2015 overview rail transport course
TRANSCRIPT
V2010-1
Rail Transport
Overview modules / course material 2015
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Rail TransportModule 1.0From transport to traffic
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Modal split /
Modal shift
Rail transport
Demand for rail transport
Spatial
planning
Economy
Mobility
Following market requirements
or politically driven
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Classification of Railway systemsRail transport course based on Joern Pachl
Public Transport
and goods
Industrial
railways
Streetcars,
trams
Local electric
railways
Metro,
Subways
Mountain
railways
Other special
railways
Connected to
the public network
Not connected to
the public network
Standard
railway
Light rail
systems
Railway
systems
Monorail
systems
Special railway
systems
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Site preparation.
Substructure
It comprises the subgrade itself, including in particular embankments, cuttings, drainage channels,
planting for protection side slopes etc.
Superstructure
This consists of the rails (including turnouts and crossings), sleepers, fastenings, ballast and sub ballast or slab track.
Engineering structures
Viaducts, (moveable) bridges, tunnels, covered cuttings, culverts and other underpasses, retaining walls etc.
Level crossings
Including appliances to ensure the safety of road traffic.
Traction power supply
Which includes catenaries or supports of third rail, substations, power supply cables and control equipment.
Safety, signalling and telecommunications installations
Signal masts and / or cab signalling systems, train detection system, train control equipment, cables and control systems.
Additional facilities
For example baffle boards, fences etc.
Ground area
Stations and stops
Terminals, platforms, pedestrian route, elevators, escalators, stairs etc.
The railway system and its components
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Transport Traffic Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Passenger-
and ton-kilometres
Demand for transportOrigin and destination
Definition of the transport
needs to be satisfied
(product- market)
Ticket price
Quality of serviceTravel time
Frequency of service
Punctuality
Change needed
Reliability
Track length
Speed (maximum)
Routes
Synchronism
External constraintsEnvironmental
Relation with other modalities
Safety Legislation
Interaction scenery
Technical aspects
Required space
Maintenance
Costs
Trains
Number and length
Cruise speed
Acceleration and
deceleration
Weight
Diesel or electric traction1500 Volt / 25kV
Functions
Preconditions
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Door to door journey
Connecting mode
Main leg
Connecting mode
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Logistic chain
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Organisation goods transport
• Full train load
• Unit cargo
• Intermodal transport
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Full train load
• One customer, one train. No shunting. Fast.
• Goods from origin to destination by train. No other transport
mode needed. No throughput.
• “Chartered” trains. No freight, no train.
Ores
Cereals
Cars
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Rail TransportModule 2.1Rolling stock
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Traffic
Three pillars of the rail system
Trains
Number and length
Cruise speed
Acceleration and
deceleration
Weight
Diesel or electric traction1500 Volt / 25kV
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Our clients
People
Goods
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=€
Transport capacity
Revenues
=€
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Width and height
Rail head
NL L
D DK
A PL EU GB
1500 mm Standard or normal track width
Track gauge
1435 mm
3150 mm
2790 mm
1380 mm
35
00
mm
38
05
mm
46
50
mm
43
20
mm
32
20
mm
Overhead contact wire, viaducts and tunnels
Vehicle gauge
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Length
Freight European UIC standard = 750 m.
While in the United States … .
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Weight
Rail head
Axle load
2 axles
4 axles
Ton / meter
Class Axle load
103 kg
Ton / meter
103 kg / m.
A 16 5,0
B / B1 18 5,0
B2 18 6,4
C / C2 20 6,4
C3 20 7,2
C4 20 8,0
D / D2 22,5 6,4
D3 22,5 7,2
D4 22,5 8,0
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Rolling stockBasic forms vehicles
Locomotive
Wagon
Coach
Multiple unit
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Rail TransportModule 2.2Rolling stock
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Train characteristics
One direction
Two directions
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• Long: Trains up to 400 m. passengers and up to 750 m.
freight (Europe).
• Heavy: Freight trains up to (gross) 5400 ton (Europe).
• High top speed: HST 200 - 350 km/h.
• Slow: Acceleration and deceleration.
• Limited gradient: 2,5 - 4 % maximum.
• Power: Diesel, electric (external supply) or hybrid
Train characteristics
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Product – market combinations freight
Multimodal
Ores (bulk)
Chemistry
Steel
Unit cargo /
automotive
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Regional
10 – 30 km. 2-4x t/u.
Multicity
10 – 30 km. 4-8x t/u.
30 - 100 km. 2-6x t/u.
International
300 – 1000 km. 6x t/d.
International
1000+ km. 1x t/d.
National
100 - 300 km. 1x t/u.
Product – market combinations passengers
Urban
3 – 10 km. 8-16x t/u.
Urban
1 – 3 km. 8-16x t/u.
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Rail Transport
Module 3.0
Guided transport systems
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Traffic Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Track length
Speed (maximum)
RoutesSynchronism
Trains
Number and length
Cruise speed
Acceleration and
deceleration
Weight
Diesel or electric traction1500 Volt / 25kV
Functions
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Guided transport
• Only a single degree of movement. Infrastructure
determents direction and position.
