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* GB784793 (A) Description: GB784793 (A) ? 1957-10-16 Improvements in or relating to lubricants resistant to atomic radiation Description of GB784793 (A) A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members: US3028334 (A) US3028334 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip [78][(1)__Select language] Translate this text into The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes. PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 14, 1954. If k No 36132/54. Application made in United States of America on Jan 29, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at acceptance -Class 91, F( 1: 2: 3). International Classification:-Cl Om. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Lubricants Resistant to Atomic Radiation We, Esso RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY, formerly known as Standard Oil Development Company, a Corporation duly organised and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: -

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* GB784793 (A)

Description: GB784793 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in or relating to lubricants resistant to atomic radiation

Description of GB784793 (A)

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available

amongst the following family members:

US3028334 (A)

US3028334 (A) less

Translate this text into Tooltip

[78][(1)__Select language]

Translate this text into

The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data

and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in

particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,

up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION

Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 14, 1954.

If k No 36132/54.

Application made in United States of America on Jan 29, 1954.

Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.

Index at acceptance -Class 91, F( 1: 2: 3).

International Classification:-Cl Om.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

Improvements in or relating to Lubricants Resistant to Atomic

Radiation We, Esso RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY, formerly known as

Standard Oil Development Company, a Corporation duly organised and

existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of

America, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States of America, do hereby

declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted

to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be

particularly described in and by the following statement: -

The present invention relates to improved lubricants which are

resistant to the destructive effects of atomic radiation More

particularly, the invention is concerned with improved lubricating

oils and greases which are more stable and which retain their

lubricating effect for a longer period of time than conventional

lubricants under the influence of neutron and gamma radiation In brief

compass, the invention pertains to lubricants containing substantial

proportions of materials having high gamma ray absorption coefficients

and large capture cross-sections for thermal, i e slow, neutrons.

Present developments in the use of atomic energy indicate that nuclear

reactors are being designed at a rapidly increasing rate for use as

power plants for ships, aircraft and other carriers as well as for the

generation of steam and electric power Such atomic power plants have

many moving parts which require lubrication, the lubricant being

exposed to neutron and/or gamma radiation.

For example, the nuclear reactor itself is equipped with a large

number of lubricated hydraulic lifters and control valves which are

directly exposed to neutron as well as gamma radiation The heat

transfer fluid, usually a liquid metal, used to control the reactor

temperature becomes radioactive in the atomic pile The gamma radiation

emitted by this fluid penetrates its piping and various other plant

equipment and reaches lubricants used in various parts of the plant,

particularly in relatively compact units as they are required in

submarines or aircraft A successful application of the nuclear reactor

to this type of power generation and transmission requires, therefore,

lubricants which retain their lubricating effect under the influence

of neutron and gamma radiation.

Conventional lubricants rapidly fail under these conditions It is well

known in the art that organic matter undergoes severe decomposition by

destructive dehydrogenation, charring, and carbonization, when

subjected to neutron irradiation Gamma radiation strongly promotes

such reactions as cracking, polymerization, desulfurization,

decarboxylation, alkylation, and dehydrogenation, which may take place

in conventional mineral oils and most synthetic lubricating oils

resulting in a rapid reduction or even complete destruction of the

lubricating effect of the lubricant used.

The present invention greatly alleviates this difficulty and allows

lubrication of frictional surfaces in the proximity of a source of

atomic radiation which would ordinarily be capable of decomposing

conventional lubricants.

The term frictional surfaces, as used herein, refers to two surfaces

that are substantially in contact and moving in relation to each

other, that may be lubricated to decrease the frictional forces

between the frictional surfaces.

For example frictional surfaces may be the moving surfaces of moving

parts of machinery such as bearings, gear wheels, driving chains,

levers, sliders and guides.

Materials which may be used in accordance with the invention as

moderators to reduce the damaging effect of gamma radiation must be

capable of decreasing the energy content of the gamma rays by

providing a high frequency of collisions between gamma rays and

electrons Such collisions result in a finite proportion of the gamma

ray energy being absorbed by the electron and in a corresponding

reduction of the effect of gamma radiation on the environment of the

moderator This energy absorption is a function of the so-called "

gamma ray absorption coefficient " of the 0.,793 moderator, which in

turn is determined by the molecular weight and density of the

material.

The gamma ray absorption coefficient of a moderator is the greater the

higher its molecular weight and/or the greater its density.

Also, certain morphological aspects affect the gamma ray absorption

coefficient and with it the utility of a material as moderator For

example, materials having a hexagonal closepacked or laminar

structure, such as lead or graphite, are particularly suitable for use

in the present invention.

The term gamma ray absorption coefficient, as used herein, is defined

by the term pb/p where p is the density and tx is defined by the -,gd

equation a = aoe where a is the intensity after the gamma rays have

passed through the absorbent material, a, is the initial intensity of

the gamma rays, d is the thickness of the material measured in

centimetres and where the initial energy of the gamma rays is 4 m.e v.

The lubricant composition of the present invention comprises a

lubricating oil having incorporated therein a sufficient proportion of

an element or compound having a gamma ray absorption coefficient of at

least 3 and a sufficient proportion of an element or compound having a

capture cross section for thermal neutrons of at least 2,500 barns to

stabilize the said oil against atomic radiation.

