3D Printers,3D Printers, bio-printers bio-printers and physibles and physibles

3D Printers, bio-printers and physibles

By Stephen LarroqueComputer Science student at the

University Pierre-and-Marie-Curie of Paris

An inventory in 2012 of existing and emerging technologies and opportunities

• Myth of Daedalus

• 3D Printers

• Bio-Printers

• Opening to the future

• Conclusion

Outline

Myth of Daedalus

Wings made of feathers and waxAutomatons

3D Printersaka additive manufacturing

• 1980s :– Early examples– SLS, Stereolithography and FDM patented

• 1995 : « 3D printing » term coined at MIT

• 2005 : RepRap project is born

• 2009 :– MakerBot first kits– Thingiverse

• 2012 : ThePirateBay Physibles

A little history

• 1980s : 3D printers are big and expensive (100K$ to 1M$)

• Very complicated setup

• Only rapid prototyping, no final product

• Used for :– industrial prototypes– Architects scale models

• And that’s all !

Some historical constraints...

Modern printers How it works

• Object shaped layer-by-layer

What you can make

What you can make 2

3D printed « Stradivarius »-like violin(see next slide for video)

• Dynamic gears (all-in-one-part printing)

What you can make 3

no assembly!

• Interactive objects, sensorsand circuit boards

What you can make 4

• Micro structures

What you can make 5

A 285 µm racecar

St. Stephen's Cathedral, ViennaLondon Tower Bridge

smaller than a grain of sand

• Big structures (sand, car, guns, engine, aircraft, drones, metamaterials, etc..)

What you can make 6

What you can make 7

Areion EV: 140 KM/H

What you can make 8

• Food printers, in near-future meat printers

What you can make 9

• Perfectly tailored prostheses

What you can make 10

• Perfectly tailored prostheses

What you can make 11

Lightweight & cheap “Magic Arms” exoskeleton made for children(next slide for video)

• Wide resolution range (micro objects to buildings)

• Complex structures otherwise impossible to make

• Lightweight (no joint overhead)

• Cheaper than any other manufacturing solution

• Stronger (all in one part = no joint failure)

• Ecological: Smaller CO2 footprint

• No waste of material

• Advent of rapid manufacturing (vs rapid prototyping)

Advantages of 3D printing

• Still expensive

• Complex to use

• It’s only hype

• Or is it really ?

Limits ?

• DIY opensource 3D printer

• Self-replicating (almost)

• Object duplication w/ 3D scanner (cheap)

• Many forks (like Linux distributions)

• Most common 3D printer

• Quick propagation

• « Print parties »,FabLabs,Public Libraries

• Universal constructor?

The RepRap project

3D Bio-printersaka regenerative medicine

• The culture of organs by Alexis Carrel & Charles A Lindbergh, 1938• 1996 : First successful real world use of a biomaterial• 2002 : Pr M. Nakamura noticed standard ink droplets ≈ size of human

cells, and made the first 3D bio-printed biomaterial (with alive cells) using an Epson inkjet.

• 2003 : Thomas Boland’s lab made first 2D bioprinter• 2008 :

– Pr M. Nakamura invented first working bioprinter to print biotubes (blood vessel)– Organovo’s NovoGen MMX first commercial bioprinter

• 2011 : New 3D bio printer technologies demonstrated by Dr Anthony Atala

Quick history

• Works similarly to 3D-printers

• Use Bio-Materials scaffolds + living cells

How it works

RESULT

How it works 2

Printing a rat’s heart

• Can engineer anything: bones, ears, fingers, blood vessels, heart, lungs, bladder, skin, etc.

Printing organs

Skin in-situ scanner+regenerator

Printing organs 2

3D bioprinted lab grown lung

Opening to the futureOr how 3D printing may change our lives

• Repair/replace a damaged organ• Instant product (no delivery)• Food safer and ecological production• Shareable objects, peer-to-peer objects sharing,

collective production (eg : relatives help to make a car just like building a house)

• Open-source objects• Transplants abundance, no chance of rejection• May abolish manual (child?) labor• Might improve lives in resource-challenged world's

regions

Future good scenarios

• Identity theft (eg: 3D copy of fingerprint, or even whole hand!)

