21st world congress of political science july 12 to …paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_1011.pdf ·...

“The civil-military Spanish cultural gap vs. The civil-military European cultural gap”

21st World Congress of Political Science July 12 to 16, 2009

Santiago 2009

Special Session: 01

Panel: 797Subordinating the Military to Civilian Rule

Dr. Rafael Martínez

Professor of Political ScienceUniversidad de Barcelona (Spain)


Research question:

Why the Spanish civil-military relations are more complex than our European neighbors ?

Hypothesis:

(i) The Spanish military are far to European military mediaa/ Primary and secondary socialization have authoritarian bias: Old myths: Patriot Unity, etc.b/ Military political culture are far to civic parameters culture: Difficulties to accept civil supremacy

(ii) The Spanish society are far to European society mediaa/ Primary and secondary socialization give distrust yet: Antimilitarismb/ The Spanish political culture has not assimilate with naturalness the Security and the Defense as a political system outputs

(iii) Both, military and civil society are so far to European medias

ItemsIdeological Auto-positionOwnership and religious practice Subjective National IdentificationInstitutions ConfidenceMaterialism vs. Post-materialismPrestige and Social imageValuesInbreedingArmed Forces roleWomen Armed Forces role



Methodology:Comparation and Statistical

Source: ERGOMAS (European Research Group on Military and Society) database: Cultural Gap between the Military and Their Parent Society

Case Selection:Germany, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Spain, France, Netherland, Italy, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland y Turkey

Theoretical Support:Civil-military relations: Huntington (1957), Janowitz (1960, 1974, 1977), Busquets(1967, 1984). Abrahamsson (1972), Moskos (1977, 1985), Thomas y Rosenzveig (1982) Prandstraller (1985), Nunciari(1988), Caforio (1994 y 1998) Priest y Beach (1998), Moskos y Wood (1987), Feaver (1996), Mares(1998) y Moskos, Williams y Segal (2000)


Ideological Auto-position (i)

1’631’781’791’41Deviation

7’066’796’066’43Means

(347)(946)(1167)(88)(N)

16’714’3-4’85’91’1Right. (9-10)

51’045’4+13’837’351’1(7 - 8)

26’831’6+2’637’239’8(5 - 6)

4’87’1-11’016’65’6(3 - 4)

0’81’5-0’83’02’2Left (1 -2)

ESO military son

(2001)

ESO

(2001)

DifferenceEuropeanCadets (2004)

SpanishCadets(2004)

ESO: “Escala Superior de Oficiales” = Officer


Ideological Auto-position(ii)

108Easy

7184Hard134Very hard to change

When you make up your mind about something is it pretty hard to argue you out of it?

62Uncertain5576Moderate3621Strong

What are your opinions about any things?1344Usually give in6842Usually not give in81Never give in

EuropeanSpanishWhen you get into an argument do you usually get your own way or do you often give in?

The Spanish is:More conciliatory:92% vs. 72%More moderateLess unchangingDoubt to dissent: 14% do not doubt

vs. 43% (european)


Ownership and religious practice

+134Not answer

-92819I am not religious

-8146I can not tell if I am religious or not

+113041I am religious, but I attend religious services only for the biggest fests

-3129I am religious and I attend once per month religious services

+81321I am religious and I regularly (every week) attend religious services

DifferenceEuropean Cadet Spanish CadetOptions

Diagnosis:1.-50% of European cadet are religious [mostly catholic(42%), followed by protestants, orthodox & muslims]2.-70% of Spanish cadet are religious (90% catholic) similar than Polish and Italian, but with the difference than in theirs societies are religious too and the Spanish not.3.-The Spanish youth: 48% religious and 40% not religious.

“The civil-military spanish cultural gap vs. The civil-military european cultural gap”

Subjective National Identification(i)How much attachment do you feel to each of these persons and groups?

your family4’69world community

your religious community4’284’90your religious community

world community4’876’29My Region

Europe5’716’31Europe

your native city5’966’63your native city

natural environment6’886’82natural environment

your profession, your colleagues 7’728’07your profession, your colleagues

Your country7’958’67Spain

Yourself8’238’68your friends

your friends8’388’74Yourself

your family8’839’00your family

Attachment to…

European CadetsMeansSpanish Cadets


Subjective National Identification (ii)1: Only Spanish.2: More Spanish than regional identification.3: Dual identification.4: More regional identification than Spanish.5: Only regional identification.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5

