CUBANSOF

TO-DA Y

BDITBD BY

WILLIAM BELMONT PARKER

Cones. lIemb. of the Hispanic Society of America

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONSNEW YORK: AND LONDON

1111

The Hispanic Society of America

Coogle

f/ 755

f~~

CoPYIlIGHT 1919. BY

THE HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA

'ltbe Itnlcllerbocller J)reee, 'Mew Ilorll

~. 8.. . .' librory

University of C.lifor"BRAR WITHDRAWN

FOREWORD

FOREWORD

THE purpose ot this book falls wellwithin the scope of The Hispanic Societyof America which embraces among itsobjects the·" advancement of the study ofthe countries wherein Spanish and Por­tuguese are or have been spoken languages."It aims to present to English readers someaccount of the living Cubans who havewon distinction, and to make them betterknown and appreciated in English-speak­ing countries.

Those whose careers are here recordedmay fairly be taken as representative ofCuba. They are drawn from every im­portant field of the national life, as fromevery profession and calling; they includeArtists, Authors, Churchmen, Diplomats,Journalists, Lawyers, Merchants, Officials,Orators, Poets, Soldiers, and Teachers.They are likewise drawn from every part

v

HISPANIC NOTES I

vi CUBANS OF TO-DAY

of the Island; all six of the provinces andalmost every town in the Republic willfind their sons here, and if Havana seemsto have a disproportioned quota in thelist, this is due to the traditional disposi­tion in Latin countries to make the capitalcity the focus of the national life.

The biographies of the elder men reflectthe tremendous part which the struggle forIndependence played in their time andshow how military prestige overshadowedfor a time other kinds of distinction justas the lives of the younger men disclose theincreasing value being attached to scien­tific, commercial, literary, and scholasticattainments.

Under the severe limitations of sparewhich the large number of studies inevit­ably imposed, the aim has been keptsteadily in mind to write genuine "Iiv~"jand while avoiding bald summary andmere eulogium alike, to produce miniaturebut none the less veritable and, it may behoped, readable biographies.

The obligations which the editor hasincurred while preparing this book are too

I HIS PAN I C NOT ES

FOREWORD

many to be recounted, but it is impossible toomit paying his grateful acknowledgmentsfor invaluable aid and counsel to his manyfriends; to Dr. Carlos de la Torre, SenorCarlos Trelles, Dr. Thomas Barbour, andSenor Luis M. Perez for sound advice andsuggestion; to Dr. Salvador Massipand Dr.Ernesto Dihigo for loyal and skillful assist­ance and to the whole company of the sub­jects of the biographies for their polite andfriendly cooperation. He takes pleasurealso in recording his sense of obligation tothe members of the press of Havana andto the Library of Congress of Cuba forunwearied and gracious assistance, inaccord with the best traditions of Hispaniccourtesy.

W.B.P.

Westfield, N. J., May 20, 1919.

VII

AND MONOGRAPHS I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Rwgrapltit:s marked wilh a slar (*) are illustrated.

PAGB

MARIO G. MENOCAL·

RAFAEL MONTORO· . 7ALFREDO GONZALEZ BENARD 13

VICENTE PARDO SUAREZ· . 15

JOSE MANUEL CORTINA· 19

FERNANDO FIGUEREDO Y SOCARRAS 23

CHARLES HERNANDEZ· 27

JOSE A. VALDES ANCIANO . 31

GUSTAYO PINO . 33

DIEGO TAMAYO Y FIGUEREDO 35

EMILIO MARTiNEZ 39

EVELIO RODRiGUEZ LENDIAN· 43

LEONEL PLASENCIA . 49

LEOPOLDO FIGUEROA Y MARTi· 51

JULIO VILLOLDO· 53

CARLOS DE VELASCO Y PEREZ· 55

ALVARO DE LA IGLESIA Y SANTOS 59

JOSE ANTONIO PICHARDO· . 61

JORGE C. MILANES FIGUEREDO· 63

MARCELINO WEISS 65

JOSE A. MALBERTI· 67

LUIS A. BARALT, JR. . 71

LEONARDO SORZANO-JORRiN 73"ix

f·

x TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

NICOLAs RIVERO· 75

COSME DE LA TORR!ENTE· 79ARTURO BETANCOURT MANDULEY 87

DOMINGO FIGAROLA-CANEDA 91

FRANCISCO DE ARANGO· 95

MAX HENRiQUEZ URENA 97NESTOR CARBONELL· 101

EMETERIO S. SANTOVENIA 103

JORGE NAVARRO FAILLACQ 105

FELIPE GONZALEZ SARRAIN 107

MARIANO BRULL 109

ADOLFO DE ARAG6N . I I I

HUBERT DE BLANCK. 115

ANTONIO RODRiGUEZ MOREY 117

JORGE LE Roy CAssA 119

RAIMUNDO DE CASTRO 123

ANTONIO SANCHEZ DE BUSTAMANTE· 127

JOSE MIGUEL G6MEZ· 131

FERNANDO LLES 137

JosE AUGUSTO ESCOTO 139

JUAN SANTOS FERNANDEZ· 143

RAFAEL PEREZ VENTO Y NIN 147

ALBERTO BARRERAS FERNANDEZ 149

'r0MASjUAN DE jUSTIZ Y DEL VALLE 153

JULIO BLANCO HERRERA 155

MARIO MUNOZ BUSTAMANTE· 157

RODOLFO RODRiGUEZ DE ARMAS· 159

LUIS GARciA CARBONELL 161

TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

PAGB

ARMANDO ANDR~ ALVARADO. 163

ARTURO R. DE CARRICARTE Y DE

ARMAS 165

BLANCHE ZACHARIE DE BARALT 16<J

MODESTO MORALES DiAz 171

LEOPOLDO ROMANACH 175

HUGO ROBERTS· 177

FERNANDO FREyRE DE ANDRADE· 181

SERGIO CUEVAS ZEQUEIRA· 185

LUIs A. BARALT Y PEOLl . I&}

RAIMUNDO CABRERA· 193

ENRIQUE JOSE VARONA Y PERA· 199

CARLOS M. TRELLES· 203

LoLA RODRfGUEZ Y PONCE DE LE6N DB

TI6 209

RAUL DE CARDENAS Y EcHARTE· 21 I

JOS~ MARTf Y ZAYAS BAZAN 213

FRANCISCO DOMfNGUEZ ROLDAN· 217

CARLOS E. FINLAY 22 I

JOSE MARfA COLLANTES 223

LUIS MARINO P~REZ 227

GUSTAVO F. AROCHA Y LLANERAS 231

MIGUEL GARMENDIA Y RODafGUEZ· 233

FEoERICO EDELMANN Y PINTO 235

VICTOR MUNOZ· 237

DOMINGO F. RAMos Y DELGADO· 239

EZEQUIEL GARCfA ENSENAT· 243

MANUEL MENCfA Y GAKC!.\ ;! 247

xii TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGB

LEANDRO GClNZALEZ ALCORTA 249

Luis MONTANE* 251

MANUEL PEREZ BEATO* 255

JOAQuiN CHALONS* 259

AURELIA CASTILLO DE GONSALES* 263

DEMETRIO CASTILLO DUANY* 267

JUAN GUlTERAS* 271

MANUEL GUTIERREZ QUIR6s 277

JOSE MANUEL CARBONELL 279

EMILIO ALAM!LLA REQUEI]O 283

ALFREDO M. AGUAYO 285

GUILLERMO DE MONTAGU . 287

PEDRO E. BETANCOURT* 291

ANTONIO lRAIZOZ Y DEL VILLAR* 295

LUIS ORTEGA Y BOLANOS . 297

JOSE A. DEL CUETO* 299

ARTURO GARdA CASARIEGO 301

FRANCISCO HENARES Y BRIEGA 303

GABRIEL CASUSO* 305

ENRIQUE SALADRIGAS Y LUNAR 307

CARLOS MIGUEL DE, CESPEDES* 309

GUSTAVO SANCHEZ GALARRAGA 311

MANUEL SANGUILY* . 313

'RAFAEL FERNANDEZ DE CASTRO. 317

'VICTORINO TRELLES ESTURBA* 321

WIFREDO FERNANDEZ 323

OSCAR DiAz ALBERTINI* 325

MIGtl.t:L p~ CAIUu6N Y CARDENAS 327

TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii

PAGE

DOMINGO HERNANDO SEGUf 329

OcrAVIO AVERHOFF Y PLA 331

ALFREDO RODRfGUEZ MOREJ6N· 333

RAMIRO GUERRA Y SANCHEZ 335

JosE MARfA CHAc6N Y CALVO 339

GUILLERMO PATTERSON Y JAUREGUI· 343

JOSE B. CORNIDE 345

&CIDES BETANCOURT 347

GUSTAVO G. DUPLESSIS 349

ANTONIO BRAVO CORREOSO 351

ERNESTO A. DE ARAG6N 353

CRIST6BAL DE LA GUARDIA· 355

MIGUEL ALONSO PUJOL· 357

HONORE F. LAINE 359

MANUEL RUIZ Y RODRfGUEZ 361

CARMELA NIETO DE HERRERA· 363

JosE M. SOLER FERNANDEZ· 365

ARTURO MONTORI DE CESPEDES . 367

ERNESTO AsBERT· 369

FERNANDO ORTIZ Y FERNANDEZ· 373

ALFREDO ZAYAS· 377

FRANCISCO CARRERA JUSTIZ 381

JosE RAM6N VILLAL6N Y SANCHEZ· 385

JosE ANTONIO PRESNO 389ABRAHAM PEREZ MIR6 393

SALVADOR SALAZAR 397

MANUEL RAFAEL ANGULO. 401 •

CoNRADO WALTER MASSAGUER Y DfAZ· 403

XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

JOSE A. RODRfGUEZ GARCiA· 407

JosE COMALLONGA Y MENA· 411

JUAN MANUEL MENOCAL 417

RODOLFO GUlRAL 419

FRANCISCO DEL RIO . 423

ALEJANDRO RUIZ CADALSO· 425

JULIO E. BROUWER . 427

RICARDO M. ALEMAN· 429

JUAN J. REMOS 431

PABLO DESVERNINE· 435

JOAQUIN N. ARAMBURU" 437

SANTIAGO GARdA CANIZARES 439

JosE G. VILLA 441

PABLO MIGUEL Y MERINO 443

TEMfsTOCLES BETANCOURT Y CAST!LLO· 445

EMILIO DE BOBADILLA· 449

NEMESIO BUSTO Y DELGADO 453

BONIFACIO BYRNE 455

FELIX CALLEJAS 461

FELIPE GARdA CANJZARES. 465

MANUEL ARTEAGA 467

ENRIQUE HERNANDEZ CARTAYA 469ARMANDO MENOCAL . 473

ENRIQUE COLLAZO Y TEJADA· 475

ARMANDO DE C6RDOVA Y QUESADA· 479

FRANCISCO DE PAULA CORONADO Y

ALVARO 481

MANUEL DELFfN 487

TABLE OF CONTENTS xv

PAGB

MIGUEL ESPINOSA Y HERNANDEZ· 491

JUAN MIGUEL DmIGo· 493

RICARDO DOLZ· 501

FERNANDO SANCHEZ DE FUENTES 505

JUAN GUALBERTO GOMEZ· 509

PEDRO MENDOZA GUERRA 511

GUSTAVO GUTIERREZ ySANCHEZ 515

ANTONIO MARIA VALDES DAPENA 519

GERARDO MACHADO y MORALES. 521

LoRENZO FRAU MARSAL 523

GUILLERMO rERNANDEZ MASCARO 525

CARLos MENDIETA·. .. 529

PEDRO CALVO y CASTELLANOS '. 533

JESUS MARfA BARRAQUE Y ADUE 535

ARfSTIDEs MESTRE 537

JosE MIRO Y ARGENTER 545

MANUEL RIVERO Y GANDARA 547

RAFAEL MONTALVO 549

DAMASO PASALODOS . 551

JosE PEREDA 555

CAROLINA PONCET Y DE CARDENAS· 559

ENRIQUE RECIO Y AGUERO 563

RAMON GARdA MON 565

EMILlO ROIG DE LEUCHSENIUNG· 567

ALBERTO DE ROJAS Y CRUZAT 569FRANCISCO CABRERA SAAVEDRA . 571

ENRIQUE ROIG Y FORTESAAVEDRA 573

Luis DE SATO Y SAGARRA . 575

xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Lufs SANTAMARIA* 577

MANUEL MARQUEZ STERLING y LORET

DE MOLA* 579

ANTONIO PARDO SUAREZ 583

JosE VARELA ZEQUElRA 585

JosE TARAFA 589

MANUEL VILLAL6N . 591

RICARDO DE LA TORRIENTE 593

REGIS DU REPAIRE DE TRUPFIN 595

JAIME VALLE Y DIAZ 597

NICOLAs ALBERDI* 599

LEOPOLDO CANCIO y LUNA* 601

RAFAEL AI"TONIO FERNANDEZ* 605

MARIANO ARAMBURO* 607

ARTURO HEVIA Y DfAZ 611

SANTIAGO DE LA HUERTA 613

GUILLERMO DOMfNGUEZ ROLDAN* 617

AURELIO HEVIA* 621

JULIO DE CARDENAS* 625

MARIA DE Los ANGELES LANDA Y

GONZALES 627

MANUEL HERRYMAN GIL . 629

MARIO G. LEBREDO Y ARANGO 631

JosE ANTONIO L6PEZ DEL VALLE 635

EMILIO NUNEZ. 639

BENIGNO SOUZA 643

CARLOS M. DE ROJAS 645

CARLOS THEYE Y SHOSTE 647

TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii

PAGB

CARLOS DE LA TORRE·

ANDRtS SEGURA Y CABRERA

EUSEBIO HERNANDEZ·

Jost L6PEZ RODRIGUEZ

TOMAs V. CORONADO·

ROSENDO COLLAZO Y GARciA·

INDEX 679

By permission of B. F. Buck & Co., photographers (N.Y.)

Coogle

MENOCAL

MARIO G. MENOCAL

Engineer, soldier, manof affairs, third Presidentof the Republic of Cuba.

LIKE many of his compatriots of recenttimes President Menocal has spent muchof his life away from his own country. Hisboyhood was passed largely in Mexico andhis youth in the United States where hewas educated.

Menocal was born in Hanabana, Prov­ince of Matanzas, on the seventeenth ofDecember, 1866, the son of Don GabrielG. Menocal, an experienced and skillfulsugar planter who, when his son Mariowas about two years old, had to flee fromCuba in consequence of his revolutionaryactivities. He went first to the UnitedStates and thence to Mexico where hesettled down as a sugar planter at San

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HIS P ANI C NOT E S I

2 CUBANS OF TO-DAY

Juan Bautista, State of Tabasco. Herethe future President at Cuba spent his boy­hood, but when he was thirteen he wassent to school in the United States, first atthe Institute of Chappaqua, New York, andlater at the Maryland College of Agricul­ture whence he passed in 1884 to CornellUniversity where he was graduated in theEngineering School in 1888.

