48794443 cblm java prog ds

DATA STRUCTURES

USING JAVA

PROGRAMMING DEPARTMENT

November 2010

Programming NC IV

Information and Communications Technology

Compiled by:

EUGENE F. GALANG Area Chair

Reviewed by:

ANTONIO M. ERRO Dean, Academic Affairs

Approved by:

CONRADO T. CAMIGLA School Director

No part of this module may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means (electronic, photocopying, and recording) without the written permission of the author and the school.

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Data Structures using Java eugene . jay . john. lary . romel . romelyn

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction to Java 4

Two main deployment environments: Phases of a Java Program Getting to know your Programming Environment using NetBeans

Dissecting a Program 9 8 Primitive Data Types 9 Variables 10 Operators 11 Arithmetic Increment/Decrement Relational

Logical and Boolean Logical Conditional/Ternary

Order of Precedence Statements and Blocks 15

Activity – Homeowner Sales 17

Control Flow Statements 18 If statement If-else statement If-else-if statement

Switch statement Repetition Control Structures 22 While and do-while statements For statement Continue statement Break statement Method: Passing Parameters 25 Fibonacci Series 26 Nested Loop 26

ACTIVITY 27 FOR loop: POWER Nested Loop & Methods: Diamond

Arrays 1 dimensional array 28

ACTIVITY 30

Number Sequence HARRY POTTER & THE AMAZING WIZARD

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2 dimensional array 32 Sorting and searching 34 Link list 37 Queue 37 Stack 37

ACTIVITY 41

Stack Operation using Linked List Database Manipulation 42

ACTIVITY 45

Database Manipulation

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Introduction to Java

Java was created in 1991 by James Gosling et al. of Sun Microsystems. Initially called Oak, in honor of the tree outside Gosling's window, its name was changed to Java because there was already a language called Oak. The original motivation for Java was the need for platform independent language that could be embedded in various consumer electronic products like toasters and refrigerators. One of the first projects developed using Java was a personal hand-held remote control named Star 7.

Two main deployment environments:

1. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) supplied by the Java 2 Software Development Kit (SDK) contains the complete set of class files for all the Java technology packages, which includes basic language classes and GUI component classes.

2. The web browser. Most commercial browsers supply a Java technology interpreter and runtime environment.

Phases of a Java Program

Task Tool to use Output

Write the program Any text editor File with .java extension

Compile the program Java Compiler File with .class extension (Java bytecodes)

Run the program Java Interpreter Program Output

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Getting to know your Programming Environment using Netbeans

An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a programming environment integrated into a software application that provides a GUI builder, a text or code editor, a compiler and/or interpreter and a debugger. Step 1: Using NetBeans 6.8

To start the NetBeans IDE in Windows, click on Start Button Programs NetBeans NetBeans IDE 6.8 or double click on the shortcut icon on the desktop.

After opening NetBeans IDE, you will see the splash screen and the graphical user interface (GUI) below.

SHORTCUT ICON

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Step 2: Make a project

Click on File New Project Java Java Application Next

Now, a New Application dialog will appear. Edit the Project Name part and type in "HelloApplication", then click Finish

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Step 3. Type the program code then Run File

Code / Line no. These lines of code are generated

automatically by NetBeans

Launching pad of

Java application

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A common bug in Java program (ex. “Semi-colon expected”).

Statement

Right-click

code, Select

Run File

Output

Semi-colon expected

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DISSECTING A PROGRAM

8 PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES Variables must first be declared before they can be used. A variable's data type determines the values it may contain, plus the operations that may be performed on it.

1. byte: The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum

value of -128 and a maximum value of 127 (inclusive). 2. short: The short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a

minimum value of -32,768 and a maximum value of 32,767 (inclusive). 3. int: The int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum

value of -2,147,483,648 and a maximum value of 2,147,483,647 (inclusive). 4. long: The long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum

value of -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and a maximum value of 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive).

5. float: A single-precision 32-bit floating point. float h = 340282355999999999999999999999999999999.99f;

float f = Float.MAX_VALUE; 6. double: The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit floating point. For decimal

values, this data type is generally the default choice. 7. boolean: The boolean data type has only two possible values: true and false. 8. char: The char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character.

Package is similar to a folder on

your computer that organizes a

set of related classes.

Comment is used to document a part of the code. It is not part of the program.

public access specifier indicates

that class Main is accessible to

other classes from other packages.

Prints the text enclosed by quotation on the screen.

Class Main should

be saved in a file

called Main.java

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Default Values It's not always necessary to assign a value when a field is declared. Fields that are declared but not initialized will be set to a reasonable default by the compiler. The following chart summarizes the default values for the above data types.

