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Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïz-yïP.ü 7 9-10-3 Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-fÞz-zÇem-±ï-¼ÛP-mÛü uÛ-¾ô- 1926 ¾ô¼- ¿Ë-źÛ-‚P-xôGÅ-mG-Vß¼-ºFâPÅü ¾ô-GZÛÅ-fôG-ºh¤- GŸÝP-hÝ-ÇtôÅü VßP-mÅ-Åï¼-‚ïÅ-IÔ-±P-hÝ-ŸÝGÅ-bï-VôÅ- ¤²h-hP-ü ¼Û¤-qÅ-IÔ-±P-GÛ-xG-¤²ôhü ºƒÛ-GÝP-hP-¤¾- Iô-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-IÔ-±P-GÛ-ºƒâ-GZï¼-zTÅ-GmP.ü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-IÔ-±P-hÝ-Ço-Vïm-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-hP.ü ºwm-qô-DÞ¾-ºWz- h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-q-ÅôGÅ-M-Lô¾-¤²h-q-¼Û¤-qÅ-zÇe¼ü ¾ô- hïºÛ-zôh-¹- 10 qºÛ-¹-¤WâG-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-ºwm-qô-¿Ëàm-Iâz- μôP-hÝ-¹-z-GTÛG-®¤-z;G-Z¼-‚Åü uÛ-¾ô- 1965 ¾ôºÛ-hGÝm-D¼-z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-wïzÅ-ˆP-¾¤-z¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-hÝ-º±ßhü hï-mÅ-z¸ÞP-ÇS-xÛºÛ-hôm-Aïm-±P-¤¼-¯h-ŸÛz-ˆÛÅ-GŸÛÅ-¯ï-z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP- hP-ü LÝ-±-z®ôm-DP-ü »Ûh-FÛ-bàh-z®ôm-DP-zTÅ-ÅÞ-¾ô-zhÝm-z®ôm-zTßG-hP.ü P¾-¯ô¾-zNå¼-z;ôh-¼-z¼-¾ô-zhÝm-Vz-ÆÛh-ZïÅ-ŸÐ-G»ôGÅü uÛ-¾ô- 1979 ¾ô¼-ZïÅ-ŸÐ-wÞh-ˆP-P¾-¯ô¾-Nå¼-z;ôh-¼-z¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1987 ¹- 12 z¼-zŸÝGÅ-hGôÅ-‚ãP-ü Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ô-¹-z-±ï-¼ÛP-hP-¿Ëm-xÛ-M¾- z¼-zôh-ˆÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-GÅÞPÅ-q¼-D-ƒ¾-qºÛ-ZïÅ-¤ÛP-ºôG-uÛ-¾ô- 1987 ¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-¾ô-iâG-hP-ÆÛh-hzP-¾ô-zMh-ºyôG uÛ-¾ô- 1997 ¹- 11 mP-BzÅ-zTô¾-hÝ-wïzÅ-q-hP-hïP-Ç+zÅ-l- ż-n¤-h;¼-hGï-zºÛ-‚-z¼-z¯ôm-zŸÛm-vô-zŸÝGÅ-GmP-»ôhü

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9-10-3 Vz-ÆÛ h -z®ô m -qºÛ - ¾ô - Mã Å -hï z -yï P .ü 7 ¤Û - ±ï - ¼Û P -qô º Û - BÛ h -Çk Ý G -JÀ ï P -zü zô h -ˆÛ - hGÝ - zTß - GÅÞ ¤ -¾Å-ºGÝ ¾ -±ô G Å-qü

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 7 thupten-tsering

Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïz-yïP.ü 7

9-10-3

Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-fÞz-zÇem-±ï-¼ÛP-mÛü uÛ-¾ô- 1926 ¾ô¼-

