3d photography marc pollefeys fall 2007
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3D photography course schedule(tentative)
Lecture Exercise
Sept 26 Introduction -
Oct. 3 Geometry & Camera model Camera calibration
Oct. 10 Single View Metrology Measuring in images
Oct. 17 Feature Tracking/matching(Friedrich Fraundorfer)
Correspondence computation
Oct. 24 Epipolar Geometry F-matrix computation
Oct. 31 Shape-from-Silhouettes(Li Guan)
Visual-hull computation
Nov. 7 Stereo matching Project proposals
Nov. 14 Structured light and active range sensing
Papers
Nov. 21 Structure from motion Papers
Nov. 28 Multi-view geometry and self-calibration
Papers
Dec. 5 Shape-from-X Papers
Dec. 12 3D modeling and registration Papers
Dec. 19 Appearance modeling and image-based rendering
Final project presentations
Projective Geometry and Camera model
Class 2
points, lines, planesconics and quadrics
transformationscamera model
Read tutorial chapter 2 and 3.1http://www.unc.edu/courses/2004fall/comp/290/089/
Homogeneous coordinates
0=++ cbyax ( ) ( ) 0=1x,y,a,b,c T
( ) ( ) 0≠∀,~ ka,b,cka,b,c TT
Homogeneous representation of 2D points and lines
equivalence class of vectors, any vector is representative
Set of all equivalence classes in R3(0,0,0)T forms P2
( ) ( ) 0≠∀,1,,~1,, kyxkyx TT
The point x lies on the line l if and only if
Homogeneous coordinates
Inhomogeneous coordinates ( )Tyx,
( )T321 ,, xxx but only 2DOF
Note that scale is unimportant for incidence relation
0=xlT
Points from lines and vice-versa
l'×l=x
Intersections of lines
The intersection of two lines and is l l'
Line joining two points
The line through two points and is x'×x=lx x'
Example
1=x
1=y
1
)1-,1,0( y
x
1
)1-,0,1( y
x
Note:[ ] 'xx='x×x ×
with
0-
0-
-0
x
xy
xz
yz
Ideal points and the line at infinity
T0,,l'l ab
Intersections of parallel lines
( ) ( )TTand ',,=l' ,,=l cbacba
Example
1=x 2=x
Ideal points ( )T0,, 21 xx
Line at infinity ( )T1,0,0=l∞
∞22 l∪= RP
tangent vector
normal direction
-ab,( )ba,
Note that in P2 there is no distinction
between ideal points and others
3D points and planes
Homogeneous representation of 3D points and planes
The point X lies on the plane π if and only if
0=π+π+π+π 44332211 XXXX
0=XπT
The plane π goes through the point X if and only if
0=XπT
Planes from points
0π
X
X
X
3
2
1
T
T
T
0=πX 0=πX 0,=πX π 321TTT andfromSolve
(solve as right nullspace of )π
T
T
T
3
2
1
X
X
X
Points from planes
0X
π
π
π
3
2
1
T
T
T
x=X M 321 XXXM
0=π MT
0=Xπ 0=Xπ 0,=Xπ X 321TTT andfromSolve
(solve as right nullspace of )X
T
T
T
3
2
1
π
π
π
Representing a plane by its span
Lines
T
T
B
AW μBλA
2×2** 0=WW=WWTT
0001
1000W
0010
0100W*
Example: X-axis
(4dof)Representing a line by its span
T
T
Q
PW* μQλP
Dual representation
(Alternative: Plücker representation, details see e.g. H&Z)
Conics
Curve described by 2nd-degree equation in the plane
0=+++++ 22 feydxcybxyax
0=+++++ 233231
2221
21 fxxexxdxcxxbxax
3
2
3
1 , xxyx
xx or homogenized
0=xx CT
or in matrix form
fed
ecb
dba
2/2/
2/2/
2/2/
Cwith
{ }fedcba :::::5DOF:
Five points define a conic
For each point the conic passes through
0=+++++ 22 feydxcyybxax iiiiii
or
( ) 0=.1,,,,, 22 ciiiiii yxyyxx ( )Tfedcba ,,,,,=c
0
1
1
1
1
1
552555
25
442444
24
332333
23
222222
22
112111
21
c
yxyyxx
yxyyxx
yxyyxx
yxyyxx
yxyyxx
stacking constraints yields
Dual conics
0=ll *CTA line tangent to the conic C satisfies
Dual conics = line conics = conic envelopes
1-* CC In general (C full rank):
Degenerate conics
A conic is degenerate if matrix C is not of full rank
TT ml+lm=C
e.g. two lines (rank 2)
e.g. repeated line (rank 1)
Tll=C
l
l
m
Degenerate line conics: 2 points (rank 2), double point (rank1)
( ) CC ≠**Note that for degenerate conics
Quadrics and dual quadrics
(Q : 4x4 symmetric matrix)0=QXXT
• 9 d.o.f.• in general 9 points define quadric • det Q=0 ↔ degenerate quadric• tangent plane
Q
QX=π
0=πQπ *T
-1* Q=Q• relation to quadric (non-degenerate)
2D projective transformations
A projectivity is an invertible mapping h from P2 to itself such that three points x1,x2,x3 lie on the same line if and
only if h(x1),h(x2),h(x3) do.