Data Type Default Value (for fields)

byte 0

short 0

int 0

long 0L

Float 0.0f

double 0.0d

Char '\u0000'

String (or any object) Null

boolean False

VARIABLES Variable is a symbolic name associated with a value that can be changed. Rules and conventions for naming your variables.

1. Variable names are case-sensitive. A variable name can be any legal identifier — a sequence of Unicode letters and digits, beginning with a letter, the dollar sign "$", or the underscore character "_".

2. Subsequent characters may be letters, digits, dollar signs, or underscore characters. 3. If the name you choose consists of only one word, spell that word in all lowercase

letters. If it consists of more than one word, capitalize the first letter of each subsequent word.

To declare and initialize a variable

Data_type name [=initial value]; Value enclosed with square brace ([ ]) is optional. Example: int rate = 80; Declare and initialize variable rate float salary; Declare variable salary salary = 15.80; Initialize variable salary

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OPERATORS 1. Arithmetic

Operation Arithmetic operator

Algebraic expression

Java expression

Description

Addition + f + 7 f + 7 Add f and 7

Subtraction - p – c p - c Subtract c from p

Multiplication * bm b * m Multiply b by m

Division / x / y x / y Divide x by y

Modulus % r mod s r % s Compute the remainder by dividing r by s

import java.io.*; public class ArithmeticOperatorInput {

public static void main( String[] args ) throws IOException{ BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); int x, y; String str; str = br. readLine(); x = Integer.parseInt(str); y = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); System.out.println(“Product : “ + (x * y)); }

}

A java package for input /

output operation.

Creating an

object br

intended

for String

input values

Using function readLine() to read

a value to be stored in variable str.

Converting String str to Integer value

Reading and converting String input

to integer value

public class ArithmeticOperator { public static void main( String[] args ){

int x = 5, y = 3, prod, sum, diff, quot, remain; prod = x * y; sum = x + y; diff = x - y; quot = x / y; remain = x % y; System.out.println( “Product: “ + prod ); System.out.println( “Sum: “ + sum); System.out.println( “Difference: “ + diff); System.out.println( “Quotient: “ + quot ); System.out.println( “Remainder: “ + remain);

} }

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2. Increment / Decrement Operator



Description

Increment ++ x++ Increments x by 1; evaluates the value of x before it was incremented.

++x Increments x by 1; evaluates the value of x after it was incremented.

Decrement -- x-- Decrements x by 1; evaluates the value of x before it was decremented.

--x Decrements x by 1; evaluates the value of x after it was decremented.

import java.io.*; public class ArithmeticOperator {

public static void main( String[] args ) throws IOException{ BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); int number1, number2; number1 = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); number1++; System.out.println(“Processed value: “ + number1); number2 = number1++; System.out.println(“Processed value of number1: “ + number); System.out.println(“Processed value of number2: “ + number2); number2 = ++number1; System.out.println(“Processed value of number1: “ + number); System.out.println(“Processed value of number2: “ + number2);

} }

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3. Relational

4. Logical and Boolean Logical

P Q Logical AND (&&)

Boolean Logical AND (&)

Logical OR (||)

Boolean Logical inclusive OR (|)

NOT P

EXCLUSIVE OR (^)

T T T T F F

T F F T F T

F T F T T T

F F F F T F

The basic difference between Logical and Boolean Logical operators is that Logical operators support short-circuit evaluations (or partial evaluations), while Boolean Logical doesn't.

(5 == 3) && (12%2 >= 6) Will immediately return FALSE since (5 == 3) yields to false.

(5 == 3) & (12%2 >= 6) Will evaluate both condition before returning FALSE.

For exclusive OR (^), both operands must always be evaluated in order to calculate the result.

5. Conditional / Ternary The conditional operator ?: is a ternary operator. This means that it takes in three arguments that together form a conditional expression.

Syntax : exp1?exp2:exp3 where

exp1 is a Boolean expression whose result is either true or false exp2 is the value returned if emp1 is true exp3 is the value returned if emp1 is false



Description

Greater than > a > b Is a greater than b

Greater than or equal to >= a >= b Is a greater than or equal to b

Less than < a < b Is a less than b

Less than or equal to <= a <= b Is a less than or equal to b

Equal to == a == b Is a equal to b

Not equal to != a != b Is a not equal to b

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ODER OF PRECEDENCE Operator precedence defines the compiler’s order of evaluation of operators so as to

come up with an unambiguous result.

