7 thupten-tsering
DESCRIPTION
9-10-3 Vz-ÆÛ h -z®ô m -qºÛ - ¾ô - Mã Å -hï z -yï P .ü 7 ¤Û - ±ï - ¼Û P -qô º Û - BÛ h -Çk Ý G -JÀ ï P -zü zô h -ˆÛ - hGÝ - zTß - GÅÞ ¤ -¾Å-ºGÝ ¾ -±ô G Å-qüTRANSCRIPT
Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïz-yïP.ü 7
9-10-3
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Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïz-yïP-ü 7
Gu-Chu-Sum Book
Published by the Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet(Ex-political Prisoners’ Association)Jogibara Road, P.O Mcleod GanjDharamsala-176219 H.P.Indiawww.guchusum.org
Biography of an activist. Vol 7
Discussing the vicissitudes of my long lifeBiography of Thupten TseringEdited by Lobsang TashiCopyright © Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet.Cover and Design: Sonam Tsewang
First edition 500 copies, 2004
All rights reserved. No part of this bookmay be reproduced by any means without
prior written permission from the publisher.
Printed at Indraprastha Press (CBT), New Delhi
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12 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï-»Þ¾-¯Ó-fP-hP-¼z-bà -‚ãP-zü 13
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24 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï -»Þ¾-¯Ó -fP-hP-¼z-bà -‚ ãP-zü 25
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Lm-hP-ü hGï-Ç+ôÅü ±ôGÅ-Vïm-Ÿ¾-Pô-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¤hÝm-¾-zT¼-hGôÅ-
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26 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü Bï -»Þ¾-¯Ó -fP-hP-¼z-bà -‚ ãP-zü 27
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zM-®¤-¤Z¤-¼z-‚ãP-zOæzÅ-qÅ-¤ÛP-¾-ºW¤-hq¾-fïG-¤VôG-TïÅ-
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hï-mÅ-xG-¤²ôh-¾ô-GÅÞ¤ü GZï¼-±P-¾ô-GÅÞ¤ü ±ôGÅ-Vïm-G¸Û¤-
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28 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü uÛ-¾ô - 1959 ¾ôºÛ -h ÝÅ-ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ -GmÅ-ÇePÅü 29
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30 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü uÛ -¾ô - 1959 ¾ôºÛ -h ÝÅ-ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ -GmÅ-ÇePÅü 31
