29 june 2010. 1.) protection from predators 2.) provision of a microclimate suitable for egg...
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Nests and Mates 29 June 2010
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1.) Protection from predators 2.) Provision of a microclimate
suitable for egg incubation 3.) Cradles for dependent young 4.) Roosting chambers for adults
attending their eggs and young
Nests have four primary purposes
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Other animals build nests, but birds do so in a greater variety of forms, from a greater variety of materials, and on a greater variety of sites
Nests may include a variety of material including green vegetation (e.g. Yarrow, Red-cedar) which may inhibit the growth of bacteria and reduce parasite loads
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Evolutionary History
Satin Bowerbird
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Nest safety
Invisibility, inaccessibility, and impregnability all contribute to nest safety
Many birds nest in trees, because ground nests are more likely to be predated
Enclosed (pensile) nests may deter predators, as may cavity nests
Distraction displays may also be used
Horned Coot photo from http://es.treknature.com/gallery/South_America/Chile/photo219194.htm
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Pros◦ Less likely to be predated (safety in numbers,
mobbing, etc.)◦ Synchronized nesting provides a sudden abundance
of chicks◦ Can follow neighbors to good food sources
Cons◦ Increased competition (nest sites,
materials, even mates)◦ Large groups may attract predators◦ Parasites and diseases can easily
be spread
Colonial Nesting
1.) Shortage of safe nesting sites
2.) Abundant/unpredictable food source distant from available nest sites
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Peach-faced Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis) tuck nesting material into feathers by rump
Yellow-collared Lovebirds (Agapornis personatus) carries nesting material in its bill
Hybrids attempt to tuck material into body feathers but typically fail
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Village Weaver
Birds imprint on natal sites
Birds become more experienced at building nests with time
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Development of the embryo is best at temperatures between 37-38 C
Ducks typically line nests with down to help insulate the eggs
Placement in or out of the sun, shade or wind has a major effect on the nest microclimate
Nest Microclimates
A Monk Parakeet nest in Borehamwood, UK (north side of London)
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Most female birds lose feathers to form an incubation patch (or brood patch)
Seasonal development of patches is under hormonal control◦ Prolactin & estrogen stimulate
defeathering and vascularization
◦ Progesterone stimulates thickening and increased sensitivity of the epidermis
Brood Patches
Image from: http://www.hiltonpond.org/ThisWeek040415.html
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Effects of inadequate incubation behavior
European Starling
Crested Myna
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Malleefowl
Image from: http://www.sustainability.dpc.wa.gov.au/CaseStudies/OilMallee/malleefowl/Malleefowlprint.htm
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Out of nest
In nest
Mates will often feed the incubating bird
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Reproductive success of males is limited by mates Female reproductive success is limited by the production of
eggs Recent research on mating systems views monogamy as a
temporary truce between selfish, competitive individuals
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Monogamy◦ The predominant mating system in which there is
a prolonged and essentially exclusive pair bond with a single member of the opposite sex for purposes of raising young
Polygamy◦ Any mating system involving pair bonds with
multiple mates of the opposite sex
Mating Systems
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Polygyny◦A type of polygamy in which a male pairs with more than one female
◦If the male pairs with two females it is bigamy
Polyandry◦A type of polygamy in which the female pairs with multiple males.
Mating Systems Continued
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Polygynandry◦A type of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which pairs with multiple females
◦Common in ostriches, rheas, emusPromiscuity
◦Indiscriminant sexual relationships, usually of brief duration
Mating Systems Continued
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Birds are generally monogamous, although separations do occur◦ E.g. roughly 5% of breeding pairs of Mute Swans
separate each year Males and females evaluate quality of mates
◦ Females judge males by plumage, displays, courtship feeding etc.
◦ Males must evaluate female receptiveness, probability that offspring carry their genes, sperm competition, etc.
MonogomyExtra-pair copulation can be surprisingly frequent!
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Extra-Pair Copulations Monogamy doesn’t
necessarily mean faithfulness!
Interestingly, in humans ~30-40% of dating relationships and 18-20% of marriages are marked by infidelity
~3.7% of human children are thought to be the result of infideltiy (Bellis et al. 2005)
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Older, more experience males claim the top level(s) of a purple martin house
They sing a “dawn song” to attract other purple martins to nest colonially
The older martins then mate with the females of the less experienced males!◦ Yearling males father only 1.3 fertilized eggs
out of a clutch of 4.5 eggs◦ The older males father 4.5 fertilized eggs
with their mates, plus another 3.6 fertilized eggs with the mates of the less-experienced males!