Definition:
A mapping h:P2P2 is a projectivity if and only if there exist a non-singular 3x3 matrix H such that for any point in P2 reprented by a vector x it is true that h(x)=Hx
Theorem:
Definition: Projective transformation
3
2
1
333231
232221
131211
3
2
1
'
'
'
x
x
x
hhh
hhh
hhh
x
x
x
x=x' Hor
8DOF
projectivity=collineation=projective transformation=homography
Transformation of 2D points, lines and conics
Transformation for lines
l=l' -TH
Transformation for conics-1-TCHHC ='
Transformation for dual conicsTHHCC ** ='
x=x' HFor a point transformation
Fixed points and lines
e=e λH (eigenvectors H =fixed points)
l=l λTH (eigenvectors H-T =fixed lines)
(1=2 pointwise fixed line)
Hierarchy of 2D transformations
1002221
1211
y
x
taa
taa
1002221
1211
y
x
tsrsr
tsrsr
333231
232221
131211
hhh
hhh
hhh
1002221
1211
y
x
trr
trr
Projective8dof
Affine6dof
Similarity4dof
Euclidean3dof
Concurrency, collinearity, order of contact (intersection, tangency, inflection, etc.), cross ratio
Parallellism, ratio of areas, ratio of lengths on parallel lines (e.g midpoints), linear combinations of vectors (centroids). The line at infinity l∞
Ratios of lengths, angles.The circular points I,J
lengths, areas.
invariantstransformed squares
The line at infinity
∞∞∞ l
1
0
0
1t
0ll
A
AH
TT
A
The line at infinity l is a fixed line under a projective transformation H if and only if H is an affinity
Note: not fixed pointwise
The circular points
0
1
I i
0
1
J i
I
0
1
0
1
100
cossin
sincos
II
iseitss
tssi
y
x
S
H
The circular points I, J are fixed points under the projective transformation H iff H is a similarity
The circular points
“circular points”
0=++++ 233231
22
21 fxxexxdxxx 0=+ 2
221 xx
l∞
T
T
0,-,1J
0,,1I
i
i
( ) ( )TT 0,1,0+0,0,1=I i
Algebraically, encodes orthogonal directions
03 x
Conic dual to the circular points
TT JIIJ*∞ C
000
010
001*∞C
TSS HCHC *
∞*∞
The dual conic is fixed conic under the projective transformation H iff H is a similarity
*∞C
Note: has 4DOF
l∞ is the nullvector
*∞C
l∞
I
J
Angles
( )( )22
21
22
21
2211
++
+=cos
mmll
mlmlθ
( )T321 ,,=l lll ( )T
321 ,,=m mmmEuclidean:
Projective: mmll
mlcos
**
*
CC
CTT
T
0=ml *∞CT (orthogonal)
Transformation of 3D points, planes and quadrics
Transformation for lines
( )l=l' -TH
Transformation for conics
( )-1-TCHHC ='
Transformation for dual conics
( )THHCC ** ='
( )x=x' H
For a point transformation
X=X' H
π=π' -TH
-1-TQHH=Q'
THHQ=Q' **
(cfr. 2D equivalent)
Hierarchy of 3D transformations
vTv
tAProjective15dof
Affine12dof
Similarity7dof
Euclidean6dof
Intersection and tangency
Parallellism of planes,Volume ratios, centroids,The plane at infinity π∞
Angles, ratios of length
The absolute conic Ω∞
Volume
10
tAT
10
tRT
s
10
tRT
The plane at infinity
∞∞∞ π
1
0
0
0
1t-
0ππ
A
AH
TT
A
The plane at infinity π is a fixed plane under a projective transformation H iff H is an affinity
1. canonical position2. contains directions 3. two planes are parallel line of intersection in π∞
4. line // line (or plane) point of intersection in π∞
( )T1,0,0,0=π∞
( )T0,,,=D 321 XXX
The absolute conic
The absolute conic Ω∞ is a fixed conic under the projective transformation H iff H is a similarity
04
23
22
21
X
XXX
The absolute conic Ω∞ is a (point) conic on π.
