5: The Cultures of 5: The Cultures of Colonial Colonial North America, 1700-1780North America, 1700-1780

"The latent causes of faction are thus "The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man; and we sown in the nature of man; and we see them everywhere brought into see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity, different degrees of activity, according to the different according to the different circumstances of civil society."circumstances of civil society." James MadisonJames Madison, Federalist #10 , Federalist #10

Chapter Review QuestionsChapter Review Questions1. What were the principal colonial regions of North America?

Discuss their similarities and differences. Contrast the development of their political systems.

2. Why did the Spanish and the French close their colonies to immigration? Why did the British open theirs? How do you explain the ethnic homogeneity of New England and the ethnic pluralism of New York and Pennsylvania?

3. What were the principal trends in the history of Indian America in the eighteenth century?

4. Discuss the development of class differences in the Spanish, French, and British colonies in the eighteenth century.

5. Discuss the effects of the Great Awakening on the subsequent history of the British colonies.

“Annotated” Bibliography

Richard Hofstadter, Richard Hofstadter, America at 1750: A Social Portrait America at 1750: A Social Portrait (1971). (1971). A well written description of America’s A well written description of America’s peoples and region’s that suggests that the Great peoples and region’s that suggests that the Great Awakening made a middle-class society even more Awakening made a middle-class society even more so.so.

Rhys Isaac, Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-17901790 (1982). (1982). A magnificent description of the A magnificent description of the different cultures of Virginia’s Elite and poor, showing different cultures of Virginia’s Elite and poor, showing religious revivals changed them forever.religious revivals changed them forever.

Gary B. Nash, Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible: Social Change, The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origin of the Political Consciousness, and the Origin of the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution (1979). Detailed, (1979). Detailed, comprehensive, and indispensable for understanding comprehensive, and indispensable for understanding the social and political world of urban workingmen. the social and political world of urban workingmen.

BibliographyBibliography Frances Calderón de la Barca, Frances Calderón de la Barca, Life in MexicoLife in Mexico (1843) (1843) Bernard BailynBernard Bailyn, , The Peopling of British North America: An The Peopling of British North America: An

IntroductionIntroduction (1986) (1986) David Hackett Fischer's David Hackett Fischer's Albion's SeedAlbion's Seed (1990) (1990) Ben Franklin, Ben Franklin, The Autobiography and Other WritingsThe Autobiography and Other Writings

(1790) (1790) Maynard Geiger, O.F.M.,Maynard Geiger, O.F.M., Mission Santa Barbara 1782-1965 Mission Santa Barbara 1782-1965

(1965) (1965) Richard Hofstadter, Richard Hofstadter, America at 1750America at 1750 (1971) [consensus (1971) [consensus

school of history] school of history] James Kirby Martin, editor, James Kirby Martin, editor, Interpreting Colonial AmericaInterpreting Colonial America

(1973) (1973) Malachi Martin, Malachi Martin, The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the

Betrayal of the Roman Catholic ChurchBetrayal of the Roman Catholic Church (1987) (1987) Gary Nash, Gary Nash, The Urban CrucibleThe Urban Crucible (1979) (1979) Arthur Schlesinger, SrArthur Schlesinger, Sr., editor, ., editor, A History of America LifeA History of America Life

(1948) (1948) Laurel T. Ulrich, Laurel T. Ulrich, Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of

Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (1982) (1982) David J. Weber, David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North AmericaThe Spanish Frontier in North America (1992) (1992)

ChronologyChronology

1636 1636 Harvard College foundedHarvard College founded 1644 1644 Roger Williams's Roger Williams's Bloudy Tenent of PersecutionBloudy Tenent of Persecution 1662 1662 Half-Way Covenant in New England Half-Way Covenant in New England 1674 1674 Bishopric of Quebec established Bishopric of Quebec established 1680s 1680s William Penn begins recruiting settlers from the William Penn begins recruiting settlers from the European European