¿Ë-źÛ-‚P-xôGÅ-mG-Vß¼-ºFâPÅü ¾ô-GZÛÅ-fôG-ºh¤-

GŸÝP-hÝ-Çt ôÅü VßP-mÅ-Åï¼-‚ïÅ-IÔ-±P-hÝ-ŸÝGÅ-bï-VôÅ-

¤²h-hP-ü ¼Û¤-qÅ-IÔ-±P-GÛ-xG-¤²ôhü ºƒÛ-GÝP-hP-¤¾-

Iô-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-IÔ-±P-GÛ-ºƒâ-GZï¼-zTÅ-GmP.ü uÛ-¾ô- 1959

¾ô¼-IÔ-±P-hÝ-Ço-Vïm-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-hP.ü ºwm-qô-DÞ¾-ºWz-

h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-q-ÅôGÅ-M-Lô¾-¤²h-q-¼Û¤-qÅ-zÇe¼ü ¾ô-

hïºÛ-zôh-¹- 10 qºÛ-¹-¤WâG-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-ºwm-qô-¿Ë àm-Iâz-

μôP-hÝ-¹-z-GTÛG-®¤-z;G-Z¼-‚Åü

uÛ-¾ô- 1965 ¾ôºÛ-hGÝm-D¼-z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-wïzÅ-ˆP-¾¤-z¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-hÝ-º±ßhü

hï-mÅ-z¸ÞP-ÇS-xÛºÛ-hôm-Aïm-±P-¤¼-¯h-ŸÛz-ˆÛÅ-GŸÛÅ-¯ï-z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-

hP-ü LÝ-±-z®ôm-DP-ü »Ûh-FÛ-bàh-z®ôm-DP-zTÅ-ÅÞ-¾ô-zhÝm-z®ôm-zTßG-hP.ü

P¾-¯ô¾-zNå¼-z;ôh-¼-z¼-¾ô-zhÝm-Vz-ÆÛh-ZïÅ-ŸÐ-G»ôGÅü

uÛ-¾ô- 1979 ¾ô¼-ZïÅ-ŸÐ-wÞh-ˆP-P¾-¯ô¾-Nå¼-z;ôh-¼-z¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1987

¹- 12 z¼-zŸÝGÅ-hGôÅ-‚ãP-ü Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ô-¹-z-±ï-¼ÛP-hP-¿Ëm-xÛ-M¾-

z¼-zôh-ˆÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-GÅÞPÅ-q¼-D-ƒ¾-qºÛ-ZïÅ-¤ÛP-ºôG-uÛ-¾ô- 1987 ¹- 12

±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-¾ô-iâG-hP-ÆÛh-hzP-¾ô-zMh-ºyôG

uÛ-¾ô- 1997 ¹- 11 mP-BzÅ-zTô¾-hÝ-wïzÅ-q-hP-hïP-Ç+zÅ-l-

ż-n¤-h;¼-hGï-zºÛ-‚-z¼-z¯ôm-zŸÛm-vô-zŸÝGÅ-GmP-»ôhü

Page 2: 7 thupten-tsering

Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-¸Þ¼-Åï¼-‚ïÅ-xG-¤²ôh-

fÞz-zÇem-±ï-¼ÛP-GÛ-¾ô-MãÅü

zôh-ˆÛ-hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-ºGݾ-±ôGÅ-qü

¤Û-±ï-¼ÛP-qôºÛ-BÛh-ÇkÝG-JÀïP-zü

Page 3: 7 thupten-tsering

¤Û-±ï-¼ÛP-qôºÛ-BÛh-ÇkÝG-JÀïP-zü

fÞz-zÇem-±ï-¼ÛP.ü

¯ô¤-OÛG-qü

„Àô-z¸P-z=-ÁÛÅü

zôh-ˆÛ-hGÝ-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-ºGݾ-±ôGÅ-qü

Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïz-yïP-ü 7

Gu-Chu-Sum Book

Published by the Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet(Ex-political Prisoners’ Association)Jogibara Road, P.O Mcleod GanjDharamsala-176219 H.P.Indiawww.guchusum.org

Biography of an activist. Vol 7

Discussing the vicissitudes of my long lifeBiography of Thupten TseringEdited by Lobsang TashiCopyright © Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet.Cover and Design: Sonam Tsewang

First edition 500 copies, 2004

All rights reserved. No part of this bookmay be reproduced by any means without

prior written permission from the publisher.

