3 important calculations every marine engineer must know on ships
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marine engineering basic calculationTRANSCRIPT
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
APRIL21,2014BYANANTHT
Inshipsengineroom,anumberofgauginginstrumentsdisplayvariousimportantparameterssuchaslevel,pressure,temperatureetc.Buttherearesomeessentialparameterswhichcannotbereaddirectlythroughanyinstrumentastheydependonanumberofdynamicfactors.
Thisdemandsthemarineengineerworkingonboardshipstodosomeformulabasedcalculationsbyconsideringallthosefactorsandwithpossibleavailableinputs.Ofalltheimportantcalculationsthataretobedoneonboardships,thereafewoneswhichmarineengineersmustknowwithoutfail.
Followingare3importantparameterswhicharemostoftenrequiredtobecalculatedbymarineengineersforrecordkeeping:
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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1.BunkerCalculation:
Bunkertermstofueloilinmaritimeindustry.Bunkerquantitycalculationisthemostimportantcalculationwhicheverymarineengineershouldbefamiliarwiththroughouthiscareer.Bunkerfuel,beingahighvaluedproduct,hastobeverycarefullyandaccuratelycalculatedfordeterminingthequantity.
Thevolumeofdefinitequantityofbunkerincreaseswithincreaseintemperaturewhereasitsweightremainsthesame.Forthisreason,bunkerisalwaysorderedandmeasuredinweightandnotbyvolume.
Alsoalltheenergyandefficiencycalculationsoffuelonboardshipsarecalculatedintermsofmassofthefuelratherthanitsvolume.(Calculationofbunkerfuelquantityinweightinvolvesmanyfactorstobeconsideredmakingitmorecomplex.)
Mostly,thefourthengineerwillbethedeputyoftheChiefengineerforreceivingbunker&measuringbunkerquantityformaintainingrecords.
Mentionedbelowistheprocedureformeasuringandcalculatingthebunkerquantity:
>Oncethetotalquantity(tonnes)ofbunkerfueltobereceivedisconfirmed,takesoundingofshipsbunkertanks&calculatetheavailablequantityoffueloilonboardtoformulateabunkeringplandenotinghowmuchtonnesoffueltobebunkeredoneachtank&thetanksequenceofbunkering.
>Beforecommencingofbunkeroperations,confirmthetemperatureatwhichthebunkeristobereceivedandnotedownthestandarddensityofthefueloil.Withthisparameterscalculatethevolumeofbunkertobereceivedineachtankasperbunkeringplanandnotedownthefinalsoundinglevelofeachtankafterbunkeringusingcapacitytablefortheeaseofstopping&changeovertonexttank.
Thebasicformulausedforcalculatingthebunkerquantityinweightis:
Mass=VolumexDensity
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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>Itistobenotedthatintheaboveformula,thedensityandvolumeofbunkerfuelshouldbeknownatsametemperature.
>Afterreceivingthebunker,takesounding/ullageofallthebunkertanksusingsoundingtapeandnotedownthetanktemperature.UsesoundingpasteinthetapewhilemeasuringdistillatefuelsuchasMDOforeasyreading.
>Shipalwaysdoesnotfloatwithevenkeelsothefloatingconditionsoftheshipsuchastrimandlistshouldbewellnotedwhiletakingthesoundingofbunkertanks.
>Everyshipisprovidedwithatankcapacitytableinwhicheachtankcapacityinvolumeismarkedagainstthesuccessivelevelsofsounding/ullagewithcorrectionfactorsundervarioustrimandheelconditionsoftheship.Thevolumeoffueloilattanktemperatureforthecorrespondingtanksoundingisthusmeasuredusingtankcapacitytable,whichgivestheactualsoundedvolume.
>Thedensityoffueloil(inkg/m3)atstandardreferencetemperatureof15CisalwaysprovidedbythesupplierinBunkerDeliveryNote.WiththisthedensityoffueloilattanktemperaturecanbedeterminedusingASTMtableorusingsoftwaremostcommonlyinstalledonallshipscomputer.
TheformulausedtocalculatetheTemperatureCorrectedDensityis:
=(DensityofFuelOil@15C)x[1{(T15)x0.00064}]
Where:T=temperatureofoilinbunkertanksindegreecelcius,0.00064=Correctionfactor
Sincethebunkeroilisnormallysuppliedtothevesselattemperaturehigherthen15C,theformulausedforcalculatingthebunkerquantityinweightwillbe
MetricTonnes=(ActualSounderVolume)X(TemperatureCorrectedDensity)
>Thecorrespondingvaluesofeachtankaretabulatedforeasyreadingandthetotalweightofbunkerquantityiscalculated.
