesnt know when next bus is leaving Organized within groups but dont have overall leader connecting the small
groups Kennedy makes a deal with the governor of Mississippi
Still arrest freedom riders
Has to give riders protection from the mob JFK ends up getting black vote
1st American president to take a stand on civil rights March on Washington 1963
MLK speech Talks about his vision of America
Injustice Segregation Police brutality
Ghettos limited economic ability Prejudice
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But there is still opportunity (for change) There are good ideals in America, despite these bad things and we can work to achiev
them for everyone in America Vision for America
United
Not hate Integration
Not just together but accepting and welcoming
Society where race isnt even a factor Economically, where you live, socially, etc.
Live up to American ideals How to get there
No hate Love Hope
Nonviolence Civil Rights Act
Bill started in June of 1963 Calls for outlawing of discrimination or segregation in any public place by race,
gender, religion, or ethnicity Wont have to go case by case to Supreme Court
November JFK is assassinated
LBJ rides the wave of JFK sympathy, ideals, and legacy to pass lots of liberal bills thawent along with JFKs ideas
Civil Rights Act is passed in 1964 Freedom Summer
White college students went to Mississippi to teach at black voter registration school
Selma March Voting Rights Act
Passed in 1965 Allowed people who werent allowed to vote to prove they were being discriminated against
The voting areas would then be court-monitored to make sure they werent discriminating Malcolm X
Parent both civil rights activists both killed Got into drugs, alcohol and petty theft When in prison at the age of 17
Found Nation of Islam Says Christianity was forced upon slaves in the U.S.
Oppressive white religion He gets rid of it and his last name (Little)
Becomes very powerful and charismatic speaker
Gets a name as a spokesperson and motivational speaker Says you should become one with yourself and empower yourself through Nation of
Islam Becomes very well read Names becomes connected with Black Nationalism
Ballet or Bullet speech in 1964 Black Power
Idea that blacks have to look inside and fix their own problems first Unite as a people
Not try to integrate into other communities Be proud of their black heritage dont try to gain entrance to white society by denying their
black-ness
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Urban Riots Various (inner city) communities break down into riots Everyone who could moved out and away to suburbs Watts, LA 1964 (34 dead) Newark 1967 (26 dead) Detroit 1967
About 50 million dollars worth of property destroyed July 23 28 40 dead, 7,000 arrested
Crowds take over, mayhem, violence, destruction, high level of fear, confusion, out ocontrol, anger, chaos Why riot
Built up anger hate and frustration and resentment Frustration about liberties and oppression Detroit doing well as a city, but not all the communities are benefiting
Watching the rest of the city progress and modernize but not blacks
LBJ ends up sending in troops to calm things down Hippies
Ginsburg (Godfather of the flower power generation) Feels separated
Observer Restless
Not accepted (gay) Says that our culture is promoting conformity and thats not okay
Kerouac No say in America Not part of America Not accepted Feels separated
Politics Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
U.S. has a big problem
We need to fix our problems before spreading our ideas to othercountries
Politics shouldnt only be about politicians but about people Mr. Lyrie
Advocating use of drugs (LSD)
Professor of psychology Encourages hallucinatory drugs
Separation from the world Rebel from real life
See world in a different light Be-ins
Wisdom Defiant of the world
Jefferson Little connection to yesterday
Focuses on optimism and tomorrow Wants to live for the moment and be carefree
Hippies say its about being one and loving everyone Throw out constrains of family and organized religion Rejecting authority and systems
Biggest cultural legacy is the music produced during the times
How is change affected by: The courts? The federal government? The state and local government?
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The people? The courts:
Brown v Board and the standard that set for other similar court cases
Federal government: Freedom rides and Little Rock paratroopers
State and local government:
The people:
Sit-ins, marches, bus boycott Force the issues so the courts, federal or local government have to deal with it
How and why did the methods and the philosophies of the Civil Rights Movement change over time Integration to black power Frustrated at white ignorance and unwillingness Only blacks that assimilated white society were integrated successfully
What role does the media play in the Civil Rights movement?