Total jóvenesespañolesTotal oficiales

Totalsuboficiales


Subjective National Identification (iii)

Efficiency of Regional State and preference of structure State models

0.00.50.40.00.4Independent’s States

2.53.04.19.73.7Idem with more regional autonomy

17.341.884.180.662.3Regional State

82.254.611.49.733.6Unitary State

Very BadBadGoodVery GoodESO

Efficiency to Autonomic Communities(Regions)

Preferencecadets

Models ofStructure State


Institutional Confidence

We use a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 means no confidence at all and 10 means complete confidence

Political Party4’583’83Political Party

Media4’803’92Trade Unions

The Church5’093’99Media

Trade Unions5’164’42Companies

Parliament5’384’52The Church

Government5’764’67President

Voluntary Organizations5’784’70Banks

Companies5’894’80Government

Justice6’235’58Parliament

Banks6’255’63Justice

President6’395’78Voluntary Organizations

The Police6’566’00The University

The University6’856’16The Police

The Military7’826’29The Military

Confidence

European CadetsMeans(1)Spanish Cadets


Materialism vs. Post-materialism

4º vs 4º11 + 30 = 4111 + 22 = 32Protecting freedom of speech

3º vs 2º21 + 25 = 469 + 29 = 38Fighting rising prices

2º vs 3º17 + 24 = 4116 + 33 = 49Giving the people more say in important government decisions

1º vs 1º50 + 27 = 7764 + 16 = 80Maintaining order in the nation

RankingEuropean CadetsSpanish CadetsOptions

Diagnosis:1.- The European are materialist in their two first options.2.- The Spanish are materialist too because the first option are so intense, but their second priority is post-materialist3.- The future European and Spanish political elite’s are post-materialist

4.- The future Spanish political elite’s are the most post-materialist in the study


Prestige and Social image (i)

Artist11’7712’68PriestCivil Servant11’3012’06Civil ServantJournalist10’4511’51Teacher at secondary SchoolTeacher at secondary School10’2010’86ArtistPriest9’9310’58Military OfficerPharmacist9’8010’18Police Inspector

Entrepreneur9’169’48JournalistPolice Inspector8’508’54PharmacistEngineer8’227’33Civil Airlines Pilot

Civil Airlines Pilot7’826’90EntrepreneurManager of a Company7’246’60LawyerLawyer6’196’36University ProfessorMilitary Officer5’395’96Manager of a CompanyUniversity Professor5’205’43DiplomatDiplomat5’165’17EngineerMedical Doctor3’853’95Medical Doctor

ProfessionsEuropean Cadet*Spanish Cadet*Professions

*»1« for the most prestigious profession and »10« the less. We work with the means.


Prestige and Social image (ii)Social Image

+12517Very Bad

+154055Bad

-244521Good

-990Very Good

DifferenceEuropeanSpanish

European Means: 6’45Spanish Means: 4’50

Image in the Media

Diagnosis:Similar Tendency more intensity in Spanish case

+113647Unfavorable

-43228Neutral

-82921Favorable

DifferenceEuropeanSpanish


Prestige and Social image (iii)

116It is proper for the military to have direct political influence in the society

3320It is proper for the military to advocate publicly the military policies it believes are in the best interests of the country

132It is proper for the military to explain and defend in public the policies of the government

2820Members of the military should be allowed to publicly express their political views just like any other citizen

2456Members of the military should not publicly criticize their parent civil society

3252Members of the military should not publicly criticize members of the government

EuropeanSpanish

% agree strongly with the optionsEmphasized if the agree is the majoritarian option


Values (i) Top ten of qualities for children and for the military

OrderlinessOrderlinessTeam spiritCreativity10ºSelf-controlSelf-controlLoyaltyTeam spirit9ºHonourTeam spiritCreativitySpirit of equality8ºDeterminationObedienceDeterminationOpen-mindedness7ºLoyaltyResponsibilityInitiativeLoyalty6ºComradeshipLoyaltyHonourHonour5ºHonestyComradeshipOpen-mindednessTolerance4ºTeam spiritHonourSelf-controlComradeship3ºDisciplinePatriotismHonestyHonesty2ºResponsibilityDisciplineResponsibilityResponsibility1º

qualities for the militaryqualities for education of our children

European Cadets*Spanish Cadets *European Cadets*Spanish Cadets *

* Ranking make orly with “very Important” answers.


