Cherchez La FederationCherchez La Federationor

H d i f d i ?How do we motivate federation?

Paul Mockapetris (Paul-Vincent.Mockapetris@npa.lip6.fr, pvm@Nominum.com)

Serge Fdida (serge fdida@lip6 fr)Serge Fdida (serge.fdida@lip6.fr)

Panayotis Antoniadis (Panayotis.Antoniadis@lip6.fr)

A simple definition for FederationA simple definition for Federation

Federation occurs when two or moreFederation occurs when two or more organizations agree to each allocate some of their resources to implement asome of their resources to implement a common service.

Org OrgA B

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Federation ExamplesFederation Examples

I t t Internet– Share connectivity and multiple levels of protocol

BGP– Share routing information

DNS– Distribute configurationg

Carter phone DecisionCreate interface for communication devices– Create interface for communication devices

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Qui Bono?Qui Bono?

Th f f d ti lThe reasons for federation revolve around mutual benefit, but in practice are

it diff t f diff t t fquite different for different types of organizations.

Corollary: a particular federation orCorollary: a particular federation or federation technology can be attractive or unattractive to different organizationsunattractive to different organizations.

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GovernmentsGovernments

G lGoals:– Maximize overall economy– Maximize overall user satisfaction– Minimize risk

Methods:– Regulate monopolies; encourage competitiveness;

smaller and more numerous markets– Encourage best of breed solution finding

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EnterprisesEnterprises

G lGoals– Persistent competitive advantage– Leverage strategic advantages to new

markets– Reduce risk

MethodsMethods– Own monopolies or near monopolies

C di i i– Commodity inputs; proprietary outputs6

UsersUsers

G lGoals– Best technology– Best Price– Ease of use / Least investment in learningg

MethodsP h i h i– Purchasing choices

– Influence on Government

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ResearchersResearchers

G lGoals– Innovation– Freedom to explore alternatives

MethodsMethods– Joint efforts to aggregate scarce resources

E b di ti i k– Embrace disruptive risk

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Federating Clouds (Researchers)

M k i t f hMakes eminent sense for researchers– Scale of all academic resources less than

that of production systems by orders of magnitude

• E.g. PlanetLab, OneLab• Use individual’s phones as distributed sensor net,

or intermittently connected testbedor intermittently connected testbed

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Federating Clouds(Enterprise Providers)

Littl d t t d f Cl d idLittle advantage today for Cloud providers– Makes their output a commodity– Scale isn’t an issue– Coverage isn’t an issue (yet?)g (y )

Perhaps federate lower levels?(f d t diti t di i i t )– (federate commodities, not discriminators)

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Federating Clouds(Enterprise users)

C f d ti t d i k?Can we use federation to reduce risk?– Avoid cloud lock in– Handle demand surge

Connect different cloud appsConnect different cloud apps– Inevitable once separate cloud-based apps

get important enough?get important enough?

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Federating Clouds(Governments)

G t bi t iGovernments as big enterprises– Lots of resources to share & save– Lots of data to make available, internally and

externally– Load moves around (e.g. IRS in April?)

Governments as regulatorsGovernments as regulators– Policy?

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ConclusionsConclusions

L t f f k i t f d tiLots of forces work against federationWill happen first inpp

– Research worldGovernments– Governments

We want to make consolidation happen b t th ’ i b fsooner but there’s a growing base of

legacy inertia.

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QuestionsQuestions

H t h d i ff t th tHow to shape academic efforts so that they will be relevant to the other worlds?

– E.g. Agenda and participation in NSF workshop

Is it the same as networks before the Internet?

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Today vs.1983?y(ARPAnet extinction; start of the Internet age)

Si il itiSimilarities– Lots of production proprietary inertia

DifferencesEase of experimentation with multiple open– Ease of experimentation with multiple open standard OSes, etc.Cheap hardware– Cheap hardware

– End of the hourglass model

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End of the hourglass?End of the hourglass?

IP i th t f th N t k j t th th IP is the center of the Network just as the earth is the center of the universe.

’ f f f It’s still the most important frame of reference, but not the only one.

E.g.– Ethernet may be the way to port servers in

datacenters– Custom content based networks need not be IP

basedbased.

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The Gravitational modelThe Gravitational model

W h l d ti ( ) f t iWe have large adoption (mass) of certain standard protocols, uses and interfaces.

IP i b– IP, users, movies, web, games, …

There’s a huge attraction to finding a better th b t t f th ( lpath between any two of these (so long as you

don’t fall into another gravitational well)

This leads to multiple paths between the biggest masses, or a polymorphic net.

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