3-D PRINTING Imagine how you could create this intricate

object. Very difficult, but easy with 3-D Printing

An example of an engineering prototype. Using usual methods, would require hundreds of hours of intricate machining.

Printed directly from a drawing file at much lower cost.

HOW DOES IT WORK? HOW DOES IT WORK?

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3D Printing – Additive processing3D Printing – Additive processing Normal manufacturing is subtractive.

Plastic Jet Printing Process: Plastic Jet Printing Process: also also

calledcalled Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), ,

is the simplest and lowest cost method, is the simplest and lowest cost method,

but limited to plastics and soft metals. but limited to plastics and soft metals.

Also lower precision. Think of squeezing Also lower precision. Think of squeezing

successive layers from a caulking gun.successive layers from a caulking gun.

Stereolithography (SLA):Stereolithography (SLA): or

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). Very thinVery thin

layers (typically 0.1mm or 0.004”) are layers (typically 0.1mm or 0.004”) are

deposited, one by one, until the object is deposited, one by one, until the object is

complete.complete.

3D PRINTING METHODS3D PRINTING METHODS

Plastic Jet Printing Process: Plastic Jet Printing Process: Thermoplastic materials such as ABS and polycarbonates of various types. Some applications use soft metals. Material is fed into heated nozzle from a spool of thread or wire.

Stereolithography (SLA):Stereolithography (SLA): Photosensitive resins of various types, clear or colored, in liquid form, poured into printing machine container. Material is hardened by ultraviolet light from laser. Remaining resin is reused.

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS): Selective Laser Sintering (SLS): Powders of polymers such as nylon (plain, glass-filled, or with other fillers) or polystyrene - metals including steel, titanium, gold, silver, alloy mixtures – ceramics of various kinds. High energy laser beam sinters (melts) the powder to form layers and attaching layers to each other. Unsintered powder serves as support for object until completed, then is reused.

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MATERIALS USEDMATERIALS USED

Printing machinesPrinting machines: : Early models up to $500,000. Costs dropped with increasedproduction. SLA and SLS printers nowavailable as low as $10,000.

Low cost printers:Low cost printers: Printers using FDM or Plastic Jet are now available for $2200 with capability of producing objects up to 285x150 x 150mm (11.2”x6”x6”) and resolution 0.1mm (0.004”) - Lower cost $800, resolution 0.3mm.

Open Source Project: Open Source Project: Basic patents have expired and Open Source software And kits allow hobbyists to make their own printers.

3D Printing services: 3D Printing services: Many companies now offer 3D printing services

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COSTS AND AVAILABILITYCOSTS AND AVAILABILITY

Industry: Industry: Fast prototyping of new designs for testing – small quantity production runs, example: spare parts for obsolete models. Fabricating molds, quickly, low cost.

Entertainment:Entertainment: Producing sets and various objects for stage, film and TV. Custom-built toys toys in small quantities

Art: Art: Producing three dimensional objects that would otherwise be almost impossible, including unusual jewelery.

Architecture: Architecture: Making models directly from drawings.

Research: Research: Building models that are easily modified for testing. Example: wing shapes for wind tunnel tests.

Medicine: Medicine: Developing tissues and structures from individual's own cells.

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APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

INTERESTING PROJECTINTERESTING PROJECT Students at University of Southampton (U.K.) have designed and built

several model airplanes by 3D printing - that actually fly!

One of the designs is shown here. Consists of 7 parts, each printed separately, then clipped together without fasteners. Only part not printed is tray with electronics and battery.

See http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~decode/index_files/Page804.htmSee http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~decode/index_files/Page804.htm

_________3D PRINTED JEWELRY___________________3D PRINTED JEWELRY__________

3D printing

allows unusual

designs of

jewelry in many

different

materials

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Creating biological partsCreating biological parts: :

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MEDICAL APPLICATIONSMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Producing human body partsProducing human body parts: : Wake Forest Institute for Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NCRegenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC is world leader in is world leader in developing laboratory-grown organs implanted into patients.developing laboratory-grown organs implanted into patients.

Human urinary bladderHuman urinary bladder – patient's own bladder cells are used and – patient's own bladder cells are used and grown on bio-degradable surface that has been printed to exact shape of grown on bio-degradable surface that has been printed to exact shape of original bladder. Several young patients have successfully received original bladder. Several young patients have successfully received bladders.bladders.

Jawbones, prosthetic limbs, a windpipe splint are among successful body parts produced experimentally. Even a working scale model kidney.

In addition to Wake Forest, the Universities of Michigan, Missouri and Pittsburgh have been carrying out this research, mostly funded by the U.S. Government.

Organovo Holdings, IncOrganovo Holdings, Inc. . San Diego, is a private company developing San Diego, is a private company developing bioprinting equipment and technology, so far funded almost entirely by bioprinting equipment and technology, so far funded almost entirely by grants. Builds equipment used by universitiesgrants. Builds equipment used by universities

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MORE ABOUT MEDICAL APPLICATIONSSMORE ABOUT MEDICAL APPLICATIONSS

_________SCIENCE FICTION?___________________SCIENCE FICTION?__________

Printing a brand newPrinting a brand new

heart from the patient's heart from the patient's

own cells – soundsown cells – sounds

impossible – but perhapsimpossible – but perhaps

in 20 years a realityin 20 years a reality -

HISTORY______________HISTORY______________

1984 - 1984 - Charles HullCharles Hull invents stereolithography which allows digital data to be transformed into a 3D object.

1992 - 1992 - First SLA and SLS machines produced to make complex First SLA and SLS machines produced to make complex parts layer by layer.parts layer by layer.

1999 – 1999 – At Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine a urinary bladder membrane is printed that is coated with individual's own cells and successfully implanted in young boy.

2008 – 2008 – First person walks on 3D printed prosthetic leg.

2011 –2011 – Un. of Southampton (UK) produces 3D printed model Un. of Southampton (UK) produces 3D printed model airplane that actually flies.airplane that actually flies.

2012 – 2012 – Doctors in NetherlandsDoctors in Netherlands successfully implant a 3D printed lower jaw into 83-year old woman.

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