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32 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü uÛ -¾ô - 1959 ¾ôºÛ -h ÝÅ-ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ -GmÅ-ÇePÅü 33
VôÅ-ºDô¼-mÅ-Gô-¾G-zbôm-mÅ-¤¼-¾¤-M-h¤G-GÛÅ-ÇKÝG-¼ºÛ-mP-
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34 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü uÛ-¾ô - 1959 ¾ôºÛ -h ÝÅ-ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ -GmÅ-ÇePÅü 35
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36 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü uÛ -¾ô - 1959 ¾ôºÛ -h ÝÅ-ºHã¼-Ç+zÅ-Åï¼-hGôm-HÛ -GmÅ-ÇePÅü 37
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ÅôP-GZÛÅ-ÅôP-¼P-¼ÛGÅ-w¾-Vï-z-ƒôÅ-±¼-mÅ-P-±ô-D-ÁÅ-¾Å-¿ËG-
46 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôºÛ -mP-hÝ -z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ -zBôh-hï -ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 47
¤Û-ºhÝG-ˆP-XïÅ-ºhïh-GbôP-zºÛ-M-h¤G-ºwm-qôºÛ-mP-DïPÅ-bï-GŸÛ-
¤ïh-ÆÛh-WâÅ-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-¤Pº-zhG-»Ûm-q-hP-Pô-Lô¾-mP-ŸÝGÅ-»ôh-
ˆP-ü ÇSôm-‚Å-¾-¯h-GTôh-‚-Mã-¤Ûm-qÅ-±ß¼-¾ôG-ÁôG-TïÅ-ºDôh-
qºÛ-»Û-Gï-¤Û-zMãh-hÝ-¤-zbP-»ôP-q-hP-GP-ż-»ÛG-V-hï-hG-¢¼-
zÅ-»Ûh-VïÅ-hP-¤Gô-ºDô¼-mÅ-zôh-¤Û-B-Åï¼-¤P-qô-¿Ë-ż-¾ôG
ºwm-qô-JÀP-fP-μôP-GÛ-μôP-hqôm-GŸÝP-GÛ-¯ï-iâP-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-hïÅ-ˆP-
ºwm-qô-mP-GÛ-¾G-V-¤P-qô-ŸÛG-zÇkÝÅ-bï-M-¤Û¼-¯ÛÅ-vôh-hP-ü M-
¤ÛÅ-zbP-qºÛ-»ÛG-V-z=¤Å-qü hï-zŸÛm-¿Ë-z®ßm-lô-Xï-ºVP-M-¤ÛºÛ-
iG-¯çz-¾-Zïm-G»ô¾-wïzÅ-bï-ºwm-qô-bÛP-h;¼-Á¼-q-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-¤Û-
±P-Vïm-qô-hï¼-zŸÝGÅ-q-¿Ë-ż-Ghm-iPÅü P-±ôºÛ-IÅ-mÅ-D-ÁÅ-
ˆÛÅ-¿Ë-ż-¾ôG-ºIô-ŸïÅ-hP-ü »P-D-ÁÅ-ˆÛÅ-ºƒÛ-DÞP-mÅ-ŸÐ-hP-ü
¸¼-¾-ºIô-ŸïÅ-zXôhü P-¼P-¿Ë-ż-¾ôG-ºhôh-¯-z-mÅ-¤Û-ºhÝG-
qÅ-¾ôG-GÛ-¤Ûm-ŸïÅ-hP-ü ºƒÛ-DÞP-¾-ŸÐ-hP-¸¼-zMãh-xÛm-±ï-P-±ôºÛ-
Åï¤Å-mP-zôh-M¾-Dz-Vïm-qô-ÇezÅ-zhï-qô-hï-®¤-¾-M-¤ÛÅ-hzP-Nå¼-
fÞz-Mã-¼ïh-zŤÅ-q-¤ïh-qÅ-¾Å-hôm-‚-Mã-hÝ-¤-mÅ-¾ô-hï¼-Å-DÞ¾-
hïºÛ-mP-ºƒâ-GZï¼-¯ÛÅ-vôh-‚-MãºÛ-hÝÅ-»Ûm-qÅ-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-M-¤Û¼-
¯ÛÅ-vôh-¤Dm-hP-ºi-z-ºôP-Mã¼-zdïm-ºIô-»Û-¤Ûmü ºwm-qô-±ôP-
ºhÝÅ-GŸÛÅ-;¼-ÁG-GÛ-zÞ-¾ôm-GbôP-»Þ¾-Pô-ÁïÅ-»ôh-q-Dô-±ôºÛ-¤hÝm-
xÛm-mÅ-Lm-z=-ºzÞ¤-hP-ü G¸Û¤-¸Þ¼-PG-hzP-„Àô-z¸P-ü ‚¤Å-