Values (ii)Diagnosis :

The higher similarity between Spanish and European Cadets is given in military valuesThe Spanish military values are more classical (patriotism, obedience) than European ones (determination, honesty –not corruption-)European values cadets to their profession and to their sons have three differences typically military (discipline, comradeship and orderliness) and three quite modern (open-mindedness, initiative and creativity)At the Spanish case change in five values to their sons and to themselves: discipline, patriotism, obedience, self-control and orderliness vs. honesty, tolerance, open-mindedness, spirit of equality and creativity The Spanish cadet does more differences between son and militaryvalues because he thinks in two away worlds To an European cadet have not so difference: Thereby, responsibility and honesty, first and second Spanish and European cadet son values, are the first and the forth European cadet military values and sixth and out to top ten Spanish cadet military values.


Values (iii)Patriotism:

The promotion of the patriotism should be an important aim of citizenship education

Spanish Cadets: 32% (agree strongly)European Cadets: 25% (agree strongly)Spanish university Student: 56% (disagree strongly)European university Student : 18% (disagree strongly)

13% (agree strongly)All Spanish should be willing to fight for our country

Spanish Cadets : 26% (agree strongly)European Cadets : 44% (agree strongly)Spanish university Student : 54% (disagree strongly)European university Student : 18% (disagree strongly)

17% (agree strongly)


Values (iv)Discipline:

What young people need most of all is firm discipline by their parent

Spanish Cadets : 59% (agree)European Cadets : 74% (agree)Spanish university Student : 55% (disagree)European university Student : 55% (agree)


Values (v)

Identity values between political and military elite and their society

3750No2919Yes

Political leaders share the same values as our country people2742No4126Yes

Military leaders share the same values as our country people

EuropeanSpanish

Diagnosis:

(i) The repulse is higher to the political elites (more intense in the Spanish case)(ii) Radical difference between Spanish and European opinion about Military elites


Values (vi)

7114040Integration of the military in the parent society

37342420Subordination of the military to the political leadership

33144446Peaceful relationship with the other societies in the world

17114514Defence of the societal system and the way of life of the country

1044239Safeguard of individual opportunities and responsibilities

17156151Respect for the national basic law (constitution and the like) .

36355869Basic freedoms of the individuals (freedoms of assembly, ideas, speech, press, etc)

1196379Respect for individuals

1945471Equality of people, regardless of gender, race, religion etc

Completely realizedVery Important

EuropeanSpanishEuropeanSpanish


Inbreeding

0’8%4’1%Military Mother

10’2%42’5%

M (44%) W(29%)Military Father

EuropeanSpanish


Armed Forces role (i)

+141529Military attack by a foreign state

-42521An armed conflict over the control of vital raw materials (water, oil, etc.)

+51318An accidental nuclear war

+22022Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction

-264An armed conflict between Asian countries.

+11314Nuclear war between Third World countries with global consequences

+2911Nuclear blackmail by Third World countries

-17247Attacks on computer networks

-71912An armed conflict in the Middle East

-374An armed conflict between African countries with which we maintain co-operative relations

=99Possible indirect involvement in a civil war

-72215Environmental problems such as air pollution and water contamination

-224220Organised crime

-253914International drug trafficking

+472976Terrorism in our countries

=2828Mass immigration from foreign countries

DifferenceEuropeanSpanishPrincipal Threats to National Security (% of very important)


Armed Forces role (ii)

+226688Fighting terrorism

+67076Maintaining the external security of your country

-23331Strengthening regional security alliances or agreements

-32119Bringing democratic forms of government to other nations

-64640Promoting and defending human rights in other countries

=6464Preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction

-47167Preserving world peace

-134229Fostering inter. cooperation to solve common problems

-53429Strengthening the United Nations

-154126Combating world hunger

=3636Worldwide arms control

-102919Helping to improve less-developed countries

DifferenceEuropeanSpanishPossible Foreign Policy Goals

La Public opinion of my country will not tolerate large numbers of casualties in military operations:(agree strongly) 71% Spanish – 50% European


Armed Forces role (iii)