Vietnam War: French Colonization and Japanese Occupations
Pre-WWII France colonized Vietnam During WWII Japan occupies Vietnam
Vietminh fight of the Japanese
French try to take control of Vietnam again after WWII Vietnam are tired of being ruled by outsiders
1st Indochina War
Geneva Accords split the country at 17th parallel
Ho Chi Minh Asked U.S. President Wilson for help for Vietnamese independence
Wilson says no Goes to Soviet Union for 10-15 years
Is trained in Communism Sneaks back into Vietnam during WWII
Leader of the Vietminh After WWII fights France for independence
Becomes leader of North Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem
Exiled Vietnamese leader living in France Catholic
Anti-Communist Most of Europe is Catholic so they will support him
Cant relate to his own people Cracks down on any religion that isnt catholic
Tortures Buddhist monks and puts them in jail Destroys temples
Cracks down on people who oppose him Doesnt allow reunification elections
Instructed by U.S. not to Overthrow by his colonels and generals
Killed U.S. knew about coup but didnt realize he would be killed
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Viet Cong Guerilla fighters in South Vietnam that work to get rid of Diem Surprise hit and run attacks Look like normal people (cant tell them from the civilians)
Dont have organized army uniforms Have underground bases
Hard for U.S. to find Established because people are upset with Diem
North upset because want to reunify South dont like Diems oppressive rule
Most people like Ho Chi Minh because he seems legitimate Has been fighting for Vietnamese independence since the beginning
Supported by North Vietnam Working to reunite the country
Domino Theory Put forward by Eisenhower
Applied to the spread of communism in Southeast Asia U.S. thought that if Vietnam became communist, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand, and Burma
and so on would all become Communist Reason why U.S. were involved in Vietnam
Try to stop Communism from spreading
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) North Vietnamese boat attacked the U.S.S. Maddox in international waters
Unprovoked Followed by another attack
Johnson retaliates Leads to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Allows Johnson to wage war with any means he deems necessary President is able to wage war without Congress ever declaring it Give a LOT of power to the president Allows Johnson to commit more troops and use the draft
1-2 years latter, the public finds out U.S.S. Maddox was in North Vietnamese waters
It was aiding a South Vietnamese raiding party There may not have been a second attack
The Resolution was drafted a couple months before the attack Search and Destroy Missions
U.S. raiding parties would go to a particular village and tear apart peoples homes looking forweapons
If a young man had a weapon he was considered part of the Viet Cong
They would then evacuate all the people from the town and drop NAPALM on it (jelly-likegasoline that would stick to people and burn)
Ho Chi Minh Trail North Vietnamese troops would sneak into South Vietnam to fight Sneak in through Laos and Cambodia couldnt barricade the whole boarder because it was
all forest Tet Offensive (1968)
A North Vietnamese and Viet Cong surprise attack on the Vietnamese holiday Tet(Vietnamese New Year?)