Continent Continent 1682 1682 Mary Rowlandson's Mary Rowlandson's Sovereignty & Goodness of GodSovereignty & Goodness of God 1689 1689 Toleration Act passed by Parliament Toleration Act passed by Parliament 1690s 1690s Beginnings of Jesuit missions in Arizona Beginnings of Jesuit missions in Arizona 1693 1693 College of William and Mary founded College of William and Mary founded 1700s 1700s Plains Indians domesticate the horse Plains Indians domesticate the horse 1701 1701 Yale College founded; Iroquois sign treaty of neutrality with Yale College founded; Iroquois sign treaty of neutrality with

France France 1704 1704 Deerfield raid Deerfield raid 1708 1708 Saybrook Platform in Connecticut Saybrook Platform in Connecticut

1716 1716 Spanish begin Texas missions Spanish begin Texas missions 17181718 French found New OrleansFrench found New Orleans1730s1730s French decimate the Natchez and defeat the Fox Indians French decimate the Natchez and defeat the Fox Indians 1732 1732 Ben Franklin begins publishingBen Franklin begins publishing Poor Richard's AlmanacPoor Richard's Almanac 17331733 Georgia foundedGeorgia founded17341734 Great Awakening beginsGreat Awakening begins17351735 John Peter Zenger acquitted from libeling New York’s governorJohn Peter Zenger acquitted from libeling New York’s governor1738 1738 George Whitefield first tours the colonies George Whitefield first tours the colonies 1740s1740s Great Awakening gets under way in the Northwest Great Awakening gets under way in the Northwest 1740 1740 Parliament passes a naturalization law for the colonies Parliament passes a naturalization law for the colonies 1746 1746 College of New Jersey (Princeton) founded College of New Jersey (Princeton) founded 1760s 1760s Great Awakening - full impact in South Great Awakening - full impact in South 1769 1769 Spanish colonization of CA begins (Father Junípero Serra) Spanish colonization of CA begins (Father Junípero Serra) 1773 1773 Pope Clement XIV abolished Society of Jesus (resurrected Pope Clement XIV abolished Society of Jesus (resurrected

Pope Pius VII, 1814) Pope Pius VII, 1814) 1775 1775 Indian revolt at San Diego Indian revolt at San Diego 1776 1776 San Francisco founded San Francisco founded 1781 1781 Los Angeles founded Los Angeles founded

Crossing Cultural BoundariesCrossing Cultural Boundaries In 1704, Indians attacked the town of Deerfield, In 1704, Indians attacked the town of Deerfield,

Massachusetts.Massachusetts. Dozens of captives were delivered to the French Dozens of captives were delivered to the French

allies of the Indians, including Eunice Williams, allies of the Indians, including Eunice Williams, the daughter of John and Eunice Williams.the daughter of John and Eunice Williams.

Eunice refused to return to her family and Eunice refused to return to her family and stayed at Kahnawake, a Catholic Indian stayed at Kahnawake, a Catholic Indian community near Montreal, becoming part of that community near Montreal, becoming part of that community.community.

Only 36 years later did Eunice, under her Only 36 years later did Eunice, under her Iroquois name A'ongonte, return to Deerfield Iroquois name A'ongonte, return to Deerfield with her Iroquois family.with her Iroquois family.

C:C: North American North American RegionsRegions

From Deerfield to From Deerfield to KahnawakeKahnawake

Crossing Cultural Crossing Cultural BoundariesBoundaries

Indian AmericaIndian America Participation in the fur trade showed the remarkable Participation in the fur trade showed the remarkable

ability of Indians to change and adapt to new ability of Indians to change and adapt to new conditions by:conditions by: participating in the commercial economy;participating in the commercial economy; using metal tools; andusing metal tools; and building homes of logs as frontier settlers did.building homes of logs as frontier settlers did.