The elements and compounds incorporated in the lubricant are referred

to herein as moderators The most outstanding examples of Element

Gadolinium 156 9 Atomic Wt.

Thermal Neutron Capture CrossSection of Element (Barns) 36,000

Samarium 8,000 43 Atomic Wt.

Cadmium 2,900 112 41 Atomic Wt.

moderators having a gamma ray absorption 35 coefficient of at least 3

are heavy metals, such as titanium, molybdenum, mercury, lead,

bismuth, thorium, and platinum These moderators may be added to

conventional lubricants in powdered form i e finely divided, as

metals, 40 metal oxides or metal sulfides or in the form of compounds

soluble in the base oil of the lubricant, for example as naphthenates,

stearates, sulfonates, chelates, organic thiophosphorus acid salts, or

phosphides Other suit 45 able moderators having a gamma ray absorption

coefficient of at least 3 include powdered graphite and various other

powdered minerals which exhibit laminar structure, such as mica,

asbestos, and talc The moderators may be 50 present in the lubricants

in proportions of 2wt %, and preferably 5-20 wt %.

It is preferred that the moderator having a capture cross-section for

thermal neutrons of at least 2,500 barns should, after neutron 55

bombardment, revert to form stable non-radioactive isotopes of at

least the same minimum capture cross-section by releasing the absorbed

energy in the form of harmless electromagnetic radiation Data on

neutron cross-sections of 60 most elements and the stability of their

isotopes are now available in the literature permitting the selection

of materials suitable for the purposes of the present invention

Typical representatives of this class of materials are 65 the elements

cadmium, samarium and gadolinium The pertinent characteristics of

these elements are summarized in the table below.

Thermal Neutron Principal Capture CrossIsotopes Section for or Neutron

Principal Isotope Absorption (Barns) d,55 d 157 sm 149 Cd 113 50,000

180,000 46,000 24,000 Moderators of this class may be added to

lubricants in the form of the finely divided metals, their oxides,

sulfides, phosphides, and phosphorus acid salts, or as compounds

soluble in the base oil of the lubricant, such as the naphthenates,

petroleum sulfonates, fatty acid soaps, e g stearates and oleates

(complexes of the type which may be employed in greases) of such soaps

with the metal salts of low molecular weight carboxylic acids;

chelates and porphyrin derivatives of such metals.

The degree of protection afforded by such a moderator is, of course, a

function of its concentration in the lubricant as well as its specific

capture cross-section This is illustrated by the following tabulation

of the neutron absorption by the preferred moderators of the invention

at varying concentrations in a lubricant film of 0 05 cm thickness.

784,793 784,793 Capture Cross-Section (Barns) Concentration Weight

Percent 100 0 99 6 1 425 99.8 70.8 11.6 95.4 45.9 As indicated by the

above table, effective concentrations of the moderator having a

capture cross-section for thermal neutrons of at least 2,500 may vary

between about 1 and 50 wt % of the lubricant, depending somewhat on

the specific moderator used Concentrations of about 10-40 wt % of such

moderator are usually preferred.

When oil-insoluble moderators are used, these materials should be

employed in finely divided form Particle sizes of less than 100

microns are suitable, sizes of about 50-75 microns being preferred.

The lubricating oil base of the lubricants of the invention may be of

either mineral or synthetic origin These oils should have a viscosity

of about 2 centistokes at 210 'F to about 60 centistokes at 210 'F

While all types of mineral oils of lubricating grade have utility for

the purposes of the invention, those obtained from predominantly

naphthenic stocks are more desirable, acid treated naphthenic type

mineral lubricating oils being preferred.

Of the synthetic oils, non-ester types are preferred Suitable

synthetic oils include FischerTropsch synthesis products, hydrocarbon

polymers, formals, acetals, glycols, ethers, glycol and polyglycol

ethers, carbonates, silicanes, silicones, silicates, fluoro and

perfluorocarbons, of lubricating grade, all of which are well known in

the art.

Greases in accordance with the invention may be prepared from the

above-mentioned lubricating oils by adding a moderator of each type

according to the invention and incorporating a conventional grease

thickener in greasemaking proportions of, say about 3-50 wt.

%, preferably 10-30 wt %, based on total lubricant The oil base may

form 20-95 wt.

% of the composition or finished grease Quite generally, non-soap type

grease thickeners are preferred because of their greater stability

toward gamma radiation Essentially inorganic thickeners, such as

carbon black, finely divided silica, silica gel, various metal

silicates, including calcium silicate, bentonites, Bentones,

Attapulgus clays, and various gel-forming amphoteric metal oxides

including A 1 10,, Fe O,, Bi 2 O,, and Sn O,, are most desirable Some

examples of Bentones are given in J Phys.

Chem 45, 65-81 ( 1941).

Examples of suitable organic salt-type thickeners include the

hydrocarbon sulfonates of alkali metals, particularly sodium,

potassium 65 and lithium, the calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium,

aluminum and certain heavy metals, such as lead; having about 8-34

carbon atoms, particularly in combination with metal salts of low

molecular weight carboxylic 70 acids having 1-5 carbon atoms per

molecule.

