EEXTENDEDXTENDED TTWINWIN OPOPERATIONERATIONSSEEXTENDEDXTENDED TTWINWIN OPOPERATIONERATIONSS

ETOPS COURSE TOPICSETOPS COURSE TOPICSETOPS COURSE TOPICSETOPS COURSE TOPICS

• Introduction

• Regulations

• ETOPS Approvals

• ETOPS Flight Dispatch

Cre Proced res• Crew Procedures

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

• What is ETOPSWhat is ETOPS

• The benefits of ETOPS• The benefits of ETOPS

Th Mil• The Milestones

TheThe Opportunity Opportunity Presented by Presented by Technology Technology pp ypp y gygy

What is ETOPS?What is ETOPS?What is ETOPS?What is ETOPS?

The operation of twintwin engine aircraft over a route that contains a point further than one hour's flyingfurther than one hour's flyingthat contains a point further than one hour s flying further than one hour s flying time time from an adequateadequate airport at the approved approved oneone--engine inoperative cruise speedengine inoperative cruise speedoneone engine inoperative cruise speedengine inoperative cruise speed

The benefits of ETOPSThe benefits of ETOPSThe benefits of ETOPSThe benefits of ETOPS

• Track shorteningg

• Reduced flight time

• Fuel savings

• Overall reduction in operating costs

Area of operation Area of operation beforebefore ETOPSETOPSArea of operation Area of operation beforebefore ETOPSETOPS

Area of operation Area of operation afterafter ETOPSETOPS

The 6060 minute Rule Limits Twin-Engine

The 120120 minute Rule Limits Twin-Engine

The 180180 minute Rule Limits Twin-Engine

The MilestonesThe Milestones

1936: 100 miles of an adequate airport 1936: 100 miles of an adequate airport 1953: FAA created 60-minute rule

ff O SO S 19851985:: BB767 767 first first 90 90 min ETOPS operationmin ETOPS operation 1989: FAA AC 120-42A ETOPS rules 1990: A300/A310 FAA ETOPS 180 approved 1991: DGAC ETOPS 180 approved 1991: DGAC ETOPS 180 approved 1993: JAA issues IL20/ AMJ 120-42

1995 A330 300 JAA t d i l 1995: A330-300 JAA type design approval

REGULATIONSREGULATIONSREGULATIONSREGULATIONS

• Regulations relevant to ETOPS?

• Applicable regulatory sources

Why regulate ETOPS operations?Why regulate ETOPS operations?

To achieve an Equal level of To achieve an Equal level of Safety and ReliabilitySafety and Reliability

Regulations relevant to ETOPS?Regulations relevant to ETOPS?Regulations relevant to ETOPS?Regulations relevant to ETOPS?

• Definitions

• Diversion Strategies

• ETOPS fuel planning requirements

• MEL, DDG

DefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitions

• Adequate Airport • ETOPS segment• Suitable Airport• ETOPS Enroute alternate

• Equal time point (ETP)• Critical point (CP)

• Maximum diversion time• Maximum diversion

distance

• ETOPS EXIT POINT (EXP)• One-Engine-Out Diversion

Speeddistance• ETOPS area of operation

ETOPS t i t (EEP)

Speed• Exposure Time

• ETOPS entry point (EEP)

Adequate AirportAdequate AirportAdequate AirportAdequate Airport

Runway Length Width Strength (for landing)• Runway Length, Width, Strength (for landing)• ATC services• CommunicationsCommunications • weather reporting• NOTAM• Lighting equipment• One approach & one let down aid• Rescue and Fire Fighting Services• Rescue and Fire Fighting Services

Suitable AirportSuitable AirportSuitable AirportSuitable Airport

An Adequate Airport which satisfies the ETOPS Dispatch Weather Minima in terms of ceiling andDispatch Weather Minima in terms of ceiling and visibility within the required period of suitability

ETOPS Enroute AlternateETOPS Enroute AlternateETOPS Enroute AlternateETOPS Enroute Alternate

A Suitable Aerodrome is nominated andA Suitable Aerodrome is nominated and indicated on the Operational Flight Plan for a particular ETOPS flight as an aerodrome to whichparticular ETOPS flight as an aerodrome to which a diversion can be safely accomplished

Maximum Diversion TimeMaximum Diversion TimeMaximum Diversion TimeMaximum Diversion Time

The maximum diversion time (120, or 180 minutes) from an ETOPS enroute alternate authorized in anfrom an ETOPS enroute alternate authorized in an operator’s Operations Specifications issued by AuthorityAuthority.