In a metric frame:
T321321 ,,I,, XXXXXXor conic for directions:(with no real points)
1. Ω∞ is only fixed as a set2. Circle intersect Ω∞ in two circular points3. Spheres intersect π∞ in Ω∞
The absolute dual quadric
00
0I*∞ T
The absolute dual quadric Ω*∞ is a fixed conic under
the projective transformation H iff H is a similarity
1. 8 dof2. plane at infinity π∞ is the nullvector of Ω∞
3. Angles:
( )( )2
*∞21
*∞1
2*∞1
πΩππΩπ
πΩπ=cos
TT
T
θ
Pinhole camera model
TT ZfYZfXZYX )/,/(),,(
101
0
0
1
Z
Y
X
f
f
Z
fY
fX
Z
Y
X
linear projection in homogeneous coordinates!
Principal point offset
Tyx
T pZfYpZfXZYX )+/,+/(),,(
principal pointT
yx pp ),(
101
0
0
1
Z
Y
X
pf
pf
Z
ZpfY
ZpfX
Z
Y
X
y
x
x
x
Principal point offset
101
0
0
Z
Y
X
pf
pf
Z
ZpfY
ZpfX
y
x
x
x
camX0|IKx
1y
x
pf
pf
K calibration matrix
Camera rotation and translation
( )C~
-X~
R=X~
cam
X10
RC-R
1
10
C~
R-RXcam
Z
Y
X
camX0|IKx XC~
-|IKRx
t|RKP C~
R-t PX=x
~
General projective camera
1yx
xx
p
ps
K
1yx
xx
p
p
K
C~
|IKRP
non-singular
11 dof (5+3+3)
t|RKP
intrinsic camera parametersextrinsic camera parameters
Radial distortion
• Due to spherical lenses (cheap)• Model:
R
y
xyxKyxKyx ...))()(1(),( 44
222
1R
http://foto.hut.fi/opetus/260/luennot/11/atkinson_6-11_radial_distortion_zoom_lenses.jpgstraight lines are not straight anymore
Projector model
Relation between pixels and rays in space(dual of camera)
(main geometric difference is vertical principal point offset to reduce keystone effect)
?
Action of projective camera on points and lines
forward projection of line
( ) μb+a=μPB+PA=μB)+P(A=μX
back-projection of line
lP=Π T
PXlX TT ( )PX= x0;=xlT
PX=x
projection of point
Action of projective camera on conics and quadricsback-projection to cone
CPP=Q Tco 0=CPXPX=Cxx TTT
( )PX=x
projection of quadric
TPPQC ** 0lPPQlQ T*T*T
( )lP=Π T
A simple calibration device
(i) compute H for each square (corners (0,0),(1,0),(0,1),(1,1))
(ii) compute the imaged circular points H(1,±i,0)T
(iii) fit a conic to 6 circular points(iv) compute K from through cholesky factorization
(≈ Zhang’s calibration method)