The preferred carboxylic acid soaps of the metals listed above, are

those of essentially saturated fatty acids having 12-30 carbon atoms,

e g stearic, palmitic, hydroxystearic, 75 and hydrogenated fish oil

acids, preferably in the form of complexes with the metal salts of low

molecular weight saturated carboxylic acids having 1-5 carbon atoms

Other suitable organic thickeners include various amino 80 phenol

derivatives, such as N-stearoyl-p-amino phenol, and urea adducts of

benzene and biphenyl.

A moderator may be a component of a grease thickening agent, for

example when a 85 metal soap and/or salt type of thickener is used, at

least a portion of the metal constituent of the metal soap or salt may

be a moderator of the invention For example, cadmium stearate, or

calcium stearate-cadmium acetate 90 complexes may be used for this

purpose.

Conventional methods of grease-making may be employed in preparing the

greases of the invention When using inorganic thickeners, the finely

divided thickener may be dispersed 95 in the oil base by means of

homogenizers, colloid mills or similar high efficiency mixing

equipment This can be done prior to the incorporation of the

moderators or in their presence The latter method is preferred 100

Soap-thickened greases may be made by saponifying suitable fats or

oils containing the acids prevously described, or by neutralizing the

acids as such in at least a portion of the base oil with the metal

bases mentioned above 105 When the metal base of the thickener is

different from that of the moderators the saponification is preferably

carried out prior to the incorporation of the moderators When Additive

Gadolinium 36,000 Percent Neutron Absorption Samarium 8,000 Cadmium

2,900 784,793 the metal base of the thickener is the same as that of a

moderator, the metal base of the moderator may be used as the

saponifying or neutralizing agent Grease-making conditions are those

conventionally used including saponification temperatures of about 150

250 F, dehydration temperatures of about 210 -300 F and complexing or

finishing temperatures of about 400 -600 F In the case where the

moderators are different from the metal base of the grease thickener,

the moderators are preferably added under agitation during the cooling

cycle of the greasemaking process at temperatures below about 350 F

The usual finishing steps, such as homogenization and milling, may be

employed.

The lubricants of the invention may contain minor proportions of

conventional modifying agents, e g calcium sulfonate, and

anti-oxidants, e g phenyl,-naphthylamine; corrosion inhibitors, e g

sorbitan mono-oleate; extreme pressure agents, e g tricresyl

phosphate, sulfurized and P 55-treated materials, chlorinated

hydrocarbons and esters; viscosity index improvers, e g polybutenes

and polymethacrylates; pour point depressors, e g naphthalene

alkylated with chlorinated paraffin wax, lauryl fumarate-vinyl acetate

copolymers; tackiness and stringiness agents, e g polyisobutylenes.

The invention will be further illustrated by the following specific

examples.

EXAMPLE I

A grease useful for the purposes of the invention may be prepared from

the following components:

Component Wt % Cadmium Stearate 20 Cadmium Acetate 20 Molybdenum

Disulfide Powder 10 Phenyl Alpha-Naphthylamine 0 5 Formal of CQ 3-Oxo

Alcohol 49 5 having a Viscosity of 3 4 Centistokes at 210 o F.

The grease is prepared as follows: About 45, of the formal is mixed

with the stearic acid and heated to about 150 F Cadmium hydroxide is

added sufficient to neutralize the stearic acid Thereafter glacial

acetic acid is added and neutralized with additional cadmium hydroxide

The mixture is heated to about 220 F until dehydration is complete.

Heating is continued at a rapid rate until a temperature of about 450

F is reached The grease is then allowed to cool and the remaining

portion of the formal is added at a temperature of about 300 F After

further cooling, the molybdenum disulfide powder and the oxidation

inhibitor are added and the grease is passed through a homogenizer at

a temperature of about 180 -200 F.

EXAMPLE II

A lubricating oil in accordance with the invention may be prepared by

intimately mixing the components given below, at substantially room

temperature or slightly elevated temperatures promoting the solution

of the additives in the oil base, Component Gadolinium Naphthenate

Bismuth Stearate Condensation Product of Salicyl Aldehyde and

Propylene Diamine Phenyl Alpha-Naphthylamine Coastal Distillate of

30-40 SSU at 210 F.

Wt % 6 1 0.5 67.5 EXAMPLE III

Another lubricating oil of good radiation stability is obtained by

mixing the following components substantially as described in Example

II.

Component by Gadolinium Oleate Mercury Naphthenate Phenyl

Alpha-Naphthylamine Condensation Product of Salicyl Aldehyde and

Propylene Diamine Polyethylene Glycol of about molecular weight Parts

7 weight 0.5 64.5 90 The present invention is not limited to the

specific examples set forth above The relative proportions of the

lubricant constituents may be varied within the limitm inidicated to

obtain lubricants of different characteristics 95

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* GB784794 (A)

Description: GB784794 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in or relating to birdcages

Description of GB784794 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.

Improvements in or relating to Birdcages.