On finishing his University course Meno­cal returned to Latin-America but not yetto Cuba. He first associated himself withhis uncle Aniceto Menocal on the com­mission for the study and construction ofthe Nicaragua canal route, a task whichoccupied the greater part of three years.Then in 1891 he returned to his native land,which as yet he hardly knew. He wasemployed for a time as Engineer for aFrench Company owning salt works andbanana plantations on the Island of CayoRomano and later entered upon railwayconstruction work, having been employedto carry the survey and location of theproposed railway line from Camagiiey toSanta Cruz del Sur.

I HISPANIC NOTES

MENocAL

Here he soon found himself in the thickof revolutionary activities and when in1895 the War of Independence broke outhe joined the forces under General MaximoG6mez, continuing· to serve in the fielduntil the final victory following the inter­vention of the United States in 1898.

As a soldier Menocal exhibited talentfor military affairs, and definite aptitudefor strategy. He served under threefamous chieftains, Generals Maximo G6­mez, Mayia Rodriguez, and Calixto Gar-

, cia, all of whom recognized his ability, andhe won distinction in the battles of Yerbade Guinea, La Piedra, La Aguada, and alsoin the capture of the Fort Lorna de Hierro.

In the capture of this fort he was men­tioned as performing "gallant feats ofvalor" and given the rank of Colonel.Soon afterwards he took a very active partin the siege and capture of the town ofGuaimaro in Camagfley for which he wasmade Brigadier General, but it was thebattle of Victoria de las Tunas that markedthe climax or his martial career. Here hisengineering training stood him in good

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4 CUBANS OF TO-DAY

stead. He made such skillful dispositionof men and guns that competent witnesseshave said that the conduct of this battlestands out in the entire record of the Re­volution as the one combat in which theCuban forces were disposed and directedi!i. accordance with the principles of mili­tary science. Not only did General Meno­cal direct the operations in pursuance of awell-considered plan but he is said to haveled his soldiers in the assault with intrepidcourage. Victoria de las Tunas was thecrowning achievement of his militarycareer and gave him the rank of Generalin the Cuban Army, but when war wasdeclared by the United States on Spain,Menocal was appointed Commander of the5th Army Corps, comprising the Provincesof Havana and Matanzas, where it was ex­pected that American action would be moreconcentrated. This appointment carriedhis promotion to the rank of Major General.

On the return of peace General Ludlowof the American Army of Interventionmade General Menocal Chief of Police ofHavana and in the same year he was ap-

I HISPANIC NOTES

MENOCAL

pointed to organize the Lighthouse Ser­vice, a post which he held for a short time,but gave up to undertake an engineeringcommission of considerable importance andextent, namely, constructing for the CubanAmerican Sugar Company the factory atChaparra, then said to be the largest sugarfactory in the world. This task GeneralMenocalfulfilledwith credit and distinction.

Meantime the growth of his reputationhad brought him within the field of politics.In 1908 he was nominated for the Presi­dency by the Conservative party but failedof election; in 1912 he was again a candi­d{lte and was elected President of the Re­public on the ticket of the same party.President Menocal's first term was charac­terized by a constructive policy includingthe following practical proposals:

(I) Administrative and financial re­forms.

(2) Strengthening the relations with theUnited States.

(3) Strict regulation of the PublicTreasury, liquidation and adjustment ofall outstanding indebtedness, and reor-

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6 CUBANS OF TO-DAY

ganization of taxation, in order to equalize,as far as possible, its incidence.

(4) Support of agriculture and devylop­ment of immigration.

(5) Reorganization of the Army andNavy, in order to obtain efficiency.

Again in 1916 he received the nominationand was declared reelected, but after acontest so close and so much disputedthat the unsuccessful party fomented anarmed uprising which for a tin:e threatenedto overturn the government and was onlysubdued after bloodshed and some de­'struction of property. During GeneralMenocal's presidency the European W q.r

presented many problems of the utmostdifficulty, some of which were solved andthe quality of President Menocal's states­manship shown, when, following the ex­ample of the United States, Cuba espousedthe cause of the Allies and declared a stateof war with Germany within twenty-fourhours after the United States had done so.

In 1918 President Menocal was electedan Honorary Associate of the HispanicSociety of America.

I HISPANIC NOTES

Coogle

M ONTORO

RAFAEL MONTORO

Orator; publicist; diplo­mat; Secretary of thePresidency of Cuba.

RAFAEL MONTORO was born in the cityof Havana on the twenty-fourth of October,1852, scion ot an old family, whose amplemeans and close affiliations with Spainenabled him to pursue most of his studies inMadrid. There at the age of fifteen he beganto study law, literature, and philosophy.

He began his literary career as editorial­ist and contributor to the Revista Europeaand other publications including the Re­»isla Conlemporanea of which he wasChief Editor, taking an active part in theproceedings of the Atheneum of Madrid,having been elected Vice-president of itsPolitical and Moral SciEnces Section in1877; also Second Secretary of the -As­sociation of Spanish Writers and Artists.

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8 CUBANS OF TO-DA Y

He returned to Cuba in 1878 justprior to the termination of the Ten Years'War, which ended with the Peace ofZanj6n.

Shortly after his aIrival he joined aparty of friends in founding El Triunfo ofwhich he became one of the editors; he alsojoined the Liberal Autonomist party,devoted to the cause of Cuban autonomy.The following year he was chosen as mem­ber of the Central Committee of the party,and likewise elected Deputy to the SpanishCortes representing the Province of Havana.To this difficult post for which his senti­mental regard for Spain and his familiaritywith Cuban affairs particularly fitted him,Dr. Montoro was twice afterwards elected,in 1886 and again in 1893 to represent theProvince of Puerto Principe.

From 1883 he practiced his profession asa lawyer, having appeared in that capacitybefore all the Courts.

A firm believer in political agitation anddiscussion, a partisan of evolution ratherthan revolution, Dr. Montoro took no partin the bloody struggle of 1895-98. He had

I HISPANIC NOTES

MONTaRa

remained in Spain until 1895, laboring tobring about autonomy for Cuba ratherthan final separation. When in 1897 in themidst of the final struggle for independenceSpain granted autonomy and a new govern­ment was formed, Dr. Montoro acceptedthe post of Secretary of the Treasury.The solution came too late; the new govern­ment found no support and was lost in theintervention of the United States in 1898.Thereupon Dr. Montoro retired frompublic office and also declined to continuefilling the position of Professor of Philo­sophy and History of Philosophy, to whichhe had been appointed in the University ofHavana and withdrew to complete ob­scurity. Notwithstanding, in 1902 he wasappointed a member of the Tariff Com­mission, under the Presidency of the nowGeneral, Tasker H. Bliss. During the sameyear, 1902, his talents and character wereagain requisitioned for the public serviceand he was appointed Envoy Extraordi­nary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Eng­land, to which' office was added in 1904 thatof Minister to Germany, and he held both

9

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10 CUB A N S 0 F T 0 - DAY

posts, residing alternately in London andin Berlin.

In 1906 he was appointed Delegate tothe Pan-American Conterence at RioJaneiro. The following year he took partin the reorganization of the National Con­servative party and was its first candidatefor the Vice-presidency in 1908. Not­withstanding his defeat in the elections heresumed his position as Minister to Londonand Berlin, at the request of the newgovernment, and remained in that positionuntil 1910, when he was again elected torepresent Cuba at the Pan-American Con­ference at Buenos Aires. On the success ofhis party in the elections of 1912 he wasmade Secretary of the Presidency, whichposition he still holds.

The place which Dr. Montoro has heldin the esteem and admiration of his fellowcountrymen, I].as been due in great meas­ure to that gift of oratory which is sobrilliant a part of the Spanish heritage andwhich he was enabled to cultivate to somuch advantage as member of the Cortesof Spain.

I HISPANIC NOTES

\ ·MONTORO. ,

Dr. Montara is a member and Directorof the National Academy of Arts andLetters, a member of the Academy ofHistory and various other literary corpora­tions. He was also appointed a member ofthe Advisory Law Commission in 1906 byGovernor Magoon.

Dr. Montoro's publications include:Discursos politicos y parlamentarios, infor­mes y desertaciones, Philadelphia, 1894 ;Prindpios de Moral e Instrvcci6n Ovica,Habana, 1903: N ociones de Instrucci6nMoral y Ctvica, Habana, 1908.

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BENARD

ALFREDO GONZALEZ BENARD

Lawyer; public man.

ALFREDO GONZALES BENARD was bornon the twenty-sixth of October, 1871, in thecity of Santiago de Cuba and received hisearly education in his native city. His moreadvan~ studies he pursued in the Uni­versity of Havana which he entered in1888 and in which he obtained the degreeof Licentiate in Law in 1893 and in 1897that of Doctor of Laws.

Dr. Benard took up his residence inCardenas and entered upon the practice ofhis profession, becoming in due courseMember of the Board of Education, Mem­ber of the Board of Patrons of the" SantaIsabel" Hospital, and legal representativeof his party.

In November, 1910, he was elected Rep­resentative in Congress for Matanzas, re-

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HISPANIC NOTES I

14 CUB A N S OFT 0- DAY

maining in office until April, 1915, where heserved as Vice Chairman and later Chair­man of the Committee on Municipal andProvincial Affairs and Vice Chairman ofthe Committee on Foreign Rela~ions. In1917 he returned to Congress to representthe same district. He is an active andstrenuous member of the Conservativeparty.

Dr. Benard has contributed occasionalarticles to various professional magazinesand published in the Revista del l!oro hisdoctor's thesis: Prindpios fundamentales deDerecho I nternacional Privados consignadosen nuestro C6digo Civil.

I HISPANIC NOTES

PAR DOS U ARE Z 15

,VICENTE PARDO SUAREZ

Editor; o.ffKial.

"-VICENTE PARDO SUAREZ was born on the

twenty-fifth of December, 1870, in the cityof Havana where he obtained. his earlyeducation and completed the courses forthe Bachelor's degree in the Colegio of SanFrancisco de Paula. At the age of fifteenhe began to write in the Republican news­paper La Libertad which was published inHavana by Don Niceto Sola y Freixas.He wrote much also for the theater. In1888 he founded La Republica, a news­paper in which he vigorously opposed thecolonial administration and the unjustcourse of the Spanish authorities towardthe legitimate aspirations of the Cubans;in consequence of which he underwentmuch persecution and many interruptionsof his paper. In 1895, after the begin-

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16 CUB A N S 0 F 'T 0 - DAY

n;ng of the war of Independence, GeneralValeriano Weyler suppressed the paper onthe ground that its title and ideals wereincompatible with the tranquillity of thecountry and the sovereignty of Spain, sub­sequently deporting its editor to Spainwhere he was imprisoned in the castle ofMonjuitch in Barcelona and after~ards inthe prisons of Santander and Bilboa untilthe thirteenth of August, 1898, the day afterthe Peace .Protocol between Spain and theUnited States was signed in Washington.

Onhis return to Cuba and on theorganiza­tion of the first Board of Aldernlen of Ha­vana, Pardo Suarez was appointed, jointlywith Colonel Saturnino Lastra, to a positionof trust in the Administration of the Munici­pal taxes. When those who had sufferedimprisonment, penalties, and deportationformed an association for patriotic pur­poses, he was elected Secretary; he alsobecame an honorary Member of the Pa­triotic Committee of Havana of which DonSalvador Cisneros Betancourt, who hadbeen President of the Republic in arnlS, wasChairnlan.

I HISPANIC NOTES

PARDO SUAREZ

When the Republic was constituted inH}02, Pardo Suarez was appointed Editorof the daily record of the House of Repre­sentatives (Diario de sesiones) a post whichhe resigned in 1904 on his election as ChiefClerk of the House. He has traveledwidely, visiting the Parliaments of Wash­ington, Toronto, Madrid, Paris, and Rometo study their methods of administrationand to adopt such as seemed suitable andledvantageous to the Cuban House.

By the law of the seventeenth of August,1912, lie was made Secretary of the Com­mittee of the Cuban Congress to attend theCentenary of the Constitution of Cadiz,Spain, and in the same year he was electeda corresponding member of the RoyalHispano-American Academy of Arts andSciences of Cadiz.

He was Secretary of the Anti-GermanicLeague, founded in Havana to lend aid tothe Allies and to conduct propaganda inopposition to the German pretensions.

He has issued eight volumes of Recordsof the House of Representatives and threevolumes of the Legislative Index; he is the

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18 CUBANS OF TO-DAY

author of Prd.cticas Parlamentarias (trestomos publicados y el cuarto en prensa) , andof Ladronesqe Tierras, Havana, 1918, a bookon the war which has been widely used inboth continents in propaganda.

I HISPANIC NOTES

(:oo~1c(

CORTINA

JOSE MANUEL CORTINA

Lawyer; legislator.

JOSE MANUEL CORTINA y GARCIA wasborn on the third of February, 1880, in SanDiego de Nuiiez, Province of Pinar delRio. He was educated in Havana, com­pleting the courses for the Bachelor'sdegree in the Jesuits' Colegio of Belen andobtaining his degree of Doctor of Laws atthe University in 1903.

While he was an undergraduate he waselected President of the Federation of Uni­versity Students, organized at the closeof the Spanish sovereignty, and then gavesigns of promise as an orator in the speechhe made in salutation to General MaximoG6mez when he entered Havana at thehead of the Army of Liberation in 1899.He was still a student when he took animportant part in the organization of the

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20 CUB A N S 0 F T 0 - DAY

National Cuban Party, which had for oneof its chief aims to put an end to the Ameri­can Intervention which followed upon thewithdrawal of Spain in 1899.

Dr. Cortina has been active in journal­ism. For two years he edited the news­paper Democracia and was at one time oranother a member of the staffs of E1 Mundo,La Lucha, and La RetYista de derecho, besidesbeing a contributor to La N aci6n and otherpapers.

After the "Revolution of August"(1906) which overthrew President EstradaPalma, a division arose among the LiQeralswho had made the revolution and Dr. Cor­tina was chosen to bring about a reconcilia­tion. His negotiations were successful andresulted in the Liberal party coming intopower with the election of General JoseMiguel G6mez as President. Again at alater time when a fresh division occurred be­tween the two wings of the party, under theleadership of Dr. Alfredo Zayas and GeneralG6mez respectively, Dr. Cortina once moreacted as mediator and the party presenteda united front in the elections of 1916.

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: CORTINA

He was elected Representative for Ha­vana in 1908 and reelected in 1913 andIQI7. He has' been the leader of the Liber­als in the House and has been influentialin legislation. He is the author of theWorkmen's Accident Law now in force,and of Bills to regulate strikes, to establisha Court of Arbitration for labor disputes,to make compulsory the provision ofhygienic dwellings for rural workers, toprovide secretaries for the House of Repre­sentatives, etc., etc. He is Chairman ofthe Committee on Public Works.