-22220Protect the environment

-25654Fighting terrorism

+22022Control mass immigration from abroad

-14645Prevent spread of weapons of mass destruction

-52823Combat drug trafficking

+14344Domestic disorder within our country

+194665Humanitarian relief abroad

+56873Disaster relief

+73542Combat missions

-43733Peace-enforcement missions

+46670Peace-keeping missions

-169478Defence of your country

DifferenceEuropeanSpanishThe suitability of the military for different types of mission


Armed Forces role (iv)The military exists for the defence of the country and its interests

Spanish 59% European 70% (agree strongly)

The military profession is subordinate to the political leadership

Spanish 23% European 40% (agree strongly)

Politicians must give professional autonomy to the military

Spanish 56% European 76% (agree)

The military should be abolishedSpanish 68% European 81% (disagree strongly)

The military should represent the parent civil society with regard to social and ethnic groups and classes

Spanish 59% (disagree) European 57% (agree)


Armed Forces role (iv)Recruitment:

The Spanish Armed Forces are attracting high-quality, motivated recruits

Spanish Cadets : 17% (agree)European Cadets : 56% (agree)


Women Armed Forces role

Do you support the full integration ?

13no opinion

157no

3911yes, but not in combat roles

4479yes, in all (also combat) roles

EuropeanSpanish

228The women in the military take jobs away from men

5242The deaths of female soldiers will demoralize male soldiers and public

5646Men will not fight as effectively with women present in combat units

4433There is too little privacy for men and women in military jobs

5838Women are not fully deployable as men because of pregnancy

4633Women could be taken prisoner and abused

5758The presence of women disrupts small unit cohesion

3421Religious/moral convictions

EuropeanSpanishRejections reasons


MARTÍNEZ, R.(1995) “Reales Ordenanzas para las Fuerzas Armadas: ¿una vigente norma inconstitucional? En FERNÁNDEZ, J.

La Función Militar, Madrid, Trotta. (2000) “La proyección social de las nuevas misiones de lasa FAS” Cuadernos del Instituto Universitario “General

Gutiérrez Mellado” nº 1, pp. 106-129. (2002) “Perfil político institucional de la futura oficialidad y suboficialidad”, Revista Española de Ciencia Política ,

nº 7., pp.161-182. (2003) “Tipología profesional de la futura oficialidad y suboficialidad del ejército español” Cuadernos de Gestión

y Administración Pública nº 3 (2004) “Quiénes son y qué piensan los futuros oficiales y suboficiales del ejército español” Documentos CIDOB

de Seguridad y Defensa nº 2. (2007a) “Cultura política sobre Inteligencia: Hacia un encuentro con la sociedad” en NAVARRO BONILLA y

ESTEBAN NAVARRO (ed) Terrorismo global. Gestión de información y servicios de inteligencia, Madrid, Plaza y Valdes Ed.

(2007b) Los mandos de las fuerzas armadas españolas del siglo XXI, Madrid, Centro de InvestigacionesSociológicas.

(2007c) “La percepción social, militar y política ante las nuevas misiones” en TORROJA, H. y GÜELL, S. (eds.) Participación de las Fuerzas Armadas españolas en Misiones internacionales, Barcelona, Edicions UB.

(2008) “Les Forces Armées à l’Espagne: le dernier bastion du franquisme? ” Revue International de PolitiqueComparée vol. 15 nº 1, pp. 35-53

MARTÍNEZ, R. y DÍAZ, A.(1999) “El papel del ejército ante situaciones de grave riesgo, catástrofe y calamidad” Revista Aragonesa de

Administración Pública, nº 15, pp. 391-403. (2005) “Spain: an equation with difficult solutions” en CAFORIO y KÜMMEL (eds.) Military Missions and Their

Implications Reconsidered: The Aftermath of September 11th , ELSEVIER. (2007) “Threat Perception: New Risks, New Threats and New Missions” en CAFORIO (ed.) Cultural Differences

between the Military and Parent Society in Democratic Countries, ELSEVIER.

MARTÍNEZ, R., TULCHIN, J.(2006) Seguridad desde las dos orillas: Latinoamérica y Europa, Barcelona, CIDOB.

MARTÍNEZ R y CAFORIO G.(2005) “The Spanish Cadet in the European Military Context: a Comparative Analysis of the Professional Socialisation”, Working Papers ICPS nº 244, Barcelona, Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials.

AUTHOR’ BIBLIOGRAPHY ABOUT THE SUBJECT

Santiago de Chile 2009 July

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