Literature Review and TheoriticalConceptual Framework

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Theoritical Framework

SESSION 3 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL,CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

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The theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based. logically developed, described, and elaborated network of associations among the variables deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, observations, and literature survey. Experience and intuition also guide in developing the theoretical framework. The relationship between the literature survey and the theoretical frame- work is that the former provides a solid foundation for developing the latter. That is, the literature survey identifies the variables that might be important, as determined by previous research findings.

Theoritical Framework

The results of these tests offer us some clues as to what could be changed in the situation to solve the problem. Formulating such testable state- ments is called hypotheses development. A hypothesis can be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement. Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network of associations established in the theo- retical framework formulated for the research study. By testing the hypotheses and confirming the conjectured relationships, it is expected that solution can be found to correct the problem encountered.

Example: If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situa- tions, air-safety violations will be reduced.

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SESSION 3 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL,CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

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If-Then Statements

A hypothesis can also test whether there are differences between two groups (or among several groups) with respect to any variable or variables. To examine whether or not the conjectured relationships or differences exist, these hypotheses can be set either as propositions or in the form of if–then statements.

Example: If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less frequently

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If, in stating the relationship between two variables or comparing two groups, terms such as positive, negative, more than, less than, and the like are used, then these hypotheses are directional because the direction of the relationship between the variables (positive/negative) is indicated.

Example: The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees.

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The null hypothesis is a proposition that states a definitive, exact relationship between two variables. It states that the population correlation between two variables is equal to zero or that the difference in the means of two groups in the population is equal to zero (or some definite number). In general, the null statement is expressed as no (significant) relationship between two variables or no (significant) difference between two groups, as we will see in the various examples in this chapter.

Conceptual LiteratureResearch Literature

Systematic IdentificationCritical Analysis

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• Mengembangkan uraian pada masalah penelitian, sehingga dapat menentukan apa yang telah dilakukan guna menghindari penelitian yang duplikasi

• Memberikan dasar dan pemahaman untuk pengembangan kerangka pemikiran, sehingga dapat menghindari kekurangan yang dilakukan sebelumnya dan mengambil manfaatnya

• Memberikan dasar perumusan hipotesis• Membantu pembahasan dan penguraian lebih lanjut• Mengungkapkan dasar teoritis dan empiris

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Literature Review and Theoritical, Conceptual FrameworkTheoritical Framework