q-M-¤±ô-zTÅ-¯h-GTh-q¼-ºIô-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zÁhü ¤f¼-DôP-±ô-
±P-¤-xÛm-ÅôP-zÅ-P-GZÛÅ-Å-GmÅ-hï-mÅ-fôm-bï-ºwm-qôºÛ-wÞ-Çoï-¤ô-
¸ï¼-z¼-º‚ô¼-Ç+zÅ-DP-±m-GTÛG-q-PG-VôÅ-hP-ü ºyÛm-¾Åü BïÅ-
DÞPÅ-EÛ¤-±P-hï-mÅ-»Ûm-qºÛ-zÇem-h¼-hP-DôP-GÛ-hGï-yâG-GZÛÅ-
»ôh-q-P-±ô-¤Z¤-hÝ-zÇkhü P-hP-‚¤Å-q-ºWÛGÅ-¤ïh-Ço ï-¤ô-mÅ-
fôm-bï-ÁG-ºƒâ-bôG-®¤-»ôh-qºÛ->Àâ-D-Çeôh-ˆÛ-¿UGÅ-¿UP-EÛ¤-±P-¾-
xÛm-qÅ-EÛ¤-±P-hï-mÅ-®¤-q-ym-®¤-vh-‚ãP-¾ü Dô-±ôÅ-G¸Û¤-
¸Þ¼-PG-hzP-„Àô-z¸P-ÅôGÅ-¼-¤ºÛ-wÞ-zL¾-mÅ-Çeôh-¾ÞP-xôGÅ-wïzÅ-
ÅôP-ŸïÅ-¸ï¼-HÛ-ºhÝG-qÅ-XïÅ-ljïG-¼ï-ƒ¾-zÅ-P-GZÛÅ-¾¤-ÅïP-¿eG-
¾ôG-zMz-Çeï-Çoï-¤ô¼-±ß¼-»ôP-ü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-M-¤ÛºÛ-h¤G-¤Û-ºwm-qô-
‚P-zMãh-ºh¤-GŸÝP-xôGÅ-mÅ-DG-GTÛG-hP-¿Ë-Å-xôGÅ-mÅ-DG-
GTÛG-zTÅ-IôG-±P-lô¾-q-zŸÛm-ºwm-qôºÛ-¾ÞP-q-DïPÅ-ºhÝG-q-P-
hP-ü ‚¤Å-q-ºWÛGÅ-¤ïhü PG-VôÅü ºyÛm-¾Å-zTÅ-zÞ¾-HÛ-
¤hô-ƒG-wÞG-mP-»Ûz-mÅ-zÇkh-hï-ƒG-wÞG-mÅ-¿e-Ç+zÅ-M-h¤G-zP-
OÛG-Çeï ï-¿Ëàm-Iâz-μôP-hP-D-¯ï-xôGÅ-¾-xÛm-ÅôP-»P-Çoï-¤ôºÛ-B-Ç~äG-
¤ÛP-zhG-q-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-¤Û-±P-mÅ-º±ô-z-¢¼-bï-ƒG-wÞG-hï¼-¹-z-GTÛG-
®¤-zÇkhü ¼ôGÅ-q-±ôÅ-h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-¤P-ZÝP-hP-Gô-¤±ôm-GP-mÅ-
48 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôºÛ-mP-hÝ-z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-zBôh-hï-ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 49
hrh-Ç+zÅ-JÀGÅ-Dï¾-zºÛ-GhïP-TÛ-»P-¤Û-ºhÝG-qÅ-hGôm-q¼-ºIô-
»Û-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zÁh-hïü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-Åï-¼¼-M-¤ÛÅ-hGï-ºhÝm-n¤Å-±ôGÅ-
º±ôGÅ-zTßG-GÛ-»ôh-qÅ-Dô-±ô-¼ï-z-ŸÛG-GÛ-PP-hGôm-q¼-¾ôG-GÛ-»Ûm-
ŸïÅ-ºyÛm-¾Å-ˆÛ-IÛ-hP-ü PG-VôÅ-ˆÛ-M-¤ÛºÛ-¤ï-¤hº-¿UGÅ-±GÅ-
zTÅ-P-¾-zŸG-q-hP-ü ‚¤Å-q-ºWÛGÅ-¤ïh-h-hÝP-»P-Åï¤Å-
ÁÝGÅ-¤-VGÅ-q¼-¤ï-¤hº-Ç~ô-¼G-TÛG-»ôh-q-hï-ºEï¼-bï-º²ÛP-MãºÛ-
¼ï-zÅ-xÛmü P-¼P-GTÛG-qÞ¼-¾ÞÅ-ÅôP-z-Åï¤Å-mP-zÇem-ÆâP-hP-
„ÀP-h¤G-ÇÀïzÅ-m-h¤G-ºfz-¾-ŸÝGÅ-hGôÅ-lj¤-Çeï-ƒG-wÞG-mÅ-
¤¼-fôm-bï-Çoï-¤ô-B-Ç~äG-¤ÛP-zhG-EÛ¤-±P-hÝ-zÇkhü
ZÛm-zTô-¿S-®¤-mÅ-PG-VôÅ-±ß¼-ÇÀïzÅ-bï-zÁh-hômü Åï-¼¼-
¾Å-hôm-¼Þ-DG-»ôP-mÅ-¿Ë-źÛ-h¤G-hÝÅ-Ç+zÅ-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-ÅôP-z-D-
GTÛG-Ez-zOGÅ-ºi-¤Ûm-HÛÅ-z;ÝG-fÞz-q-n¤Å-mÅ-hGï-Ç+ôÅ-»P-
zh¤Å-q-hP-ü IÔ-¤P-n¤Å-¤P-W-±ôGÅ-zTßG-mÅ-hÝÅ-»Þm-GP-
¤±¤Å-zŸG ZÛm-ŸÛG-JÀô-zÞ¼-h¤G-¤Û-»ôP-mÅ-IÔ-¤P-±P-¤-ÁG-