I, WILLIAW BAIRNSFATHER-SCOTT a British

Subject, of 237 Brighton Road, South Croydon, Surrey, do hereby

declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted

to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be

particularly described in and by the following statement :-

This invention relates to birdcages of the kind having a wire front

and a seed and husk collecting trough situated immediately in front of

the wire, into which seed and husks can fall when thrown out of the

cage by the lb'rds, the wire front being usually remov- able, and

particularly to breeding cages, the side walls and rear wall of the

cage, and also the top being solid and being usually constructed from

wood or like material.

The chief object of the invention is to evolve a birdcage of the above

kind of a generally improved construction.

A birdcage of the kind set forth, is characterised in accordance with

the present invention, in that the trough is constructed integrally

with a false bottom or tray which is removable from the cage by

forward sliding movement.

Referring to the drawings :-

Figure 1 is a perspective view of a birdcage in accordance with the

invention ; and

Figure 2 is a transverse section on the line 2-2 in Figure 1.

The birdcage illustrated is of the kind commonly used for breeding

purposes, the cage being constructed of wood and comprising a

comparatively wide bottom 1, a top 2 of narrower width from front to

back, a plywood or other back 3 and side walls 4, the side walls as is

clearly shown tapering from a point 5 to the top 2.

The side walls 4 are connected by means of a shallow wooden bar 6

which serves to support the wire front 7, the wire front in known

manner including upstanding and depending projections 8 and 9 which

enter suitably positioned holes in the top 2 and member 6.

The cage is fitted with perches 10 which are screwed to the back 3,

the forward ends of the perches in known manner being slotted to

engage the vertical wires of the wire front 7.

The cage is fitted with a removable false bottom or tray 11 having a

peripheral rim 12 and with a crossbar 13 which, when the tray is in

position, lies directly beneath the member 6. The rim 12 in front of

the member 13 is increased in height as at 14 and the tray is provided

at the front with a comparatively deep front piece 15, the depth of

the front piece 15 being such that seeds or husks thrown out of the

cage by the birds through the wire front will be deflected back into

the trough formed by the parts 13,14 and 15 and consequently will not

fall on to the floor of the room in which the cage is situated. As

will be seen clearly from

Figure 1, the trough extends the full length of the cage, that is to

say, it is equal to the length of the wire front.

The trough and removable tray are also shown by chain dotted lines in

Figure 2 in a partially withdrawn position, the trough and tray being

capable of being fully withdrawn from the cage for cleaning purposes.

It will be appreciated that by extending the side walls 4 of the cage

forwardly in front of the wire front any tendency for seed or husks to

be thrown out through the wire front in a lateral direction will be

prevented as any seed or husks hitting the forwardly projecting parts

of the side walls will be deflected back into the seed and husk

collecting trough.

What I claim is :-

1. A birdcage having a wire front and having a seed and husk

collecting trough situated immediately in front of the wire, into

which seed and husks can fall when thrown out of the cage by the

birds, charac- terised in that the trough is constructed integrally

with a false bottom or tray which is removable from the cage by

forward sliding movement.

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* GB784795 (A)

Description: GB784795 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in or relating to sewing machines

Description of GB784795 (A)

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available

amongst the following family members:

US2881722 (A)

US2881722 (A) less

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data

and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in

particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,

up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION

Date of filing Coomplete Specification: Jan 25, 1956.

0) Application Date: Jan 26, 1955 No 2279 I 55.

Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.

Index at Acceptance:-Class 112, G 2 (G 6 A: P 8 A: PSB).

International Classification:-DO 5 b.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.

Improvements in or relating to Sewing Machines.

We, THE BRITISH UNITED SHOE MACRINERY COMPANY LIMITED, a British

Company registered under the Companies Acts, 1862-1898, and GEORGE

CLIFFORD BARTON, British Subect, both of Union Works, Belgrave Road,

in the City of Leicester, do hereby declare the invention, for which

we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it

is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the

following statement:-

This invention is concerned with improvements in or relating to sewing

machines.

There is hereinafter described one conv-niient construction of machine

which is provided by the invention and is illustrative thereof, the

illustrative machine being a curved hooked needle lockstitch sewing

machine suitable for sewing an outsole to a welt of a welt shoe in the

manufacture or repair of shoes and having a workpnetrating and

work-feeding awl The term shoe where used herein is intended to

include outer footwear generally.

A machine suitable for sewing together an outsole and a welt during

the manufacture of a welt shoe is disclosed in the Specification of

British Patent Specification

No 7793 of 1892 Machines constructed in the manner disclosed in said

Specification have been used satisfactorily, over a comparatively long

period, for sewing outsoles to welts in the course of the manufacture

of welt shoes and have also been used to sew half soles to welts

during the repair of welt shoes.

Shoes which require to be repaired by resoling usually have a heel

attached to them and when sewing a half sole to a welt during the

repair of shoes by a machine constructed in the manner disclosed in

said Specification difficulty has sometimes been experienced in sewing

the heel end portion of the half sole lPrice 3 s 6 d l to the welt in

the waist of the shoe owing to parts of the machine, particularly the

shuttle and parts associated therewith, being engaged by the heel as

the shoe is presented to the machine and preventing the shoe from

being properly positioned in the machine for the commencement of

sewing.