Among the public offices with whichDr. Cortina has been honored are: Counselto the Secretary of Public Instruction, andto the Board of Aldermen of Havana;member of the Board of Inspectors of theUniversity, and member of the SpecialCommittee of Congress to revise all thelegislation in accord with the economic andsocial changes brought about by the WorIdWar.

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FIGUEREDO

FERNANDO FIGUEREDO YSOCARRAS

. Soldier; engineer; o.flU;,ial.

FERNANDO FIGUEREDO Y SOCARRA'S wasborn in Camagiley in the year 1847 andreceived his early education in Bayamo atthe excellent training school " San Jose"then under the direction of Don Jose MariaIzaguirre. At the age of fifteen he passedon to Havana where he entered the pre­paratory school for special careers main­tained by Colonel Eduardo Martin Perez.In 1863, he proceeded to the United Statesand attended the Charlier French Institute.This was for a brief period, however, andin 1864 he entered the School of Engineersof Troy, New York, where he completedthe course in Civil Engineering. Then hereturned to Cuba to join the revolutionaryforces organized by Carlos Manuel de

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Cespedes after the call to arms (grito) ofYara and the capture of Bayamo on theeighteenth of October, 1868, which beganthe Ten Years' Wllf. Figueredo foughtthroughout the war, serving as soldier,engineer, legislator, Chief of Staff, chiefof the revolutionary forces, and ended theconflict as member of the Revol~tionary

Government, being one of those who pro­tested against signing the pact of peace ofZanj6n. During this historic period hefought side by side with Maceo, and it wasnot until the end of May, 1878, that theygave up fighting, and Figueredo left Cubawith his wife and child.

He went first to Santo Domingo andlater to Florida where he held several officesof trust under the American Government,including Member of the Legislature ofFlorida, Superintendent of Schools, andMayor of West Tampa. Throughout thisperiod he never ceased to serve the causeof Cuba by every means in his power andwhen the Revolution of 1895 broke out he .was appointed by Delegate Jose Martihead of the movement for that district, and

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FIGUEREDO

it is said that the group which lent themost valuable services to the cause wasthat under his direction.

After twenty years of exile he returnedto Cuba in 1898 when the American flagwas floating over the Island and soonafterwards was appointed by the Americanauthorities Second Customs Officer atCienfuegos. Later, in 1900, he came toHavana to take the post of Sub-Secretaryof State-a position which he occupieduntil the twentieth of May, 19°2, whenPresident Tomas Estrada Palma appointedhim Director General of Communications.

In 1906, he was made Interventor ofState and in 1908, on the death of GeneralRoloff, he was appointed by Mr. Magoon(Americ1j,Il Governor during Intervention)to succeed him as Treasurer General of theRepublic-an office which he still holds.

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C0081>

HERNANDEZ

.CHARLES HERNANDEZ

Soldier; official.

CHARLES HERN~NDEZ Y SANDRINO wasborn on the sixth of May, 1867, in Pinar delRio and spent his youth partly in Cuba,partly in Santo Domingo, and partly in theUnited States where he obtained his educa­tion. Here also he gained his first militarytraining, in the Massachusetts NationalGuard which he joined in 1887. Later hewent to Florida where he studied agricul­ture m general and especially tobaccoculture.

HernAndez enjoyed the confidence ofJose Marti, "the apostle of Cuban free­dom," who commissioned him in 1894 tomake preparations for the Revolution.He brought to Cuba the first orders ofGeneral Maximo G6mez, calling upon allthe leaders of 1868-78 (the Ten Years'

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War) to place themselves at the commandof I!ernandez and Marti for the rising ofthe twenty-fourth of February, 1895. Atthe outbreak of the war he was the first toleave the coast of Florida in command of anexpedition with arms and supplies. Threemonths later he returned with another ex­pedition, running all manner of risks anddisembarking under the fire of the Spanishguard in the harborof VaraderodeCardenas.

His knowledge of the topography, ge­ology, and botany of the country servedhim in good stead and was of great valueto the army. He placed the mines in theRiver Cauto, entrance to the Bay of PuertoPadre, and in various other places of specialperil and observed, hidden along the shore,the Spanish gun-boats escorting troops andsupplies.

He won the rank of Major by gallantryin the face of the enemy in the attack ofGuaimaro and that of Lieutenant Colonelin the famous battle ofjiguani, andGeneralFunston said of hinI that he was one of thebravest and most skillful of the Cubanofficers.

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HERNANDEZ

Early in May, 1898, he was commis­sioned by General Calixto Garda to accom­pany Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Rownof the American Army to Washington andto set forth to the Secretary of War thesituation of the Cuban Army in the easternend of the island; after which he returned,at the request of General Garda, to assistin taking the city of Santiago de Cuba.l\t the siege of this city he won the rankof Colonel.

At the close of the war he turned enthu­siastically to the task of organizing theRepublic. laboring first in developing thenational police. and later in the posta,!service where he continues to serve asDirector General of Communications.

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VA L DES A N C I A N 0 31

JOSE A. VALDES ANCIANO

Physician; teacher.

Josi A. VALDis .ANCIANO was born onthe twenty-first of March, 1869, in thecity of Matanzas and there obtained hisearly education, completing the courses forthe Bachelor's degree. Thereafter he en­tered the University of Havana where hedevoted hiInself to the study of Medicineand gained the degree of Licentiate andlater that of Doctor.

He entered upon the practice of his pro­fession in Havana and in 1906 obtainedby competitive examination the Chair of~ervous and Mental Ailments in the Schoolof Medicine in the University.

He has filled various positions related tohis profession and has contributed articles,dealing with medical subjects, to variousreviews and journals, Cuban and foreign.

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He is a Member of the Academy ofSciences, and of the Society for ClinicalStudies of Havana; Corresponding Mem­ber of the Philadelphia Neurological So­ciety; Honorary Member of the Societyof Mental Medicine of Belgium; ForeignAssociate Member of the Clinical Societyof Mental Medicine of Paris; Correspond­ing Member of the Medical PsychologySociety of Paris, etc.

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PINO 331-----------------1-----

GUSTAVO PINO

Lawyer; magistrate; legislator.

GUSTAVO PINO was born in Havana onthe twenty-fifth of June, 1877. Aftercompleting the courses required for theBachelor's degree in the Colegio of Belen

. he went to New York to continue hisstudies at Fordham University, but re­turned to Cuba to fulfill the requirementsof the legal profession in the University ofHavana where he obtained the degree ofthe Doctor of Laws in 189B.

In 1902, he was appointed Judge of theprimary Court of Cienfuegos; in 1904 hewas transferred to a corresponding post atCardenas; in 1906, he was made Assistant 'Prosecuting Attorney of the lower courtsof Matanzas, and in 1908 Counsel to theProsecuting Attorney of the lower courtsof Havana.

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In the latter year Dr. Pino gave up thejudicial career to enter politics and waselected on the Conservative ticket Memberof the City Council (Ayuntamiento) ofHavana. Two years later he was electedRepresentative for the Province of Havanaand reelected in 1914 and 1918. In theChamber he has been a member of theimportant Committees of Public Instruc­tion and of Municipal and ProvincialAffairs.

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TAMAYO

DIEGO TAMAYO Y FIGUEREDO

Soldier; physuian; teacher.

DIEGO TAMAYO y FIGUEREDO was bornin Bayamo on the twelfth of October, 1853,and was educated in the Colegio of Belenin Havanawhere he obtained the Bachelor'sdegree in 1868. A few months later theTen Years' War broke out and Tamayowas one of those who joined the Cubancolors at Demajagua on the tenth of Octo­ber of that year, being then fifteen yearsold, the youngest in the ranks. He took anactive part in the war, being on the Staff ofGeneral Carlos M. de Cespedes until 1872,when, incapacitated by malaria, he wastaken prisoner and expatriated.

Transported to Spain he there enteredthe University of Barcelona and obtainedthe degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1878.Soon after this the Peace of Zanj6n was

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signed and he returned to Cuba to enterupon his profession, which he practiced,first at Manzanillo and later at Havanawhere he set up an academy to preparemedical students for their examinations.

On the outbreak of the RevolutionaryWar in-189S he took part in the propagandaand expeditionary activities carried onfrom New York where he was Presidentof the Revolutionary Council. He wasalso Vice-president of the Assembly ofS'l.nta Cruz and member of the Constitu­ent Assembly. Under the American Inter­vention he was Secretary of Gobernacwnand held the same office under PresidentEstrada Palma. In 1905, he was electedSenator for the Province of Havana. Hehas been deeply engaged in politics, firstin the Autonomist party, in which he wasa member of the Central Committee until1895; then in the National party of whichhe was one of the founders, and later in theConservative party which he aided infounding.

His professional activities have beennumerous and varied. He was the Presi-

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TAM A YO

dent of the first Medical Congress of theIsland of Cuba in 1890; joint founder withDr. Juan Santos Fernandez of the firstbacteriological laboratory in Cuba; he wasthe first to teach Bacteriology in Cuba andin union with Dr. Vild6sola to use thePasteur treatment. For a number ofyears he has been Editorial Secretary of theCronica Medico Quirurgica of Havana andis the publisher of Vida Nueva, a magazineof Hygiene and Social Science. He is alsothe founder and director of the "TamayoDispensary" which is a school for special­ists. He has held office as Secretary of theMunicipal Board of Health and Secretary1»"0 tem of the General Board of Health.

He is President of all the Medical Cor­porations and has been four times Presidentof the Mutual Aid Society of the Physi­cians of Cuba. He is also President of theNational Health Commission, Professorof Medical Pathology, and Dean of theFaculty of Medicine and Pharmacy in theUniversity.

He was Delegate from Cuba to the Anti­tUberculosis Congress held in Washington

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38 CUBANS OF TO-DAY

in 1908, ar;; well as to that held in Barce-lona in 1910 of which he was Vice-president;he was President and founder of the CubanRed Cross; he is a member of the SociedadEcon~mica de Amigos del Pais.

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MARTiNEZ

EMILIO MARTINEZ

Physician,. laryngologist.

EMILIO MARTiNEZ was born in Havanaon the thirteenth of April, 1864. Hisfather, a political refugee, went to Balti­more during the Ten Years' War and forthis reason he took his preliminary educa­tion at the public schools of that city; afterthe war he returned to his native city andentered the University of Havana wherehe graduatJd as Doctor in Medicine in1888. From 1889 to 1890 he was engagedby General (then Major) George M. Stern­berg as laboratory assistant of his com­mission for the investigation of yellowfever, finishing this work in the Labora­tories of the Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore. This visit to Johns Hopkins,where he studied pathology and laryngol­ogy (pqst-graduate course) determined his

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future career as laryngologist and sani­tarian.

As a laryngologist he established hispractice in Havana and organized theThroat department in the Tamayo Dis­pensaryand La Policl£nica. He cultivatedthis specialty thoroughly in various visitsto the New York Polyclinic and the Post­graduate School, New York, and later on inVienna, at the Poliklinic Generale. Hisexperience of six years as general surgeonto the Havana emergency stations (Casasde Socorro) helped him greatly in thespecialty. In 1906 he was appointed, bycompetition, Professor of Clinical Micro­scopy in the University of Harana, a chairwhich he resigned later to occupy that ofLaryngologist. He is at present Senior Pro­fessor of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otol­ogy in the University and is also in chargeof this Department at the General CalixtoGarcia Hospital. He is a Member of theAmerican Laryngological,Rhinological, andOtologicalSociety j and passed the examina­tions at the University of New York admit­ting him to practice medicine in that State.

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MARTINEZ\\---------------

As a sanitarian Dr. Martinez was ap­pointed a Member of the Commission forInfectious Diseases by President Palmaand is now President of this Commissionand ex-officio a Member of the NationalBoard of Health and Charities. He at­tended the Pan-American Medical Con­gress at Panama, being sent by PresidentPalma, at the request of General Gorgas,to expound to the medical men of Panamain their own language the new methodsemployed in the sanitation of Cuba. Oneof the principal works of Dr. Martinezwas the active part he took trying to con­tinue the work of the Intervention Govern­ment in the Department of Charities.Being a member of the National Board ofCharities and Correction he attended, withother Directors of Hospitals of Cuba, the28th National Conference of Charitiesand Correction at Washington and learnedthere the modern principles of Charitiesand Correction with Mr. Homer Folksand Mr. Devine. On his return to Havanahe organized Las Conferencias N acionales deBeneficencia y Correcci6n with such SUCCESS

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that they were held regularly for sevenyears in different cities of Cuba. ThepurpGse of these ConferencEs was to de­velop modern charitiEs under the controlof the people. The political machinegradually invaded this Department ofCharities and made useless all future workin this line.

Dr. Martinez has taken an active partin the medical prESS. He has been Co­editor of La Revisla de Ciencias MMicas, ofLos Archivos de la PolicUnica, of La Revistade M edicina Tropical. and has publishedover one hundred articles on LaryngologJand Sanitary matters. He is the author ofManual de Microscopta y Qutmica Cltnicaand an active member of La Sociedad deEstudios CUnicos.

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Evilio R. Len:ii4n

Coogle

\ LENDIAN I 43

. .EVELIO RODRIGUEZ LENDIAN

Scholar; ~(uw; author.

EVEUO RODldGUE7. LENDIAN was bornon the eighteenth of November, 1860, inGuanabacoa and there obtained his earlyeducation. He was enabled to pursue hisstudies and obtain· the Bachelor's degreeby means of a scholarship which carried thecondition that he should obtain the highestrank in his classes. By fulfilling a similarcondition he was able to continue his courseinto the University where in 1883 he gainedthe degree of Licentiate in Philosophy andLettefli, winning at the same time the prizefor distinction.

The same year he was appointed Auxil-iary Professor in the Institute of Matanzas.In 1884 he obtained the degree of Licen-tiate in Civil and Canon Law, once morewinning the prize for special distinction.

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In this year also he gained the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy and Letters and wasappointed Auxiliary Professor in the Uni­versity of which he served as Secretary fora time.

In r889 he went as a member' of a Com­missicn of professors to examine the stu­dents of the College EI Ateneo of PortoRico. In r893 he won in competitiveexamination the chair of Universal Historyand in 1898 he was elected Dean of theFaculty of Philosophy and Letters. Heformed part of the Commission appointedin 1899 for the reform and reorganizationof the University Professorships.

When General Weyler became GovernorGeneral, Professor Lendian found himselfobliged, on account of his opinions, to leaveCuba and cooperated with the Revolu­tionary Committee in New York in.activepropaganda against the Spanish regime.At the close of the war he joined the Patri­otic Committee which was organized inHavana, contributed to the formation ofthe first political party-the Nationalparty-and drew up the Manifesto which

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LENDIAN

the party addressed to the country in1899.