bà-zÇkh-¤Û-VôG-q¼-hGôm-qºÛ-¿UGÅ-¼ÛºÛ-¤±¤Å-»ôP-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-zÁh-
hï-IÔ-¤P-n¤Å-º²ô¤Å-XïÅü DP-±m-hGï-Lm-»m-‚ïh-¥ôP-zºÛ-¾Å-
Çoï-n¤Å-hP-IÔ-¤P-n¤Å-h‚ï-z-xïü ¾Å-Çoï-n¤Å-±ôGÅ-Vïm-ºhÝ-
DP-hP-ü IÔ-±P-‚ïÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝ-DP-ü ¤Pº-¼ÛÅ-ºhÝ-DP-zTÅ-ÅÞ-zTßG-
Çeï-Vz-GTÛm-»P-±ôGÅ-FôºÛ-mP-GbôP-zTßG-q-¾Å-xÛ-¼ô¾-hÝ-¤-zbP-
z¼-iG-qôºÛ-ÆâP-‚-zÇkh-hï-z;G-zBÛ¾-‚Åü ¤WâG-bà-¾Å-hôm-¼Þ-
DG-»ôP-mÅ-IÔ-q-ºE¤-qô-ºGº-ŸÛG-¾-ÍÞ-»ôm-hP-ºGº-ŸÛG-¾-Èà¼-
z®ôm-q-ŸïÅ-¤ÛP-ºi-¤Ûm-zbGÅü ¤Û-¼ï-¼ï-zŸÛm-iÛ-ŸÛz-‚ïh-TÛP-
¾ôG-uôh-q¼-ºfz-º²ÛP-GbôP-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-±ôGÅ-Vïm-lô-zT¾-ÇKP-hÝ-
ºfz-º²ÛP-GbôP-GÛm-h‚ï-z-º‚ïh-hï-ZïÅ-q-Vï-z-ºGº-ŸÛG-IÔ-zŸÛ-
ÅôGÅ-z®ôm-DP-Åô-Åô¼-zbP-ü
ºwm-qô-mÅ-M-¤ÛºÛ-Ez-zOGÅ-¾-¤Gô-ºDô¼-bï-¾ôG-ºIô-zºÛ-
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VGÅ-XïÅ-ÇÀ ïºÞºÛ-Çe ïP-zˆG-mÅ-Ǩm-DP-¾-ºFÛhü ȼ-GhôP-DP-
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Gmôm-¥PÅ-mÅ-zÇkh-»ôhü h-mÛ-¤Pº-zhG-Vïm-qô-GÅÞ¤-Gbô¼-
w¤-zbP-¸Ûm-qÅ-Dô-q-±ôºÛ-ÁG-±P-n¤Å-zÇSôG-Çeï-¸-ºfÞP-Hôm-GôÅ-
50 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôºÛ-mP-hÝ-z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-zBôh-hï-ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 51
G-¼ï-hGôÅ-ºhôh-q-zŸÛm-HÛÅ-ŸïÅ-zÁhü ºwm-qô¼-ƒôÅ-‚ô¾-hÝ-xÛm-
mÅ-zB¼-¾ôG-‚Å-q-n¤Å-¾-Pô-Lô¾-hÝ-º²â¾-ŸÝGÅ-‚Å-q-Gž-
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P-¾-»Û-Gï-ŸÛG-zÇ+ݼ-ºhÝG-q-hïºÛ-mP-hGï-Ç+ôÅ-VôÅ-¤²h-hP-Eïh-
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zŤ-ºwï¾-h¤G-hqÞP-GÛ-h¤G-uÛ-GŸôm-q-ÇK¼-hqôm-¿Ë-hzP-dÅ-
ºGô-ºFÛh-qºÛ-¾Û-fP-wÞm-±ôGÅ-hP-ü V-yïP-q-ŸÛG hGº-¿km-VôÅ-
ºDô¼-G®ôh-¼Ð-Tm-HÛ-¤Gôm-qô-zü D¤Å-q-C-ŸÝGÅ-h¤¼-qôü ºƒÅ-
ÇtäPÅ-ˆÛ-IÔ-q-ºGº-ÁÅü m¤-Mãm-P-¼P-GÛ-¾Å-¼ôGÅ-¾-FÛh-ºIô-
zºÛ-hPôÅ-Çtï¾-ÅôGÅ-hGº-¿km-VôÅ-ºDô¼-z-ºGº-ÁÅ-zTÅ-Gݼ-DG-
iâG-GÛ-±ôGÅ-DG-hï¼-¤Û-iâG-zTß-®¤-ºhÝG Í-¼ÛÅ-Gm¤-IâºÛ-
mP-mÅ-Vß-zŸÛ-ÇKP-iâG-¾-Gô-¤±ôm-G»ÞGÅ-qÅ-Vß-zŸÛ-ÇKP-iâG-¿eG-
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»ôh-q-¼ï-zºÛ-¿ËG-¤-hï-ºi-ŸÛG-¾-zdïmü M-¤Û¼-º²ÛP-MãºÛ-Åï¤Å-
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52 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü ºwm-qôºÛ -mP-hÝ -z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ -zBôh-hï -ºWz-h¤G-¾-ŸÝGÅ-qü 53