Printed at Indraprastha Press (CBT), New Delhi

Page 4: 7 thupten-tsering
Page 5: 7 thupten-tsering

Åï¼-‚ïÅ-xG-¤²ôh-fÞz-zÇem-±ï-¼ÛP-ü

Page 6: 7 thupten-tsering

h;¼-VG

¼P-GŸÝP-zhï-ÆâP-¿Ëm-DP-mÅ-°¾-zºÛ-Vïh-zXôhü

q¼-Cæm-Gž-zÁhü hP-qôü

¯ô¤-OÛG-qºÛ-JÀ ïP-zXôhü zŸÛ-zü

hP-qôü Bï-»Þ¾-¯Ó-fP-hP-¼z-bà-‚ãP-zü ............................. 1

GZÛÅ-qü xG-¤²ôh-ˆÛ-¾Å-GmÅ-hP-ü P-hGݺÛ-hÝÅ-

ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅü ................. 28

GÅÞ¤-qü ºwm-qôºÛ-mP-z®m-‚ô¾-zBôh-hï-

ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü .................................................. 41

zŸÛ-qü M-¤Û¼-¤Gô-zbGÅ-q-hP-ü z;¼-DP-

z®ôm-DP-mP-GÛ-¤±m-¤ôºÛ-¸ÞG-Qâü ........................... 61

¿S-qü LÝ-±-z®ôm-DP-mP.ü ......................................................... 76

iâG-qü »Û-cÛ-bàh-z®ôm-DP-mP-ü ............................................... 90

zhÝm-qü ÇkÝG-GÅôh-zbP-zºÛ-ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG .............. 99

Page 7: 7 thupten-tsering

q¼-Cæm-Gž-zÁhü hP-qôü

zMh-qü P¾-¯ô¾-Nå¼-z;ôhü ...................................................... 121

hGÝ-qü GZïm-ºyh-hÝ-zBôh-qü ............................................... 132

zTß-qü ¤Û-¼zÅ-Gż-qºÛ-ºfz-¯ôh-hP-ü z®ôm-DP-mP-fïPÅ-GZÛÅ-qü ................................... 142

zTß-GTÛG IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-mP-ü .............................................. 165

zTß-GZÛÅü z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-»ôP-Ç+zÅ-mï-q-¾Û-GŸÝP-

GÛÅ-M-GŸÝP-¾-¯ÛÅ-vh-qü .................................... 179

zTß-GÅÞ¤ü ÈÛ-¤-¾-»-zL¾-zºÛ-Lm-GTôPü ........................... 191

¤WâG-zÇkÝ-zºÛ-Gb¤ü ................................................ 201

q¼-Cæm-Gž-zÁhü

&uÛ-mô¼-GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-mÅ-GÅÞ¤-zTߺÛ-

hÝÅ-im-fïPÅ- 28 qºÛ-fôG-z°¾-zºÛ-z;º-ÇÀ ôz-mP-ü hï-ÇS-Åô-

Åô-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-fôG-¾-GmÅ-±ß¾-¤P-qô-ŸÛG-‚ãP-z-hP-ü hï-zŸÛm-GŸm-

¸ï¼-XïÅ-ºƒPÅ-¤-»Ûm-qºÛ-DÞPÅ-¿km-HÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¼P-GÛÅ-¤fôP-

fôÅ-‚ãP-z-hG-±P-¤Å-hô-ÇoP-Vïm-qôÅ-»ÛG-fôG-bà-ºGôh-hGôÅü hï-

ºi-¤-‚Å-mü GmÅ-±ß¾-ÇkÝG-zÇS¾-WÛ-lj ïh-¼P-fôG-¥PÅ-qºÛ-¤Û-

¤P-qô-ŸÛG-¼Û¤-zŸÛm-μôGÅ-ºIô-»Û-»ôhü ¤-ºôPÅ-qºÛ-hÝÅ-Ç+zÅ-

ÁÛG-¾-hïºÛ-±ï-hïºÛ-hÝÅ-ÇkÝG-qô-Ÿï-qô-ŸÛG-‚ãP-z-¼ïh-TïÅ-Çtô¤-±ÛG-®¤-

¤-GbôGÅ-GTÛG-mÅ-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-zMãh-qºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-ŸÛz-±GÅ-ÅÞ-