Purple Martin EPC
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Species living in stable environments with uniform food distribution tend to be territorial and monogamous
Species living in areas that occasionally have superabundant food (e.g. fruits) tend to polygynous
Care of young also has an influence◦ Birds that produce nidifugous
(precocial) young are more likely to be polygynous
Mating Systems & Ecology
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Resource-defense Polygyny
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Polyandry
Polyandry may arise due to female desertion
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Many promiscuous birds display in a communal lek
Why lek?◦ “Hot spots” (male-
initiated model) vs. “hot shots” female initiated model)
Leks
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Much of the field research on birds involves finding nests.
Researchers search for and monitor nests to look at:◦ Reproductive success under various habitat
management schemes◦ Reproductive success of individual species◦ Fledging success in areas with numerous cowbirds
and areas without ◦ Etc.
Field Methods: Finding Nests
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BBIRD Protocol
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At each site, you’ll want to find at least 20 nests per treatment/habitat per year for each of the common local species◦ When I did this, we would typically aim for finding
100+ nests each summer◦ Nest plots should be at least 4 ha in size,
preferably bigger so you can nest point counts or point transects in them In eastern deciduous forest, for example, it’s
recommended that you use eight 35-50 ha plots◦ Plots should be randomly chosen
Establishing Nest Search Plots
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Plots should be searched for nests every 2 days
When you find a nest, make sure you can find it again! ◦ Record distance and orientation from a known
point and write a written description so others can find it as well.
◦ BBIRD has standardized field cards on website you can fill out
Finding new nests
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1.) Parent behavior◦ saw a parent bird and followed it to the nest or area
around the nest. If the parent gets you within approximately 50 cm of the nest then parental behavior is considered the only cue used
2.) Parent flushed from nest◦ you flush a bird off its nest while walking past. This differs
from luck because behavior of the bird is important to location of the nest.
3.) Systematic search◦ nests found during a systematic search of possible nest
sites. This may occur without previous observations of other cues, or after parental behavior or non-behavioral cues suggest a nest is present nearby.
Cues for nest finding
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4.) Non-behavioral cue◦ a non-behavioral cue suggests a nest is nearby. The nest is
then located by systematic searching or waiting for parents. Example: you notice fresh wood chips on the ground near a group of trees. You then locate the nest by searching nearby snags.
5.) Luck◦ came across a nest by chance without actively searching for it
or seeing parental cues. 6.) Previous year
◦ found nest based on knowledge of nest location from previous year.
7.) Young behavior◦ young's behavior led observer to nest. For example, noisy or
begging young often can lead you to find nests of cavity nesting birds.
Cues for nest finding continued
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Active nests should be checked every 3-4 days, ideally every other day
Check nests from a distance (and avoid disturbing parents) if possible
Nest-building birds or birds just starting to lay eggs are more likely to abandon the nest
Avoid creating paths to nests (predators may follow them) and never check nests if predators are nearby
Monitoring nests
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Building nest Incubating Nestling
Ruby-throated Hummingbird
6 – 10 days 12 – 14 days 18 – 22 days
Field Sparrow 2 – 8 days (depending upon time of year)
11-12 days 7-8 days
Northern Cardinal
3 – 9 days 11 – 13 days 9 – 10 days
American Crow 10 – 14 days 16 – 19 days 33 – 43 days
Time spent Incubation & caring for nestlings vary
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There are two parts to this 1.) Information about the nest substrate
◦ Record information about nest height, dbh of tree, plant species, nest orientation, % overhead cover, etc.
2.) Information about surrounding vegetation ◦ Establish a 5 m radius plot (centered on the nest)
and an 11.3 m radius plot (also centered on the nest) The 5 m plot is used to count shrub & sapling stems &
measure ground cover The 11.3 m plot is used to count the number of trees
Gathering information on vegetation
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Should be done every three years to track changes in vegetative community
Systematic Vegetation Sampling in Study area
Image from http://www.umt.edu/bbird/protocol/veg.htm
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BBIRD protocol suggests that fixed-radius point counts (where you count all birds within 50 m in a 10 minute period) should be carried out three times per year.
Distance estimation techniques (i.e. transects or point transects) are now more widely used to examine bird density.
Point Counts