• Goods counterfeiting• Weapons production (massive production or

custom undetected weapons)• Terrorism and remote access (hacking your

3D printer and print a bomb or a remote drone)

• Cloning soldiers?• Grey goo end-of-world scenario

Future bad scenarios

Conclusion

Conclusion• 3D printing ≠ 2D printing + 1D

• 3D printing is rapidly maturing

• Still a lot to discover

• Can save lives (literally)

• May disrupt property and manufacturing processes

• Ethical and law questions need to be solved

• Potentially very dangerous

• Books– The culture of organs by Alexis Carrel & Charles A Lindbergh, 1938

– Check the comments across the presentation for more

• Magazines– Make: Ultimate guide to 3D printing (Nov 2012)

Further reading/viewing

• Videos– Anthony Atala: Printing a human kidney and Growing new organs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RMx31GnNXY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SfRgg9botI

– Klaus Stadlmann - The world's smallest 3D Printerhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2IQkKE7h9I

– Lisa Harouni: A primer on 3D printinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhYvDS7q_V8&feature=related

– Interview of Dr Adrian Bowyer, inventor of RepRaphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltYeNuOvLn0

• Websites– 3ders.org

– reprap.org

– thingiverse.com

– thepiratebay.se/browse/605

– euromold.com

Further reading/viewing

– Dr Attalan Ted Talks

– Stratasys’s “Magic Arms” and turbo-prop aircraft engine

– NASA’s rover

– Sean Charlesworth’s Octopod

– 3D printed 2D printer by students at the University of Virginia

– Disney Research’s optic fibered interactive 3D printed objects

– RepRap project for images

– Micro printer from the TU Vienna and presented by Klaus Stadlmann

– Columbia Pictures for the Skyfall movie image

– Aston Martin for the DB5 model

– Areion is part of the Formula Group T project run by Belgian masterstudents

– Urbee team

– Objet for the 3D printing videos demonstrations

– DARPA’s Ostrich robot (FastRunner)

– EOS for the Stradivarius like violin

References

Fun fact

Aston Martin DB5 3D printed replica

Bonus material

• 3 established technologies :– SLS (selective laser sintering)– FDM (fused depostion modeling)– SLA (stereolithograhpy)

• Newcomers :– Sand Clustering (buildings)– Contour Crafting (printing concrete buildings)– Two-photon Lithography (micro structures)– Corner Lithography (nano structures)

Modern 3D printers technos

• 3D printers materials :– thermoplastics, any metal alloy (including

aliminium and titanium), plaster, concrete, ceramic, sand, edible (eg: chocolate, meat), etc..

– Meta materials (“invisibility cloaks”!)

• Bio printers materials :– agar, gelatine, chitosan, clollagen, and

alginate and fibrin.– Recently done : human stem cells.

3D printing materials

• 3D printers :– DIY: from 250$

– Assembled kits : from 450$

– Industrial pro 3D printers: from 1,000$ to 15,000$

• 3D bio-printers :– DIY: not yet communicated, but probably low (based on

standard inkjets or on RepRap)

– Industrial : Bioplotter is priced 18,000$

• Materials :– Thermoplastic filaments: 10$ - 40$ / kg

– Other materials : usually less than what another manufacturing process would incur

– Object the size of a computer mouse ≈ $2

3D printing cost

Current research goal: extend lifespan of biomaterials from 10 (1 decade) to 40 years (4 decades) or more.

A few people already live with engineered organs since more than 10 years.

• 1st-gen method: Use a standard desktop printer, but with "ink-cells" and a depth platform.

(2 chambers heart, 40 minutes, 46 hours later the muscle's cells contract)• 2nd-gen method (current): 3D bioprinter• 3rd-gen method (future): Scanner + on-body printer• Next-gen method (future): CT scanner + 3d bioprinter

Complexity scale of organs:• blood vessels and arteries only, and other kind of organs• hollow organs• solid organs like ears or digits, because they require a big amount of cells• highly vascularized organs such as the heart, the liver or the kidney are by far

the hardest to make (ear or digits are very easy).

3D bioprinting methods

Thank you!