In 1910 he went to Mexico as one of theEnvoys Extraordinary to attend the Cen­tenary of Mexican independence and tobear the greetings of the University ofHavana to the University of Mexico. Dr.Lendian has served as Magistrate of theProvincial Courts of Havana, Secretary ofthe College of Advocates, Director of theSociety of Conferences, President of theAssociation of Doctors in Philosophy andLetters, Dean of the Faculty of Letters andSciences, Editor of the Magazine publishedby the Faculty, Member of the SociedadEc0n6mica, Member of the AnthropologicalSociety and temporary Rector of theUniversity.

He is professor of the History of Americaand of Modem History for the rest of thelVorld; Honorary President of the SocietyTetJJro Cubano; President of the Ateneoof Havana and also of the Academy ofHistory; Member of the Cuban Society ofInternational Law and Charter Memberof the Cuban Red Cross.

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He is the author of: Consideracionesgenerales sobre la poesia ~pica. lA qu~

ca~tsa es debida la no existencia en Espanade un verdadero poema ~pico? (Tesis para IeDoctorado en Filosofia y Letras, Habana,1884); La I ndependencia absoluta como elideal cubano (Discurso Ieido en Ia aper­tura del curso academico de 1899 a 1900 enla Universidad, Habana, 1899); Considera­ciones generales sobre Rusia a propositode su guerra con el J apon (Conferencia,Habana, 19°5); J os~ Manuel Mestre(Discurso Ieido con motivo de la colocaci6nde su retrato en Ia Universidad, Habana,19°1); Los Estados Unidos, Cuba, y elCanal de Panama (Conferencia, Habana,1909); El Congreso de Panama y la Inde­pendencia de Cuba (Conferencia, Ha­bana, 1911); Dis,urso con motivo de lavisiID del Dr. Rafael Altamira (Habana,1912); Transformacian politica de Rusia(Discurso, Habana, 1913); La Isla de Pinossegun el tratado de Paris (Conferencia,Habana, 1913); La expulsion de los di­putados cubanos del Parlammto Espanol en1837 (Conferencia, Habana, 1914); Jos6

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LENDI.AN

Antonio Saco (Conferencia, Habana,1914); Elogio del Dr. Ram6n M eza ySvdrez Inclan (Discurso leido en laAcademia de la Historia, Habana, 1915);La Interpretaci6n de la Enmienda Platt(Discurso pronunciado en el congreso deDerecho Internacional, Habana, 1917).

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49\

PLASENCIA\---1-1

LEONEL PLASENCIA

Physician.

LEONEL PLASENCIA y MONTES was bornin Madruga, Province of Havana, in theyear 1877. His early studies were takenat the church school at Guanabacoa.Later he went abroad and studied at theCentral University of Madrid, whence hereturned to continue his studies at theUniversity of Havana and there obtainedthe degree of Doctor in Medicine andSurgery.

He has served as Honorary Physicianof the Hospital of Our Lady of Mercy andin 1906 became Anciliary Pro~essor of theSchool of Medicine in the University. Heis a member of the Academy of Sciencesand Director of the Clinical Laboratorywhich bears his name.

Besides numerous monographs of a

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, :

50 CUB A N S 0 F T 0 - DAY

. scientific character he is the author of awork entitled: Ensayo etiol6gico de laTuberculosis en la Habana (Habana, 1897),and Trabajos de Laboratorio y su utilidadClfnica.

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Coogle

.' •.1

'... .;:

:r.

".:

<.

:j

FIGUEROA

LEOPOLDO FIGUEROA Y MARTf

Physician; public man.

LEOPOLDO FIGUEROA Y MARTi was bornon the ninth of October, 1858, in SantaIsabel de las Lajas, Province of' SantaClara. He was educated in Spain whitherhis father had been deported for politicalreasons and where,' after completing the::ourses leading to the Bachelor's degree,he pursued the studies in the Faculty ofMedicine for the degree of Doctor in Phar­macy which was granted him in 1881. Hethen returned to Cuba and established him­self first inCardenas and later atCienfuegos.

Early in 1896 he joined the Revolution,taking part in the expedition of ColonelArteaga and thereafter serving until theend of the war under the command ofGeneral Jose Miguel G6mez where he roseto the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. During

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the First American Intervention GeneralWood appointed Figueroa Alcalde of Cien­fuegos, an app~intmentwhich was ratifiedbythe pubEc in the first elections held underthe Republic and by his reelection in 1908.In November of the same year he waselected Senator for the Province of SantaClara to which office he has been reelectedand which he now holds. He has servedon the following Committees of the 'Senate:Health and Charities; Tariff; Local Gov­ernment, and Public Works of which lasthe is the Chairman. Among the principallaws proposed by Senator Figueroa are:An Act to regulate the practice of Phar­macy; An Act to remit the payment by thecity of Cienfuegos of a million pesos besidesthe two fifths from which it was releasedby Decree No. 813 of Governor Magoonfor the Aqueduct of Cienfuegos; An Actrevising the studies of the Faculty ofPharmacy and of the School of Agronomi­cal Engineers.

Senator Figueroa is a member of theLiberal party and President of the partyin the Province of Las Villas.

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VILLOLDO

JULIO VILLOLDO

Author; editor.

JULIO VILLOLDO y BERTRAN was born inHavana on the eleventh of October, 1881,and obtained his early education partly inCuba, and partly in the United Stateswhere he spent a portion of his youth. Onreturning to Cuba he entered the Univer­sity of Havana to pursue the career of thelaw and won the degree of Doctor of CivilLaw in 1907. But the call of journalismwas stronger than that of the law and hedevoted himself to writing. He becameone of the editors of La Discusi6n, in whichhe established and, with the collaborationof associates, maintained for several yearsa special section called Ornato Publicodedicated to the embellishment and adorn­ment of the city.

In 1912 he was made a member of the

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National Academy of Arts and Letters; hehas occupied the post of Secretary as alsothat of Librarian of the Ateneo of Havana,as well as of the Academy.

Dr. Villoldo is a frequent contributor tothe review Cuba Contempordnea, of whichhe is one of the founders and in which hehas written many articles on nationalaffairs. He is also Vice-president of thepublishing company which bears the samename, and he is President of the CivicAssociation of Cuba.

Among the articles which Dr. Villoldohas published in Cuba Contempordnea are:Necesidad de Colegios Cubanos, La in­violabilidad y la inmunidad parlamentariasal trav~s de las constituciones espafiolas;and Rusia y la democracia.

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,..

VELASCO

CARLOS DE VELASCO Y PEREZ

Autho1-; editor.

CARLOS DEVELASCO Y PEREZ was born onthe fourteenth of August, 1884, in the cityof Santa Clara and there, in the Colegio of"Santa Ana," he received his early instruc­tion, but in 1900 his family removed toHavana where he completed his formaleducation in the Institute. At an earlyage he became associated with public menand affairs; first, while he was still a boy,with President Estrada Palma, and laterwith President Menocal, in both of whoseadministrations he served as Private Secre­tary to the Secretary of Gobernaci6n withthe title of Chief of Administration.

Having chosen literature as his field ofwork, he became one of the founders andfirst editors of the newspaper La Prensa,later a member of the staff of "ba Discusi6n,

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and in 1913, with the cooperation of agroup of writers-Dr. Jose S. De Sola, Dr.Julio Villoldo, Dr. Ricardo Sarabasa, Dr.Max H. Urena, and Sr. Mario Guiral-hefounded the monthly review Cuba Con.temporanea, which he has since edited andwhich has made for itself a place in thefront rank of journals issued in Spanish onthis continent, numbering among its con­tributors the most notable authors of Latin­America.

Sr. Velasco has filled a number of postsof a public character: in 19II he was Secre­tary of the Ateneo of Havana; he served asSecretary of the National Popular Com­mission to erect a monument in honor ofGeneral Maximo G6mez, Commander ofthe Army of Liberation, and of the com­mittee to celebrate the centenary of theCuban poetess G. G. de Avellaneda, whichhas prepared a definitive edition of herworks. He is a Member of the Academy ofHistory, Member of the National Academy'of Arts and Letters, Honorary Member ofthe Royal Hispano-American Academy ofScience and Art of Cadiz (Spain), and he

I HISPANIC NOTES

VELASCO

holds the Order of the Liberator grantedhim by the Government of Venezuela. In1915 the Municipal Council of his nativecity-Santa Clar:a-by a unanimous votehonored him with the title of "Distin­guished Son."

He has written much and widely, beinga contributor to the leading periodicalsand magazines of Cuba and other Latin­American countries. He is the author of:HonTando al caf.do: PalabTas de EstradaPalma (1910); La Academia de la Historiade Cuba: Los A cademicos de numeTO (19 I0) ;Estrada Palma: ContTibuci6n hist6rica(19II); Aspectos nacionales (1915); JoseSixto de Sola (1917). He has publishedalso, with Introduction and Notes, thefollowing books: CaTtas AmatoTias de laAvellaneda (1911); Pensando en Cuba(1917), a posthumous work of Dr. Jose S.de Sola; Desdeel Castillo de Figueras (1918),letters of Estrada Palma. He is now pre­paring a study on the Cuban historianPedro Jose Guiteras, and a translation fromthe Portuguese, CaTtas FamiliaTes y Bil­letes de Paris, de E«;:a de Queiroz. Finally,

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1919, he has published in pamphlet fonna translation from the French entitled:La "Resolucion" de su Santidad el PapaBenedicto. ..

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IGLESIA

ALVARO DE LA IGLESIA Y SANTOS

Journalist; author.

ALVARO DE LA IGLESIA Y SANTOS wasborn in la Coruiia, Spain, on the fifth ofApril, 1859, and came to Cuba in 1874,where for thirty-eight years he has livedthe lifeof an active journalist, having servedas editor or contributor on all the leadingpapers in Havana.

He founded El Mundo, one of the mostinfluential of Cuban newspapers, and is thedean of its editorial staff: he is also one ofthe editors of La Discusi6n on which he ha:;served since before the War of Indepen­dence. He was editor-in-chief of La Epocaof Havana and of La Regi6n of Matanzas.He was also the founder of La FamiliaCristiana of Havana which he publishedfor two years.

He has never held public office.

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In addition to his innumerable contri­butions to magazines and the daily press,Iglesia is the author of: Adoraci6n. Novelaoriginal. Matanzas, 1894; Manuel Garcia,Biografia. Habana, 1897; La Alondra. No­vela original. Habana, 1897; Cuba para loscubanos. Folleto politico. Habana, 1898;Amalia Batista 0 el ultimo danz6n. Novelacubana. Habana, 1900; De Natoidad. His­toria de un billete premiado. Habana, 1900 j

Una boda sangrienta 6 el fantasma de SanLazaro. Nove1a cubana. Habana, 1900; Cu­entos, Habana, 1901; La Bruja de Atar~s 0

los Bandidos de la Habana. Novela cubana.Habana, 19°1; Episodios cubanos. 1. PepeAntonio (1762). Habana, 1903; Episodioscubanos. II. Lafactoria y la trata. Habana',1906; Algo de Historia. Habana, 1911; Tra­diciones cubanas. Habana, 1911; CuadrosfJiejos. Segunda serie de las TradicionesCubanas. Habana, 1915.

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Coogk

PICHARilO

JOSE ANTONIO PICHARDO

Jurist; magistrate.

JOSE ANTONIO PICHARDO was born inCamaguey in the year 1840 and pursuedhis studies in Havana where in 1863 hegained his degree in the law. Thereuponhe returned to his native city and becameProfessor in the Institute there, meantimeentering upon the practice of his professionwhich he pursued for over thirty yearsduring which time he was three timeselected Dean of the College of Advocates.

Under the Spanish rule Dr. Pichardowas honored on two separate occasions bybeing made President of the ProvincialDeputies, and at the end of his term ofservice was awarded the Grand Cross ofMilitary Merit (la gran cruz del M~rito

Militar) with special, distinction. Not­withstanding which, when the sovereignty

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of Spain ceased in Cuba he was appointedPresiding Judge of the Provincial Courtsof the Republic.

Although he had taken no part in anyof the revolutionary movements, the Ul'!­

swerving rectitude and strict judicial in­tegrity of Dr. Pichardo were never ques­tioned by his countrymen who recognizedhis attainments by making him a memberof the Supreme Court, in 1900, a year laterselecting him as Presiding Judge of theCriminal Section, in 1904 Presiding Judgeof the Civil Division, and in 1913 ChiefJustice of the Supreme Court.

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Jorge C. Milanes Figueredo

Coogle

MILANES

JORGE c. MILANEs

Lawyer,. public; man.

JORGE C. MILANES y FIGUEREDO wasborn in the year 1859 in the town of Ba­yamo and there began his education. In1868 his father took him to the revolution­ary camp and in 1871 he was taken prisonerwith all his family, except only his father,and obliged to leave Cuba. He went toJamaica and later to Costa Rica where hecompleted his studies with the degree ofDoctOr of Laws granted by the Universityof St. Thomas.

In 1881 he returned to Santiago deCuba and in the following year, havingobtained the validation of his degree at theUniversity of Havana, entered upon thepractice of his profession, first at Santiagode Cuba and later at Manzanillo.

When the War of Independence broke

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out in 1895 he again withdrew to CostaRica, of which he had become a citizen,and there for three years fulfilled the dutiesof the office of Prosecuting Attorney of theProvincial Court, meanwhile practicing hisprofession. In November, 1898, the warbeing over, he returned again to Santiagode Cuba, renounced his Costa Rican citi­zenship to secure that of' a Cuban andwas appointed Magistrate of the ProvincialCourt in that city.

In January, 1900, he was transferred toCamaguey where he held the same officeand later he fulfilled similar duties in Pinardel Rio and Santa Clara, finally being re­turned to Santiago de Cuba. In 1905 hewas appointed Presiding Judge of the Pro­vincial Court of Santiago de Cuba. InMarch, 1918, he was appointed PresidingJudge of the Civil Section of the ProvincialCourt of Havana in which post he con­tinues.

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WE ISS

MARCELINO WEISS

Dentist; soldier; teacher.

MARCEUNO WEISS was born in theancient town dfr· Sancti Spiritus on theninth of June, 1877. After receiving hisearly education in his native place and ful­filling the requirements for the Bachelor'sdegree in the Institute of Santa Clara, hewent on in 1892 to the University of Ha­vana where he won the degree of Doctorof Dental Surgery in the year 1895.

On the outbreak of the war (1895) heemigrated to the United States, thereplacing' himself under the command ofGeneral Errilio Nuiiez with whose forceshe disembarked at Palo Alto. Later hewas enrolled under the flag of Jose MiguelG6mez where his brothers were fightingand served as Secretary of the ArmyCorpS, with the rank of Lieutenant.

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At the end of the war in 1898 he enteredthe lists and took the competitive examina­tions under which University Professor­ships are awarded, and thus gained theChair of Pathology of the Mouth at an agewhich made him the youngest member ofthe faculty.