There is no steering wheel inside the vehicle!
What is the most essential
characteristic element
of rail transport?
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Guided transport
Guided transport systems in components
Passenger compartment
Drivers cab
Engine / propulsion
Bus
(way)
Tram / train
Support
Guide
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Train(type) versus infrastructure
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Network elements
Only three elements:
• Transfer node
• Link
• Junction node
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Junction node
• A network consists of many transfer nodes. Linked
together with junction nodes.
Characteristics:
Speed (maximum), relations, and synchronism
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Rail transportModule 4.0
Track alignment
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Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Track length
Speed (maximum)
RoutesSynchronism
External constraintsEnvironmental
Relation with other modalities
Safety Legislation
Interaction scenery
Technical aspects
Required space
Maintenance
Costs
Functions
Preconditions
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V2
R= a
Cant allows higher speeds
g = gravity (m/s2)
h = cant (m)
s = gauge (m)
(g x h)
s+
Maximum speed according to elementary physics (centrifugal
acceleration) is limited (safety / comfort / wear).• V = speed (m/s)
• R = curve (m)
• a = (centrifugal) acceleration (m/s2)
Maximum centrifugal acceleration for passenger comfort = 0,8 m/s2
Curved track
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Rail Transport
Module 5.0
Turnouts and crossings
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Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Speed (maximum)
Routes
Synchronism
External constraintsEnvironmental
Relation with other modalities
Safety Legislation
Interaction scenery
Technical aspects
Required space
Maintenance
Costs
Functions
Preconditions
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Routes (the amount of)
D
EC
A
B
Routes or connections is the amount of possible exits
across an interlocking from a specific track (in one
movement!).
For instance: There is only one possible route from
track A; track D.
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Synchronism
D
EC
A
B
Routes A- D and B – E
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Standard turnout
Switch rails or points
Frog
Front Rear
Check or
guard rail
Scheme
standard turnout
Operating rod to switch stand
‘Hand throw’ or switch / point machine
remote controlled
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Standard turnout
Front
Rear
Check or
guard rail
standard turnout
Prevents wheel flange
(opposite wheel) taking
‘the wrong direction’
Rail Transport
Module 6.0
Terminals and stops
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Transport Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Functions
Preconditions
Quality of service
Change needed
Required space
Intermediate terminal and stop
Stop
Terminal
The four main functions
Platform
Hall
Forecourt
Pedestr
ian r
oute
“Creepy types”
I work night shifts.
Is it safe to travel
in the evening or
at night?
Social security
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Rail TransportModule 7.1 Signalling and safety
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Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Functions
Preconditions
Track length
Speed (maximum)
RoutesSynchronism
External constraintsEnvironmental
Relation with other modalities
Safety Legislation
Interaction scenery
Technical aspects
Required space
Maintenance
Costs
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Safety directly related to the train system
• Infrastructure limitations
• Train separation
• Interaction with other transport modes
(level crossings)
• Rail defects
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Infrastructure limitations
Movable
Bridges
Curves
Points
Buffer
stop
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Train separation
Tools
Communication
Information
Control
Movement authorisation
Point machines
Remote controlled and part of an interlocking
Train detection
GSM-R
Signalling
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Movement authority
Different forms:
• Spoken
• Written
• Procedures
• Tokens
• Signs
• Light signals
• Electronic
The message is always the same:
“From – to” and maximum speed allowed.
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Rail TransportModule 7.2 Signalling and safety
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Infrastructure based traffic control system
4
2
Higher speeds ≈ longer blocks
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Infrastructure based traffic control systemTrack circuits
Power
source
Re
lay
+
+ -
-
GravityBlock occupied
Insulating
joints
Insulating
joints
Track circuit
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Infrastructure based traffic control systemAxle counters
Axle counters60 402
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Vehicle based traffic control system
Authority and
track description
GSM-R
Train position and
train integrity
ERTMS level 3
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ERTMS GSM-R
2
EVC
TIM
DMI
Antenna
RBC
IXL
Eurobalise
Train report
Identification, position,
actual speed, train integrity,
Level and mode
GSM-R876–880 MHz
Traffic management
Signalling system
Interlocking
Odo
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ERTMS GSM-R
2
EVC
TIM
DMI
Antenna
RBC
IXL
Eurobalise
Movement Authority (MA)
Distance of the movement authority,
static speed profile, gradient profile
and linking information
GSM-R921–925 MHz
Traffic management
Signalling system
Interlocking
Odo
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‘Safety net’Limit effects of passing a stop signal
1. Crosslocks in combination with a trap point.Preventing a train entering an occupied track.
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Rail TransportModule 8
Rail system design / capacity
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Brake margin
= 5 m.Couple / split
= 5 m. extra
Train length part 1 Train length part 2
Sum platform length = longest train + 5 m. brake margin +
potential 5 m. couple / split
From train length to track length
End face platform
Dwarf signal = 15 m. End face platform
Standard signal= 10 m.
Fouling point –
Insulating joints =
4x tangent + 5 m.
