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SEMINAR REPORTON

MAGLEV TRAINS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR AWARD OF DEGREE

OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY-Saurabh Singhal

Roll. No: 0610440027B. Tech. III Year

Mechanical EngineeringSeion: 200!-0"

UNDER T#E $UID%N&E '(Dr.U.K.Singh

)*ro+eor an, #ea, o+ Dear/en

Department ! Me"hani"al Engineering

Kamla Nehru In#titute ! Te"hnlg$Sultanpur

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A"%n&le'gement

I would like to express my deepest gratitude also extend

my heartfelt thanks to my seminar guide Dr. U.K.Singh Head of

DepartmentMechanical Engineering who very sincerely extended

his help and provided resourceful and helpful inputs without which the

work would never have been realized. I extend my cordial gratitude

and esteem to my teachers, whose effective guidance, valuable time

and constant inspiration made it feasible and easy to carry out the

work in a smooth manner.

I am extremely grateful to Mr. H.D.Ram, Asst. Professor

for his invaluable support which just cannot be put into words and

who was also an edifice of encouragement.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all my friends

who directly or indirectly helped me in completion of my work.

Saurabh SinghalRoll. o.!"#!$$!!%&

'. (ech. ))) *ear Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT O( ME)*ANI)AL ENGINEERING

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)ERTI(I)ATE

This is to certify that Mr.Saurabh Singhal of BTech III !r

has "re"are# this se$i%ar re"ort e%tit&e# MAGLEV

TRAINS'%#er $y ('i#a%ce a%# s'"er)isio% i% the sessio%

*++,-+.It has /ee% "rese%te# a%# s'/$itte# to0ar#s the "artia&f'&fi&$e%t for the a0ar# of #e(ree of /ache&or of tech%o&o(y i%

Mecha%ica& E%(i%eeri%(

Mr. H.D. RAM Dr. U.K.S)+H

Asst Professor ` Head of epartmentSeminar)n-charge Seminar +uide

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MAGLEV TRAINS

Un!r "h! guian#! $% Sub&i"""! b'

(r) U)*)Singh Saurabh Singhal+,-+..++/0

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A+STRA)T

As the 0or co%ti%'es to (ro0 a%# as cities co%ti%'e to /eco$e

$ore cro0#e# a%# co%(este#1 o'r %or$a& $o#es of tra%s"ortatio%

0i&& %ot /e a/&e to ha%#&e these o)er"o"'&ate# areas The a%s0er to

this tra%s"ortatio% "ro/&e$ &ies i% the 0or of e&ectro $a(%etis$

a%# s'"erco%#'cti%( $a(%ets E&ectro$a(%ets a%#

s'"erco%#'cti%( $a(%ets ha)e a&&o0e# 's to create a $a(%etic

&e)itati%( trai% %ic2%a$e# 3MAGLE45 that f&oats o% the trac2i%stea# of /ei%( #irect&y o% it This has a &ot of "ote%tia& to create

trai%s that are s'"er fast 0ith &o0 $ai%te%a%ce re6'ire$e%ts Chi%a

is the first co'%try i% the 0or to co$$ercia&&y 'se Ma(Le)s1 a%#

has a&rea#y he&"e# ease the co%(estio% o% the si7 &a%e hi(h0ay

&ea#i%( fro$ the P'#o%( Sha%(hai I%ter%atio%a& Air"ort to

Sha%(hai L'8ia9'i fi%a%cia& #istrict This %e0 tech%o&o(y has

a&rea#y he&"e# Chi%a i% a short "erio# of ti$e a%# ca% certai%&y

he&" other cities aro'%# the 0or that are 8'st as co%(este# asSha%(hai

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CONTENTS

TO1ICS 1ag! N$)

:INTRODUCTION:

* MAGNETIC LE4ITATION S!STEM;;;;*

;;,

PROPULSION S!STEM;;;;;;;;;;;;;:+

LATERAL GUIDANCE S!STEMS;;;;;;;;;:o rie an, +loa in air?. The Magle5 e/i /a,e oile he e o+ elecro/agne an, /agneic +iel,.