Given a complicated expression, 6 % 2 * 5 + 4 / 2 + 88 - 10

Rewrite the expression and place some parenthesis based on operator precedence

((6 % 2) * 5) + (4 / 2) + 88 - 10;

public class ConditionalOperator { public static void main( String[] args ){

String status = ""; int grade = 80; //get status of the student status = (grade >= 60)?"Passed":"Fail"; //print status System.out.println( status );

} }

class ConditionalOperator { public static void main( String[] args ){

int score = 0; char answer = 'a'; score = (answer == 'a') ? 10 : 0; System.out.println("Score = " + score );

} }

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STATEMENTS AND BLOCKS

Statements Statements are roughly equivalent to sentences in natural languages. A statement forms a complete unit of execution. The following types of expressions can be made into a statement by terminating the expression with a semicolon (;).

Such statements are called expression statements.

aValue = 8933.234; // assignment statement aValue++; // increment statement System.out.println("Hello World!"); // method invocation statement

Blocks A block is a group of zero or more statements between balanced braces and can be used anywhere.

Operators: / * – + Compute and display the values for x, y and its average.

x = – 4a

y = 2(a^2) + 6a

class compute { public static void main(String args[])

{ int a = 5; int x = ((5 * a) / (10 * a)) – (4 * a); int y = (2 * (a * a)) + (6 * a); int ave = (x + y ) / 2; System.out.println(“x = ” + x); System.out.println(“y = ” + y); System.out.println(“average = ” + ave);

} }

Output:

x = -20 y = 80

average = 30

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Calculation: Compute for the Gross, Net, Tax Create a program that will compute the gross and netpay of an employee where rate = 100 and hrs worked = 8. The formula for gross, tax and net is as follows:

gross = rate * hrs worked tax = 5% of gross net = gross – tax

Quadratic Formula using JOptionPane Create a program that will display the result of the equation qF = ax^2 + bx + c where a=5, b=2 and c=3. The program should accept the value for x. Use JOptionPane.showInputDialog for the input value and JOptionPane.showMessageDialog for displaying the result of qF.

class grossNet { public static void main(String args[]) { double gross, net, tax, rate = 100, hrsWorked=8; gross = rate * hrsWorked; tax = gross * .05; net = gross – tax; System.out.println(“GROSS = ” + gross); System.out.println(“TAX = ” + tax); System.out.println(“NET = ” + net); } }

Output:

GROSS = 800.0 TAX = 40.0

NET = 760.0

import javax.swing.JOptionPane; class quadFormula { public static void main(String args[]) { int x, a=5, b=2, c=3, qF; String str = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter a number”); x = Integer.parseInt(str); qF = (a*x*x) + (b * x) + c; JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “Computed Value: ” + qF); } }

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ACTIVITY Homeowner Sales

Laboratory problem was downloaded and edited from Thomas L. Brown’s page at http://boisdarc.tamu-commerce.edu/~tombrown/lab/cs431/lab1fa06

Problem Definition:

Design a program that inputs data about a house to be sold and produces output about the house and a potential sales transaction.

Input (Standard system input–the keyboard): homeowners name (String) house price (double) and sales commission rate (int) - for example, 6 will be entered for 6% rate.

Output (Standard output–the terminal screen):

homeowner’s name house price commission computed selling cost

Processing Commission is the product of home price and sales commission rate. The selling cost is the sum of home price and the commission.

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CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS Decision control structures are Java statements that allow us to select and execute specific blocks of code while skipping other sections. if statement

The if-then statement tells your program to execute a certain section of code only if a particular test evaluates to true.

SYNTAX

if( boolean_expression ) statement;

if( boolean_expression ) { statement1; statement2; . . . }

if-else statement

The if-then-else statement provides a secondary path of execution when an "if" clause evaluates to false.

SYNTAX

if( boolean_expression ) statement;

else statement;

if( boolean_expression ){ statement1; statement2; . . .

} else{

statement1; statement2; . . .

}

if-else-if statement

The statement in the else-clause of an if-else block can be another if-else structure. This cascading of structures allows us to make more complex selections.

The if-else if statement has the form,

if( boolean_expression1 ) statement1;

else if( boolean_expression2 ) statement2;

else statement3;

Take note that you can have many else-if blocks after an if-statement. The else-block is optional and can be omitted. In the example shown above, if boolean_expression1 is true, then the program executes statement1 and skips the other statements. If boolean_expression2 is true, then the program executes statement 2 and skips to the statements following statement3.