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vôh-G®P-¤-‚ïh-hGôÅ-q-hP-ü mG-ZïÅ-¾-PôÅ-º²Ûm-GbÛP-¸z-‚Å-
mÅ-¾ôG-uôh-ˆÛ-zŤ-„Àô¼-Nå¼-z;ôh-‚ïh-hGôÅü ¼P-GÛ-„À-¤-hP-ü
hGï-Lmü w-¤ü IôGÅ-z¸º-¹-zTÅ-qºÛ-mG-ZïÅ-fï¼-ºhôm-‚Å-
mÅ-¾ôG-uôh-ˆÛ-ºƒï¾-z-GTôh-hGôÅü ¤±ôm-V-¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-hPôÅ-
qô-Dz-±ßm-Vh-hP-ü lôü MãG-qü fG-q-ÅôGÅ-Z¼-¤Û-VôG VôÅ-
¾ÞGÅ-©ôPÅ-hh-‚ïh-¤Û-VôG JÀâ-GŸÅ-GbôP-z-hP-ü ¯ïh-¤ô-¯ïh-
z| Ç+h-Tô¼-Vïm-qô-MG-qü wm-±ßm-¸-ºfÞP-GÛ-ºƒï¾-z-ÅôGÅ-‚ïh-
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‚ïh-q¼-ljm-ÅïP-hP-ü »P-m-zhÝm-yG-¼ïºÛ-G¸º-ZÛ-¤ºÛ-º±ô-zºÛ-
92 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôºÛ -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-DP-mP.ü 93
Bôm-zXôh-Ç+zÅ-fï¼-ºhôm-‚ïh-hGôÅ-q-ÅôGÅ-Eôm-hôm-±m-Vï-z-zTß-
ºhÝG-q-hï-hG-hP-ºG¾-±ï-±zÅ-Vï-VßP-¾-GŸÛGÅ-qºÛ-FÛ¤Å-GTôh-
hP-ü »P-m-ºfz-¯ôh-hP-ü Bôm-zXôh-ÅôGÅ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-¼ïh-TïÅ-zXôhü
hï-ZÛm-P¾-GÅô¼-zŸG-Çe ï -ÅP-ZÛm-Å-wG-MG-¤Dm-HÛ-ºh¤-zG-
hzô¼-z¼-zbP-‚ãP-z-ZÛm-zTô-¿S-®¤-ºh¤-zG-hzô¼ü
ºh¤-zG-hzô¼-Ç+zÅ-hP-qô¼-ÇÀï-qôºÛ-mP-hzô¼-HÛ-ºhÝG-ˆP-
ÇÀï-qô-¾Å-Vß-º²G-Çeï-Hôm-GôÅ-hP-GP-TÛ¼-Gmôh-qÅ-hï-XïÅ-¿UGÅ-
GŸôP-z¸ôÅü ¿UGÅ-GŸôP-GÛÅ-ˆP-ÇK¾-q¼-©-z¸ôÅ-bï-h;º-P¾-
Vïm-qô-ºyh-zŸÛm-ºhÝG »Ûh-cÛ-bàh-ˆÛ-z®ôm-DP-mP-GÛ-z®ôm-
qºÛ-‚ïh-ÇKô-uÛ-®¤-zÁh-mü
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q¼-¼ïÅ-¤ôÅ-ˆÛÅ-GÅÞP-¯ô¤-Bô¼-hGôÅ-q-hP-ü hï-XïÅ-±P-¤Å-¤ºô-
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ÇKô-xï-z-hP-¾¤-ÅïP-¤¼-ÇKô-¼¼-hôm-bï-Ç+¼-¤-zTô-¿S-®¤-¾ÞÅ-¯¾-
z¯ïÅü ¼ïÅ-¤ôÅ-Dï¾-»ôh-qºÛ-±ôGÅ-VßP-GÛ-¤Û-GZÛÅ-Vz-bôG-zÁôÅ-
bï-±ß¼-Vz-bôG-mP-GÅP-uôh-mÅ-z®ôG-q-GP-ºEï¼-bï-ZÛm-GÝP-±¾-
ŸÛP-¾-zMG-Vïh-I-OÛG-‚ïh-hGôÅü ¾ÞÅ-¯¾-±¼-XïÅ-hÝP-zm-¼ï-
ºEï¼-mÅ-D-Pô-z=â-zÁ¾-‚Å-XïÅ-±ôGÅ-VßP-Åô-Åô¼-»¼-¾ôG-Çe ïü
ŸôGÅ-W-¤-zbP-z¼-¤ºô-¯ï-bàP-GÛÅ-GÅÞP-¯ô¤-PG-Bô¼-z¸ÞP-Çe ï-
hGôP-iô-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-ż-»ÛG-±h-GbôP-Vïh-I-OÛG-‚ïh-hGôÅü ŸôGÅ-
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®¤-±P-¤Å-zbàP-ü hï-mÅ-Vß-±ôh-zTß-GZÛÅ-z¼-¾Å-;-‚Å-bï-ZÛm-
GÝP-D-¾G-z¸º-z¼-zP-OÛG-mÅ-M¾-ÇKôºÛ-ºI¤-hÝ-h¤G-¤ÛÅ-Bï¾-
z-hP-M¾-ÇKô-mÅ-z®ôm-DP-¾Å-‚ïh-q¼-¯ÛÅ-vhü ZÛm-GÝP-D-¾G-
Vß-±ôh-GZÛÅ-q-z¼-»Ûm-q-hP-hïºÛ-¼ÛP-hqï-hïz-DP-hÝ-Ç+¼-¤-zTô-