The aic rincile ehin, Magle5 i ha i+ o o /agne

ogeher in a cerain a here ill e a rong /agneic aracionan, he o /agne ill cla/ ogeher. Thi i calle, @aracion@. I+

one o+ hoe /agne i +lie, o5er hen here ill e a rong/agneic relion an, he /agne ill h each oher aar. Thi i

calle, @relion@. No i/agine a long line o+ /agne alernai5el

lace, along a rac9. % line o+ alernai5el lace, /agne on heoo/ o+ he rain. I+ hee /agne are roerl conrolle, he rain

ill li+ o+ he gron, he /agneic relion or /agneic aracion.'n he ai o+ hi rincile3 Magneic Ae5iaion

i ro9en ino hree /ain e o+ enion or le5iaion3 he are 8

,. Ele"trmagneti" Su#pen#in.

/. Ele"tr'$nami" Su#pen#in.

0. In'u"tra"%)

(igure /

IMAGE O( T*REE TPES O( LEVITATION TE)*NI1UES

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ELE)TROMAGNETI) SUSPENSION SSTEM 2EMS3

Elecro/agneic Senion or EMS i he +ir o+ he o /ain

e o+ enion e, ih Magle5. Thi enion e

con5enional elecro/agne locae, on rcre aache, o hen,eri,e o+ he rain hee rcre hen ra aron, a T-hae,

gi,e rail. Thi gi,e rail i +erro/agneic3 /eaning i i /a,e o+ch /eal a iron3 nic9el3 an, coal3 an, ha 5er high /agneic

er/eaili. The /agne on he rain are hen arace, oar, hi+erro/agneic gi,e rail hen a >crren rn hrogh he gi,e rail

an, he elecro/agne o+ he rain are rne, on?. Thi aracion li+

he car alloing i o le5iae an, /o5e ih a +ricionle ri,e. >Cehiclele5iaion i anale, 5ia on oar, co/er conrol ni ha a/le

an, a, he /agneic +orce o+ a erie o+ onoar, elecro/agnea he are arace, o he gi,e a.

The /all ,iance o+ ao 10// nee, o e conanl

/oniore, in or,er o a5oi, conac eeen he rain; rail an, hegi,erail. Thi ,iance i alo /oniore, co/er3 hich ill

ao/aicall a, he rengh o+ he /agneic +orce o ring hi,iance ac9 o aron, 10//3 i+ nee,e,. Thi /all ele5aion

,iance an, he conan nee, +or /onioring he Elecro/agneicSenion Se/ i one o+ i /aor ,on+all.

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(igure 0

)R4SS SE)TION O( ELE)TROMAGNETI) SUSPENSION SSTEM

The rain alo nee, a a o a cenere, ao5e he gi,e a.To ,o hi3 gi,ance coil an, enor are lace, on each i,e o+ he

rain; rcre o 9ee i cenere, a all oin ,ring i ri,e3incl,ing rn. %gain3 he ga hol, e aron, 10//3 o co/er

are e, o conrol he crren rnning hrogh he gi,ance /agnean, 9ee he ga ea,. In a,,iion o gi,ance3 hee /agne aloallo he rain o il3 ich3 an, roll ,ring rn. To 9ee all ,iance

reglae, ,ring he ri,e3 he /agne or9 ogeher ih enor o9ee he rain cenere,. #oe5er3 he gi,ance /agne an, le5iaion

/agne or9 in,een,enl.

There are e5eral a,5anage o hi e/. (ir3 he raininerloc9 ih he gi,e rail /a9ing i i/oile o ,erail. Noie i

eFre/el li/ie, ih hi e/ ecae here i no conaceeen he rain an, i rac9. In a,,iion3 here aren; /an /o5ing

ar3 hich re,ce he noie an, /ainenance o+ he e/. =ih+eer ar3 here i le ear an, ear on he e/. The Magle5rain i alo ale o ra5el on >ee gra,ien an, igh cr5e?. %n

eFa/le o+ Elecro/agneic Senion i hon in (igre GH elo.Be+ore a Magle5 e/ can e /a,e3 a choice / e /a,e eeen

ing hi e o+ enion or Elecro,na/ic Senion.