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class BlockDemo { //begin class block public static void main(String[] args) { //begin main block boolean condition = true; if (condition) { // begin block 1 System.out.println("Condition is true."); } // end block 1 else { // begin block 2 System.out.println("Condition is false."); } // end block 2 } //end main block } //end class block

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selection structure – if import javax.swing.JOptionPane;

class selectStruct { public static void main(String args[]) {

int choice; String str; str = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Main Menu \n” + “*1+ Name \n” + “*2+ School \n” + “*3+ Course \n” + “*4+ Exit”); choice =Integer.parseInt(str); if(choice ==1) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “iana mel f. galang”); else if(choice ==2) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “DFCAIT”); else if(choice ==3) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “Programming”); else if(choice ==4) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “by: Eugene”); }

}

http://dwcl.wordpress.com/2007/01/09/selection-structure-if/

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if: Odd or Even

output

import javax.swing.*; class evenOdd { public static void main(String args[]) { int num = Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter a number”)); int abs=num; if(num<0) abs *= -1; int sqr = num * num; if(num % 2 == 0)

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,num +” is even\nSquared value = ” + sqr);

else

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,num +” is odd\nAbsolute value = ” + abs);

}

}

http://dwcl.wordpress.com/2007/01/16/if-odd-or-even/

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switch statement

Another way to indicate a branch is through the switch keyword. The switch construct allows branching on multiple outcomes.

The switch statement has the form,

switch( switch_expression ) { case case_selector1:

statement1; // statement2; //block 1 . . . // break;

case case_selector2: statement1; // statement2; //block 2 . . . // break; . . .

default: statement1; // statement2; //block n . . . // break;

}

The body of a switch statement is known as a switch block. Any statement immediately contained by the switch block may be labeled with one or more case or default labels. The switch statement evaluates its expression and executes the appropriate case.

To prevent the program from executing statements in the subsequent cases, we use a break statement as our last statement.

Repetition Control Structures Repetition control structures are Java statements that allows us to execute specific blocks of code a number of times. There are three common types of repetition control structures, the while, do-while and for loops.

The while and do-while Statements

The while statement continually executes a block of statements while a particular condition is true. Its syntax can be expressed as:

while (expression) { statement(s) }

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The while statement evaluates expression, which must return a boolean value. If the expression evaluates to true, the while statement executes the statement(s) in the while block. The while statement continues testing the expression and executing its block until the expression evaluates to false.

The difference between do-while and while is that do-while evaluates its expression at the bottom of the loop instead of the top. Therefore, the statements within the do block are always executed at least once.

The for Statement

The for statement provides a compact way to iterate over a range of values. Programmers often refer to it as the "for loop" because of the way in which it repeatedly loops until a particular condition is satisfied.

for (initialization; termination; increment) { statement(s) }

class WhileDemo { public static void main(String[] args){ int count = 1; while (count < 11) { System.out.println("Count is: " + count); count++; } } }

class DoWhileDemo { public static void main(String[] args){ int count = 1; do { System.out.println("Count is: " + count); count++; } while (count <= 11); } }

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When using this version of the for statement, keep in mind that:

The initialization expression initializes the loop; it is executed once, as the loop begins.

When the termination expression evaluates to false, the loop terminates. The increment expression is invoked after each iteration through the loop; it is

perfectly acceptable for this expression to increment or decrement a value.

The continue Statement

The continue statement skips the current iteration of a for, while , or do-while loop.

The break Statement

break terminates the enclosing switch statement, and flow of control transfers to the statement immediately following the switch. You can also use the form of the break statement to terminate a for, while, or do-while loop.

class ForDemo { public static void main(String[] args){ for(int i = 1; i < 11; i++){ System.out.println("Count is: " + i); } } }

class ContinueDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { String searchMe = "peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers"; int max = searchMe.length(); int numPs = 0; for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) { //interested only in p's if (searchMe.charAt(i) != 'p') continue; //process p's numPs++; } System.out.println("Found " + numPs + " p's in the string."); } }

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Method: Passing Parameters A method is a set of code which is referred to by name and can be called (invoked) at any point in a program simply by utilizing the method's name. Think of a method as a subprogram that acts on data and often returns a value. Each method has its own name. When that name is encountered in a program, the execution of the program branches to the body of that method. When the method is finished, execution returns to the area of the program code from which it was called, and the program continues on to the next line of code.

import javax.swing.*; class startEnd { public static void main(String args[]) { int x = Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter starting number”)); int y = Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Enter ending number”)); disp(x,y); } static void disp(int a, int b) //series will be displayed if a <= b { String out=””; for( ; a <= b; a++) out = out + a + ” “; JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,out); } }

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Fibonacci Series The Fibonacci numbers are the numbers in the following sequence: By definition, the first two Fibonacci numbers are 0 and 1, and each remaining number is the sum of the previous two. Some sources omit the initial 0, instead the sequence begins with two 1s.