U.S. eventually recovered and won the battle but it was the turning point in support for the wa U.S. didnt realize the Viet Cong could wage such a serious and organized attack People no longer thought the U.S. could win the war
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Support for the war waned Credibility Gap
Lack of trust between the president and the U.S. people Started after the Gulf of Tonkin incident Added to by the Invasion of Cambodia Very new idea of distrust for the president
Mai Lai Massacre (1968) Company of soldiers under the direction of Lieutenant Cally went on a search and destroy
mission in Mai Lai Not much was found Cally then orders the troops to kill all the villagers Over 300 people were killed A higher officer in the army arrived with his troops and when he saw what was going on,
ordered the troops to stop killing the civilians and said his troops would shoot any U.S. soldiethat didnt follow his order
Information was eventually leaked to the papers People wonder if Cally was used as a scapegoat for the army if the orders to kill the civilians
came from above. Vietnamization
The gradual withdrawal of American troops in Vietnam so that the South Vietnamese wouldgain responsibility for the war
Under Nixon Invasion of Cambodia
In early 1970s, Nixon starts a secret Cambodia Campaign where he bombed and attacked (onthe ground) Communist bases in Cambodia (which was supposed to be neutral)
It was a neighboring country to Vietnam, potential victim of the Domino affect and the Ho CMinh trail went through Cambodia
Nixon tried to keep it secret, but it was eventually leaked This angered the U.S. because it was view as an extension of the war when Nixon had
promised to get out of Vietnam As a result of the U.S. invasion, the country was destabilized and the Kamar Rouge took
control
Napalm and Agent Orange Napalm was dropped on villages after search and destroy mission
It burned the villages to the ground and stuck to people skin
Agent Orange was dropped on millions of acres of jungle in Vietnam Killed trees and thick underbrush so it was easier for U.S. troops to march through the
terrain Its a carcinogen and caused cancer in those who administered it as well as those who
marched through area where it had just been dropped Lottery Draft
Used to pick soldiers to be sent to Vietnam On TV Pick out birthdays
Everyone with that birthday and a low draft number would go
Under Nixon Kent State Tragedy
Student reactions to the Invasion of Cambodia The campus erupts
Administration is tired of the student activists and called in the National Guard Told the students to step down
Students refused
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In the chaos, 4 students were killed (at least 2 werent involved in the protests) More protests start and the campus is shut down Hadnt been riots before the shooting
Level of violence didnt require the National Guard to be armed with live bullets The anti-war movement was so large and student focused that the killings put forth an image
of actively silencing or punishing people standing up against the war Similar incident occurred at Jackson State (black school) received very little coverage
Doves and Hawks
Doves thought the war was wrong and couldnt be won and wanted to withdraw our troops Hawks thought that the U.S. should wage a full out war attack on Vietnam to decisively win
War Powers Act (1973) Opposite of the Gulf of Tonkin Showed the complete change in the countrys attitude towards Vietnam President needs congressional approval for sustained aggression/war
Can land troops for 60 days without approval of Congress
Needs to tell Congress action was taken within 48 hours What were the historical events and political reasons the U.S. got involved in the Vietnam conflict?
Domino Theory and fear of the spread of Communism Containment Policy stop another country becoming communist
How did the Credibility Gap affect the war? It led to less support and patience for the war because America didnt trust our president to do
the right thing in Vietnam How did the Vietnam War shape domestic politics and the culture of the 1960s?
Led to hippies
Led to War Powers Act
Nixon through Regan: Watergate Break in
June 17, 1972 5 men are arrested while trying to bug the offices of the Democratic NationalCommittee at the Watergate Hotel
Caught because of the tape on the door During the investigation of the crime, the burglars were linked to the White House
Saturday Night Massacre Nixon wants to fire Archibald Cox (special prosecutor) because he wants the tapes The Attorney General (Elliot Richardson) and the man working underneath him (Ruchelshau
both refuse to fire Cox and resign The third man in line fires Cox
Pentagon Papers Papers published in the New York Times that traced the steps and executive decisions and
actions that led to U.S. furthered involvement in Vietnam Included concealed actions of government officials
Information leaked by Ellesburg Infuriated Nixon because he wanted to move on but they brought Vietnam back into the mind