¾ºP-zÁh-Mã-¤ïh-q-VGÅ-MãºÛ-Zïm-D-ºhÝG hï¼-zdïm-hPôÅ-‚ãP-

¾ô-MãÅ-MÅ-zÇkÝÅ-GP-»Ûm-»P-»ÛG-fôG-¾-z;ôh-hï-»ÛG-V-¤P-®¤-

ºhôm-fzÅ-‚ïh-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-qºÛ-hGôPÅ-hôm-hP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-

z®m-‚ô¾-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-±ôGÅ-Çkï-hP-¤Û-ÇKï¼-GP-¼ÞP-mÅ-hïz-¼ÛGÅ-

Ço-±ôGÅ-q¼-Cæm-‚Å-hP-‚ïh-zŸÛm-»ôh-m-»P-¾Å-GŸÛ-ºhÛºÛ-fôG-

Page 8: 7 thupten-tsering

GZÛÅ-qü q¼-Cæm-Gž-zÁhü q¼-Cæm-Gž-zÁhü GÅÞ¤-qü

h¤ÛGÅ-z;¼-xG-¾Å-GmP-¤Dm-¤ïh-D¼ü ¼P-»Þ¾-zôh-mP-hÝ-

GŸÛ-¯ºÛ-¬-zXôh-¼P-hzP-®¤-»P-¤ïh-m-¤Û-±ïºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-PG-Mãm-

®¤-¾Å-»ÛG-fôG-ºGôh-Mã-ÁÛm-bà-h;º-zÅ-BÛh-ÇkÝG-¤Û-ºi-z-zMãh-

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Page 9: 7 thupten-tsering

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Page 10: 7 thupten-tsering

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6 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï -»Þ¾-¯Ó -fP-hP-¼z-bà -‚ ãP-zü 7

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Page 16: 7 thupten-tsering

8 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï -»Þ¾-¯Ó -fP-hP-¼z-bà -‚ ãP-zü 9

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10 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï-»Þ¾-¯Ó -fP-hP-¼z-bà -‚ãP-zü 11

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12 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï-»Þ¾-¯Ó-fP-hP-¼z-bà -‚ãP-zü 13

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14 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï -»Þ¾-¯Ó -fP-hP-¼z-bà -‚ ãP-zü 15

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16 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï-»Þ¾-¯Ó-fP-hP-¼z-bà-‚ãP-zü 17

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18 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï -»Þ¾-¯Ó -fP-hP-¼z-bà -‚ ãP-zü 19

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20 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï-»Þ¾-¯Ó-fP-hP-¼z-bà-‚ãP-zü 21

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22 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï-»Þ¾-¯Ó-fP-hP-¼z-bà-‚ãP-zü 23

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24 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï -»Þ¾-¯Ó -fP-hP-¼z-bà -‚ ãP-zü 25

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26 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï -»Þ¾-¯Ó -fP-hP-¼z-bà -‚ ãP-zü 27

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28 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü uÛ-¾ô - 1959 ¾ôºÛ -h ÝÅ-ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ -GmÅ-ÇePÅü 29

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Page 27: 7 thupten-tsering

30 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü uÛ -¾ô - 1959 ¾ôºÛ -h ÝÅ-ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ -GmÅ-ÇePÅü 31

ÇoïºÛ-Ç+ Ý -±z-GTÛG G»ôG-qô-zŸÛ-¼ï-zTÅ-¾ô-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-¾Å-»Þm-