Nested Loop The placing of one loop inside the body of another loop is called nesting. When you "nest" two loops, the outer loop takes control of the number of complete repetitions of the inner loop. When working with nested loops, the outer loop changes only after the inner loop is completely finished

class Fibonacci //1 1 2 3 5 8 13 { static void fibo() { int x=1, y=1, temp=x+y;; System.out.print(x + ” ” + y + ” ” + temp +” “); while(temp<13) { y=x; x=temp; temp = x + y; System.out.print(temp + ” “); } } public static void main(String args[]) { fibo(); //method call } }

class NestedSeries { public static void main(String args[]) { int num1, num2; for(num2 = 1; num2 <= 5; num2++) { for(num1 = 1; num1 <= num2; num1++) System.out.print(num1); System.out.println(); } } } }

OUTPUT 1 12 123 1234 12345

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ACTIVITY FOR loop: POWER

Create a program that will compute the power of a number given the base and its exponent. Use any looping structure (while, do-while, for)

Example: 53

Base: 5 Exponent: 3 Result: 125

ACTIVITY Nested Loop & Methods: Diamond

Create a program that will ask the user to choose from 1 to 6 based on the given main menu. The output of the program depends on the selected item. A sample screenshot is shown below in which the user had selected number 5.

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Arrays

An array is a container object that holds a fixed number of values of a single type. The length of an array is established when the array is created. After creation, its length is fixed. An array stores multiple data items of the same datatype, in a contiguous block of memory, divided into a number of slots.

An array of ten elements

Each item in an array is called an element, and each element is accessed by its numerical index. As shown in the above illustration, numbering begins with 0. The 9th element, for example, would therefore be accessed at index 8. Declaring a Variable to Refer to an Array

Like declarations for variables of other types, an array declaration has two components: the array's type and the array's name. An array's type is written as type[], where type is the data type of the contained elements; the square brackets are special symbols indicating that this variable holds an array. The size of the array is not part of its type (which is why the brackets are empty). One way to create an array is with the new operator.

int[] anArray; // declares an array of integers anArray = new int[10]; // allocates memory for 10 integers Initializing, and Accessing an Array

Assign values to each element of the array: anArray[0] = 100; // initialize first element anArray[1] = 200; // initialize second element anArray[2] = 300; // etc.

An index number or subscript is assigned to each member of the array, allowing the program and the programmer to access individual values when necessary.

Each array element is accessed by its numerical index:

System.out.println("Element 1 at index 0: " + anArray[0]); System.out.println("Element 2 at index 1: " + anArray[1]); System.out.println("Element 3 at index 2: " + anArray[2]);

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Alternatively, you can use the shortcut syntax to create and initialize an array: int[] anArray = {100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000};

Length of the array is determined by the number of values provided between curly

brackets { and }. Array length

In order to get the number of elements in an array, you can use the length field of an array. The length field of an array returns the size of the array. It can be used by writing,

arrayName.length

1-Dimensional Array

public class ArraySample // 5 6 12 7 3 { public static void main( String[] args ){ int[] ages = {5, 6, 12, 7, 3}; for( int i=0; i<ages.length; i++ ){ System.out.print( ages[i] ); } } }

class array13579 { public static void main(String args[]) { int A[] = new int[5]; for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { A[i] = i*2 + 1; System.out.print(A*i+ + ” “); } } }

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ACTIVITY Number Sequence

Create an array that will store the number sequence 10 20 30 40 to a one dimensional array.

The program will display the content of the array along with its total.

ACTIVITY HARRY POTTER & THE AMAZING WIZARD

http://java.itags.org/java-essentials/52684/ http://forums.sun.com/thread.jspa?threadID=789887

Declare and initialize a 20-element array. In each element place one of the following characters:

‘W’ – Wizard ‘S’ — Sword ‘D’ — Demon ‘B’ — Blank – Save spot.

Example an array can look like this: South North

W S S D B D W B B D W S W D B D S W B S

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

You ask the player to select a location in Hogarth Tower. (Choose a number from 0 – 19) That places the player at a position in the array. In the example if the user enters a 4 as a starting position (starting at 0). So, the entry at that position is a B (Blank). Based on the rules below the player can then move North (add 1 to the array index) or South (subtract 1 from the array index). Here are the rules:

(1) For each Blank (B) spot, output the message ‘Safe Place’; 2 points is awarded. (2) For each Wizard (W) spot, output the message ‘You picked up a Wizard’; 3 Points is Awarded. (3) For each Sword (S) spot, output the message ‘You picked up a Sword’; 4 Points is awarded. (4) For each Demon (D) encountered, display the message ‘A demon has attacked’; subtract 5 points.

The game is over when (a) The player types in 99 this ends the game. Print out the accumulated points (b) When the points are below 0 – the player is killed. Display ‘You are killed’ if the point garnered by the player is below zero. Make sure the player does not go beyond the array boundary. The boundary is limited by the size of the array of 19 elements.