One of the various objects of the invention is to enable curved hooked

needle lockstitch sewing machines which are normally used to sew

outsoles to welts in the manufacture of shoes to be conveniently used

for the repair of shoes having heels attached thereto.

In the illustrative machine hereinafter described, which, except as

will hereinafter appear, is similar to the machine disclosed in said

Specification, a shuttle mechanism (comprising a loop taker which is

arranged to carry a loop of needle thread, drawn through a workpiece

by a curved hooked needle of the machine, around a supply of locking

thread in the loop taker) is so arranged relatively to the stitch

forming devices of the machine that it does not interfere with the

proper presentation of a shoe, having a heel thereon, to the machine,

the shuttle mechanism extending rearwardly and somewhat to the left at

an acute angle to the plane of the curved hooked needle instead of

purely laterally of the machine as in the machine disclosed in said

Specification.

In the illustrative machine hereinafter described rotary movement is

imparted to the loop taker by a train of gears, two of which engage a

row of gear teeth around the periphery of the loop taker The loop

taker has a beak, which takes a loop of needle thread from the needle,

and has a gap, associated with the beak, in which the loop of thread

lies as it is passed around the supply of locking thread in the loop

taker The row of gear teeth is interrupted 784,795 ( 7.5 7 78, by the

gap and the arrangement is such that when the gap passes each of the

gears in turn the other gear continues to drive the loop taker The

train of gears is driven by a a cam lever of the machine The

arrangement of the loop taker driving mechanism is compact and extends

more or less rearwardly from the beak of the loop taker, thus

providing ample space at the left of the needle for presentation of

the work to the machine.

Owing to the rearranged position of the shuttle mechanism a thread

lifter of the illustrative machine, which spreads each loop of thread

drawn through the work by the needle to allow the beak of the loop

taker to enter the loop, is preferably given a movement first

substantially parallel to the plane of the needle and then in a

direction laterally of the plane of the needle across the front of the

loop taker instead of merely upwardly and slightly forwardly as in the

machine disclosed in said Specification, and this movement is obtained

by means of a cam and cam lever similar to those disclosed in said

Specification The cam and cam lever move the thread lifter upwardly

and somewhat forwardly and movement of the thread lifter across the

front of the loop taker is obtained as a consequence of continued

movement of the cam lever.

There will now be given a description, with reference to the

accompanying drawings, of the illustrative machine aforementioned and

of an alternative part of the machine, from which description the

above and other objects of the invention will become clear.

It is however to be clearly understood that the illustrative machine

is selected for description by way of exemplification of the invention

and not of limitation thereof.

The features of the invention will be found respectively set out as

appended

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* GB784796 (A)

Description: GB784796 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in and relating to powder spray devices

Description of GB784796 (A)

We, AEROSTYLE Li MITED, a British Com-

pany, of Sunbeam Road, Acton, London, N.W 10, do hereby declare the

invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and

the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly

described in

and by the following statement:-

This invention has reference to improvements in and relating to

devices for spraying powder from two or more spray nozzles over

surfaces, a typical application of the devices being the spraying of

powder over the surfaces of printed sheets to prevent set-off.

Owing to various causes, such as obstructions formed by irregularities

in the ducts conducting air and powder to the nozzles, there has been

difficulty in obtaining an even distribution of the powder to the

nozzles with the result that the powder was not uniformly distributed

over the surface above which the device was located The principal

object of the present invention, therefore, is the provision of spray

devices wherein the above difficulty is substantially resolved.

In accordance with the invention there is provided a spray device

comprising a passage for the flow of a stream of air under pressure

and powder entrained by the air, the passage having openings in its

sides through which openings the air and powder pass from the passage

into ducts for conveying the stream of air and powder to spray

nozzles, and a rotatably mounted element in said passage, said element

having a part adapted momentarily substantially to cover the openings

as the element rotates and being provided with a surface inclined to

the general direction of the stream of air and powder in the passage

so that the rotation of the element is effected by the stream

inpinging on the said surface, and the axis of lPrice 3 s %l,, q S 6,.

784,796 rotation of the element being substantially parallel with the

said direction.

It is found in a powder spray device according to the invention that

the said element by acting as a distributor in the vicinity of the

said openings or by imparting a swirling motion to the air and powder

in the said vicinity or by a combination of these actions causes the

powder to be directed into the openings in proportions substantially

equal for all openings.

The invention is applicable to continuously acting spray devices and

to intermittently acting spray devices.

The rotary element may comprise a strip of metal twisted about its

axis so as to provide a steep pitch archimedian screw, a helical

spring, or a disc having laterally projecting inclined vanes In the

preferred embodiment this element is located in a vertical tube

providing the above mentioned passage of the spray device The tube is

adapted to receive air and powder at its upper end and to discharge

the air and powder through lateral openings near its bottom end, the

said bottom end being blind a short distance beneath the lateral

openings.

The rotary element when consisting of either a strip of twisted metal

or of a helical spring has a maximum cross dimension slightly less

than the bore diameter of the tube and is provided at one end with a

pivot point This point lies in a bearing recess in the blind end of

the tube so that the element stands in the tube with its axis

substantially parallel with the general direction of the stream of air

and powder in the passage; and the length of the pivot is such that

part of the element, preferably the lower end thereof lies opposite

the openings near the bottom of the tube When the rotary element

comprises a vaned disc a b,, PATENT SPECFICATION Inventor:-JAMES

ERNEST WARHURST.