Professor Weiss has been one of the menwho have done most in Cuba for the prog­ress of Dental Surgery al!l for the dignityof the profession of Dentistry; he is theinventor of an appliance for aiding articula­tion which bears his name, and is one of thefounders of the Dental Society of Cuba.

In 1909 he was Delegate from Cuba tothe Fifth International Dental Congressat Berlin and to the Fifth Spanish DentalCongress at Seville.

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Jose Angel Malberti y Delgado

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\MALBERTI

JOSE A. MALBERTI

Physician; patriot; alienist.

JOSE A. MALBERTI was born on the fourthof July, 1854, in Baracoa where he beganhis studies which he afterwards continuedin Spain at the University of Barcelonaand there, in 1875, obtained the degree ofDoctor of Medicine. "After further studiesia Paris, Dr. Malberti returned to Cubaand entered on the practice of his professionin his native town of Baracoa. There,however, he became involved in the re­volutionary movement of 1879 and wasobliged to take refuge in an Americanschooner bound for New York.

In 1880 he again returned to Cuba andsettled in Havana where he was appointedphysician to the Asylum for the Insane(Casa de Enajenados). Here he devotedall his time and energy to the study of

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mental ailments and became a skillfulalienist, rising step by step in the Asylumstaff until he became Director, a positionwhich he filled for sixteen years.

He became involved again in the revolu­tionary movement-that of 1895-and wasforced to flee to Mexico where he continuedthe practice of medicine and became amember of the faculty of the Universityof Mexico, meantime conspiring activelyand at much cost to himself against theSpanish rule by establishing political clubswhich maintained a constant propagandain support of Cuban liberty and of theRevolution as a means thereto.

At the end of the war (1898) Malberticame back to Cuba to accept the post ofPresident of the Board of Managers of theHospital for the Insane. In 1902 he waselected Representative on the Liberal ticketand chosen Vice-president in two Con­gresses and President in' one. During hisperiod of seryice in the Legislature he wasauthor of no fewer than eighteen bills affect­ing the public health and the organizationof sanitary service.

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MALBERTI

In 1906 Dr. Malberti founded a privatehospital for mental ailments. He is editorof the Archivos de M edicina Mental andauthor of Tratamiento sugestivo de la l;cura,1896.

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B A RA LT, JR.

LUIS A. BARALT, JR.

Lawyer; te(J{;her.

LUIS A. BARALT, JR., was born on thetwelfth of April, 1892, in New York, wherehe lived until 1900. At that time hisparents established themselves in Havana,Cuba, and there he has resided ever since.His father (q .v.) is a distinguished educator,lecturer, and diplomat. His mother,Blanche Z. de Baralt (q.v.), is well known inCuba and in the United States as a lecturerand writer.

Dr. Baralt received his college educationat the University of Havana, where he ob­tained the degrees of Doctor of Laws andDoctor of Philosophy and Letters. For hisscholarship in the Faculty of Letters andSciences, he was awarded the high dis­tinction of "alumno eminente de la Univer­sidad, " which honor he won in competition.

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He was also awarded a traveling fellowshipwhich allowed him to study at Harvard andColumbia Universities for two years. AtHarvard he studied Experimental Psy­chology under Munsterberg and conductedoriginal investigations. There he took thedegree of A.M.

He is now engaged in the practice of lawat Havana and, besides, is Professor of Eng­lish at the Institute of Havana.

He has published his doctorate thesis on"The Relations between Ethics and Re­ligion" and a number of essays on philo­sophical and literary subjects which havenot been collected.

He is a member of the Sociedad Cubanade Derecho Intemacional, in whose workhe has taken an active part since its foun­dation. At its annual meeting, 1919, heread a paper on "The International Sig­nificance of the Russian Revolution. "

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JORRIN

LEONARDO SORZANO-]ORRIN

Teacher; writer.

LEONARDO SORZANO-J ORRIN was born inParis, during the voluntary exile of hisgrandfather, Jose Silverio Jorrin, and hisfamily, at the time of the Ten Years' War.Educated in the United States, he receivedhis A.B. degree at Georgetown Universityin 1899 and thence proceeded to Havana,where he studied law at the University ofHavana and was admitted to the bar in1911, being now a practicing lawyer andnotary public.

In 1900 he' won, through competitiveexamination, ,a life professorship of theEnglish Language in the Institute of Ha­vana where he is still lecturing. He haswritten two elementary school books forthe teaching of English, which have runinto many 'editions, entitled Libro Pri-

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mero de Ingles and Libro Segundo de Inglesand an Elementary Phonetics now in thepress, and is an enthusiastic student ofphonetics, being a member of long standingof the International Phonetic Associationand of the Societe de Dialetologie Romaine.

Mr. Sorzano-Jorrin was one of the found­ers and for many years a member of theBoard of Directors of the Vedado TennisClub, and materially helped to introduceand popularize the games of lawn-tennisand squash and the sport of rowing inCuba.

He is the head of the Knights of Colum­bus in Cuba.

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RIVERO

NICOLAs RIVERO

Journalist; author; pub- 'licist.

NICOLAS RIVERO was born on thetwenty-third of September, 1849, in Villa­Viciosa de Asturias in Spain, and there re­ceived his early education, but in 1858entered the Seminary of Oviedo to beprepared for a career in the Church. In1872, at the age of twenty-three, when hewas about to be ordained, he fled the Semi­nary to go and fight on the side of DonCarlos of Bourbon, the Pretender to theSpanish Crown. In this struggle he wastaken prisoner and imprisoned first in oneSpanish jail and then in another and finallyexiled to the Canary Islands. There heplotted an uprising to seize a warship butthe plan was discovered, and Rivero wastransported to Cuba with four hundredother politicalrprisoners to fill the ranks of

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the Spanish regiments fighting to suppressthe Cuban insurgents.

After three months Rivero escaped toSpain on the steamer Castilla and rejoinedthe Carlist forces. With them he took partin the battle of Montejura and continuedsteadily fighting from 1873 to 1875, duringwhich period he rose by his service in thefield to the rank of Major. At the end ofthe war he took refuge in France, but in1876 an armistice permitted him to returnto Spain where he settled in Oviedo andtook up the practice of a notary.

In 1880 he returned to Cuba and de­voted himself completely to journalism asa strenuous defender of the sovereigntyof Spain. Settling in Havana he editedEl Relampago until, in consequence of itssevere attacks upon the Spanish CaptainGeneral, it was suppressed. Then he pub­lished El Rayo and, later, La Centella, bothof which came under the ban. His attacksupon the Spanish authorities led GeneralBlanco to deport him to Spain, but in twomonths the unyielding journalist was onhis way back to Cuba. In 1883 he founded

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RIVERO 771----------------1----

the newspaper called El General Tac6n; itwas suspended. He founded El Espanoljit met the same fate: then EI PensamientoEspanol which was likewise suppressed.

In 1893 Rivero joined the staff of theViario de la Marina and, in 1895, when theWar of Independence was raging, becameits editor. The period was a very difficultone for the paper because it stood for theSpanish cause, and the triumph of the Re­volution left it in an unfortunate position.But Rivero had maintained strong rela­tions with the Autonomist party which nowstood -him in good stead and enabled himto make headway under the new conditions.

The war over, he adopted a discreetpolitical course, urging reconciliation be­tween Spaniards and Cubans and forget­fulness of past differences in a joint effortto make Cuba prosperous. His servicesin this direction were recognized by theSpanish Government which honored himin 19o~ with the Cross of Alfonso XII, andhe has continued to uphold the interestsof the Spaniards in Cuba, supporting apolitical course of moderation and security.

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At the beginning of the World War,Rivero, as editor of the Diario de laMarina,did not conc~alhis pro-German sympathiesbut, from the time when the United Statesand Cuba threw in their lot with the Allies,he corrected his course and became a par­tisan of the Allied cause, making his paperone of the strongest organs of propagandain Cuba.

Besides being a journalist, Senor Riverois an author and has published: Recuerdosde un viaje por Espana; El Colorado; Re­cuerdos de Mijico; Veinte dias en automovu.

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TORRIENTE

COSME DE LA TORRIENTE

. Soldier; diplomat; lawyer;statesman.

COSME DE LA TORRIENTE Y PERAZA (son.of Leandro and Maria Ignacia) was bornon -the estate of his father, "La Isabel,"near Jovellanos in the Province of Matan­zas on the twenty-seventh of June, 1872.He was educated in the Institute of Ma­tanzas where he completed the course forthe Bachelor's degree and at the Univer­sity of Havana, where he pursued thestudies for the law until 1895 when hejoined the Revolution which broke out onthe twenty-fourth of February of that year.He had obtained the degree of Licentiatein Philosophy and Letters in 1892, for hehad pursued this course simultaneow;lywith that of law, and he obtained thedegree of Licentiate in Law on his returnfrom the battlefield at the close of 1898.

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When the Revolution began in 1895Torriente was active in the revolutionaryclubs of Matanzas, and in March of thatyear he embarked for the United Statesto take part in the filibustering expeditions,there being organized. He was a partici-ipant in several of those which were cap-:tured and in consequence was imprisoned'.at different times, at Washington, Dela­'ware, at Nassau in the Bahamas, and atNew York. Finally he joined the famousexpedition in the steamer Bermuda underthe command of General Calixto Garciawhich landed successfully in Baracoa, andhe served throughout the rest of the warunder Generals Maximo G6mez, CalixtoGarcia, Jose Maria Rodriguez, FranciscoCarrillo, and Jose Manuel Capote. Heserved as Representative for Pinar delRio in the Constituent Assembly of Yaya,Camagliey, returning to the field on itsdissolution. When the war closed he hadgained the rank of Colonel on the GeneralStaff, having taken part in the attack andsiege of Santiago de Cuba as Chief of Staffin the Division .commanded by Major

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TORRIENTE

General Jose Manuel Capote. He tookpart also in the fighting along the Gibara­Holguin line between the forces of GeneralCalixto Garda and the Spanish GeneralLuque, which continued until Augustseventeenth because the opposing forceswere not aware that the Peace Protocolhad been signed in Washington on thetwelfth.

When the Spanish sovereignty cea:;edGeneral Ludlow, the Military Governor ofHavana, appointed Torriente Secretary ofthe Civil Government and later ActingGovernor of the Province. In August,1899, he was appointed Magistrate of theProvincial Courts (Court of Appeals) ofSanta Clara and in 1900 he assumed similarduties in Matanzas, his native Province.There he remained until 1903 when Presi­dent Estrada Palma appointed him Secre­tary of Legation at Madrid, where heserved as Charge d'Affaires until some time

ILlter when he was appointed Minister, andalso Envoy Extraordinary, to represent the,Republic of Cuba at the ~edding of KingAlfonso who conferred upon him on that

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occasion the Grand Cross of Isabel theCatholic. When the anarchist attemptthen made upon the lives of King Alfonsoand his bride occurred, the Cuban envoyand his wife were among those nearest tothe royal pair and like them escaped un­hurt although about a hundred people werekilled or wounded.

In 1906 when the revolution broke outagainst President Estrada Palma, and anAmerican Interventional government tookchar~ of the country, Torriente resignedhis charge although he was the only Cubandiplomat who did so, preferring not to actas foreign representative of the provisionalgovernment. The first and only Treatyever made between Cuba and Spain-thatis to say batween the former Colony andher former sovereign-the Treaty of Ex­tradition now in force, was negotiated byTorriente and bears his signature.

Since 1906 he has devoted hiInself tothe practice of the legal profession and topublic affairs. During the administrationof President G6mez he held fora time theoffice of Civil Service Commissioner, the

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TORRIENTE

Commission Consisting then of three mem­bers, two of the places being held by Lib­erals and one by a Conservative, Torriente,until the beginning of 1912 when he re­signed. On his return from Spain he wasone of those who founded and organizedthe National Conservative party whichhe served for some years as GeneralSecretary, later as Vice-president, andfinally as President which honor he laiddown at the end of 1914, but still con­tinues to be Honorary President of theparty.

In 1<)08 he was candidate for Senatorfrom his native province and in 1910 forRepresentative and was later electedSenator for the term of eight years be­ginning in April, 1918. He was the firstSecretary of State in President Menocal'sadministration. Among matters of inter­national importance which came under hischarge, and were determined in accordancewith his opinion and counsel, was the ques­tion of claims made by England, France,and Germany for damages suffered by theirsubjects during the War of Independence

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and known as the "Tripartite'Claims," andthe case, no less famous, of the PortsCompany of Cuba, known as the "Com­pania del Dragado." In regard to thelatter question it was the judgment of theCuban Government, sanctioned withoutdissent by the Supreme Court of Cuba, thatit was the most important case of its kindthat had arisen in Cuba and possibly in anycountry in America and offered moredifficulties than any other in its study andsolution.

Senor Torriente is the first Vice-presi­dent of the Association and also of theNational Council of Veterans of the Warof Independence; Vice-president of theCuban Society of International Law, andone of the four members for Cuba in TheHague Tribunal of Arbitration; he is amember also of the High InternationalCommission for Uniform Legislation whichholds its sessions in Washington. He iEthe Chairman of the Committee on For­eign Affairs in the Senate of Cuba.

On the declaration of war by Cuba uponthe Imperial Governments of Germany and

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TORRIENTE'

Austria, Senator Torriente took an activepart in presenting and urging the principallaws dealing with the war, among them theact for Aid to the Allies which was due tohis initiative and became law on thefifteenth of May, 1918. By this there was :granted a credit of $2,400,000 annually,to support the civil populations in the warwnes OCEuI-ope and to succor'the soldierswho were victims of the war, and theirfamilies. He was President of the CubanNational Committee created by the law ofPropaganda for the war and of Aid to itsVictims. In recognition of his labors andefforts the French Republic has conferredupon him the decoration of an Officer ofthe Legion of Honor and he has receivedthe thanks of the Government of GreatBritain.

Senator Torriente is a Member by Meritas also Corresponding Member of the RoyalIlfispanic-Ametican Academy of Scienceend Art of Madrid: Honorary Member ofthe Faculty of Political and AdministrativeScience of the University of St. Mark ofLima, Honorary Corresponding Member

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of the Royal Geographical Society ofS~,and he was elected in April, 1919, Corre-sponding Member of the Hispanic Societyof America.

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BETANCOURT

ARTURO BETANCOURT MANDULEY

Lawyer; public man.

ARTURO BETANCOURT MANDULEY wasborn in the town of Holguin, Province ofOriente, Cuba, on the third of August,1870. His formal education was inter­rupted in his youth and was not resumeduntil much later.

When the War of Independence brokeout in 1895 he was deported from the cityof Santiago and withdrew to the state ofYucatan, Mexico, where he continuedactive in the cause of the Revolution untilopportunity offered to return and join theCuban forces in the field. Disembarkingin the Province of Santa Clara he servedwith the rank of Lieutenant under thecommand of Major General MaximoG6mez.