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SAMPLE OUTPUT

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2-Dimensional Array One dimensional array can be visualized as a stack of elements; two dimensional arrays can be visualized as a multicolumn table or grid. By convention, the first subscript is understood to be for rows and the second for columns. By default, both subscripts start with zero. The following table illustrates how the subscripts are specified for this array, which has three (3) rows and four (4) columns. The array consists of 12 elements (3 x 4).

0 1 2 3

0 [0][0] [0][1] [0][2] [0][3]

1 [1][0] [1][1] [1][2] [1][3]

2 [2][0] [2][1] [2][2] [2][3]

Declaring a Variable to Refer to an Array

data_type variable[][] = new data_type[number of rows][number of columns] int values[][] = new int[4][3]; array with 4 rows and 3 columns

Initializing, and Accessing an Array values[0][0] = 1; values[0][1] = 2; values[1][0] = 3; values[1][1] = 4; int values[][] = {{1,2}, {3,4}}; array with 2 rows and 2 columns

VISUALIZATION

0 1

0 1 2

1 3 4

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2-Dimensional Array: Multiplication Table

The code below will process and display the 7x7 Multiplication Table

public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { int myarr[][]=new int [7][7]; String s="MULTIPLICATION TABLE\n\n\t "; for(int x=0; x<7; x++){ s =s + "\t " + (x+1); } s+="\n"; for(int x=0; x<7; x++){ s =s + "\t" + (x+1); for(int y=0; y<7; y++){ myarr[x][y]=(x+1) * (y+1); //if-else is setting the alignment of numbers if(myarr[x][y] >= 10) s += "\t" + myarr[x][y]; else s += "\t " + myarr[x][y]; } s+="\n"; } System.out.println(s); } } //Programmed by: Ms Jovelyn B. Flores

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SORTING AND SEARCHING ALGORITHM USING JAVA

SORTING It is the process of putting a collection of data in some order. Professional programmers use one of the java.util.Arrays.sort() methods; they do not write their own, except perhaps in unusual cases.

Method Description

Arrays sort methods

Arrays.sort(pa); Sorts the elements of the array of a primitive type into ascending order using their natural ordering.

Arrays.sort(pa, from, to); Sorts the elements pa[from]...pa[to-1] of a primitive type into ascending order.

OUTPUT SORTED VALUES 1 2 5 7 12 20 45 87

public class SortDemo { public static void main(String[] args){ int[] arrInt = {2, 87, 45, 5, 12, 20, 1, 7}; int i; for (i = arrInt.length; --i >= 0; ) { for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) { if (arrInt[j] > arrInt[j+1]) { int temp = arrInt[j]; arrInt[j] = arrInt[j+1]; arrInt[j+1] = temp; } } } System.out.println("SORTED VALUES"); for (i = 0; i < arrInt.length; i++) System.out.print(arrInt[i] + " "); } } //Programmed by: Mr. Jay A. Gofredo

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The program above can be written using the code below using the statement Arrays.sort().

OUTPUT SORTED VALUES IN ASCENDING ORDER 1 2 5 7 12 20 45 87 SORTED VALUES IN DESCENDING ORDER 87 45 20 12 7 5 2 1

import java.util.*; public class SortDemo { public static void main(String[] args){ int[] arrInt = {2,87,45,5,12,20,1,7}; int i; Arrays.sort(arrInt); System.out.println("SORTED VALUES IN ASCENDING ORDER"); for (i = 0; i < arrInt.length; i++) System.out.print(arrInt[i] + " "); System.out.println("\n\nSORTED VALUES IN DESCENDING ORDER"); for (i = arrInt.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) System.out.print(arrInt[i] + " "); System.out.println("\n\n"); } }

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import java.util.*; public class SearchValue { static int searchItem(final int[] data, final int key) { for (int i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) { if (data[i] > key) return -1; else if (data[i] == key) return i; } return -1; } public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); final int arr[] = new int[5]; System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers"); for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) arr[i] = input.nextInt(); System.out.print("Enter the element to search: "); int num=input.nextInt(); int n = searchItem(arr, num); if ((n >= 0) && (n < arr.length)) System.out.println(num + " is found at index: " + n); else System.out.println("Not Found"); } } //Programmed by: Mr. Jay A. Gofredo

LINEAR SEARCH

Linear searching is a good way to find an element from the array. The array can be of any order, it checks whether a certain element (number, string, etc.) is in a specified array or not.

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LINKED LIST

A method of organizing stored data in a computer’s memory or on a storage medium based on the logical order of the data and not on its physical order. All stored data are assigned with physical address in the memory which the computer uses to locate the information.

In each record, there is a field that contains a reference (i.e., a link) to the next record in the sequence. Singly-linked lists contain nodes which have a data field as well as a next field, which points to the next node in the linked list.