of the citizens Led Nixon to wiretap and spy on anyone who could leak any information
Executive Privilege
Protected confidentiality between the president and his aids that allow them to speak freelywith one another
Nixons reason for not handing over the tapes
US v Nixon Nixons tapes were subpoenaed but when he refused to give them up and kept appealing the
decision it when from the district court to the appeals court to the supreme court Nixon claimed Executive Privilege
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The Supreme Court said he had to hand over the tapes because no national security secretswere at risk and they were key evidence in an ongoing investigation and even the presidentneeds to abide by the law
Dtente Nixons foreign policy of reliving tension between the U.S. and communist nations like the
Soviet Union and China Opened up communication between the U.S. and communist nations Nixon visited China and acknowledged the PRC
Signed a treaty saying that they both didnt want the Soviets in Asia Visits Moscow and signs SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)
Arms race is VERY expensive and damaging to the economy
Caps weapons Dont to get rid of any, but it limits the type, number and kind
Oil Crisis After the U.S. support Israel in the Yom Kippur War, the Middle Eastern countries are mad
and OPEC puts an embargo on oil to the U.S. Price of gas and heating skyrockets Plastics industry and factories suffer (more expensive)
Some factories shut down unemployment Average worker cant afford to go to work
Economy suffers Auto industry in Detroit hit hard
Widespread investor panic Anyone with stock in gas, car, or plastic companies pull out
No contingency plans or means to address shortage of oil OPEC
Organization of countries that produce/export oil Created because countries in the Middle East wanted to profit from the oil that was in their
country instead of having foreign oil companies reaping the rewards. After the U.S. helped Israel after the Yom Kippur War, OPEC started an embargo on oil
OPEC tried to make the U.S. and other allies of Israel stop supporting Israel by notexporting any oil to them
U.S. economy suffered Oil in their country gave them a lot of power
Yom Kippur War (1973) Syria and Egypt surprise attack Israel on Yom Kippur
Israel able to get back on its feet because it has a very well trained arm and had U.S.support
Leads to the embargo on oil and oil crisis and nationalization of oil
Country takes control of something in its boarders Arab Nationalism
Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Egypt Promoting Arab cultural and religious heritage
Unify foreign policy and economics Common enemy in Israel
Coordinate surprise attacks Iranian Hostage Crisis
CIA decides to make sure that no communists get oil Put Shah, Mussadiq, in charge of Iran
Anti-communist, pro-west, works to modernize the country and cracks down oreligious nature of people
In 1970s protests break out People want to show religion openly
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People want democracy People want change in leadership Shah flees to France in 1978
Revolution in Iran Ayatollah Khomeini comes to power
Islamic Fundamentalism and Ayatollah Khomeini take control o Iran Quaran/Koran is fact/law Refers to U.S. as Great Satan
Very anti-west Allows people to practice religion openly
Says Iran will be independent Won over student radicals and militants
When the Shah is accepted into the U.S. the U.S. embassy in Iran is stormed and all thpeople inside are held as captives and Iran demands the Shah be returned to Iran ($ anto kill him)
U.S. doesnt negotiate with terrorist Hostages released at the very beginning of Regans presidency (held for over a
year) How did Nixon abuse the powers of President and how did he justify the abuse?
Wire taping and spying on everyone . . . Executive privilege What were the underlying conditions in the US which set the stage for the oil crisis?
No contingency plans or means to address the oil shortage Over-consumption of oil Little effort to limit energy use
What were the lasting effects of the Iranian Hostage Crisis
Entering a New Era: Reaganomics
Reagans way of fixing the economy Conservative:
Money to people Lower taxes Philosophy is the government should only do what is outlined in the Constitution and
nothing else Cut down on government programs (expensive) Federal government only provide security and regulate between states More power to local and state governments
Funding by local/state governments
Trick Down Economics Tax cuts money to people people invest business grows more jobs
Everyone got richer (those with bigger tax cuts, rich, did faster) Successfully lowered taxes, mostly on wealthy
Government spending wasnt lowered much because of military spending Unemployment and inflation went down
National debt skyrocketed huge deficit 1981: $907.7 billion 1985: $2350.3 billion
De-regulation Cutting restrictions of businesses that kept them from growing