Some years later he returned to his

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studies; he completed the courses for theBachelor's degree at the Institute of San­tiago de Cuba in 1909; in 19II he took theCivil Service Examinations for administra-

. tive service; in 1912 he took the examina­tions for Procurator before the provincialcourt of Oriente and in 1914 he obtainedthe degree of Doctor of Civil Laws ~n theUniversity. In 1916 he was appointedNotary Public for the Municipal districtof Cobre, Oriente, and practices the pro­fession of law in Santiago de Cuba andHavana.

He has taken an active part in politics.For three and a half years he served asPrivate Secretary to the Governor ofOriente. In the general elections of 1912

he was elected Representative from theProvince of Oriente on the Liberal ticketand was reelected in 1916. In the Houseof Representatives he has been Secretary ofthe House; Vice-president of the Committeeon Foreign Relations, Member of the Com­mittee on Justice and Codes, and.Presidentof the Committee on Petitions and Con­cessions.

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BETANCOURT 89

From the year 1910 he has been GeneralSecretary of the Liberal party in the Prov-ince of Oriente.

He took an active part in the Revolutionof 1917 and was appointed Legal Adviserto the Provincial Government of Oriente,President of the Committee on Banks, andColonel in the Legal Staff of the Revolu-tionary army.

He is the author of many laws to improvethe condition of labor and of public roads.

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FIGAROLA

DOMINGO FIGAROLA-CANEDA

Librarian; editor; author.

DOMINGO FIGAROLA-CANEDA was bornin Havana on the seventeenth of January,1852. He completed the courses leadingto the Bachelor's degree and at an earlyage entered upon a literary career, workingas a joumalist-contributbr, editor, and cor­respondent--on various newspapers amongthem El Triunfo, El Pau, and La L'UCha.

In 1876 he founded, in Havana, El M er­curio which he published until the followingyear. hI 1883 he founded El Argumentowhich had a brief career in Havana. In1885 he founded La Ilustraci6n Cubanain Barcelona and directed it until 1887.In Paris he founded and published LaRepublica Cubana, 1896-1897. Finallyhe founded La Revista de la BibliotecaNacional in Havana.

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Senor Figarola is a member and one ofthe founders of the Academy of Historyand is keeper of its Annals. He is also acpnsulting member of the PermanentCouncil of the American Congress of Bib­liography and History of Buenos Aires.

He is the author of the following works:Biografia de don Saturnino Valverde (Ha­bana, 1880); Guia Oficial de la Exposicionde Matanzas (Matanzas, 1881); Bib!io­grafia de Rafael Merckan (Habana, 1905);El Dr. Ramon Meza y Suarez Inc/an.noticia bibliografica (Habana, 1909), andCartografia cubana del British Museum, achronological catalogue of charts, plans,and maps from the sixteenth to the nine-Iteenth century. He collaborated upon theDiccionario Biografico cubano, de Cal­cagno (New York-Habana, 1878~86) j hearranged the materials of the Obras de RosaKruger (T. 1. Habana, 1883), and as partof the Biblioteca de La Ilustracion cubanapublished the Poesias de Julia Perez deMontes de Oca (Barcelona [1887]); Losnegros, de· Antonio Bachiller y Morales(Barcelona [I887]); Seis conferencias, de

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FIGAROLA

Enrique Jose Varona (Barcelona 11887])and Dos Amores, de Cirilo Villaverde (Bar­celona, 1887).

In addition to these books, Figarola haspublished the following of which also he isrthe author:

Escudos primitivos de Cuba (Habana,1913) j M emorias inUitas de la Avellaneda(anotadas, Habana, 1914).; Milan~s yPlacido (Habana, 1914) j Bibliografta deLuz y Caballero (Habana, 1915).

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DE ARANGO

FRANCISCO DE ARANGO

95

O~ial; man of affairs.

FRANCISCO DE ARANGO y MANTILLA is a

scion of one of the most distinguished Cubanfamilies, grandson of the eminent don Fran­cisco de Arango y Parreiio whose services tohis country were so numerous and so con- 4spicuous that on the petition of the Ayunta-miento of Havana the Spanish Governmentgranted him the title of "Marques de laGratitud. " Arango was born at Guanaba-coa, and entered the University of Havanawhere in the years 1884-1885 he gained thedegrees of Doctor of Civil and Canon Lawsand Doctor of Philosophy and Letters.

In 1885 Dr. Arango was made AssistantProfessor in the Faculty of Philosophy andLetters and in the same year began thepractice of his profession, but the death ofhis parents in 1889 compelled him to aban-

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don his hopes of a professional and aca­demic career and to devote himself to thecare of his properties. In consequence ofthe Revolutionary War and the destruc­tion of his properties, he was obliged in1897 to go to Europe and later to PuertoRico where he was appointed Judge of theLower Courts. With the end of the warin 1898 Arango was able to return to hiscountry and give his attention to restoringwhat had been destroyed in the war. Hetook no part in politics until his friend

• General Jose Miguel G6mez was nomi­nated for the Presidency when he enteredthe lists in his behalf. On the election ofGeneral G6mez in 1908, Dr. Arango wasappointed Assistant Secretary of Govern­ment (Gobemaci6n), in 1910 he was madeAssistant Secretary of Justice, and in 1911Inspector General of Agricultural Schools.

In 1912, at the end of General G6mez'sterm of office, Senor Arango resigned andturned his attention to practical affairs­particularly to developing new resourcesand new agricultural products, for whichthe fields of Cuba offer special opportunities.

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HEN R i QUE Z U R E N A 97

MAX HENRfQUEZ URENA

Author; musician; critic;tecuher.

MAX HENRiQUEZ URENA was born inSanto Domingo on the sixteenth of Novem­ber, 1885. He was educated in his nativeplace and at an early age entered upon theliterary career, being dramatic critic ofLa Lucha of Santo Domingo when he wasfifteen. In 1901 he was granted a pensionby the Dominican Government to enablehim to go abroad to study music and hebegan to develop his aptitude for this artin the New York College of Music. Verysoon, however, he abandoned his musicalstudies and though, to be sure, he producedsome few compositions, he found his realvocation in literature to which he devotedhimself. In 1903 he settled in Cuba andthere in Santiago de Cuba founded, andduring two years published, the magazine

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Cuba Literaria. Later in Havana he servedas editor of La Discusi"n, El Ffgaro, andLa Lucha.

In 1907 Henriquez removed to Mexicowhere he remained a year, living an activeeditorial life as editor of El Diario inMexico City, of La Gaceta in Guadalajaraand of The Monterrey News of Monterrey.During this year he also founded La Socie­dad de Conferencias de M~xico.

In 1908 he returned to Havana and therecontinued his literary labors. In associa­tion with Jesus Castellanos he foundedLa Sociedad de Conferencias de la Habanain which he delivered a number of addressesincluding: Grieg y la musua del NOTte,Georges Rodenbach, Tolstoi y la novela real­ista, Jesus Castellanos; su vida y su obraand M artf en Santo Domingo.

Henriquez also delivered notable ad­dresses in the A teneo of Havana, as Ibseny el tedtro contempordneo, Heredia y lapoesfa parnasiana, and Los fundamentosdel bien y del mal. In the Academia Na­cional of Arts and Letters he has spoken onHauptmann. •

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HENRIQUEZ URENA 99

In 1912 he received the title of Doctor ofCivil Laws in the University and in 1916that of Doctor in Philosophy and Letters.In 1917 he gained in competitive examina­tion the Chair of Grammar and Literaturein the Normal School of Santiago de Cubaand in 1918 he was appointed Director ofthe School.

He was Director of the A teneo of Havana.In 1914 he founded the Ateneo of Santiagode Cuba in which he has given lectures onSchumann, Jose Enrique Rod6, and others.In 1915 he founded an Academy for higherstudies in language and literature under thetitle "Academia Domingo Delmonte" inwhich he has given courses in Spanish andCuban literature.

He has published: Whistler y Rodin,conferencia (1906); A nforas, poesfas (1914);Tres poetas de la musua (1915); La Com­binaci6n diplomatica,juguete c6muo (1916);Rod6 y Ruben Dario (1918) and EI ocaso deldogmatimio literario (1919). He has in pre­paration a study on the Teatro contempo­rane<> (1850--1918). He has translated intoSpanish Los Trofeos de Jose Marfa Heredia.

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CARBONELL

NESTOR CARBONELL

Journalist.

_ NESTOR CARBONELL y RIVERO was bornon the fourth of May, 1883, in the town ofAlquizar, Province of Havana. When hewas four years old his family emigrated andfor this and other causes his father was hissole instructor until he was sixteen. Al­though his family returned to Cuba-in1889 he was not able to follow the usualcourse of education on account of thenecessity to assist in the family support.He obtained somewhat later than usualthe degree of Bachelor of Arts in the In­stitute of Pinar del Rio.

He took part in the Revolution of 1906,directed against the government of Presi­dent Tomas Estrada Palma, and held therank of Colonel.

Carbonell has been an active journalist

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and has founded the following magazines:Letras in 1906, BiblioUca Cuba in 1914,Don Pepe (devoted to boys and girts) in1917.

In 1909 he was made Special Inspectorin the Department of Public Instructionand) in the same year, Chief Secretary tothe Police Force of Havana.

Carbonell is the author of many articlesin the press and in various magazines andhas given special study to Cuban biog­raphy, a field in which he has written muchand in which he has a volume in prepara­tion: Los Pr6ceres; ensayos biograficos decubanos ilustres. In particular he hasmade a special study of the career of Martiwhose works are now appearing under hisdirection in La Prensa, and whose person­ality has formed the subject of variousaddrCSfes by Carbonell, particularly thatgiven on his election in 1914 to member­ship in the Academia NacionaJ de Aries yLetms.

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SANTOVENIA

EMETERIO S. SANTOVENIA

Journalist; author; his­torian.

EJrlETERIO S. SANTOVENIA y ECH.AIDEwas born on the twenty-third of May,1889. in the village of Mantua, Pinar delRio, and there pursued his early studies,afterward continuing in the Institute ofPinar del Rio, where he obtained thedegree of Bachelor of Letters and Sciences,and at the University of Havana where hepursued the courses for the degree of Doc­tor of Civil Law. He was made Professorof Public Instruction but pursued thevocation only one year, devoting himselfto literary pursuits, both as journalist andas author. As journalist he has contri­buted extensively to most of the leadingpapers and magazineS of Havana includingDiario de la Marina, El Comercio, El Triun­/0, La Prensa, Herald/de Cuba, La Naci6n,

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Graftco, El Figaro, Bohemia, Letras, DonPepe, etc.

As author Santovenia has labored chieflyin the field of History. He is a eorrespond­ing member of the Academy of History ofCuba and presented upon his election a ,History of Mantua. He has been a com­petitor in literary contests in the historicalfield and his works have been crowned bythe National Academy of Arts and Lettersand by the well-known journal of Havana,Heraldo de Cuba.

His published works are: TranquilinoSandalio de noda (I9IO); CirUo Villaverde(I9II); J os~ Victoriano Betancourt, Estu­dio biogra.fico (I9I2); El Ferrocarril a losRemates de Guane (I913); Ram6n Lazo,Contribuci6n a la Historia de Vuelta Abajo(I914)i El Municipio de Ram6n Lazo(I914); Gonzalo de Quesada, Contribuci6nbiografica (I9IS); Los Arroyos de Mantua,puerto habilitado para el trafico marltimo(I9IS); Pr6ceres Occidentales (I9IS); UnaHeroina Cubana (I918); Ensayo Hist6ricode Pinar del Rio (I919);· Historia deMantua, in press.

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FAILLACQ

JORGE NAVARRO FAILLACQ

Tecu;her .. bcu;teriologist.

JORGE NAVARRO FAILLACQ was born onthe twelfth of May, 1888, in the city ofCienfuegos and there in the Colegio of theJesuit Fathers gained his early education.Having obtained the Bachelor's degree in1905 he continued his studies at the Uni­versity of Havana where he won the degreeof Engineer of Agronomy in 1910 and thatof Civil Engineer in 191I.

From l(~o8 until 19II he occupied theposition of Assistant in the School ofSciences in the University. From 19II to1912 he was Chief Engineer in the office ofPlans and Projects of the Department ofAgriculture. In 1912 he won, in competi­tive examination, Chair" H" in the Agri­cultural School of Matanzas and was thefirst Director until 1914. In 1915 he ob-

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tained again by competitive examinationthe Cha,ir designated as that of Group IIIin the Normal School for Teachers in Ha­vana. In 1917 he gained, also by competi­tive examination, the position of AuxiliaryProfessor of the School of Agronomy andSugar Production in the University ofHavana, a post which he still occupies;besides this he has given courses in theUniversity on "Agricultural Bacteriologyand Vegetable Pathology."

Senor Faillacq is a member of the Socie­dad Felipe Poey and the Sociedad Cubanade Ingenieros. He has contributed scien­tific articles from time to time to papersand magazines and published in 1918, Resu­men de Tunica General Microbiol6gica.

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SARRAIN

FELIPE GONZALEZ SARRAIN

Lawyer; legislator; par­liamentarian.

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FEUPE GONZALEZ SARRAIN was bornin Havana on the first of May, 1868. He I

was educated at the Colegio of Belen where,in 1883, he completed the courses leadingto the Bachelor's degree, passing thence tothe University where he pursued the studyof law, obtaining the degree of Licentiatein 1887 and that of Doctor in 1893.

During the first American Interventionhe was a member of the City Council ofHavana and later was Counsel to that body.He was one of the founders of the Liberalparty under which he was elected Repre­sentative for the Province of Havana in1902 and reelected in 1904. During thesecond American Intervention he was amember of the Consultative Commissionorganized by Governor Magoon and had a

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share in drafting the laws put into effectat that time.

In 1908 Sarrain was again elected Rep­resentative for the Province of Havana andreelected in 1910 and 1914. During. his .career in the Chamber he has exhibitedmarked talent both as a speaker and as aparliamentarian.

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BRULL

MARIANO BRULL

Poet; diplomat.

I()()

MARIANO BRULL was bom- in the cityof Camagiiey, Cuba, on the twenty-fourthof February, 1891. At the age of two his

. parents took him to Spain, where he livedi in Andalucia for about nine years, then, returning to Cuba. He received his degreeof Bachelor of Science and Arts in the cityof Camagiiey in 1908, and graduated asDoctor of Law at the University of Ha­vana in 1913. He practiced as Attorneyat Law in that city almost four years, leav­mg that profession to enter the DiplomaticCareer as Second Secretary of the CubanLegation at Washington, D. C., in 1917.

During his several years as student inCamagiiey, Brull made his first essays asprose and poetry writer. Together withother schoolmates he founded and edited

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a small student's magazine, which lastedbut a few months. Later, while a residentof Havana, he contributed to the leadingCuban magazine, El FIgaro.

In '1916 he published his first volume ofpoems entitled La Casa del Silencio, 'and ispreparing a new volume of poems, En e'Peft6n del Vuelo, for publication in thenear future. He is also working on trans­lations of English poetry into Spanish.