A linked list whose nodes contain two fields: an integer value and a link to the next node

QUEUE A queue is a particular kind of collection in which the entities in the collection are kept in order and the principal operations on the collection are the addition of entities to the rear terminal position and removal of entities from the front terminal position. This makes the queue a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structure. In a FIFO data structure, the first element added to the queue will be the first one to be removed.

Representation of a FIFO Queue

STACK A stack is a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) data structure. A stack is characterized by only two fundamental operations: push and pop. The push operation adds to the top of the list. The pop operation removes an item from the top of the list, and returns this value to the caller.

Representation of a LIFO stack

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SAMPLE LINKED-LIST OPERATION import javax.swing.*; class Node { int no; Node ptr; //constructor of class Node Node(int n, Node p) { no = n; ptr = p; } static void printList(Node list){ //display list Node node =list; String out=”"; while (node !=null) { out += node + ” –> *" + node.no + "+ ” + node.ptr + “\n” ; node =node.ptr; } JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,”link list \n”+out); } public static void main(String args[]) { //main method int noNodes = Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“number of nodes: “)); if (noNodes>=2 && noNodes<=5) { int ctr = 1; Node head, dummy, node; int value = Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“number ” + ctr)); //1st node created node = new Node(value, null); head = node; ctr++;

//2nd upto last node created while(ctr<=noNodes) { value = Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“number ” + ctr)); dummy = new Node(value,null); node.ptr = dummy; node = dummy; ctr++; }

printList(head); //call static method printList } } }

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MENU: QUEUE MANIPULATION import javax.swing.*; class nodeMenu { Object info; nodeMenu link; static nodeMenu head, next, tail; public nodeMenu(Object i, nodeMenu l) //CONSTRUCTOR {

info = i; link = l; } static void doAdd() { int i = Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(“Add Node\nEnter a number”)); if(head == null) { head = new nodeMenu(i,null); tail = head; } else { next = new nodeMenu(i,null); tail.link = next; tail=next; } } static void doDisplay() { String output=”"; if (head != null) { next = head; while(next!=null) { output = output + (next + ” -> ” + next.info + ” ” + next.link + “\n”); next = next.link; } JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “Display List\n” + output); } else JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “List is empty”); }

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static void doDelete() { if(head!=null) { next = head; head = next.link; next = null; JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,”Delete Node\nHEAD node deleted”); } else JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,”List is empty”); } public static void main(String[] args) { String menu = “MAIN MENU\n” + “*1+ Add node\n”+ “*2+ Display list\n” + “*3+ Delete node\n” + “*4+ Exit”; int choice=0;

do { String str = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(menu); if(str.equals(“”)) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “enter a number”); else { choice = Integer.parseInt(str); if (choice == 1) doAdd(); else if (choice == 2) doDisplay(); else if (choice == 3) doDelete(); else if (choice == 4) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “Programmer: eugene”); } } while(choice != 4);

} }

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ACTIVITY

Stack Operation using Linked List

Create a program using linked list that will ask the user to enter the number of elements of the linked list. Implement the operation involving stacks where elements are added and deleted at the top of the stack or at the beginning of the list.

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DATABASE MANIPULATION

This program shows a simple data manipulation using MS Access.

Glossary of terms: 1. Connection

A connection (session) with a specific database. SQL statements are executed and results are returned within the context of a connection.

2. ResultSet A table of data representing a database result set, which is usually generated by executing a statement that queries the database.

3. Statement The object used for executing a static SQL statement and returning the results it produces.

4. Class.forname Returns the Class object associated with the class or interface with the given string name.

5. DriverManager.getConnection Attempts to establish a connection to the given database URL.

6. createStatement Creates a Statement object for sending SQL statements to the database.

7. executeQuery

Executes the given SQL statement, which returns a single ResultSet object.

8. executeUpdate Executes the given SQL statement, which may be an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.

9. Close Releases this Statement object's database and JDBC resources immediately instead of waiting for this to happen when it is automatically closed.

10. Next Moves the cursor down one row from its current position.

11. getInt / getString / getDouble / getBoolean / getByte / getFloat Retrieves the value of the designated column in the current row of the ResultSet.

12. Exception handling A programming language construct designed to handle the occurrence of exceptions (special conditions that change the normal flow of program execution).