ºDÞ¼-hGôÅ-q-hï-Ç+zÅ-¼P-ZÛh-Ço-Vïm-hÝ-zÇ+ ôÅü ºƒâ-DP-hï-hG-

¾Å-¾ô-dG-q¼-Çeôm-D-ºƒâ-D¾-ÇeôP-yG-GZÛÅ-®¤-Qô-fG-zMz-Çeï-

GÅô¾-ŸÛz-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-;ô-IâºÛ-mP-Vß-fôG-iPÅ-bï-IÔ-±P-hÝ-zTß-GTÛG-

qºÛ-Zï¼-¿S-ZÛm-HÛ-z¸P-uôh-I¾-º²Ûm-hP-Zï¼-iâG-¾-hGï-ºhÝm-q-

n¤Å-¾-GÅô¾-ŸÛz-wÞ¾-hGôÅü

Ço-Vïm-hP-¾Å-ÇoïºÛ-Ç+ Ý-±z-Pô-¤-ÅÞ-»Ûm-»P-hrÛh-;-ŸÛP-

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‚ãP-zÅ-P-hP-ü iâP-»ÛG GZï¼-qü º²âGÅ-Mz-q-GZÛÅ-zTÅ-

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GÛÅ-P-±ô-Vß-zŸÛ-ÇKP-iâG-GÛ-h¤G-¤Û-»Ûm-q-hP-ü ÁPÅ-hGº-¿km-

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32 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü uÛ -¾ô - 1959 ¾ôºÛ -h ÝÅ-ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ -GmÅ-ÇePÅü 33

VôÅ-ºDô¼-mÅ-Gô-¾G-zbôm-mÅ-¤¼-¾¤-M-h¤G-GÛÅ-ÇKÝG-¼ºÛ-mP-

º±ßh-hï-D-ºfô¼-z-hP-ü ¿Ë ô -D¼-ºIô-Mã¼-ŸG-Å-GmÅ-±P-G»¼-

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‚Å-bï-d-hï-‚-q-±P-¾-ÇÀ ôG P-±ô-¤Z¤-hÝ-ÇK ô -¼-xÛ-¤¼-xÛm-bï-

h¤G-h¤PÅ-¾-z¿e-Ç+zÅ-Gô-¾G-ÇtäÅ-hG-¼P-OÛG-h¤G-¤Û-ÅÞ¤-Tß-

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Page 29: 7 thupten-tsering

34 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü uÛ-¾ô - 1959 ¾ôºÛ -h ÝÅ-ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ -GmÅ-ÇePÅü 35

VôG-q¼-GTÛG-qÞ¼-Ghm-ŸÝ-‚-Mã-¼ïh-TïÅ-ÇS¼-Æô¾-HÛ-±ôGÅ-¤Vôh-

ˆP-±ôGÅ-¤-fÞzü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 10 ZÛm-¤Û-¤P-

n¤Å-mô¼-JÀÛP-¾-xÛm-mÅ-&GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-h¤G-ÇK¼-

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36 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü uÛ -¾ô - 1959 ¾ôºÛ -h ÝÅ-ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ -GmÅ-ÇePÅü 37

q-mÅ-Åï¼-‚ïÅ-d-¤IÛm-»P-GÅP-Ç+Ý-¤hÝm-¤±m-GŸÝP-¸m-dGÅ-

¼Û¾-OÛ¾-mÅ-xG-¤²ôh-‚¤Å-qºÛ-¤±m-hôm-qÅ-DôP-h¤G-uÛ-hP-ü

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38 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü uÛ-¾ô - 1959 ¾ôºÛ -h ÝÅ-ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ -GmÅ-ÇePÅü 39

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40 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôº Û -mP-hÝ -z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ -zBôh-hï -ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 41

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42 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôºÛ-mP-hÝ-z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-zBôh-hï-ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 43

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44 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôºÛ-mP-hÝ-z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-zBôh-hï-ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 45

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46 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôºÛ -mP-hÝ -z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ -zBôh-hï -ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 47

¤Û-ºhÝG-ˆP-XïÅ-ºhïh-GbôP-zºÛ-M-h¤G-ºwm-qôºÛ-mP-DïPÅ-bï-GŸÛ-

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ˆP-ü ÇSôm-‚Å-¾-¯h-GTôh-‚-Mã-¤Ûm-qÅ-±ß¼-¾ôG-ÁôG-TïÅ-ºDôh-