Date of filing Complete Specification: March 21, 1956.

Application Date: Feb 3, 1955 No 3216155.

Complete Specification Publi-shed: Oct 16, 1957.

Index at Acceptance:-Class 100 ( 2), 015 G.

International Classification:-B 41 f.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.

Improvements in and relating to Powder Spray Devices.

60.

784,796 supporting pivot therefor upstands from the blind end of the

tube and the vanes lie opposite the said openings When air and powder

are introduced into the tube the a element is set into rotation and,

as above stated, causes the powder to be substantially evenly

distributed to the openings.

The openings lead to ducts and the ducts lead to spray nozzles through

which the air and powder are discharged.

If desired the tube above mentioned may have its blind end at the

top-and its inflow end at the bottom-in which case the strip of

twisted metal or the spring has the pivot point at the top and this

point engages the blind end owing to the up-thrust of the

through-flowing stream of air and powder.

When a vaned disc is used it is of course suspended from the blind

end.

The tube containing the rotary element may be transparent or may have

a transparent part for the purpose of enabling an operator easily to

see whether powder is passing through the device and, therefore,

discharged at the spray nozzles.

One way of carrying out the present invention utilising a helical

spring as the rotatable element and an alternative form of rotatable

element will now be described with reference to the accompanying

drawings wherein:

Fig 1 is a vertical sectional elevation of a spray device according to

the invention; Fig 2 is an elevation of the alternative :35 form of

rotatable element.

The device shown in Fig 1 comprises a central tube 1 having two rings

of radial holes 2 near its upper end for the inflow of air under

pressure and powder entrained by the air into the bore 4 of the tube,

the bore 4 providing the passage herein referred to, and two rings of

radial holes 5 near its lower end for the outflow of air and powder

from the passage Air and powder reach the holes 4.5 2 by the way of a

connector 6 to which the air and powder are supplied by a spray gun.

The air and powder discharging through the holes 5 enter the hollow

interior 7 of a block 8 screwed on to the tube 1 and pass by way of

hollow nipples 9 into radial, telescopic tubes 10 terminating in spray

nozzles 11, said hollow 7, nipples and tubes providing the herein

mentioned ducts which convey the air and powder from the passage in

the tube 1 to the nozzles 11.

The connector 6 and a mounting arm 12 are clamped between the block 8

and a cap nut 13, washers 14 being interposed between these elements

and the top of the bore 4 containing a screw plug 15 to prevent

leakage of air and powder.

The nipples 9 enter holes in a closure ring 16 at the bottom of the

block 8, the ring being held in position by being thrust, by the screw

action of the block 8 on the tube 1, against a sealing washer 17 on a

flange 18.

The flange is on the tube 1 lower than the holes 5.

The nipples extend from the top of a circular manifold 19 carrying the

tubes 10, 70 the manifold being held in position with the nipples in

the holes in the ring 16 by a plate 20 which is thrust towards the

manifold by a nut 21 on a stud 22 projecting from the bottom of the

tube Washers 23 are inter 75 posed between the parts 20 and 19 and 19

and 16.

The bore 4 of the tube 1 terminates a short distance below the lowest

holes 5 in the said tube Within the bore and extend 80 ing lower than

the lowest holes 5 and higher than the highest holes 2 is a helical

spring 24 The outside diameter of the spring is slightly less than the

diameter of the bore and the lower end of the spring has a bearing 85

point 25 resting in the bottom or blind end of the bore The spring is

thus able freely to rotate in the bore or passage.

When air under pressure and powder flow down the passage or bore 4

they strike the 90 upper surfaces of the helices of the spring and so

rotate the spring on its axis Because the outside diameter of the

spring is only slightly less than the diameter of the passage those

helices opposite the holes 5 substan 95 tially cover the inner ends of

the holes momentarily as the spring rotates with the result that the

spring acts as a, distributor.

In practice it is found that the effect of the rotating spring is to

cause a substantially 100 even distribution of the air and powder to

the holes It will be appreciated that the holes in either ring of

holes 5 are momentarily covered in succession as the spring rotates

and the rotating spring imparts a swirling 10)5 action to the air and

powder which, it would seem, assists the distributor action of the

spring.

Any other freely rotatable element which acts as a distributor and /or

swirler may be 110 used in place of the spring 24 A suitable

alternative element is shown in Fig 2 It comprises a strip of metal 26

twisted to the helically fluted form shown provided with a bearing

point 27 The element is so 115 located in the tube 1 that the top of

the tapered bottom of the strip lies at least slightly lower than the

lower ring of holes 5.

The diameter of the said element is slightly less than the diameter of

the passage 4 120 The tube 1 may have a transparent portion, the tube

being so mounted that the transparent portion can be seen, in order to

enable the operator to see whether powder is passing through the

device 12,

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* GB784797 (A)

Description: GB784797 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in cloches

Description of GB784797 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.

Improvements in Cloches.

