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3D Printing & 4D Printing TechnologiesPrasanna M DAE.,BE.,ME.,Tamil Nadu MaduraiINDIA

3D printing is a computer-driven additive manufacturing technology used for producing the final product from adigital model by laying down successive layers of material.

Typical 3D Printing ProcessIntroduction to 3D PrintingWhile traditional production relies on removal of the material from the solid cast or mold, 3D printing adds the layers of the material on the existing layers.2

Stereolithography(SLA)Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)

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Major 3D Printing TechnologiesA stereolithography apparatus uses liquid plastic, a perforated platform, and UV laser to print 3D objectsThe system uses thermoplastic material which is melted to a semi-liquid state and extruded according to computer- controlled pathsSmall particles of plastic, glass, or ceramics are fused together from a high power laser to form a solid 3D objectA economical process where layers of adhesive-laminated paper or plastic sheets are glued together and cut to create complex shapes

Major 3D Printing TechnologiesAlthough all 3D printers use the basic additive fabrication method, that involves building the part one layer at a time, they differ on the types of material and techniques used

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Baby becomes first person in the world to have 3d printed skullChina has made medical history The first person in the world to have her entire skull reconstructed by 3D printers. Known as the 'big-head babyfluid filled 85 per cent of her brain - making her skull three-four times larger than it should have been, measuring around 20cmx20cmused CT scans and 3D data to create three titanium mesh skull implants which combined, would replace the entire top portion of the toddler's skullsurgeons used 3D printing technology to create a titanium alloy skull and successfully set it into Han Han's head during a 17-hour operation

Eagles Beak

Skylar TibbitsResearcher & Architect Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)Focuses on developing programmable materialsDeveloping 4D Printing Founded the Self-Assembly Lab at MIT

SMART Material which can transform upon external stimuli

Introduction to 4D Printing3D PrinterSmart Materials4D Object4D printing is a technique that uses a 3D printer to create objects that change their shape when removed from the printerTo make things self-assemble when exposed to air, water or heat due to the chemical interaction of the materialsPurpose

SmartMaterials

Energy Source

Precise Positioning Control

Some materials change physicalproperty upon energy inputMaterials expand upon heatMaterials bend upon electric energyNatural energy source such as heat, pressure, etcControlled energy source such ascurrent, electromagnetic waveArrange transformative material in precise angle, position3D printerOverview of 4D ObjectTransformative materials without control is useless.

4DPrinting

Simulation Software

Multi materials printer

SMARTmaterialsSimulation software for self-assembly and design constraints optimization.AutodeskCATIAOpen Source3D printer with capability to print multiple SMART materialsStratasysROVASolidViewGeoMagicMaterials that change shape upon external stimuliShape memory alloySelf healing materialsImportant Aspects of 4D Printing

Cyborg, a design platform spanning applications from the nano- scale to the human-scale.This software allows for simulated self-assembly and programmable materials as well as optimization for design constraints and joint folding.The aim is to tightly couple this new cross-disciplinary and cross- scalar design tool with the real-world material transformation of 4D printing.Cyborg 4D Simulation Software

: Multi-material Shape Change Over Time. His team worked with the Autodesk bio/nano/programmable matter group and our software, Project Cyborg, to simulate various shape transformations and optimize folding sequences in 4D Printing.Cyborg 4D Simulation Software

Cyborg 4D Simulation Software

Cyborg 4D Simulation Software

Classification of SMART materialsType of SMART MaterialInputOutputPiezoelectric DeformationPotential DifferenceElectrostrictivePotential DifferenceDeformationMagnetostrictiveMagnetic FieldDeformationThermoelectricTemperature Potential DifferenceShape Memory AlloysTemperatureDeformationPhotochromicRadiationColor ChangeThermochromicsTemperature Color Change

MaterialConduc-tivityStren-gthHard-nessTough-nessWeightCorrosi-on Resista-nceCostPineVery poorMedium/ lowLowLowLow/ mediumPoorLowMDFVery poorLowLowLowLow/ mediumPoorLowLow-Carbon SteelVery goodVery goodGoodVery goodHighPoorLowStainless SteelVery goodEx- cellentVery goodVery goodHighGoodHighHIPSVery poorMediumLowGoodLowVery goodLowAcrylicVery poorMediumLow/ mediumGoodLowGoodMediumSMAVery goodVery goodGoodVery goodMediumGoodHigh