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ELE)TRODNAMO

I) SUSPENSION SSTEM

The econ, o+ he o /ain e o+ enion e/ in e

i he Elecro,na/ic Senion )EDS. EDS e ercon,cing

/agne )S&M locae, on he oo/ o+ he rain o le5iae i o++ o+he rac9. B ing er coole, ercon,cing /agne3 he

elecrical reiance in ercon,cor allo crren o +lo eeran, creae a greaer /agneic +iel,. The ,oni,e o ing an EDS

e/ i ha i reire he S&M o e a 5er col, e/erare3

all aron, J )-26!K& o ge he e rel an, he leareiance in he coil. The

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(igure 5

T*E ELE)TRODNAMI) SUSPENSION SSTEM

The oi,e gi,e ac li9e he chion e, o re5en gerall in oling onl an EDS rain ha a /agneic a+e ne o 9ee

he rain cenere,3 nli9e or ra,iional oling all. I+ he rain i

9noc9e, in he horional ,irecion3 he +iel, on he i,e i hi+ oeco/e greaer an, he +iel, on he ooie i,e ea9en ,e o

hi increae in ,iance. There+ore3 in or,er o reore eal /agneic+orce +ro/ each i,e3 he rain i he, ac9 ino he cener o+ he

gi,e a an, he rengh o+ he /agneic +iel, re,ce o heirnor/al rengh. Thi i one reaon h EDS i a /ch /ore aleenion e/. % econ, reaon h he Elecro,na/ic

Senion e/ i /ore ale i ha i i ale o carr a /chhea5ier eigh loa, iho ha5ing i le5iaion greal a++ece,. %

he ga eeen he rain an, 5ehicle ,ecreae3 +orce eeen heS&M locae, on he rain an, he /agne on he rac9 reel each

oher an, increae a he rain ge hea5ier. (or eFa/le3 i+ eigh i

a,,e, o he rain3 i i going o an o ge cloer o he rac9hoe5er i canno ,o o ecae relion +orce gro ronger a he

ole on he rain in9 cloer o he i/ilar ole on he gi,e a.The reli5e +orce eeen he /agne an, coil li+ he rain3 on

a5erage3 ao 4 o 6 inche ao5e he rac93 hich 5irall

eli/inae an a+e ie regar,ing he rain loing le5iaion an,hiing i gi,e a. Thi ring o he neF hing e enconer a

e /o5e o +ro/ he cener o+ he gi,e a. Ae5iaion coil reelhe S&M n,erneah he rain3 ro5i,ing he reoring +orce o 9ee

he rain aligne,.

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*rolion coil are locae, neF. The rolion e/ o+ heElecro,na/ic Senion e/ i ie i/ilar o Elecro/agneic

rolion3 ,oe 5ar lighl. To roel he rain3 he gi,e aha coil rnning along he o an, oo/ o+ he S&M. In,ce,

crren ihin hee coil creae alernaing /agneic +iel, ha

arac or reel he S&M3 en,ing he rain in he +orar, or re5ere,irecion. Becae he rain are /o5ing /agneic a5e ha h

an, ll i +orar,3 i; 5irall i/oile +or rain o colli,e incehe are in eence >ri,ing he a/e /agneic a5e?.

No engine or oher oer orce i reire, o 9ee he rain

/o5ing eFce he iniial ee, ha i reire, o egin le5iaion.There+ore heel are reire, o 9ee he rain /o5ing nil ao 100

9/hr )6 /h here i can hen egin o le5iae.(inall3 he gi,e a ha rail ha enco/a he oi,e o+

he rain. =ihin hee rail are he rolion coil an, le5iaion coil

nee,e, o 9ee he rain /o5ing an, le5iaing ao5e he oo/ o+he rac9. Becae he rain ha i on a+e ne o+ /agneic +orce o

9ee i cenere,3 he rail i/l ro5i,e a lace +or oher coil o elocae, an, e,. Thi raila ro5i,e no oher /ean o+ or +or

he rain ince he l9 o+ he rain i +loaing ao5e he enire rac9.

(igure 6

NE7 LEADING 8APANESE EDS )AR9 ML:4,;

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EDS enion ha e5eral oii5e an, negai5e aec o i.To egin3 iniial co are high an, /o conrie ,o no ha5e he

/one or +eel he nee, o en, i on hi 9in, o+ ranoraion. 'nce an, rnning hoe5er3 an EDS Magle5 rn onl on elecrici o

here i no nee, +or oher +el. Thi re,cion in +el ill ro5e o e

5er i/oran o he ainaili o+ Magle5. 'ne hge ,ia,5anageo+ he EDS e/ i he grea co an, incon5enience o+ ha5ing o

9ee he er coole, ercon,ci5e /agne a J. %noher,raac9 i ha in he e5en o+ a oer +ailre3 a Magle5 rain ing