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DE ARAGON

ADOLFO DE ARAGON

Scholar; teacher; author.

ADOLFO DE ARAGON was born on thetwenty-fourth of March, 1864, in Havanaand has lived almost all his life in his na­tive city. There he obtained his education,gaining his degree as Bachelor of Arts inthe Institute in 1878; that of Licentiate inPhilosophy and Letters at the Universityin 1882; and likewise that of Licentiate inCivil and Canon Law in 1883. There alsohe has taught, with the exception of a briefperiod at the Institute of the neighboringProvince of Pinar del Rio where he wasProfessor of Latin and Spanish in 1883-84.In the latter year he received the investi-.ture of Doctor of Philosophy and Lettersand was made Auxiliary Professor, occupy­ing temporarily the chairs of Greek andLatin I,.iterature and Metaphysics.

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I

In 1896 Dr. Arag6n was obliged to leaveHavana and Cuba on account of his po­Jitical opinions which were emphaticallySeparatist, and he removed to the UnitedStates where he joined hiInself to the re­volJltionists acting with them in the politi­cal clubs" Oscar PrimeUes" and "Patria"of New York and "Tunas de Calixto" of .Jacksonville.

In 1897 his Chair at the University wasdeclared vacant for the reason that Gen­eral Weyler had commanded him to returnand he had not done so, but on the contraryhad continued his revolutionary activitiesabroad.

In 1898 when the War of Independellcewas won, Dr. Arag6n was reinstated in hisposition as Auxiliary Professor by theGovernment. On May first, 1900, he wasflppointed to the Chair of History of Classi­bal Literature and in September of thatyear he gained, in competitive examination,the post of Professor of Latin Languageand Literature which he has continued tooccupy.

In 1900 Professor Arag6n was elected a

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member of the Board of Education of Ha­vana which office he filled until 1916 andwas President of the Board from 1914 to1916 during a period of importaJ}t changesin the educational system. In 1916 he waselected Dean of the Faculty of Lctten: andScience for the period 1916 to 1919.

Dr. Arag6n has published Los Dramas deEsq'llilo (Conferencia, 1916); Aristofanes y laantig'lla camedia griega, Conferencia, 1914.

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DE BLANCK

HUBERT DE BLANCK

MUsUian; composer.

HUBERT DE BLANCK was born on theeleventh of July, 1856, in Utrecht, Holland.He received his first instruction from hisfather and continued his studies in theConservatory at Liege under ProfessorsDupuy and Le Dent, where he $on thesecond prize for proficiency at the pianoand gained a subvention from the govern­ment. In 1873 when he was only sixteenhe made a tour of the cities of Russia, andin 1875, being then director of the orches­tra at the theater "EI Dorado" in Warsaw,he made a joint tour with the violinistDangremont through Germany and Den­mark which was attended with markedsuccess. Following this tour the two musi­cians sailed for South America where theygave several concerts at the court of Don

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Pedro II. In the same year Blanck re­turned to Europe and took part in a musi­cal festival at the palace of the Kingof Saxony. Later he embarked for theUnited States where he was appointedProfessor of the Piano in the College ofMusic in New York.

In 1882 Blanck visited Cuba and gaveseveral concerts which were crowned withsuccess, and in the following year returnedto Havana where he settled and in 1885established a Conservat0ry of Music.

In 1896 he was imprisoned for belongingto the Revolutionary Committee of Ha­vana, and soon afterwards, on the order ofGeneral Weyler, expelled from the coun­try. On his return after the defeat of Spain,he reopened the Conservatory of Music,which he had founded in 1885, giving itthe title'Conservatorio N adonal to signifythat it was the center of musical educationin Cuba.

Hubert de Blanck is not only a pianistbut also a composer, and has had an in­fluence in both fields upon the develop-ment of music in Cuba. .

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MOREY

ANTONIO RODRIGUEZ MOREY

Painter; director. andteacher of Art.

ANTONIO RODRiGUEZ MOREY was bornon the fourth of March, 1874. in Havanaand there in his native city he gained hisfirst instruction in the art of painting towhich he has devoted himself. His earlystudies in design were made in the Acad­emy of San Alejandro de la Habana, andthose in painting under the Cuban painters :Juan Ruiz and Miguel Arias. For furtherinstruction he sailed in 1891 to Italy andcontinued his work in scenic painting andperspective under the celebrated painterGiovanni Lessi. In 1892, with the adviceof Lessi, he entered the Scuola Professionaledelli Arti Decorative where he won severalprizes and the title Pintar escen6grafo. In1895 Morey passed on to Rome where heentered the examinations and won one of

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the free posts in the Academy of Paintingfor the study of anatomy and the nude.At the same time he worked in the studioof the famous Spanish painter SalvadorViniegra and collaborated with the paint­ers Serra and Carrodi. He became Pro­fessor of Design and Painting in the Colegioof Santa del Monti and later, after a tourthrough the principal art centers ot Europe,returned to Cuba.

On his return he was appointed Pro­fessor of Anatomy, Perspective, and theHistory of Art in the Academy of Paintingand Sculpture of Havana. He has beenawarded medals and diplomas in manyexpositions both in Europe and America.He is a member of the National Academyof Arts and Letters and Art Director of

, the magazine Bohemia.Among Morey's most notable works are:

Demasiado tarde, Triste jornada, and Elotono en laomontana.

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LE ROY

JORGE LE ROY CAssA

Physician; scientist; sta­tistician; author.

JORGE LE Roy CASSA WlUl born on thethirtieth of September, 1867, in the city ofHavana and there he received his education-the early stages in the Colegio of San Car­100, the secondary courses in that of La GranAntilla where he gained the degree ofBachelor of Arts in 1882, and the laterstages in the University where he won thedegree of Licentiate in Medicine iJll 1888,and of Doctor in 1890. He went on thento Paris where in her University he studiedwith distinguished masters-A. Pinard(Obstetrics), Latteux (Histology, Pathol­ogy, Bacteriology) ,and Pozzi (Gynecology).In 1893 he was a member of tne staff of theNecker Hospital in Paris, working with Dr.Joaquin Albarran as Assistant in the Gyne­cology ward.

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On his return to Cuba Dr. Le Roy taughtin the University where, in the absence oftheir holders, he filled various chairs in­cluding those of Anatomy, Pathology,Histology, Diseases of Infancy, and ClinicalObstetrics. In 1897 he was appoiiltedProfessor pro tempore of Legal Medicineand Toxicology.

In 1901, Dr. Le Roy was appointed byGeneral Wood, Secretary of the YellowFever Commission; in 1903 he was ap­pointed Chief Statistician of Cuba andfrom this date he entered upon a newphase in his career which has been markedby notable success. In 1907 he was madeChief Statistician of Health and Demog­raphy in the Department of Health andCharity. In 1909 he was designated toprepare a statistical report upon the moralcondition of Cuba (crime, suicide, insanity,alcoholism, prostitution, illiteracy, etc.,etc.). In 1910 he was appointed, togetherwith three other distinguished physicians,to collect, edit, select, and publish theworks of Dr. Carlos T. Finlay.

Dr. Le Roy is a member of the Com-

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mission appointed to issue the NationalPharmacopia and of the Academy of Medi­cal, Physical, and Natural Sciences whoseAnnals he has had charge of since 1902, andof which he has been Secretary since 1907.He was a member 01 the delegation whichrepresented Cuba in the Second Latin­American Congress held in Buenos Airesin 1904; he was Vice-president of the Sec­tion of Vital Statistics of the AmericanPublic Health Association in 19II, and wasa delegate of the Association to the Twen­tieth Congress of Hygiene and Demographyheld in Washington in 1912.

Dr. Le Roy is the author of numerousscientific works among which are:

Apuntes para hi H is/oria ae la Obste/riciaen Cuba, 1903; H is/oria de la Academiade Ciencias de la H abana; Consideracionessobre la Prensa Medica de Cuba, 1913; LaPrensa y la Bibliograf£a Medicas cubanas,1914; La His/oria y la Prensa Medica deCuba, 1917; La Prensa Medica y la Es­/ad£s/ica; Sobre las funciones sexuales enla mujer cubana; No/a de ginecomas/ia,1913; H igiene Publica, 1888; Progreso

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sanitario de Cuba, 1912; La Sanidad enCuba, 1913; Estadlstica de fiebre amarilla;La M ortalidad en la H abana, 1913; LaM ortalidad infantil en Cuba, 1914; tSui­cidio 11 asesinato?, 1907; tQuo tendimus?,1907; El suicidio por el fuego, 19°7; Sl1breel raquitismo en Cuba, 1900; Vomitos in­coercibles en las mujeres embarazadas, 1892;Estradlstica de wenticinco aiios de fiebreamarilla, 19O5; lnforme sobre destructoresde basuras, 1912; Fiebre infecciosa, 1904;Presentacil1n de tronco, 1900; Clinica ob­stetrica, 1894; Bibliografla de Dr. EnriqueAcosta, 1913; Bibliografla de la Estadh­tica en Cuba, 1916.

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DE CASTRO

RAIMUNDO DE CASTRO

Phymian; teacher; author.

RADrIUNDO DE CASTRO y BACIDLLER wasborn on the sixth of March, 1878,m the cityof New York where his parents were so­journing, and where he gained his earlyeducation under' the private tutelage ofDr. Valdes Ragues. When his parentsreturned to Cuba he continued his studiesin the Institute of Havana and there ob­tained the degree of Bachelor of Arts in1894. He began the study of Medicinein the University of Havana, but after twoyears went to New York where he com­pleted the course and gamed his degree atColumbia University m 1901. In the sameyear the degree of Doctor of Medicine wasconferred upon him by the University ofHavana.

He became Assistant in the Laboratory

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of Medical Hygiene in the University in1902 and retained the post until 1917 whenhe became Assistant Prof~r of LegalMedicine and Toxicology. He is a Mem­ber of the Liga contra la Tuberculosis deCuba, Medical Advisor of the CompaniaN acional de Seguros, the "ConfederationLife Insurance Co," and of the "Pan­American Co."; Medical Inspector of the"Peninsular and Occidental S. S. Co. " andof the "Southern Pacific S. S. Co."

Dr. de Castro is also Titular Associateof Clinical Studies; Charter member of theSociedad de M edicina Tropical de Cuba;Honorary Physician of the Hospital deSan Francisco de Paula; Socio Protectordel Colegio MUico de Cuba; Miembro delos cuatro Congresos N acionales de Cuba,Miembro de la Asociaci6n de Salud PublicaAmericana, Delegado al Congreso Inter­nacional de Higiene y Demografia in Wash­ington, Associate Fellow of the AmericanMedical Association, Member of theColumbia University Alumni Associationin Cuba.

Author of: Cuadros sin6pticos del trata-

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DE CASTRO

miento de las intoxicadones y enTJenen­amientos; A ndlisis Hid,otimlt,ico en elLaboratoriD de Higiene de la Facultad deMedicina de la UniTJersidad de la Habana;&tado del Suefio y sus funciones anU-t6xicas.Contribuci6n al ,studio del enTJenenamientoagudo pur el colodion; Negando ltl teo,ia deKoch (translation from the English), LaCriminologia ante la M edicina Legal, I ntoxi­caciones industriales debida a las fabrica­ciones de los explosiTJos, Una observaci6nd£nica curiosa; Elogio del Dr. MiguelSanchez Toledo.

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BUSTAMANTE

ANTONIO SANCHEZ DEBUSTAMANTE

Lawyer; professor; pub­licist; statesman; orator.

DR. BUSTAMANTE'S life possCsses thatunity and continuity which belongs pecu­liarly to one whose days are spent in thecity of his birth, and where his family haslived before him. Antonio Sanchez deBustamante was born in Havana on thethirteenth of April, 1865, son of anotherDr. Bustamante, who was Professor andDean of the Faculty of Medicine in theUniversity of Havana. The boy beganhis studies in the famous Colegio of Belenwhere he completed the course for theBachelor's degree, going thence to Spain,as was long the custom with Cuban yOlith,to begin his legal studies at the CentralUniversity of Madrid, but returning to theUniversity of Havana to complete his

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course and obtain his title of Advocate(Abogado).

In 1884, before he was yet twenty, hebegan the profession of the law and gainedby the customary contest of public com­petitive examination the chair of Inter­national Law in the University which hehas occupied from that date.

In 1902, when the Republic of Cubawas constItuted, he was elected Senatorfor the Province of Pinar del Rio andwas reelected in 1909 to representHavana.

In 1895 he was made Member of theInstitute of International Law, the onlyCuban who ~as gained that distinction, andin 1907 he was selected as Delegate Pleni­potentiary of Cuba to the Second PeaceConference at The Hague. He is Dean ofthe Faculty of Law at Havana University,President of the Academy of Arts andLetters; President of the Propriet~rs'Club(Centro de Propietarios) of Havana, overwhich he has presided for twep.ty years:Dean of the Havana Bar; Member of thePermanent Arbitration Tribunal of The

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Hague; Custodian of Alien Enemy Prop­erty, 1918j Delegate from -Cuba to thePeace Conference, 1918j CorrespondingMember of the Hispanic Society ofAmerica, 1918.

Dr. Bustamante. is a contributor toreviews and magazines, chiefly on subjertsconnected with International Law, and isthe author of: Tratado de Derecho I n/er­nacional Privado, Havana, 1896. Printedby the University. Informe relativo a laSegunda ConferenciaInternacional de la Paz,Havana, 1908. Programa de las Asignaturasde Derecho Internacional Publico y Derecholnternacional Privado. Madrid, 1891. EIOrden Publico. Es/udio de Derecho Inter­nacional Privado, Habana, 1893. Le Canalde Panama et Ie Droit International.Bruxelles, 1895. La Segunda Conferenciade la Paz. Madrid, 1908. La Seconde Con­fiirence de la Paix. Translated into Frenchhy George Seelle. Paris, 1909. La Au­tarquia Personal. A study of Interna­tional Private Law. Havana, 1914.Discursos. 3 vols. published and two inpress.

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d'o M E Z

-JOSE MIGUEL GOMEZ

Soldier; man of affairs;statesman; ex-President ofthe Republic of Cuba.

IJosE MIGUEL GOMEZ was born in the

year 1858 in the ancient town of SanctiSpiritus and here, in a Colegio maintainedby the Society of Jesus, he obtained hisearly education. After some years he pro­ceeded to Havana and entered the Institutethere. Meantime the Ten Years' Warwhich disturbed the country from 1868to 1878 was raging and at last the call toarms became too urgent for young G6mezto resist and, in 1876, only a short timebefore his graduation from the Institute,he joined the forces in the field and foughtto the end of the war in Sancti Spiritus.