Comparison Between Materials

List of Smart Metal Alloys

Smart Metal Alloy Properties

Properties of NiTi Alloys

Shape Memory Effect-An Example

Application to SmartphoneSelf healing smart phoneLG smartphone, G-Flex, which is curved and has a self-healing polymer coating on the back: Light scratches disappear before your eyes

Polymer typeHealing approachChemistry/ methodBest healing efficiency (%)Healing conditionsThermoplasticIntrinsicReversible bond formation75 %< 1 min at -30CCapsulebasedInterdiffusion (solvent)78%4 5 min at 60CIntrinsicPhoto-induced healing16%10 min at 100CIntrinsicNanoparticle healing-2h at AmbientThermosetVascularThermally reversiblecrosslinks60%30 min at 115C6 h at 40CVascularThermoplastic additives45%1h at 160CThermosetcompositesCapsule basedMicroencapsulation approach60%48h at 80C 24h at AmbientVascularThermoplastic additives80%1.5h at 80C

Development of Self healing polymers

Healthcare

Robotic

AutomotiveIndustry

ConsumerIndustrial ManufacturingMilitary

Aerospace

Applications of 4D Printing

Adaptive Tyre Compound4D printed tyre compound which provide adaptive grip on road conditionSmart Materials Self-healing materials

Pipe ManufacturingCurrent pipe system is very rigid. To cater for higher flow capacity, we have to replace the whole pipe line.Solution: An adaptive 4D manufacturing capability to produce capacity adaptable pipesSmart Materials Shape Memory Alloys

Nano Scale Objects in Biomedical Engineering. E.g Cardiac tube/Stent

4D printed stent to be maneuvered to a spot and then change formFor example, 4D printed stent that is introducedinto an artery and when ultrasound energy is appliedit balloons up to its needed configuration

Radial diagram for next 5years by Printing Technology

4D Printing ProjectIn a unique research collaboration between Stratasys Education, R&D departments and MITs Self-Assembly Lab, a new process is being developed, known as 4D Printing.

With Stratasys Connex technology, a single print, with multi-material features, can transform from any 1D strand into 3D shape, 2D surface into 3D shape or more from one 3D shape into another.

The Connex multi material technology allows the researchers to program different material properties into each of the various particles of the designed geometry and harnesses the different water-absorbing properties of the materials to activate the self-assembly process.

Whats Next? 4D PrintingPhysical programming of macro-sized 3D materials to self-assemble themselves into predetermined structures and shapesA Possible Scenario for 4D Printing

Industrial 4D Printing

Environmental Manufacturing

Self Assembling Materials

Holdspotentialtorevampintroducing a environmentalmanufacturing new field of manufacturingin which energy, will be to self-ambient sources of water or even light used as impetuses assembleExploring materials and understanding reaction to external elementsIndustry application will be explored with cost of technology more suited for industrial applications2045

20133DPrinting

20152035

Ongoing Research on 4D PrintingSpace Exploration4D printed parts can be sent to space and programmed to self- assemble into an object at the desired location.Construction/ Architecture Materials that could be programmed to adapt and change shape in response to environment or situation. Example: Pipes that expand when demand increases

MedicalOngoing research on developing a nano robot built from DNA strands in the form of a clamshell basket, with double-helix "locks" that are only opened when the robot comes into contact with specific cancerous cells.36

Journal in 4d Printing

Conclusion4D printing is a novel advancement to 3D printing technology4D printing is focused on developing materials and newer printing techniques that could reduce the time taken for assembly of parts, in turn improving the overall efficiency of the manufacturing process.Parts manufactured using this novel technology would employ different types of SMART materials.

3D PrintingDeveloping technology

4D Printing3D PrintingDeveloping technologyEmerging technology

5D Printing4D Printing3D PrintingDeveloping technologyEmerging technologyNew Emerging technology

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