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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2.SpecificFuelOilConsumption(SFOC):
SpecificfueloilconsumptionisthemeasureofmassoffuelconsumedperunittimetoproduceperKW.ThemarineengineefficiencyisusuallydeterminedusingtheSFOC.
Inordertoachieveaccuracy,thefuelconsumptionandpowerdevelopedisalwaysmeasuredoverasuitabletimeperiodonagoodweather.TheformulausedforcalculatingSFOCis:
SFOC(g/kwh)=Massoffuelconsumedperhour/PowerdevelopedinKW
>Thereadingsofflowmetertomainengineshouldbenotedoverthespecifiedtimeintervalsay1hour.Withthedifferenceinreadingsthevolumeoffuelconsumedisobtained.ItcanalsobemeasuredbynotingdowntheHFOservicetankreadingprovidedtheoilisbeingsuppliedonlytomainengine.
>Themassofobservedvolumeoffuelconsumedcanbedeterminedbyfollowingtheabovesaidbunkercalculationprocedure.
>ThehorsepowercanbemeasuredusingdynamometeriffittedontheshaftoftheenginewhichwillindicatetheBHPindigitalindicator.Ifnot,thehorsepowercanalsobecalculatedusingenginerpmandaveragepumpfuelindexwiththeaidofenginecharacteristiccurveofvariousseatrialswhichissuppliedbythemanufacturer.Howeverthecalorificvalueofthefuelusedforseatrialmaydifferandhencecompensationfactorhastobedeterminedtoobtaintheaccuracyincalculation.
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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MarineEngineerafterdoingMechanicalEngineering
3.PercentageofSlip:
Slipisconsideredasthedifferencebetweenthespeedoftheengineand
actualspeedoftheship.Itisalwayscalculatedinpercentage.Positiveslipisinfluencedbyvariousreasonssuchasfouledbottomorhullpartwhichoffersresistancetothemovementofship,environmentalfactorssuchaswatercurrentandwindagainsttheshipdirection.Slipmaybenegativeiftheshipspeedisinfluencedbyfollowingseaorwind.Engineslipiscalculateddailyonboardthevesselandrecordedinlogbook.
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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EnginedistanceObserveddistance
PercentageofSlip=X100%
Enginedistance
Theactualdistance(nauticalmile)coveredbytheshipfromnoontonoonismeasuredusingshipslog.
Thetotalrevolutionsofthepropellerfromnoontonoonisobtainedusingrevolutioncounter.Theenginedistancecanbecalculatedusingthepitchofthepropellerprovidedbythemanufacturer.Caremustbetakeninunitconversionofpitchfrommetertonauticalmile(ingeneral1NM=1800m).
Enginedistanceinnauticalmile=(Pitchxrevolutionsperday)
Obtainingtheaccuracyofvalueinalltheabovecalculationsarealwayschallengingonboardastheparametersrecordedaremoresensitivetodynamicconditionsoftheshipandalsodependsonvariousenvironmentalfactors.
Overtoyou
Doyouknowanyotherimportantcalculationthatcanbeaddedtothislist?
Letusknowinthecommentsbelow.
References&ImageCredits:
M.V.JagRahulShipstankcapacityplanmanual.
M.T.JagPreetiMITSUIB&WOperation&DataManual
ReedsNavalArchitectureforMarineengineers.
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AboutAnanthTAnanthisaMEOclassIVcompetencycertificateholder,workingwiththeGreatEasternShippingcompany.Asamarineengineer,hehassailedonbothbulkcarriersandoiltankers.Whennotsailing,helikestosharehisseafaringknowledgeandexperienceswithfellowmaritimeprofessionals.
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COMMENTS
ErikBremsKristensensaysApril21,2014at4:23pm
Itisallcorrect.Whanimissisthecomparisonofthefuelcomsumptionwithareference.Thereferenceisthespecificfuelconsumptionontestbedatthemanufacturer.Herethefuelconsumptionaswellastheengineperformancedataaremeasured,andconvertedtotheISOcondition.ItisimportantfortheactualsituationalsotorecordtheengineperformancedataandtoconvertthemtoISO,otherwiseyoucompareappleswithpears.Therearenotmanytoolsavailableforthismanouver.Youcandoitallmanually,butitwillconsumealotoftime.Atourwebsiteyoucanseeouttool,whereyougettheisocorrectionandcomparisoninstantlywhenenteringtheperformancedata.