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48 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôºÛ-mP-hÝ-z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-zBôh-hï-ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 49

hrh-Ç+zÅ-JÀGÅ-Dï¾-zºÛ-GhïP-TÛ-»P-¤Û-ºhÝG-qÅ-hGôm-q¼-ºIô-

»Û-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zÁh-hïü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-Åï-¼¼-M-¤ÛÅ-hGï-ºhÝm-n¤Å-±ôGÅ-

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50 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôºÛ-mP-hÝ-z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-zBôh-hï-ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 51

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52 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôºÛ -mP-hÝ -z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ -zBôh-hï -ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 53

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54 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôº Û -mP-hÝ -z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ -zBôh-hï -ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 55

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58 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôº Û -mP-hÝ -z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ -zBôh-hï -ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 59

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60 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü M-¤Û¼-¤Gô-zbGÅ-q-hP.ü z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-mP-GÛ -¤±m-¤ôºÛ -¸ ÞG-Qâü 61

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64 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü M-¤Û¼-¤Gô -zbGÅ-q-hP.ü z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-mP-GÛ -¤±m-¤ôºÛ -¸ ÞG-Qâü 65

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68 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü M-¤Û¼-¤Gô-zbGÅ-q-hP.ü z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-mP-GÛ -¤±m-¤ôºÛ -¸ ÞG-Qâü 69

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70 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü M-¤Û¼-¤Gô -zbGÅ-q-hP.ü z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-mP-GÛ -¤±m-¤ôºÛ -¸ ÞG-Qâü 71

¼ÛP-Ǩm-GbàGÅ-‚Å-ˆP-iG-Pô-¤-fôm-q¼-ÇkÝG-bà-xÛm-ÇezÅ-μôP-GÛ-

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72 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü M-¤Û¼-¤Gô-zbGÅ-q-hP.ü z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-mP-GÛ -¤±m-¤ôºÛ -¸ ÞG-Qâü 73

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90 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-DP-mP.ü 91

¾ï-±m-iâG-qü

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mÅ-h¤G-¤ÛÅ-±ß¼-ÇKô-ºI¤-z¼-Bï¾-z-hP-ÇKô-ºI¤-mÅ-bàh-=P-GÛÅ-

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98 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û-cÛ-bàh-z®ôm-hÝ-Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ-ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 99

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100 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 101

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102 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 103

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104 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 105

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108 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 109

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110 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 111

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114 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 115

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120 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü P¾-¯ô¾-Nå¼-z;ôhü 121

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122 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü P¾-¯ô¾-Nå¼-z;ôhü 123

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124 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü P¾-¯ô¾-Nå¼-z;ôhü 125

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126 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü P¾-¯ô¾-Nå¼-z;ôhü 127

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128 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü P¾-¯ô¾-Nå¼-z;ôhü 129

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134 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü GZïm-ºyh-hÝ -zBôh-qü 135

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136 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü GZïm-ºyh-hÝ -zBôh-qü 137

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144 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-q ôº Û -B Ûh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ¤Û -¼zÅ-Gż-qºÛ -ºfz-¯ôh-hP.ü z®ôm-DP-mP-fïPÅ-GZÛÅ-qü 145

hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-JÀ ïP-¤ô¾-»P-»P-‚Å-‚ãP-z-hP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-hGï-zÁïÅ-

z=-ºzÞ¤-μ-Vß-D-mÅ-»¼-wïzÅ-XïÅ-¿Ë-¤ô-z-¾ÞP-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-mP-hÝ-DP-

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Å-hP-ü hGï-zÁïÅ-‚¤Å-q-M-¤±ôÅ-ˆP-M-ÇKô¼-ÇeôP-yG-GZÛÅ-±ô¤Å-

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VôÅ-hôm-¾Å-DÞPÅ-¾-ŸÝ-VôG-TïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-ü P-GZÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-ÇS ôm-