EDS ol, la/ ono he rac9 a grea ee,. Thi i a econ,

reaon +or he heel ha are ri/aril e, o ge he rain /o5ingic9l enogh +or le5iaion. The heel ol, nee, o ha5e a hoc9

e/ ,eigne, o co/enae +or he eigh o+ he car an, iaenger a he rain +all o he rac9. In o ro o+ ighl ac9e, le5iaion coil?. The rain

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iel+ ha o #alach arra one ao5e he coil +or le5iaion an, heoher +or gi,ance. % ih he EMS an, EDS e/3 he In,crac9

e a linear nchrono /oor. Belo i a icre o+ he #alacharra an, a /o,el o+ he In,crac9 e/.

(igure =

MODEL O( T*E INDU)TRA)K

% /aor ene+i o+ hi rac9 i ha e5en i+ a oer +ailre occr3 he

rain can conine o le5iae ecae o+ he e o+ er/anen/agne. % a rel3 he rain i ale o lo o a o ,ring

inance o+ oer +ailre. In a,,iion3 he rain i ale o le5iaeiho an oer orce in5ol5e,. The onl oer nee,e, +or hi

e/ i +or he linear nchrono /oor an, >he onl oer lo

ha occr in hi e/ i +ro/ aero,na/ic ,rag an, elecricalreiance in he le5iaion circi?.

%lhogh hi e o+ rac9 i loo9ing o e e,3 i ha onl eenee, once on a 20-/eer rac9. N%S% i or9ing ogeher ih he

In,crac9 ea/ o il, a larger e /o,el o+ 100 /eer in lengh.Thi eing col, e5enall lea, o a >or9ale Magle5 e/ +orhe +re?. The In,crac9 e/ col, alo e e, +or he

lanching o+ N%S%; ace hle. The +olloing icre ,ila i,e i,e all hree e o+ le5iaion e/.

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(igure >MAGNETI) (IELD DISTRI+UTION

PROPULSION SSTEM

Elecro,na/ic *rolion i he ai o+ he /o5e/en in aMagle5 e/. The aic rincile ha elecro/agneic rolion

+ollo i ha >ooie ole arac each oher an, li9e ole reeleach oher?. Thi /eaning ha he norh ole o+ a /agne ill reel

he norh ole o+ a /agne hile i arac he oh ole o+ a/agne. Ai9eie3 he oh ole o+ a /agne ill arac he norh

ole an, reel he oh ole o+ a /agne. I i i/oran o realie

hee hree /aor co/onen o+ hi rolion e/. The are:

A large ele"tri"al p&er #ur"e

Metal "il# that line the entire gui'e &a$

Gui'an"e magnet# u#e' !r alignment

The Magle5 e/ ,oe no rn ing a con5enional engine or+oil +el. The ineracion eeen he elecro/agne an,

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gi,ea i he acal /oor o+ he Magle5 e/. To n,eran,ho Magle5 or9 iho a /oor3 e ill +ir inro,ce he

aic o+ a ra,iional /oor. % /oor nor/all ha o /ain ar3a aor an, a roor. The oer ar o+ he /oor i aionar an, i

calle, he aor. The aor conain he ri/ar in,ing o+ he

/oor. The olari in he aor i ale o rai,l change +ro/norh an, oh. The inner ar o+ he /oor i 9non a he roor3

hich roae ecae o+ he oer aor. The econ,ar in,ingare locae, ihin he roor. % crren i alie, o he econ,ar

in,ing o+ he roor +ro/ a 5olage in he aor ha i cae,

a /agneic +orce in he ri/ar in,ing. % a rel3 he roor iale o roae.

No ha e ha5e an n,eran,ing o+ ho /oor or93 e can,ecrie ho Magle5 e a 5ariaion on he aic i,ea o+ a /oor.

%lhogh no an acal /oor3 he Magle5; rolion e/ e

an elecric nchrono /oor or a linear nchrono /oor. TheMagle5 e/ or9 in he a/e general a he co/ac /oor

,oe3 eFce i i linear3 >/eaning i i reche, a +ar a he rac9goe?. The aor o+ he Magle5 e/ are all in he

gi,erail3 herea he roor are locae, ihin heelecro/agneic e/ on he rain. The ecion o+ rac9 ha

conain he aor are 9non a aor ac9. Thi linear /oor i

eenial o an Magle5 e/. The icre elo gi5e an i,ea o+here he aor ac9 an, /oor in,ing are locae,.