Indians became dependent on European trade goods.Indians became dependent on European trade goods. Diplomatically, Indians played colonial powers off Diplomatically, Indians played colonial powers off

against each other.against each other. The major concern of Indians was the phenomenal The major concern of Indians was the phenomenal

growth of the colonial population in the British coastal growth of the colonial population in the British coastal communities.communities.

Simultaneously, Indian populations continued to Simultaneously, Indian populations continued to decline.decline.

The Introduction of the HorseThe Introduction of the Horse

The introduction of the horse The introduction of the horse stimulated the rise of nomadic Plains stimulated the rise of nomadic Plains culture.culture.

The Spanish BorderlandsThe Spanish Borderlands The viceroyalty of New Spain was the largest and The viceroyalty of New Spain was the largest and

most prosperous European colony in North most prosperous European colony in North America.America.

The northern borderlands of New Spain were The northern borderlands of New Spain were considered a buffer zone of protection from other considered a buffer zone of protection from other European colonies.European colonies.

In Florida, the colonial presence was weak In Florida, the colonial presence was weak causing the Spanish to form alliances with Indians causing the Spanish to form alliances with Indians and runaway slaves to create a multiracial and runaway slaves to create a multiracial society.society.

In New Mexico, the population expanded by In New Mexico, the population expanded by developing ranches and farms along the Rio developing ranches and farms along the Rio Grande River.Grande River.

The Mission SystemThe Mission System

In California, the mission system In California, the mission system guided development in the 1770s.guided development in the 1770s.

As shown by the mission system, the As shown by the mission system, the Catholic Church played a dominant Catholic Church played a dominant role in community life.role in community life.

1834 Desecularization1834 Desecularization

The French CrescentThe French Crescent

The French empire in North America The French empire in North America was founded on a series of alliances was founded on a series of alliances and trade relations that linked a large and trade relations that linked a large crescent of colonies and settlements crescent of colonies and settlements from the mouth of the St. Lawrence from the mouth of the St. Lawrence River down through the Great Lakes River down through the Great Lakes and along the Mississippi River to the and along the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.Gulf of Mexico.

The French ColoniesThe French Colonies

The Catholic Church played a strong role in The Catholic Church played a strong role in the French colonies.the French colonies.

For defensive reasons, the French allied with For defensive reasons, the French allied with Indian trading partners set up a line of military Indian trading partners set up a line of military posts and settlements.posts and settlements.

Throughout Quebec, the French establish Throughout Quebec, the French establish farming communities that ship wheat to farming communities that ship wheat to Louisiana plantations.Louisiana plantations.

French communities combine French and French communities combine French and Indian elements in architecture, dress, and Indian elements in architecture, dress, and family patterns. family patterns.

New EnglandNew England

Puritan congregations governed local Puritan congregations governed local communities.communities.

Attempts to introduce religious Attempts to introduce religious toleration failed as other toleration failed as other denominations practiced their faith denominations practiced their faith openly by 1700.openly by 1700.

New England towns grew rapidly and New England towns grew rapidly and the expanding population pressed the expanding population pressed against available land.against available land.

The Middle ColoniesThe Middle Colonies

New York had one of the most ethnically New York had one of the most ethnically diverse populations in North America.diverse populations in North America.

New York City grew tremendously but New York City grew tremendously but immigration to rural areas was lower than immigration to rural areas was lower than surrounding areas.surrounding areas.

Pennsylvania Quakers accept a more diverse Pennsylvania Quakers accept a more diverse population.population.

Government institutions were pillars of Government institutions were pillars of community organization.community organization.

Middle Colony communities were more Middle Colony communities were more individualistic than the tightly controlled New individualistic than the tightly controlled New England communities.England communities.

The BackcountryThe Backcountry

Backcountry was a distinctive region Backcountry was a distinctive region where rank was often of little where rank was often of little concern.concern.

Conflicts between settlers and Conflicts between settlers and Indians made the backcountry a Indians made the backcountry a violent region.violent region.