Maximum Diversion DistanceMaximum Diversion Distancea u e s o sta cea u e s o sta ce

It is the maximum distance which can be covered within the Maximum Diversion Time based on:based on:

) R f Altit da) a Reference Altitude, b) a Reference Weight c) the approved one engine inop cruise speed) pp g p p

It is used to define the Area of OperationsIt is used to define the Area of Operations

One Engine Out Diversion SpeedOne Engine Out Diversion SpeedOne Engine Out Diversion SpeedOne Engine Out Diversion Speed

A d i l i d i d l d b

1. Establishing the area of ETOPS operations and any dispatch limitations; and

2 C l l ti f i l i i d f l i t th2. Calculation of single engine cruise speed fuel requirements; the approved single engine cruise speed is calculated in standard atmospheric conditions (ISA) and in still air

ETOPS Area of OperationETOPS Area of OperationETOPS Area of OperationETOPS Area of Operation

Area in which it is authorized to conduct a flight underETOPS regulations and is defined by the maximumdiversion distance from an adequate airportdiversion distance from an adequate airport.

330

ETOPS Exit Point (EEP) ETOPS Exit Point (EEP) ETOPS Exit Point (EEP) ETOPS Exit Point (EEP)

The point located on an ETOPS route at which theThe point located on an ETOPS route at which the aircraft would proceed beyond the declared 60 minute distance, from the last available adequate , qairport

ETOPS ETPETOPS ETPETOPS ETPETOPS ETP

A point on an ETOPS route that is located at an pequal flight time*, from two suitable Enroute alternate airports.p

*(in forecasted atmospheric conditions at 10,000 feet)

ETOPS ETOPS Exit Point Exit Point (EXP) (EXP) ETOPS ETOPS Exit Point Exit Point (EXP) (EXP)

An EXP is the point on the aircraft’s inbound route where the aircraft is within 60 minutes flying time at the approved single engine cruise speed (under standard conditions in still air) from an adequate airport(s). The EXP marks the end of the ETOPS segment.

Critical Point (CP)Critical Point (CP)Critical Point (CP)Critical Point (CP)

A CP is the point along a route at which the diff b t th t d d f l t d tdifference between the standard fuel expected to be on board (fuel to continue) and the required ETOPS di i f l (f l t di t) i i iETOPS diversion fuel (fuel to divert) is minimum or negative. (The CP is usually, but not always, the l t ETP)last ETP)

Exposure TimeExposure TimeExposure TimeExposure Time

Period during which a diversion scenario is forecasted to be horizontally exposed to icingicing conditions for ato be horizontally exposed to icingicing conditions for a certain duration

Diversion StrategiesDiversion StrategiesDiversion StrategiesDiversion Strategies

• Standard

• Obstacle

Fi d S d• Fixed Speed

The Fixed Speed Strategy is the one used for:

• Determining the Maximum Diversion Distance (Area of Operations)

• Comparing fuel requirements and helping to establish the Critical Fuel Scenario

Diversion StrategiesDiversion StrategiesDiversion StrategiesDiversion Strategies

ETOPS Fuel Planning RequirementsETOPS Fuel Planning RequirementsETOPS Fuel Planning RequirementsETOPS Fuel Planning Requirements

The minimum fuel to be carried must be the higher of:

• Standard Fuel Planning Requirements

• ETOPS Critical Fuel Scenario Requirements

Standard Fuel Planning RequirementsStandard Fuel Planning Requirements

ETOPS Fuel Planning RequirementsETOPS Fuel Planning RequirementsThe Critical Fuel Scenarios

Decompression 1 Eng Inop & Decompression

HIGHESTHIGHEST

Most Critical Fuel ScenarioMost Critical Fuel ScenarioMost Critical Fuel ScenarioMost Critical Fuel Scenario

ETOPS Fuel PlanningETOPS Fuel PlanningDepressurization ScenarioDepressurization ScenarioDepressurization ScenarioDepressurization Scenario

ETOPS Fuel PlanningETOPS Fuel Planning1 1 Engine Out + Depressurization ScenarioEngine Out + Depressurization Scenario1 1 Engine Out + Depressurization ScenarioEngine Out + Depressurization Scenario