Cutting environmental restrictions Can dump chemicals in stream (used to be illegal)
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Iran-Iraq War Iran in turmoil after Shah flees Iraq invades (1980-1990)
Saddam Hussein and Ayatollah Khomeini hate each other Iraq sees massive Shiite revolution
Iraqi people predominately Shiite affects Iraq population Iraq thinks maybe they arent protecting the oil fields
Fight for 10 years no ground gained
Helped unite Iran in fundamentalism U.S. buying oil from Iraq
Sent US troops to Persian Gulf to protect Iraqi oil to prevent oil prices from going p Iran-Contra Scandal
U.S. sold arms to Iran and funneled the money to the Contras, who were fighting thecommunist and anti-US Sandinistas in Nicaragua
Invasion of Afghanistan (1978)
Marxist-Leninist group in power More loyalty to local leaders than to national leaders of Communism
Isnt that much political unity Communists arent recognized as soul authority
Religious Islamic guerilla militants fight against Communists Because didnt let them practice religion openly
Soviets invade Afghanistan to help out communist government Launch massive air strikes against Mujahideen outposts
U.S. sees the Soviet Union extending their power to another country Arm Mujahideen with anti-air missiles
Afghanistan is torn apart by civil and national conflict Taliban comes to power in early 90s (war ends in 89)
Star Wars/Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Reagan doesnt stand by Anti-Bolist Missile Treaty made under Nixon Instead designs a theoretical system that will protect the country with satellites and lasers from
incoming missiles Never really put into place Tension between US and Soviet Union goes up
Gorbachev Soviet Union has fallen behind the west because the Soviets have an industrial economy whil
the west has a service economy with ideas and knowledge Soviets have rise in military expenses
Arms race increasing Helping Afghanistan
Mikhail S. Gorbachev is part of the younger generation of Communism Wants to get communism on its feet
Perestroika: restructuring People are given a set amount of time to make sure their particular industry is
self-sufficient (like capitalism) In order to move economy forward, need a sense of openness so people can present
new ideas Glasnost: openness
Freedom of press Many independent newspapers spring up
Reagan starts taking him seriously Lowering censorship Allowing people to have a voice Protecting individual voice
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Liberal In 1987 Reagan sees Gorbachev changing his country
Reducing arms Wont make anymore short/intermediate range missiles
Demonstration that Soviets are looking to be part of the larger world and bemore connected
Gets rid of puppet governments and ideas that they can control other countries Pulls out troops voluntarily
500 thousand from Warsaw Pact countries Iron Curtain breaking down
Hungary opens up its boarders between Austria and Hungary and Soviet Union doesndo anything
Pope John Paul II (from Poland) able to start to speak out against Communism inPoland
Gives Poles renewed desire to express religion
Labor unions start to form in new found ability to put pressure on governmentto change
Catholic Church allowed to reopen facilites
Fall of the Berlin Wall and Soviet Union Berlin Wall
Symbol of division in the world Symbol of iron curtain
In 1989 mass demonstrations against the East German government Nov. 4, 1989 1 million gathered on Alexander Platz in East Berlin
Nov. 9, 1989 refugees allowed to cross freely between East and West Germany and Berlin Wall comes down in early 1990 Germany has a whole generation of adults that have completely different educations
Hard to unite Germany reunifies
Poland has free elections Soviet Union has huge elections
More than Congress is replaced with non-communist people
Baltic states break free from Soviet Union December 31, 1991 Soviet Union no longer in existence
Tiananmen Square Massacre June 4, 1989
New Chinese leader: Deng Xiaoping Xiaoping starts to introduce some elements of competitions
Industries have 2 years to make business profitable Move towards capitalism
Students in China Knowledge becomes very valuable See rebellion everywhere else where theres communism
Se liberating economy Want to liberate politics too
Tiananmen Square In capital Next to Forbidden City
Mao buried there Important communist spot
Students showing: Dont like communism
Dont care
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Threw paint on one of Maos pictures Ultimate defacement
Evaluate Reagans economic policies. Helped rich out more than poor. Led to large national deficit Sort of worked
Trace the USs attitude about the Cold War during the 1970s and 80s
Why did the Cold War end? What events lead up to the dissolution of the Communist bloc and howdid they contribute to the end of the Cold War? Soviets had a bad economy, a lot of military spending, no service economy, couldnt keep up
with west How has the world fundamentally changed because of the end of the Cold War?
No longer any Soviet Union