The SouthThe South The South was a tri-racial society of Europeans, The South was a tri-racial society of Europeans,

Africans, and Indians.Africans, and Indians. Large plantation house dominate Upper and Large plantation house dominate Upper and

Lower South.Lower South. Small tobacco farms were widely found in the Small tobacco farms were widely found in the

Upper South.Upper South. White males dominated southern society.White males dominated southern society. The Anglican Church was present in the South The Anglican Church was present in the South

but had little power.but had little power. In the Upper South, well-developed In the Upper South, well-developed

neighborhoods created a sense of community neighborhoods created a sense of community and white solidarity.and white solidarity.

Traditional Culture in the Traditional Culture in the New WorldNew World

In the colonies, everyday life revolved around In the colonies, everyday life revolved around the family and kinship, the church, and the the family and kinship, the church, and the local community.local community.

Americans were attached to their regional Americans were attached to their regional cultures that were based on oral transmission.cultures that were based on oral transmission.

Community needs outweighed those of the Community needs outweighed those of the individual.individual.

The majority of rural Americans were self-The majority of rural Americans were self-sufficient farmers who practiced diverse sufficient farmers who practiced diverse agriculture and engaged in crafts as sidelines.agriculture and engaged in crafts as sidelines.

Work and tradesWork and trades

In cities, artisans were organized In cities, artisans were organized according to the European craft according to the European craft system.system.

Women had few career opportunities.Women had few career opportunities.

Land and OpportunityLand and Opportunity

Land in America was abundant and Land in America was abundant and cheap but did not lead to a democratic cheap but did not lead to a democratic society.society.

Forced labor was common and few Forced labor was common and few indentured servants won freedom and indentured servants won freedom and prosperity.prosperity.

The demand for land caused wars with The demand for land caused wars with Indians.Indians.

D: Diverging Social D: Diverging Social and Political Patternsand Political Patterns

Population Growth and Population Growth and ImmigrationImmigration

In 1700, 290,000 colonists lived In 1700, 290,000 colonists lived north of Mexico.north of Mexico.

In 1750, the colonial population had In 1750, the colonial population had grown to almost 1.3 million.grown to almost 1.3 million.

The Ancestry of the British The Ancestry of the British Colonial PopulationColonial Population

Only the British colonies encouraged Only the British colonies encouraged immigration.immigration.

The Spanish feared depleting their The Spanish feared depleting their population at home.population at home.

The French blocked Protestant Huguenot The French blocked Protestant Huguenot immigration.immigration.

Social ClassSocial Class

Colonial America was more egalitarian Colonial America was more egalitarian than Europe.than Europe.

In New Spain and New France, hereditary In New Spain and New France, hereditary elites held privileges more in theory than elites held privileges more in theory than practice.practice.

In the British colonies, the elite was open In the British colonies, the elite was open and based on wealth.and based on wealth.

The British colonies included a large The British colonies included a large middle and poor and unfree classes.middle and poor and unfree classes.

Economic Growth and Economic Growth and Increasing InequalityIncreasing Inequality

French and Spanish colonies were French and Spanish colonies were economically stagnant compared to the economically stagnant compared to the booming British colonies.booming British colonies.

Over time in the British colonies, the gap Over time in the British colonies, the gap between rich and poor increased, between rich and poor increased, especially in cities and commercial especially in cities and commercial farming regions.farming regions.

In older regions, land shortage created a In older regions, land shortage created a population of "strolling poor."population of "strolling poor."

Contrasts in Colonial PoliticsContrasts in Colonial Politics Unlike the French and Spanish, the British used Unlike the French and Spanish, the British used

a decentralized form of government.a decentralized form of government. Royal governors and locally elected assemblies Royal governors and locally elected assemblies

governed.governed. Most adult white males could vote.Most adult white males could vote. Colonial politics were characterized by Colonial politics were characterized by

deference rather than democracy.deference rather than democracy. Leadership was entrusted to men of high rank Leadership was entrusted to men of high rank

and wealth.and wealth. Most colonial assemblies had considerable Most colonial assemblies had considerable

power over local affairs because they power over local affairs because they controlled finances.controlled finances.