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(igure %nalernaing crren i hen ro,ce,3 +ro/ he large oer orce3

an, ae hrogh he gi,ea3 creaing an elecro/agneic +iel,

hich ra5el ,on he rail?. % ,e+ine, he Encara 'nline,icionar3 an alernaing crren i >a crren ha re5ere

,irecion.? The rengh o+ hi crren can e /a,e /ch greaerhan he nor/al rengh o+ a /agne increaing he n/er o+

in, in he coil. The crren in he gi,ea / e alernaing

o he olari in he /agneie, coil can change. The alernaingcrren allo a ll +ro/ he /agneic +iel, in +ron o+ he rain3

an, a h +ro/ he /agneic +iel, ehin, he rain. Thi h an,ll /oion or9 ogeher alloing he rain o reach /aFi//

5elociie ell o5er L00 /ile er hor.

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(igure ,4PROPULSION SSTEM IN EDS

Thi rolion i nie in ha he crren i ale o e rne,on an, o++ ic9l. There+ore3 a one inance here can e a

oii5e charge rnning hrogh a ecion o+ he rac93 an, ihin aecon, i col, ha5e a neral charge. Thi i he aic rincile

ehin, loing he 5ehicle ,on an, rea9ing i. The crrenhrogh he gi,erail i re5ere, caing he rain o lo3 an,

e5enall o co/eel o. %,,iionall3 re5ering he crren3

he rain ol, go in he re5ere ,irecion. Thi rolion e/gi5e he rain enogh oer o accelerae an, ,ecelerae +airl

ic9l3 alloing he rain o eail cli/ ee hill.The le5iaion3 gi,ance3 an, rolion o+ he elecro/agneic

enion e/ / or9 ogeher in or,er +or he Magle5 raino /o5e. %ll o+ he /agneic +orce are co/er conrolle, o

ro5i,e a a+e an, haar, +ree ri,e. The rolion e/ or9

han, in han, ih he enion e/ on he Magle5 e/.

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LATERAL GUIDAN)E SSTEMS

The Aaeral gi,ance e/ conrol he rain; aili o

acall a on he rac9. I ailie, he /o5e/en o+ he rain +ro/

/o5ing le+ an, righ o+ he rain rac9 ing he e/ o+elecro/agne +on, in he n,ercarriage o+ he MagAe5 rain. The

lace/en o+ he elecro/agne in conncion ih a co/erconrol e/ enre ha he rain ,oe no ,e5iae /ore han

10// +ro/ he acal rain rac9.

The laeral gi,ance e/ e, in he e o+ +or

ercon,cing /agne? o conrol laeral gi,ance +ro/ he/agneic rolion o+ he nll +lF coil locae, on he gi,e a o+

he rac9 a hon in (ig.G10H. &oil are e, +reenl in he ,eign

o+ MagAe5 rain ecae he /agneic +iel, creae, are eren,iclaro he elecric crren3 h /a9ing he /agneic +iel, ronger. The

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A SKET)* O( T*E )OM+INED LEVITATION9 PROPULSION ANDGUIDAN)E SSTEM

The laeral gi,ance e/ +on, in he $er/an ranrai, e/)EMS i i/ilar o he

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ADVANTAGES O( MAGLEV TRAINS

Magneti" (iel'#

Ineni o+ /agneic +iel, e++ec o+ Magle5 i eFre/el lo)elo e5er,a hoehol, ,e5ice

#air ,rer3 oaer3 or eing /achine ro,ce ronger

/agneic +iel,

Energ$ )n#umptin

Magle5 e L0 le energ han a highee, rain ra5eling a

he a/e ee,. )1L /ore oer +or he a/e a/on o+

energ

See, I&E TrainMagle5

Train

200 9/hr L2 =h9/ L2 =h9/

20 9/hr 44 =h9/ L7 =h9/

L00 9/hr 71 =h9/ 47 =h9/

400 9/hr - 71 =h9/

Ni#e Le-el#

No noie cae, heel rolling or engine

Magle5 noie i lo a/ong general a/ien noie

% 100/ - Magle5 ro,ce noie a 6" ,B

% 100/ - Tical ci cener roa, ra++ic i !0 ,B

Vibratin#

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1109C line +e, earael 5ia o aion