I, THOMAS INCE ETRIDGE, a British Subject, of 20 Croft Road, Edwalton,

Notting- ham, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a

patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be

performed, to be particularly described in and by the following

statement :-

This invention relates to improvements in cloches and is concerne with

cloches principally used for horticultural purposes.

A cloche of the kind to which this invention relates comprises at

least two panel members which converge upwardly and are located in

relative position. The panel members may conveniently be of glass and

are placed over newly sown horticultural seedlings to protect them

from wind and to keep them at a higher temperature than the air

temperature particularly during late winter and early spring so that

the young seedlings may reap the benefit of warmth from the sun and

not suffer the damage from cool air at night.

Cloches are also known which comprise at least four panel members, for

example sheets of glass in which two panels are normal to the ground

to form side walls and two more panels converge upwardly from the

upper margins of the side walls to form a gabled roof to the cloche.

End panel members may be provided for the cloches or alternatively a

plurality of cloches may be placed in line over a row of young

seedlings. The open ends of the cloches at the end of the rows may be

closed by a sheet of glass or other suitable material. It is known to

provide means for connecting the panel members of cloches of the kind

referred to in desired relative position, which means comprise

suitably shaped lengths of wire. It is known to provide an arrangement

in which two upwardly converging panels are separated from each other

at the apex of the angle by approximately the diameter of the wire

employed. There is thus a small gap between the panels along the ridge

of the cloche.

One disadvantage of cloches of the aforementioned kind is that during

warm weather the soil beneath the cloches may have substantially all

the water evaporated therefrom and the young seedlings and plants,

therefore, deprived of water which is essen- tial to their growth. In

order to replenish the water in the soil it is necessary to remove

each individual cloche and to supply water from a convenient source,

for example a watering can.

It will be appreciated that in a plurality of rows of young seedlings

each row being covered by cloches the operation of removing each

cloche, watering the soil beneath it and replacing the cloche may take

a com- paratively long time.

It is one object of the present invention to minimise or overcome this

difficulty.

It will also be appreciated that if two sheets of glass are inclined

upwardly the height to which the young seedling may grow is governed

by the perpendicular from the line joining the upper margin of sheets

to the ground which is a function of the height of the members

employed and the distance between their ground engaging margins. It is

for this reason that the cloche having two panel members normal to the

ground and two more panel members upwardly converging from the upper

edges of the first two mentioned panels are provided to enable a young

seedling to grow to a greater height before either removing the cloche

and subjecting the young seedling to the dangers of cool night air or

increasing the vertical height of the apex of the converging members

of the cloche.

It is another object of the present invention to provide improvements

in cloches of the aforementioned kind.

In assembling cloches in which the panel members are held in position

by lengths of bent wire difficulty is often experienced in placing the

wire in the correct position around the different panels and in the

correct manner.

Furthermore if the wire becomes damaged or bent out of shape there is

a considerable likelihood of breaking the members if they are sheets

of glass by an attempt to assemble the cloche.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a member for

assembling cloches which at least in part overcome this dimculty. It

is also desirable for young seedlings not to be in soil which is

supplied with water and/or fertiliser but for the atmosphere

surrounding the seedlings immediately above the soil to be moist. It

is another object of this invention to increase the humidity of the

atmosphere within an horticultural cloche.

With the'above and other objects in view the present invention

provides. a ridging member for a horticultural cloche having means for

releasabIy securing at least two cloche panel members spaced apart and

inclined at an angle to each other and a plurality of apertures for

permitting the passage of liquid to the interior of the cloche when

assembled. Conveniently the member comprises a length of substantially

rigid material having suitable means for releasably securing the

cloche panel members thereto at an angle to each other so that when

the margins of the said members not connected to the member are placed

on the ground the cloche is either of general triangular trapezoidal

shape. The said ridging member is provided with a plurality of

apertures along its length and throughout the width separating the

upper margins of the panels ta permit the passage of liauid, such as

for example rain water. Said apertures may conveniently be in the form

of holes provided at convenient positions along the length and width

of the said member. A slide may be provided co-operating with said

apertures to close either in part or in whole some or all of the

apertures.

In order that the invention may be more readily understood reference

will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which :-

Figure 1 is a perspective view of a cloche assembled with a ridging

member according to the present invention.

Figure 2 is a cross-section through a ridging member having cloche

panel members secured thereto.

Figure 3 is an alternative construction of a ridging member according

to the present invention.

Figure 4 is a further alternative construction of a ridging member

according to the present invention.

Figure 5 is a further alternative construction of a ridging member

according to the present invention.

Figure 6 is a perspective view of an alternative way of assembling a

cloche with a ridging member according to the present invention.

Figure 7 is a further alternative construction of a ridging member

according to the present invention.

Figure 8 is a further alternative construction of a ridging member

according to the present invention.

Figure 9 is a cross-section on the line AA of Figure 8.

In Figure 1 cloche panel members 1 which may conveniently be of glass

are secured to a ridging member 2 at an angle to each other so as to

form with the ground a cloche which may be placed over young horticul-

tural seeds to protect them from cool air and to form an enclosure in

which they will be able to reap the benefit of heat such as for

example from the sun.