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XïÅ-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-Hôm-GôÅ-¾-¿Ëm-q-zMz-Mã-ÅôGÅ-®G-®ÛG-‚ïhü Vß-
±ôh-GZÛÅ-q-mÅ-ÇKô-¼¼-hôm-bï-zP-OÛG-mÅ-IPÅ-zÁï¼-‚ïh-hGôÅ-
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ż-zP-OÛG-mÅ-zB¾ü hGôP-iô-Vß-±ôh-GÅÞ¤-q-®¤-¾-¾Å-ż-
94 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-DP-mP.ü 95
¤-‚m-HÛÅ-W-Bï¾-z¼-»ôP-z-hP-hï-XïÅ-¤Þ-¤fÞh-¾Å-;-‚Å-mÅ-Vß-
±ôh-¿S-hP-xïh-;¼-¾Å-¤±¤Å-zŸG GTÛm-q-GbôP-z¼-¤-xÛm-
GôP-h¤G-¤Û¼-ljm-GÅïP-ŸÝ-ŸïÅ-¤-¾z-±ï-¿UGÅ-=ÛP-VßP-VßP-GZÛÅ-
Çe ïP-@P-q-zŸG-mÅ-zÇÀPÅ-ˆÛ-¼ïhü ¾Å-¤±¤Å-zŸG-XïÅ-¾Å-
¤Û-¼Þ-DG-GÛÅ-¾Å-;ºÛ-±h-GŸÛ-Iâz-»ôh-¤ïh-hP-ÇtäÅ-±h-zTÅ-ZÛm-
¼ï-fô-z;ôh-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôh-q-hï-hG-¯ÛÅ-„ÀP-z¼-»ôP-ü hï-XïÅ-zP-OÛG-
mÅ-h¤G-¤ÛÅ-±ß¼-ÇKô-ºI¤-z¼-Bï¾-z-hP-ÇKô-ºI¤-mÅ-bàh-=P-GÛÅ-
¯ÛÅ-„ÀPÅü hGôP-iô-Vß-±ôh-iâG-q-®¤-¾-D-¾G-GbôP-GÛ-»ôh-q-hP-
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¢ôP-‚ïh-hGôÅü ÇÀôz-¢ôP-GÛ-ż-®ßºÞ-=P-mÅ-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-ZÛm-¼ïºÛ-
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uÛ-M¾-mP-hP.ü M¾-uÛºÛ-Ç+ô¼-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-Í-¼Û-z®m-M¾-
¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-hP-ü ÅÞ-¾m-z¸ô-zTôÅ-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅü ¼Û-qÛm-h¤G-Áïh-
¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅü ÈÛm-lÛ-M-Bïh-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-»Ûm-±ß¾-hP-ü M¾-mP-GÛ-
GmÅ-±ß¾-fh-GÝP-Fm-bP-GÛ-ÆÛh-WâÅ-»P-hG-»Ûm-qü ÁÛ-b-¾¼-
hP-ü ¼Û-qÛm-h¤G-Áïh-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅü TP-;ï-Á-zTÅ-ˆÛ-ÇeôzÅ-ÁÝGÅ-
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GÛ-¼ïh-TïÅ-hP-ü zôh-½‰ÛP-q-mÛ-z;Å-z;ôh-Mãh-º²Ûm-VïÅ->À->Àô-hP-
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h-hÝP-G¸º-Çtïm-qºÛ-hGôP-iô-¤Û-¼ï-¼ïºÛ-zhÝm-GTÛG-GÛ-¾Å-
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mÅ-GhÝG-¯çz-Vï-ÁôÅ-mÛ-hGÝm-Gm¤-GÁÛÅ-IP-zºÛ-Ç+zÅ-P¾-Nå¼-
¾Å-DÞPÅ-ˆÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-q-ºôPÅ-mÅ-¾ô-GTÛG-GÛ-xôGÅ-Çkô¤-ŸïÅü ¹-
z-GTÛG-®¤-¾Å-;-T¤-zŸG-GÛÅ-¼Þ-DG-Åô-Åô-ÇÀ ôz-¢ôP-ZÛm-GP-
zÇeàh-¤¼-º±ôGÅ-bï-z®ôm-q-±P-¤¼-zNå¼-z;ôh-GP-ºi-fïzÅ-»ôh-