ETOPS Fuel PlanningETOPS Fuel PlanningETOPS Fuel PlanningETOPS Fuel Planning

ETOPS fuel planning requirements must also include:

• Contingency fuel (as per company policy)

• Fuel for Anti-ice use and the effect on unheated surfaces (if exposure to icing is anticipated at 10,000ft)

• MEL items (such as the use of the APU as a required power source)

(MEL) & (DDG)(MEL) & (DDG)( ) ( )( ) ( )

Minimum Equipment List (Airbus)

Must include restrictions for ETOPS

"For ER" or "Except for ER“For ER or Except for EROr

“E t d d O t fli ht i hibit d”“Extended Overwater flight is prohibited”

Airbus Airbus -- MEL exampleMEL example

ETOPS APPROVALSETOPS APPROVALSETOPS APPROVALSETOPS APPROVALS

•• ManufacturerManufacturer Approvals•• ManufacturerManufacturer Approvals

•• OperatorOperator Approvals

• Policy of Regulatory Approvals

OperatorOperator ApprovalsOperatorOperator Approvals

ETOPS Type Design Approval:

• ETOPS Type Design Eligibilityyp g g y

• ETOPS Type Design Capability

• ETOPS Capability Statement

ETOPS Type Design ETOPS Type Design EligibilityEligibilityyp gyp g g yg y

Includes design features such as:Includes design features such as:

• Propulsion system reliability• Electrical sources redundancy / APU design• Emergency / Standby electrical generator• Minimum crew workload operating systemsp g y• Systems redundancy• Time limited equipmentsTime limited equipments

Propulsion System ReliabilityPropulsion System Reliability

APU DesignAPU Design

Time limited equipmentsTime limited equipments

ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences

Equipment A320 A319 A330 A340q p

Cargo Category

C C

2.01.20 p1 2.01.20 p1

Cargo Fire Bottles

1 + 285 min 1 + 285 min

1.26.50 p3 1.26.50 p3

ETOPS type Design ETOPS type Design CapabilityCapabilityETOPS type Design ETOPS type Design CapabilityCapability

In service, aircrafts must demonstrate a certain level of actual performance reliability such as:level of actual performance reliability such as:

– In-flight engine shutdowns (IFSD)– In-flight engine shutdowns (IFSD)– Diversions and air turn backs

Un commanded power changes and engine surges– Un-commanded power changes and engine surges– Inability to obtain the desired thrust levels

ETOPS critical system malfunctions– ETOPS critical system malfunctions

Technical Transfer AnalysisTechnical Transfer Analysisyy

ETOPS Capability StatementETOPS Capability StatementETOPS Capability StatementETOPS Capability Statement

Design Eligibility and Capability information can be found in:

• Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)(AFM)

• Configuration, Maintenance and Procedures for Extended Range Operation (CMP)(CMP)

• Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)(MMEL)

Operator ApprovalOperator ApprovalOperator ApprovalOperator Approval

Operator achieve their by submitting an Approval PlanApproval Planto the regulatory authority of the State of Registry and g y y g yare based on:

Ai ftAi ft bilit t t t•• Aircraft Aircraft capability statement

•• CrewCrew training and qualification•• CrewCrew training and qualification

•• MaintenanceMaintenance procedures and practices•• MaintenanceMaintenance procedures and practices

Policy of Regulatory ApprovalsPolicy of Regulatory ApprovalsPolicy of Regulatory ApprovalsPolicy of Regulatory Approvals

120120 minmin is the maximum initial•• 120 120 min min is the maximum initial approval that may be granted by an operator’s “Approvalby an operator s Approval Plan”

•• 180180 minmin is granted through “in•• 180 180 min min is granted through in service experience”

• Manufacture/Operator ETOPS• Manufacture/Operator ETOPS approval can be REVOKEDREVOKED– serious single event (e g IFSD)serious single event (e.g. IFSD)– series of related events

ETOPS FLIGHT DISPATCHETOPS FLIGHT DISPATCHETOPS FLIGHT DISPATCHETOPS FLIGHT DISPATCH

•• Required DocumentationRequired Documentation•• Required DocumentationRequired Documentation

Si lSi l ETOPS Alt t O ti id tiETOPS Alt t O ti id ti•• SingleSingle ETOPS Alternate Operations considerationsETOPS Alternate Operations considerations