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STEPS IN MANIPULATING A DATABASE 1. Create a database named student.accdb

2. Create a table named tblStudInfo. The structure is show below.

3. Add 8 records to the table

4. Open Netbeans Create a class named DatabaseDemo Type the code below.

/** * @author Eugene F. Galang

*/ import java.sql.*; public class DatabaseDemo { public static void main(String args[]) { Connection con; ResultSet rs; Statement stmt; String qry; int ctr; String url =

"jdbc:odbc:Driver={Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb, *.accdb)};DBQ=C:/ student.accdb";

System.out.println("Database manipulation using Access");

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try { Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); con = DriverManager.getConnection(url,"",""); stmt = con.createStatement(); qry = "Select * from tblstudinfo"; rs = stmt.executeQuery(qry); //DISPLAY CONTENT OF TABLE tblstudinfo while (rs.next()) { System.out.print(rs.getInt("id") + ", "); System.out.print(rs.getString("sname") + ", "); System.out.println(rs.getString("sadd")); } /* //CODE FOR APPENDING A RECORD qry = "INSERT INTO tblStudInfo VALUES(150,’JING’,'ILOCOS')"; ctr = stmt.executeUpdate(qry); System.out.println("No of rows affected=" + ctr); //CODE FOR UPDATING AN EXISTING RECORD qry = "UPDATE tblStudInfo SET sname='JORGE' WHERE id=105"; ctr = stmt.executeUpdate(qry); System.out.println("No of rows affected=" + ctr); //CODE FOR DELETING AN EXISTING RECORD. qry = "DELETE FROM tblStudInfo where id=105"; ctr = stmt.executeUpdate(qry); System.out.println("No of rows affected=" + ctr); */ stmt.close(); con.close(); }catch(Exception e) { System.out.println("ERROR-->" + e); } } }

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ACTIVITY Database Manipulation

Create a program that will implement the DatabaseDemo code using Menu. Sample menu is shown below.

Where:

Add Insert a new record Edit Update an existing record Delete Remove an existing record View a record Display the information of a specified user account View all Display all records Exit Terminate system run

REFERENCES Webpage URL: http://dwcl.wordpress.com/ http://mathbits.com/mathbits/java/methods/Lesson1.htm http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/second_edition/html/arrays.doc.html http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/linked_list.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_list http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_%28data_structure%29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_%28data_structure%29 http://download.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/api/index.html?java/lang/Class.html http://www.dotnetfunda.com/articles/article700-database-operation-in-java-using-

jdbc-.aspx http://www.csd.abdn.ac.uk/~bscharla/teaching/CS3514/practicals/AnduinBank/src/com

/anduin/Account.java

MAIN MENU [1] Add [2] Edit [3] Delete [4] View a record [5] View all [6] Exit

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ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

1. Write a program that mimics a calculator. The program should take two integers and the operation to be performed. It should then output the number, the operator and the result. (For division, if the denominator is zero, output an appropriate message).

2. The cost of an international call from New York to Paris is calculated as follows: Connection fee $1.99, $2.00 for the first three minutes and $0.45 for each additional minute. Write a program that prompts the user to enter the number of minutes the call lasted and outputs the amount due. Format your output with two decimal places.

3. Wire-Gram has hired you as a consultant to build an application that will calculate the cost of telegram. The application should include a way to enter the message and compute the cost based on $4.20 for the first 10 characters and $0.02 for each letter over 10. The total number of letters and the total cost should display for the person entering the telegram.

4. Consider a problem in which the percentage commission earned by a salesperson is determined by a commission code, as shown in the following table:

SALESPERSON CODE COMMISSION FACTOR (%) R or r 18 T or t 10 S or s 22 Y or y 10

The commission is the product of the total sales and the commission factor. Salespeople whose code X receive half of their total sales as their commission. Write a program that accepts the total sales and commission code then outputs the total cost to the customer.

5. Write a program that will compute for the factorial of a supplied number. The factorial of the number is the product of those numbers starting from 1 to the supplied number.

6. Write a program that will derive the sum of the square of series of a number. For example, an input of 5 will produce 55 (1

2 + 2

2 + 3

2 + 4

2 + 5

2 = 55).

7. Write a program that reverses the input number. Formulate an equation to come up with the answer. Apply loop statements in your solution. For example, an input of 1234 will produce 4321.

8. Write a program to convert a number to an English equivalent string formed from the digits. For example, 123 represented by “one two three” and 9620 is represented by “nine six two zero”.

9. Write a program that will ask for inputs that will only terminate at an entry of zero. Calculate the average of only positive and negative numbers.

10. Write a program that takes a one-line sentence as input and then outputs the following response:

o If the sentence ends with the question mark ‘?’ and the input contains an even number of characters, then output the word “Yes”.

o If the sentence ends with the question mark ‘?’ and the input contains an odd number of characters, then output the word “No”.

o If the sentence ends with the exclamation mark ‘!’ then output the word “Wow”. o In all other cases, your program will output the string “You always say” followed by the

input string enclosed in quotes. Your output should all be on one line. Be sure to note that in the last case, your output must include quotation marks around the echoed input string. Your program should have a loop that allows the user to repeat this until the user indicates that he wants to end the program. Your program does not have to check the input to see that the user entered a legitimate sentence.

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