¤Ûm-hP-ü M¾-uÛ-M¾-mP-GÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-n¤Å-ÇÀ ôz-¢ôP-‚ïh-zTßG
¤Û-¼ï-¼ïÅ-¼P-ZÛh-bP-GÛ-ÆÛh-WâÅ-»P-hG-qºÛ-ºôG-GP-TÛ¼-zhï-BÛh-
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96 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-DP-mP.ü 97
Áôh-hGôÅü ZÛm-ÁÅ-mÅ-¾Å-‚ïh-qÅ-»P-zB¼-M¾-uÛ-M¾-mP-GÛ-
GmÅ-±ß¾-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-‚ïh-hGôÅ-q-hP-Åô-ÅôºÛ-zŤ-±ß¾-zÁh-hGôÅ-
ŸïÅ-¤Û-¼ï-¼ïÅ-zŤ-±ß¾-zÁh-hGôÅü »P-ZÛm-GTÛG-M¾-mP-GÛ-
GmÅ-±ß¾-¤Û-¼ï-¼ïÅ-zŤ-±ß¾-zÁh-hGôÅü hï-hG-±¼-z-hP-±ôGÅ-
VßP-mP-¤Û-¼ï-¼ïÅ-¼P-ZÛh-mÅ-zŤ-„Àô¼-zNå¼-z;ôh-GP-ºi-fïzÅ-
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vô-hP-zTÅ-¾GÅ-Åô-ŸïÅ-zÁh-hïü wG-Oô¤-GZÛÅ-£ï¾-HÛÅ-Å-wG-
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98 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û-cÛ-bàh-z®ôm-hÝ-Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ-ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 99
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zŤÅ-‚ãP-ü GÝP-Fm-bP-GÛ-ºôG-¾-zNå¼-z;ôh-zbP-mÅ-¤Û-Gż-
q-VGÅ-ˆP-wm-fôGÅ-TÛ-»P-¤ïhü TïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-ÅôP-zÅ-hGôP-¤ô-
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ˆÛ-„À-¤-ŸÛG-»Ûm-q-hP-z®ôm-DP-mP-Èà¼-z®ôm-q-‚Å-qÅ-®ßºÞ-=P-
Lm-q¼-zÇ+ôÅ-bï-M-¾Å-ˆÛÅ-IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-hP-ü P-±ôºÛ-¤hÝm-
Gb¤-zÁh-Çtï¾-zTßG-q-hP-ü DôP-¾-¤ÛG-hqï-z¿e-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-Áôh-
q| Dô-qÅ-ˆP-hˆÛ¾-=âP-ÁÙˆ-fÞz-qºÛ-Çk ôh-±ß¾-hP-ü @Ýz-ÇeïGÅ-
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108 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 109
©ôPÅ-hh-»Ûmü P-±ô-D-¾G-z¸º-Ç+zÅ-zTÛPÅ-ºIô¾-h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-
D-¾G-z¸º-ÇePÅ-‚ïh-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-@P-z®ßGÅ-@Ýz-z®ßGÅ-‚ïh-zTßG
z®ôm-q¼-¹-¼ï¼-ÇK ô¼-GZÛÅ-¼ï-hP-ü FâÅ-μÅü Åô-=â-Åô-Ǩm-Zô-Mã-
vh-XïÅ-z®ôm-DP-ÇKô-¼ºÛ-mP-®G-®ÛG-º±ôP-GÛ-»ôh-q-¼Þ-DG-Åô-Åô-
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Vh-PÅ-¤Û-¤P-¾-GZº-Gmôm-zÁÝ-GŸôG-zbP-mÅ-º±ô-z-BÛh-qô-zB¾-
z-¤-¸hü h-hÝP-zNå¼-z;ôh-¤-fïzÅ-q¼-BÛh-qô-‚-m-ºIÛG-GÛ-¤Û-
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mÅ-z®ôm-q-±P-¤Å-h-hÝP-bàh-=P-¾-DôÅ-¾Å-;-»G-qô-‚ïh-ˆÛ-¤ïh-
q-¤-¸hü PôÅ-¾ïm-»P-‚ïh-ˆÛ-¤Û-ºhÝG-TïÅ-»P-zB¼-zÁh-q-¼ïhü