MIKOYsaysApril21,2014at4:36pm
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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Really,andtheyhaventautomatedityet?
NIRBENsaysApril21,2014at5:13pm
iscorrectionfactorof0.00064isapplicableforalloillikeheavyoil,dieseloiletc..
saidakrasaysApril21,2014at5:46pm
Verygoodinformation
DhineshKhannasaysApril21,2014at7:29pm
Greatworkananthveryusefulinfo
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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ConradoWLalimsaysApril22,2014at4:19pm
0.00064isnotaconstantcorrectionfactor.Thisdefendsonqualityofeveryoilbunkered.NormallyontheBDR,densityisgivenat15degcent.AnestimateddensityathighertempisalsomentionedontheBDRe.g.Densityat15degcent=0.9891,densityat40degcent=0.9687.Tempdiffthenwillbe30anddensityis0.0204.Thecorrectionfactorthenshouldbe[0.0204/30=0.00068ton/degoftemprise.
R.SHANMUGAMsaysApril23,2014at2:37pm
itsVeryUsefulandeasyunderstandingarticleMr.Ananth.KeepWriting..
BuddyHarsaysApril23,2014at3:56pm
atlastIfoundwhatIneedaslongthistimethanktoyou
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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aminsaysApril24,2014at2:43pm
yrinfo.asstarsforanyonegetlostinthetech.desert,SFOC.isthemostinterestingfactormustbutinconsiderationtoavoidanycommercialdisaster,imean,thefuelisbigproblemforexpensesso,sfocveryimportant
AshokRobinsaysApril25,2014at9:34pm
Greatworkcongrats
BalachanderRajagopalansaysMay7,2014at11:58am
HiAnanth,
Averyniceandusefulpostwhichshouldcomeusefultoanyengineerwhohastohandlebunkers.
Keepupthegoodwork:)
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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AjaisaysMay24,2014at11:05am
DearAnanth,Verygoodtopicdiscussed.Ifeelthereisasmallcorrectioninslipitsholdbepositiveslip.Negativeslipinfluencedbyfavaroublecurrentandhenclessercons.
Withrods,AJAIKUMAR
AnishsaysMay24,2014at12:05pm
ThankyouAjai,
Wellnotedandcorrectedthetypo.
MohamedKazzalisaysJune20,2014at1:23pm
NiceJobBuddies.
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maazahmedsaysAugust16,2014at12:56am
ima4E.veryinformativeforme..butialsoreadsmvrabtsubtracting0.0011fromdensity@15degcelciusforsmcorrectionfactorforbuoyancyinair..plsadvice
kassahunkashesaysAugust20,2014at10:02pm
IfoundwhatIneedatthistime!!10QAnanthT.
emuowootovwodoOneGodsaysSeptember6,2014at4:56pm
thankuforimpactingdpublicwiththisknowledge.manymarineengineershasgottenproblemsinfuelconsumptioncalculations.butwithwhatyouhaveexplained.lbelievedourjobsasJuniorofficersismadeeasy.OneGod.
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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IvanSanchezsaysSeptember25,2014at8:20am
Areallygoodpost.Asa3rdEng,IreallyfoundthisveryinterestingsincenormallyIdontdothebunkerplanbutonlytheChiefEngineer.Anywayitisnotsocomplicatedafteryouhavegotsomeexperiencewhenyouloadbunker.
VishnubennysaysOctober7,2014at9:07pm
Goodinformatn...kepitupndkeepgoing..
vineetsaysNovember4,2014at7:18am
Intheslipcalculationyousayobserveddistanceshouldbeshipslogdistance.isitcorrect?AspermyunderstandingitisDaysRunorGPSdistancenowadays..Logdistancewillgivehugevariationsintheactualslip
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6/11/2015 3ImportantCalculationsEveryMarineEngineerMustKnowOnShips
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RamakrishnansaysDecember28,2014at3:45pm
verynice
AminulsaysApril1,2015at7:56am
Itisgoodtohaveallimportantcalculationsinonepage.Ihaveasuggestiontoyou,thatyoucanaddthecalculationforbunkerrequisiton,co2bottleweightmeasurement,scbatimedurationcalculation,etc.
saysMay10,2015at2:29pm
Greatarticle.
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KamleshkumarsaysMay11,2015at11:30am
Great,verygoodinformation,Keepitcontinue.
PRINCEKUMARsaysMay11,2015at3:46pm
Itisveryuseful.
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