4 categorical propositions

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4.1 THE COMPONENTS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS 4 Categorical Propositions

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4 Categorical Propositions. 4.1 THE COMPONENTS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS. Standard Form Categorical Propositions. All S are P No S are P Some S are P Some S are not P Unless a statement is in one of these four forms, it is not in standard form. Standard Form Categorical Proposition. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 4 Categorical Propositions

4.1 THE COMPONENTS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

4 Categorical Propositions

Page 2: 4 Categorical Propositions

Standard Form Categorical Propositions

All S are PNo S are PSome S are PSome S are not P

Unless a statement is in one of these four forms, it is not in standard form.

Page 3: 4 Categorical Propositions

Standard Form Categorical Proposition

All members of the American Medical Association are persons holding degrees from recognized academic institutions.

Quantifier = AllSubject term = members of the American Medical AssociationCopula = arePredicate term = persons holding degrees from recognized academic institutions

This statement is an instantiation of the standard form:All S are P

You might translate it:All M are Dfor All AMA Members are Degree holders

Page 4: 4 Categorical Propositions

Some universities that emphasize research are not institutions that neglect undergraduate education.

Quantifier = SomeSubject term = universities that emphasize researchCopula = are notPredicate term = institutions that neglect undergraduate education

This statement is an instantiation of the standard form:Some S are not P

You might translate it:Some R are not Nfor Some Research universities are not Neglecters of undergrads.

Standard Form Categorical Proposition

Page 5: 4 Categorical Propositions

Standard Form Categorical Proposition

The Subject term and Predicate term each name a class (or group) of things.

The Quantifiers “All,” “No,” and “Some” tell us how much of the subject class is included in or excluded from the predicate class.

The Copulas “are” and “are not” tell us whether members of the subject class are included or excluded from the predicate class.

Page 6: 4 Categorical Propositions

Standard Form Categorical Proposition

Identify the Subject Term, Predicate Term, Copula, and Quantifier:

1) No persons who live near airports are persons who appreciate the noise of jets.

2) All oil-based paints are products that contribute significantly to photochemical smog.

3) Some artificial hearts are mechanisms that are prone to failure.

4) Some universities that emphasize research are not institutions that neglect undergraduate education.

Page 7: 4 Categorical Propositions

About Terms…

Notice on the previous slide, all the words between the quantifier and copula count as the subject term … all the words after the copula to the end of the sentence count as the predicate term.

This will be true of every categorical sentence we consider in the text, quizzes, and tests.

This isn’t true, always, in ordinary discourse.

Page 8: 4 Categorical Propositions

Quantities

There are 3 different quantifiers (words that show quantity), but just two quantities. Huh?

AllNoSome Particular

Universal

Page 9: 4 Categorical Propositions

Qualities

There are just two qualities, affirmative & negative, but 4 words that indicate them:

‘All’‘Are’‘No’‘Are not’

indicate Affirmative

indicate Negative