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zTßG-hÝÅ-Dô-qÅ-P-¼P-zŤ-„Àô¼-zNå¼-z;ôh-¤-fïzÅ-q¼-bP-hP-
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zTô¾-z-hP-ü fïPÅ-ÁÛG-z®ßm-¤-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-DôºÛ-ºhôh-q-hP-¤-zÇeàm-
110 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 111
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112 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 113
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Mãm-±ôGÅ-VßP-mP-¤Û-;Ým-hP-ºV¤-¤fÞm-»ôh-qÅ-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-ˆÛ-
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114 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 115
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„ÀôºÛ-h¤ÛGÅ-n¤-mP-bØ-ŸïÅ-zŸôm-d-hP-ü qa-ŸïÅ-DP-qºÛ-Çtïm-zh-
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>À->Àôü VïÅ-¤Þm-mG-GÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-»Ûm-q-ÅôGÅ-¤-zÁh-m-ÆôG-¾-Zïm-
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ÆÛh-»P-hG-qºÛ-ºôG-¼P-ZÛh-¾-P¾-¯ô¾-zNå¼-z;ôh-hP-ü fôm-Bïh-
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TïÅ-mô¼-ºFâ¾-Áô¼-Aïm-®ßºÞ-=P-fÞz-zÇem-;Ým-hGÅ-P-¾-Eïh-ˆÛ-
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¼Û-z®m-M¾-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-hP-ü bØ-qa-¾ôG-uôh-q¼-BzÅ-zTô¾-zºÛ-
n¤-ºHã¼-¤Pôm-Gž-ºhÝG-q-¯-z-zÇSôGÅ-hGôÅü hï-¤Þ¼-GŸG-
GÛ-¤Ûm-ŸïÅ-±ôGÅ-VßP-GÛ-¤Û-±P-¤ºÛ-hˆÛ¾-zÁh-‚ãP-zÅ-h-hqï-
zÅGÅ-ÅôP-ü ºfz-º²ÛP-GbP-Çe ï-¤m¼-GTôh-ˆÛÅ-±ßGÅ-¤Û-fÞz-
q-z¸ô-»Û-¼ïh-lj¤ü h-hÝP-Eïh-¼P-GÛ-zŤ-„ÀôºÛ-mP-GÛ-hÝG-¯-¤-zÇSôG-
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iG-Gmôm-hP-ü D-Gž-¾-GÝ-»PÅ-ˆÛ-bP-GÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-Gž-qô-»Ûm-
qÅ-zŤ-„Àô-GbÛP-¸z-GbP-mÅ-PôÅ-¾ïm-‚ïh-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-zÁhü
116 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 117
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zŤ-„Àô-zbP-VôG-TïÅ-zÁhü ZÛm-GZÛÅ-zŤ-„Àô-zbP-»P-ºDô¼-
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118 ¤Û-±ï -¼ÛP-qôº Û -BÛh-Çk ÝG-JÀ ïP-zü »Û -c Û -b àh-z®ôm-hÝ -Çk ÝG-GÅôh-zbP-qºÛ -ÆÛh-z®ôm-ºGº-ŸÛG 119
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