P&er (ailure

Baerie on oar, ao/aicall are aci5ae, o ring car

o neF aion Baerie charge, coninol

(ire Re#i#tan"e ! -ehi"le#

Aae non-*C& /aerial e, ha i non-co/ile an,

oor ran/ier o+ hea

Magle5 5ehicle carrie no +el o increae +ire haar,

Sa!et$

20 i/e a+er han an airlane

20 i/e a+er han oher con5enional raila

700 i/e a+er han ra5el roa,

&olliion i i/oile ecae onl ecion o+ he rac9

are aci5ae, a nee,e,. The 5ehicle ala ra5el in

nchroniaion an, a he a/e ee,3 +rher re,cinghe chance o+ a crah.

Operatin )#t#

Cirall no ear. Main cae o+ /echanical ear i

+ricion. Magneic Ae5iaion reire no conac3 an, henceno +ricion.

&o/onen nor/all ece, o /echanical ear are on

he hole relace, elecronic co/onen hich ,o no++er an ear

Seci+ic energ con/ion i le han all oher

co/arale /ean o+ ranoraion.

(aer rain rnaron, i/e /ean +eer 5ehicle

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LIMITATIONS O( MAGLEV TRAINS

There are e5eral ,ia,5anage ih /agle5 rain. Magle5

gi,e ah are on, o e /ore col han con5enional eel

raila. The oher /ain ,ia,5anage i lac9 ih eFiingin+rarcre. (or eFa/le i+ a high ee, line eeen o ciie iil3 hen high ee, rain can er5e oh ciie /ore

i/oranl he can er5e oher near ciie rnning on nor/al

raila ha ranch o++ he high ee, line. The high ee, raincol, go +or a +a rn on he high ee, line3 hen co/e o++ i +or he

re o+ he orne. Magle5 rain ol,n e ale o ,o ha3 heol, e li/ie, o here /agle5 line rn. Thi ol, /ean i ol,

e 5er ,i++icl o /a9e conrcion o+ /agle5 line co//erciall5iale nle here ere o 5er large ,einaion eing connece,.

'+ he 0009/ ha T$C rain er5e in (rance3 onl ao 12009/ ihigh ee, line3 /eaning 7 o+ T$C er5ice rn on eFiing rac9.The +ac ha a /agle5 rain ill no e ale o conine eon, i

rac9 /a eriol hin,er i e+lne.

A POSSI+LE SOLUTION

%lhogh i i no een anhere a olion col, e o nor/aleel heel ono he oo/ o+ a /agle5 rain3 hich ol, allo i o

rn on nor/al raila once i a o++ he +loaing gi,ea.

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)ON)LUSION

Raila ing MagAe5 echnolog are on he horion. The ha5e

ro5en o e +aer han ra,iional raila e/ ha e /ealheel an, rail an, are loe, +ricion. The lo /ainenance o+

he MagAe5 i an a,5anage ha hol, no e a9en lighl. =heno ,on; ha5e o ,eal ih he ear an, ear o+ conac +ricion o

gain greaer longe5i o+ he 5ehicle. Energ a5e, no ing/oor rnning on +oil +el allo /ore energ e++icienc an,

en5iron/enal +rien,line.

Magle5 ill ha5e a oii5e i/ac on ainaili. Uingercon,cing /agne inea, o+ +oil +el3 i ill no e/i

greenhoe gae ino he a/ohere. Energ creae, /agneic+iel, can e eail relenihe,. The rac9 o+ a Magle5 rain i /all

co/are, o hoe o+ a con5enional rain an, i ele5ae, ao5e hegron, o he rac9 iel+ ill no ha5e a large e++ec on heoograh o+ a region. Since a Magle5 rain le5iae ao5e he rac93

i ill eFerience no /echanical ear an, h ill reire 5er lile/ainenance.

'5erall3 he ainaili o+ Magle5 i 5er oii5e. %lhogh

he relai5e co o+ conrcing Magle5 rain are ill eFeni5e3here are /an oher oii5e +acor ha o5erha,o hi. Magle5 ill

conrie /ore o or ocie an, or lane han i a9e aa.

&oni,ering e5erhing Magle5 ha o o++er3 he ranoraion o+ or

+re an, or chil,ren; +re i on 5er caale rac9.

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RE(REN)ES

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