Insulating
Joint - Signal
General 10 m.
Fouling point –
Insulating joints =
4x tangent + 5 m.
Insulating
Joint - Signal
General 10 m.
Gross track length between fouling point indicators is 405 meter for 340 meter long train!
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Headway
1181 m.1181 m.
9 seconds
reaction
time325
2687 m. / 130 km/h = 1 minute 14 seconds.
130 – 0 = 1181 meter.
9 sec. / 130 km/h = 325 meter.
1506 meter / 130 km/h = 42 secondsCab signalling
Blok system
Curve brake ≤ 0,66 m/s2
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Line capacity
Time / Distance time timetable
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Distance →
Tim
e →
A B C D E00
12
02
22
15
27
Line capacity
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Distance →
Tim
e →
A B C D E
Line capacity
Environmental capacity
• Geographic topics
• Traffic related topics
• Social topics
•Visual hindrance
•Spatial planning
“Healing” city structure
Noise reduction
Vibrations
Hazardous goods
Rail Transport
Module 9.0 Track concepts
The balance between safety, space and speed
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Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Functions
Preconditions
Track length
Speed (maximum)
RoutesSynchronism
External constraintsEnvironmental
Relation with other modalities
Safety Legislation
Interaction public space
Technical aspects
Required space
Maintenance
Costs
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Drivers appreciation
(optional)
Line side signal masts
Signalling
Cab signalling
(required)
Traffic regulation with signalling
(required)
0 18 200140 300+50
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Braking power
5,2 m/s2 = 36 meter
2,5 m/s2 = 76 meter
4,5 m/s2 = 42 meter
1,0 m/s2 = 189 meter
1,2 m/s2 = 157 meter
0,66 m/s2 = 286 meter
Braking distance at 70 km/h
Legislation
Passenger comfort
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Interaction with other transport modes
0 18 200140 300+50
Mixed
traffic
Crossings
Traffic lights
Level crossing
(secured)
Completely segregated
infrastructure
Additional
shielding
Track concepts
• Fully integrated track
• Free (tramway) track
• Exclusive (tramway) track
• Fully segregated track
Speed Safety measures
Required space
Fully integrated track
Fully segregated track
Fully segregated track(automated, driverless operation)
Renewed line 1 Paris
Sliding doors match vehicle
like an elevator
Rail transportModule 10.0
The railroad and it’s environment
Integration
• Geographic topics
• Traffic related topics
• Social topics
•Visual hindrance
•Spatial planning
“Healing” city structure
Noise reduction
77 © 2009 ARCADIS
GeographictopicsWaterways
Automatic crossings
Start alarm bells and red lights:
25 seconds based on maximum track speed allowed.
V= 130 km/h = 903 m.
Gradients different modalities
7%
5%
2,5%
Different level crossing rail - road
Optimalisation
1,7% = 120 m. 2,50m.
4,60m.
7% = 50 m.50 m. = 3%
2,00 m.
… hybrid.
Solution …
Visual hindranceOverhead contact wire
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Rail TransportModule 11 Line planning and rescheduling
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Line planning
Line planning
OV SAAL 2016
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WP
ASB
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ASDL
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ASDM ASSP DMN
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HVS
HVSN
NDB
BSMZ
ALMPT ALM
ALMMALMP ALMO
ALMB LLS
KPNZ
DNT ZL
AMFS
AVATBRN
AMF
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paris/bxl
rtd
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HST
Intercity
All station service
Goods
awhv
on
bh
gn/lw
kfh
hfdo
Product – market
translation
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ASD
WP
ASDM ASSP DMN
HVS
HVSN
NDB
BSMZ
AMFS
AVATBRN
AMF
es dv
ut
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awhv
bh
shl
alm
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Hilversum
Amsterdam Centraal
Form line planning to time table
Line planning
OV SAAL 2016
HST
Intercity
All station service
Goods
ut
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Amsterdam Centraal
Schiphol Hilversum
AlmereTransfer
Transfer
Weesp
Cross platform
Gpda
Mdsa
Form line planning to infrastructure
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Rescheduling
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Amsterdam Centraal
Schiphol Hilversum
AlmereAmsterdam X !
Weesp
Schiphol
Gpda
Mdsa
Rescheduling
‘Yellow infra’
Infrastructure required
for a complete / corridor
blockade
V1.1, 21-9-09
Rail Transport
Module 12
Introduction traction power supply
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Traffic
Three pillars of the rail system
Trains
electric traction1500 Volt / 25kV
Metro / tram600 / 750 V
V1.1, 21-9-09
Contact wire support structures
Frame
2.85 meter
Height 5.50 meter
Height
8.50 meter
V1.1, 21-9-09
Energy
10.000 V ≈
1.800 V =
4 kA + -Ω
± 1.500 V
4 kA
M
U = I * R
Power (max) = U * I = 6mW
Power plant Substation
V1.1, 21-9-09
Sections
To allow maintenance to the traction power supply system,
without having to turn off the entire system, the line is split
up into electrically separated portions known as
"sections".
D
EC
A
B
Insulator