Required DocumentationRequired DocumentationRequired DocumentationRequired Documentation

The BRIEFING PACKAGE must be constructed to include:• The OFP shall contain:The OFP shall contain:

– “ETOPS Flight” Denotation– Critical fuel scenario computations– ETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirements– EEP, ETP, & EXP– Windows of Suitability (based on ETOPS Dispatch Wx Requirements)y ( p q )

• Adequate En-route Alternate (NOTAM)• Plotting chart or orientation chart with area of operations limitPlotting chart or orientation chart with area of operations limit

Critical Fuel Scenario ComputationsCritical Fuel Scenario Computations

ETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirementsETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirementsETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirementsETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirements

Standard Fuel Planning Requirement

ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirement

HIGHESTHIGHEST

Minimum Block FuelMinimum Block FuelMinimum Block FuelMinimum Block Fuel

EEP, ETP, & EXPEEP, ETP, & EXP, ,, ,

Windows of SuitabilityWindows of Suitability(based on ETOPS Dispatch Wx Requirements)(based on ETOPS Dispatch Wx Requirements)

ETOPS Alternates must meet Dispatch Wx requirements:

• Starting 1 hour before the earliest ETA at the en-route alternate airport

(take-off time) + (flight time to equitime point before alternate) + (diversion time at normal cruise speed and altitude) - (one hour)

• Ending 1 hour after the latest ETA at this en-route alternate airport (take-off time) + (Flight time to equitime point after alternate) + (diversion time at long range speed FL100 one engine) + (one hour)time at long range speed FL100 one engine) + (one hour)

Adequate EnAdequate En--route Alternate route Alternate qq(NOTAM)

Single ETOPS Alternate OperationsSingle ETOPS Alternate Operations

1 The ETOPS segment is relatively short typically 60

g pg p

1. The ETOPS segment is relatively short, typically 60 minutes or less, at the single engine cruise speed, in standard conditions, and in still air;, ;

2. The ETP between two en route diversion airports is located outside of the ETOPS area;outside of the ETOPS area;

3. A reduction in diversion time is achieved by using a single alternate;alternate;

4. There is only one en route diversion airport with weather forecast at or above ETOPS enroute alternate limitsforecast at or above ETOPS enroute alternate limits.

Single ETOPS Alternate OperationsSingle ETOPS Alternate Operationsg pg p

EEPEXP

OPKC 120 min

Single ETOPS Alternate OperationsSingle ETOPS Alternate Operations

g pg p

OPKC is the only ETOPS Enroute Alternate

Th i ETP l EEP d EXPThere is no ETP only EEP and EXP

Critical fuel requirements should be satisfied atCritical fuel requirements should be satisfied at the EEP and EXP respectively

CREW PROCEDURESCREW PROCEDURESCREW PROCEDURESCREW PROCEDURES

C R ibiliti• Crew Responsibilities

Diversion Decision Making• Diversion Decision Making– Weather– Failures

Crew ProceduresCrew ProceduresCrew ResponsibilitiesCrew Responsibilities

Crew ProceduresCrew ProceduresIn Flight BriefingsIn Flight Briefings

A comprehensive briefing shall be conducted in theA comprehensive briefing shall be conducted in the following phases of an ETOPS flight:

• Before entering any EEP

• After crossing any ETP

Crew ProceduresCrew ProceduresDiversion Decision MakingDiversion Decision Making

Weather:• Dispatch weather minimum requirements no longer p q g

apply when in flight (Before the EEP if weather falls below the applicable minima a ETOPS may not be entered)

Crew ProceduresCrew ProceduresDiversion Decision MakingDiversion Decision Making

Failures:

• Loss of Navigation capability (depending on airspace)

• Failures requiring landing at the nearest suitable airport

F l C id ti• Fuel Considerations

• Electrical Generation Redundancies (depending on aircraft type)Electrical Generation Redundancies (depending on aircraft type)

Crew ProceduresCrew ProceduresDiversion Decision MakingDiversion Decision Making

In case of a diversion due to engine problems it is recommended to use the speed schedule used to establish pthe area of operations (i.e. Fixed Speed Strategy)

NOTE:NOTE:“The PIC has the authority to deviate from this planned speed after completion of the assessment of the actual

situation”

Thank you..Thank you..n y ..n y ..