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DôPÅ-μ-Vß-D-hP-ü ¤Gô-¾ôG-Å-DÞ¾-ºGº-ŸÛG-bà-ÇÀôP-MG-q¼-ºIô-

Mã-hP-ü M-G¼-hÝ-»P-DP-±m-HÛ-IÔ-q-n¤Å-¾-hq¾-º‚ô¼-¼ôGÅ-

q-ŸÝ-Mã-‚Åü P-hP-ü ¾ÞP-¼ÛGÅü »ï-ÁïÅ-VôÅ-ºwï¾-GÅÞ¤-μ-Vß-

D-hP-ü ¤Gô-¾ôG-bà-ºIô-Gbm-Dï¾ü hï-mÅ-¤Û-¼ÛP-z¼-=âºÞ-¼Ûm-

mÅ-DP-±m-zŸïPÅ-m-ºIÛG-ˆP-ÇS¼-zŸÛm-hGôm-qºÛ-uÛ-FÛ¤Å-ºEï¼-

hGôÅü ºƒÅ-Çtä ÝPÅ-ÅÞ-ºhm-¤-DP-±m-hP-ü hGº-¿km-hÝ->Àâ-ºzÞ¤-

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JÀ ÛP-um-Gž-wô-ƒP-ü z=-ÁÛÅ-VôÅ-JÀ ÛP-zTÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅ-¤W¾-¾-

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hP-ü hGº-¿km-qºÛ-hGï-zÁïÅ-ŸÛG-mÅ-xÛ-M¾-z-¤Û-zTô-¿S-®¤-ºFÛh-

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146 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-q ôº Û -B Ûh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü

mÅ-M-mG-zMãh-¿Ë-ż-wïzÅ-bï-hGï-zÁïÅ-‚¤Å-q-M-¤±ô-P-±ôºÛ-

mP-hP-ü xÛ-M¾-z-GŸm-n¤Å-GPÅ-¿YôPÅ-¤Iôm-DP-ÅôGÅ-ÅÞ-D-

ºfô¼-mÅ-zŸÝGÅü „À-¤-z¸ôh-q-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-»P-¿Ë-ż-wïzÅ-bï-DôP-

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GmP-ü hGï-zÁïÅ-‚¤Å-q-M-¤±ô-GmÅ-Ç+ô¼-hP-¤Vôh-ºzÞ¾-Iâz-

mÅ-ÍÛ-‡-¾Û-¾-wïzÅ-¼m-qÅ-P-¼P-GÛÅ-G¸º-Çtïm-q-ŸÛG-GÛ-ZÛm-DôP-

±ô¼-Ÿ¾-¾G-wÞ¾-Vïh-Ghm-ºiïm-ŸÝÅü z¼-ÅïP-ŸÛG-bà-hGï-zÁïÅ-

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148 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-q ôº Û -B Ûh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ¤Û-¼zÅ-Gż-qºÛ-ºfz-¯ôh-hP.ü z®ôm-DP-mP-fïPÅ-GZÛÅ-qü 149

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uÛ-¾ô- 1965 ¾ô¼-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-fÞz-zÇem-±ï-¼ÛP-z®ôm-zTßG-Ç+zÅ-ˆÛ-hrh-Fü uÛ-¾ô- 1965 ¾ô¼-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-fÞz-zÇem-±ï-¼ÛP-z®ôm-zTßG-Ç+zÅ-ˆÛ-hrh-Fü

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1987 ¾ô¼-Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ô -¹-z-±ï -¼ÛP-hP.ü fÞz-zÇem-±ï -¼ÛP-z®ôm-zTßG-GÛ -hrh-Fü 1987 ¾ô¼-Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ô -¹-z-±ï -¼ÛP-hP.ü fÞz-zÇem-±ï -¼ÛP-z®ôm-zTßG-GÛ -hrh-Fü

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1988 ¾ô¼-LÝ-±-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ô-¹-z-±ï-¼ÛP-hP-ü

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Ç+Ý -ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ô-¹-z-±ï-¼ÛP-mÛü hGº-¿km-

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