E: The Cultural E: The Cultural Transformation of British Transformation of British

North AmericaNorth America

The Enlightenment ChallengeThe Enlightenment Challenge

The British colonies were more open to The British colonies were more open to intellectual and religious challenges than the intellectual and religious challenges than the French and Spanish.French and Spanish.

Enlightenment ideas emphasizing that Enlightenment ideas emphasizing that scientific principle should be applies to create scientific principle should be applies to create more human happiness took hold in the more human happiness took hold in the growing number of American colleges.growing number of American colleges.

Widespread literacy helped spread Widespread literacy helped spread Enlightenment ideas.Enlightenment ideas.

Traditional views also had strong popular Traditional views also had strong popular appeal.appeal.

A Decline in Religious DevotionA Decline in Religious Devotion

The spread of new ideas occurred during a The spread of new ideas occurred during a period of religious decline.period of religious decline.

The Puritan Church experienced falling The Puritan Church experienced falling membership and attendance at services.membership and attendance at services.

The change from a congregational to an The change from a congregational to an established church contributed to the established church contributed to the Puritan decline.Puritan decline.

The belief in predestination was The belief in predestination was weakening as Arminianism became more weakening as Arminianism became more popular.popular.

The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening In the 1630s, the Great Awakening began with Jonathan In the 1630s, the Great Awakening began with Jonathan

Edwards calling for a return to Puritan traditions that Edwards calling for a return to Puritan traditions that appealed to dissatisfied young people.appealed to dissatisfied young people.

The movement spread as thousands of people The movement spread as thousands of people experienced emotional conversions.experienced emotional conversions.

In 1738, George Whitefield toured America, further In 1738, George Whitefield toured America, further fueling the movement.fueling the movement.

Conflicts developed between Old and New Lights.Conflicts developed between Old and New Lights. In the South, the Great Awakening introduced In the South, the Great Awakening introduced

Christianity to slaves.Christianity to slaves. The Great Awakening:The Great Awakening:

greatly increased church membership; greatly increased church membership; led to the growth of the Methodist and Baptist churches;led to the growth of the Methodist and Baptist churches; and and laid the way for future political change. laid the way for future political change.

AcrosticAcrostic, by Benjamin Franklin , by Benjamin Franklin

BB-e to thy parents an obedient son, -e to thy parents an obedient son, EE-ach day let duty constantly be done. -ach day let duty constantly be done. NN-ever give way to sloth or lust or pride, -ever give way to sloth or lust or pride, II-f free you'd be from thousand ills beside; -f free you'd be from thousand ills beside; AA-bove all ills, be sure avoid the shelf' -bove all ills, be sure avoid the shelf' MM-an's danger lies in Satan, sin, and self. -an's danger lies in Satan, sin, and self. II-n virtue, learning, wisdom progress make, -n virtue, learning, wisdom progress make, NN-e'er shrink at surrendering for thy Saviour's sake. -e'er shrink at surrendering for thy Saviour's sake. FF-raud and all falsehood in thy dealings flee, -raud and all falsehood in thy dealings flee, RR-eligious always in thy station be, -eligious always in thy station be, AA-dore the maker of thy inward part. -dore the maker of thy inward part. NN-ow's the accepted time; give God thy heart -ow's the accepted time; give God thy heart KK-eep a good conscience, 'tis a constant friend; -eep a good conscience, 'tis a constant friend; LL-ike a judge and witness this thy act attend. -ike a judge and witness this thy act attend. II-n heart, with bended knee, alone, adore -n heart, with bended knee, alone, adore NN-one but the Three-in-One forevermore. -one but the Three-in-One forevermore.