As illustrated in Figure 2 the ridging member 2 is of integral

construction and is of general trough shape having side edges 5 turned

inwardly to form sockets 6 and with the free edges flared outwardly to

prou vide gripping edges 7. In an alternative construction a carrying

handle 11 is provided. A flange 4 is provided at either end of the

ridging member to enclose the trough and thus enable a sufficient head

of liquid to be retained in the trough to overcome surface tension in

the apertures 3 and to provide a store of liquid. In Figure 2 the

bottom of the trough is provided with a ridge extending parallel to

the side edges and located substantially equi-distant therefrom so as

to bias any liquid from the centre of the trough to the side edges

thereof.

Adjacent the side edges are a plurality of spaced apertures 3 which

permit the passage of liquid from the trough to the interior of the

cloche when assembled. In the alternative construction illustrated in

Figure 3 the bottom of the trough is dished in the centre to bias

liquid from the side edges to the centre and a single row of spaced

apertures 3 is provided along the centre of the trough.

In the construction illustrated in Figure 4 the bottom of the trough

is of corrugated construction having ridges 8 and with spaced

apertures 3 in the troughs between adjacent ridges 8, thus providing a

nlurality of locations through which liquid may pass from the ridging

member into the interior of the cloche when assembled. In the

construction illustrated in Figure 5 an additional mem ber 9 is

inserted into the trough of the ridging member 8. The insert member 9

is provided with a plurality of spaced apertures 10 arrand in two

parallel rows adJacent the side edges thereof. The ridging member is

of substantially the same form as that illustrated in Figure 3. An

enclosed cavity is thus formed between the insert member 9 and the

bottom of the trough.

Liquid may pass through the apertures 10 into the enclose cavity and

through the apertures 3 to the interior of the cloche when assembled.

Preferably the ridging member is of predetermined length and the

cloche panel members are of width equal to half their length so that

the cloche may be assembled either as illustrated in Figure 1 in which

the long side of the cloche panel members is inserted into the sockets

6 of the ridging member or two cloche panel members have their edges

inserted into the sockets 6 of the ridging member thus enabling

cloches of different height to be assembled. When assembling the

cloche as illustrated in

Figure 6 a clip 12 is preferably provided to secure the join between

the two panel cloche members 1 at their lower or ground engaging edge.

A resilient pad such as for example a pad of rubber 15 may be inserted

into the sockets 6 to provide a resilient cushion between the edge of

the cloche panel members and the ridging member. If desired the

resilient pad 15 may be permanently secured within the sockets 6 or

alternatively may be provided for placing over the edge of the panel

cloche member before inserting into the socket 6. The resilient Dad 15

need not be continuous for the whole length of the engagement between

the panel cloche member and the socket. Alternatively the inner

surface of the socket 6 may be roughened such as for example by

scoring to increase relative friction between the ridging member and

the panel cloche member.

It will be appreciated that by the provision of a plurality of

apertures in the trough, liquid is enabled to pass from the exterior

of the cloche to the interior thereof without the necessity of

removing the cloche from the ground or over horticultural seedlings or

the like.

It will also be appreciated that the amount of liquid which passes

through is dependent in some degree upon the volume of the trough and

the rate at which this liquid passes to the interior of the cloche is

dependent upon the number and size of the apertures 3. For example if

the apertures 3 of the construction illustrated in Figure 2 are of the

same cross-sectional size as the apertures of the construction

illustrated in

Figure 3 and their spacing is the same, then twice as much liquid will

pass to the interior of the cloche with the Figure 2 construction as

with the Figure 3 construction in the same interval of time.

It is sometimes desired to regulate the rate of flow of liquid from

the exterior to the interior of the cloche. For example for very small

and young horticultural seedlirigs Iess liquid is required to nurture

their growth than with plants that have become established.

A slide 13 is provided in the construction illustrated in Figure 8

having a plurality of apertures 14 formed therein. These apertures 14

may be brought into and out or register with apertures 3 formed in the

bottom of the trough. Hy movement of the slide 13 in a direction

parallel to the side edges of the trough theaperturesmay be brought

into register to permit maximum rate of flow of the liquid from the

exterior to the interior or to be brought out of register to permit no

or substantially no ffow of liquid from the exterior to the interior.

It will be appreciated that the present invention provides a ridging

member for a horticultural cloche which may be placed over young

seedlings or the like and which will serve the purpose of cloche,

namely to protect the young seedlings from cool air and to provide an

enclosure in which they may benefit from the warmth of winter and

early spring sunshine and which furthermore enables liquid either in

the form of liquid fertiliser or water to be more easily applied to

the soil surrounding the young seeds.

The seedlings will be irrigated from any rain water which will collect

in the trough and will pass through the apertures to the interior of

the cloche or inthe alternative applied liquid fertiliser or water may

be inserted into the trough which will then pass through to the

interior of the cloche thus obviating the necessity of removing the

cloche from the ground to apply, water or fertiliser and then

replacing the cloche over the young seedlings.

What I claim is :-

1. A ridging member for a horticultural cloche having means for

releasably securing at least two cloche panel members spaced apart and

inclined at an. angle to each other and a plurality of apertures for

permitting the passage of liquid to the interior of the cloche when

assembled.

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