From this time on he has taken part innearly every political movement in Cuba.He had a prominent and not inglorious

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share in the War of Independence, joiningthe forces of General Serafin ,Sanchez inthe early conflict and continuing in armsuntil the close. He was made LieutenantColonel in command of the "MaximoG6mez" regiment and rose from rank torank by valor in the field, -becoming Col­onel by reason of the battle of Palo Prieto--one pf the most important battles of thewar, becoming Brigadier General by thebattle of Santa Teresa-where he waswounded-and finally winning the rank ofMajor General by valor in the field atGibaro and Arroyo Blanco.

General G6mez enjoyed the special con­fidence and regard of the Commander-in­Chief Maximo G6mez, to such a degreethat when Maceo was killed, he was se­lected to take Maceo's place in commandof the forces in the West. For this dutyG6mez began to organize a force of volun­teers, but so numerous were these that themandate was recalled, the Commander-in­Chief fearing that his army would beweakened and he himself be deprived ofan indispensable associate. During these

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strenuous times G6mez lived a life of in­cessant toil and combat-at one period,during General Weyler's campaign in theSancti Spiritus region, fighting no fewerthan seventeen minor engagements in oneday.

It was General G6mez' good fortune in allthese combats, great and small, never tohave been defeated, though often engagedwith much superior forces of the enemyand on one occasion, when the f~rce at hiscommand amounted only to seventy men,taking captive no fewer than two hundredSpanish cavalry, men, horses, and equip­ment.

At the close of the war, General G6mezwas elected Representative to the famousLast Assembly of the Revolution whichmet first in Santa Cruz del Sur and laterin the Cerro at Havana. He was also amember of the commission w,hich was sentto Washington to obtain a settlement ofthe soldiers' claims for back pay, his asso­ciates being Generals Calixto Garcia, Gon­zalez Lanuza, Villal6n and Sanguily. In1898 he was appointed Governor of Las

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Villas, under the American Intervention,and was continued in the same office bythe votes of his fellow-citizens at the elec­tion of 1901. In 1905 he was the candidateof the Liberal party for the Presidency ofthe Republic but failed of election. Where­upon, after a visit to the United States, hedevoted himself for a time to business iJl.­terests, acting as head of the Silveira SugarCo. J

When the Revolution of 1906 occurredG6mez was arrested and placed under in­dictment, but was released at the order ofthe American Commissioners, Taft andBacon. General G6mez now devoted him­self to politics; he was again nominatedfor the Presidency by the Liberal-Historicalparty which fused witp the old Liberalparty and elected its candidate in 1908.

The administration of General G6mez(1909-1913) was marked by many achieve­ments,amongwhich was the reorganizationof the army, the increase of the national

. marine, the improvement of the ports,roads, and bridges, the construction of rail­ways, the improvement of the condition of

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the workingmen, and the enlargement ofthe public schools.

Followiflg the election in I9I2 of GeneralMenocal, candidate of the Conservativeparty, General G6mez made an extendedvisit to Europe, and on his return abstainedfrom politics until the Presidential electionof I9I6 when he gave his utmost efforts tosecure the election of Alfredo Zayas. Onthe defeat of Zayas in a disputed election,there were various disorders which grewto the proportions of a revolution in whichGeneral G6mez became involved and inFebruary, I9I7, he was seized and impris­oned for a brief period after which heretired to, the United States. ,

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LLES

FERNANDO LLES

Writer; editor; poet.

FERNANDO LL,J:S was born in CeibaMocha, Province of Matanzas, on thethirty-first of August, 1882, but receivedhis early education in Spain where he wastaken by his parents when he was only fouryears old. When he was ,twelve he returnedto Cuba and set to work to gain an educa­tion which should be broad and sound inspite of its irregularity of method. Re­solving to remedy the casual nature of hiseducational training by sustained methodi­cal study, Lles obtained in 1918 the Bache­lor's degree in the Institute of Matanzas.

From a very early age Lles felt drawn toletters and particularly to poetry. Hefounded and edited two magazines, AlmaLatina and Matanzas, both of which had aninteresting though brief career. In 1909

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and 1910 he was the editor of the dailypaper Heraldo de M,atanzasj from 1910 to1917 he was editor of El Imparcial and in1918 took charge of El Jej~, all publishedin Matanzas.

Lies has gained a very creditable reputa­tion as an editor and journalist, but he haswon greater distinction in the higher fieldof pdetry in which he has produced a con­siderable body of work characterized byfaultless form and.a genuine lyric note. Inassociation with his brother Francisco hehas issued three volumes of verse: Crepus­culos, in 1909; Sol de invierno, in 1910, andLimoneros en flor, in 1911, in addition towhich he has collected a volume of hisfugitive poems entitled A orillas del Pireo,inspired by aspects of ancient Greece.

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ESCOTO

JOSE AUGUSTO ESCOTO

Librarian; _iter; edilor.

JOSE AUGUSTO ESCOTO was born on thetwenty-fourth of January, 1864, in Matan­zag, and gained his early education in hisnative town where he pursued the studiesleading to the Bachelor's degree, but failedto obtain it there, because the Institute ofMatanzas like others throughout the Islandhad been suppressed by the Spanish au­thorities; but he received the degree· in1880 from the Institute of Havana. Inthe same year he entered upon the studyof Medicine but soon abandoned it tofollow the stronger interest in literatureand criticism.

The twenty years between 1880 and1900 Escoto devoted to research-investi­gating and accumulating material on thehistory and literature of Cuba, coOperating

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in his labors with the distinguished Cuban .scholars, ]oseSilverio ]orrin, Vidal Morales,and Manuel Villanueva.

In 1900 he succeeded Carlos M. Trelles 'as Librarian of the Public Library of Ma­tanzas and has continued in that post untilto-day. During this period, the secondepoch of his life, Escoto has brought tofruition the results of his research in theearlier years and has published numerousarticles and pamphlets in the field of Cubanhistory. In 1911 he produced an extensivebiography of the famous Cuban poetess, deAvellaneda-entitled Gertrudis G6mez deAvellaneda: cartas inMitas y documentos,z859 a z864.

In 1916 Escoto began to issue his maga­zine Revista hist6rica, attica y bibliogrdftcade la literatura cubana, which, though onlyfour numbeN' appeared, constituted apositive contribution to Cuban historyand letters.

In 1917 Escoto was awarded the prizeoffered by the Franciscan Order in Cubain a literary contest with his essay entitledCont,ibuci6n at estudio de la Primer.Jj Orden

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Franciscana en Cuba. And he is at presentbringing to completion the critical edition ofthe works of the poet Jose Jacinto Milaneswhich is being published in accordance withthe vote of the Congress of Cuba.

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Juan Santos FerdAndez

Coogk

SAN T 0 S FER NAN D E Z 143

JUAN SANTOS FERNANDEZ

Physician; ophJhalmolo-gist; publicist. :

JUAN SANTOS FERNANDEZ was born onthe twenty-second of June, 1847, at "At­revido" the estate of his maternal grand­father in the town of Alacranes, Provinceof Matanzas.

He began his studies at the Colegio ofBelm in Havana where he gained theBachelor's degree and entered the Univer­sity of Havana. He remained there, how­ever, only two years, passing to Madridwhere, in June, 1872, he received the degreeof Licentiate in Medicine and two yearslater at Barcelona that of Doctor.

His devotion to Ophthalmology wasapparent during his university days andhas remained the central interest in his life.From Spain he went to Paris where hegave special study to his chosen subject

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until 1875 in Dr. Xavier Galezowski'sclinic for diseases of the eye. In 1875 he ,established hims~lf in Havana and founded:the Cr6nica M Mico-Quirurgica de la Hahanawhich is the oldest magazine of the city.In 1887 with the aid of colIea~es he!founded the Laboratorio Histo-Bacterio-:16gico y de Vacunaci6n A ntirrabica which ihas rendered important scientific serviceand has passed its twenty-fifth year, whichwas celebrated in a special 'number of theCr6nica M ~dico-Quirurgica de la Habana.

Dr. Fernande~ has devoted his energiesto the medical Press and the Academies.His publications have been very numerous.More than sixteen hundred contributions,containing many annotations and descrip­tions, constitute the record and these ,con­tain details of no fewer than sixty thousandcases, i. e., clinical histories of individuals.So that it might be said that no physicianhas published more cases in Spanish.

In October, 1909, Dr. Fernandez wasinvited by the American Academy ofOphthalmology to read a paper on' hi$specialty and to receive the title of Honor-

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ary Member. On his return to Cuba theAcademy of Sciences of Havana, as a signof its achniration and esteem, devoted aspecial session to his honor and placed hisportrait in its halls.

In 1912 he was chosen to preside at thePan-American Congress held at Havana;he is President of the Academy of Sciencesand also of the Ateneo y Circulo of Havana.

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VENTO

RAFAEL PEREZ VENTO Y NIN

Physician; leachP; writer.

RAFAEL PEREZ VENTO y NIN was bornon the twenty-first of October, 1875, in thetown of Guanabacoa. His education wasgained partly in Havana, partly in Madrid,and partly in Paris, and he holds the degreeof Doctor in Medicine and Surgery.

He served for a time as Physician of theHospital of Mercedes and Number One.He won in competitive examination thepost of Professor of Physiology, etc., in theFaculty of Medicine of the University ofHavana and has continued to occupy it.Meantime he has contributed manyarticles on his special subject to profes­sional journals and h2S published: RojasFisiol6gicas, 1914; Rojas NeuTol6gicas y

Mentales, 1916.

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BARRERAS

ALBERTO BARRERAS FERNANDEZ

Soldier; educator; administrator.

ALBERTO BARRERAS FERNANDEZ wasborn on the twenty-seventh of February,'1870, in Havana and there obtained hisedueation, pursuing the courses leadingto the Bachelor's degree in the Jesuit'Colegio of Belen and continuing the studyof law, though not completing the course,'in the University. :

During the War of Independence hewas imprisoned for conspiring against theSpanish rule and in favor of Cuban liberty,and was later expelled from Cuba. Where­upon he gave himself to organizingrevo­lutionary clubs in the United StateS andMexico, devoting his energy particularlyto providing resources for the Cuban annyand to the propal{anda of emancipation.

In 1897 he joined a military expedition

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which reached the coaSt of Cuba on theship Dauntless and disembarked thereunder the command of Major Luis RodolfoMiranda. His services in the war gainedhim the rank of Major.

At the close of the war he continued ingovernment service and on the third ofJanuary, 1899. was appointed Secretaryof the Board of Education for Havana.His duties began with the organizat:on ofeducation in Cuba, and he had a share inall the early stages, being entrusted withspecial duties of importance. This post heheld until the eighth of October, 1908, whenhe was appointed Secretary of the Govern­ment of the Province of Havana underGovernor Asbert, and filled the duties ofthis office until the sixth of April, 1913.Meantime in the elections of the first ofNovember, 1912,he had been chosen Repre­sentative from the Province of Havanaand he entered upon the duties of his newoffice on the seventh of April, 1913. In theHouse of Represantatives he was electedSecretary of the House and held this posi­tion until the twenty-ninth of July, 1914,

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BARRERAS

continuing as Representative until thefirst of April, 1917.

In November, 1916, he was the LiberalCandidate for Governor of the Province ofHavana, and is said to have been electedby a great majority. Under the law thesuccessful candidate should have takenpossession of his office on the twenty­fourth ,of February, 1917, but the govern­ment then in power, belonging to the partyto which Barreras had been opposed in theelections, prevented him from doing so andimprisoned him until the thirtieth of June,and then, on setting him at liberty, undera fine of $10,000, charged that he had ineffect resigned his office by not tak!ngpossession of it at the time designated-atwhich time he was in jail, imprisoned in thecells of the Cabana. In the spring of1919, under authorization of the Courts,he entered into his office of Governor.

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DE JUSTIZ

TOMAS JUAN DE JUSTIZ Y DELVALLE

Teacher; writer.

TOMAs JUAN DE JUSTIZ Y DEL VALLE wasborn in Santiago ae Cuba on the twelfthof July, 1871.

He gained his degree of Doctor in Philos­ophy and Letters and the secondary degreeof Licentiate in Law at the University ofHavana where he taught for a time asauxiliary Professor of Universal History.He is now Professor of Geography and'Universal History in the Institute of Ha-,vana. In the Summer Sessions he hasbeen Lecturer on the History of Cuba, andGeneral Geography.

He has been active as a journalist as wellas a teacher, serving as editor and contri­butor to various papers, and is now one ofthe editors of La N oche.

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For a time he served as Secretary andDirector of the Ateneo y Ctrculo of Havanaand is the author of: tExiste una Litera­tura Cubana? -Thesis for the Doctor'sdegree, Havana, I9OO; Carcajadas y soUo­zos, a novel, Havana, I906; Ultima es­peranza, a comedy, Havana, I9IOj LaVictima, a comedy, Havana, I9IIj ElSuicida, a novel, Havana, I9I2j terribleSanidad, a comedy, Havana, I9I5; His­toria Universal, Havana, I9I6.

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HERRERA

JULIO BLANCO HERRERA

Man of affairs.

JULIO BLANCO HERRERA was born onthe twentieth of December, 1881, in Ha­vana. His early education he gained atthe church schools of Guanabacoa, andlater went to France where he enteredthe School of Commerce of Paris.

On returning to Cuba he entered thecommercial field, joining the staff of thefirm of ship-owners Empresa N amera deSobrinos de Herrera, of which his fatherwas the manager. In 1903 he became headof the firm, and remained in charge until1914 when he became head of the NuevaFd.brica de Hielo, S. A.

Senor Herrera has traveled widely andin 191 I made a tour of the world.

He is prominent in Havana Society,being a member of many clubs, and is oneof the Directors of the Chamber of Com­merce, Industry, and Navigation.

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BUSTAMANTE

MARIO MUNOZ BUSTAMANTE

Writer; official.

MARIO MUNoz BUSTAMANTE y MEDINA

was born in Havana on the third of July,1881. He gained his education by hispersonal efforts without attending collegeor university.

He has an official position as Chief Clerkof the Republic of Cuba. But his activecareer has been that of a writer, first injournalism where he has served as editoror contributor to nearly all the papers andperiodicals of Havana, and later in moresustained efforts in biography and fiction.

He is the author of: Cranuas Humanas,Habana, I90S; EI Pantano, Satire. Habana,1905; Ideas y Colores, Habana, 1907; EIGeneral Mario G. Menocal, tercer Presi­dente de la Repf4blua de Cuba, Habana,1913; Rimas de Gozo, Habana, I9IS.

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In preparation: Oro Viejo, a historyof the Spanish conquerors of America.

At the foundation of 'the Academy ofArts and Letters he was mad'e one of theoriginal members.

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DE ARMAS

RODOLFO RODRiGUEZ DE ARMAS

Scholar; teacher; publicist.

RODOLFO RODRIGUEZ DE ARMAS wasborn on the fourth of February, 1874, inHavana, and gained part of his educationin the city of his birth. In the year 1891he became editor of the Revista Universi­taria, and in the following year edited alsoEJ Centenario en la Hahana. He servedfor a time as Professor of Latin Grammarand of Spanish Grammar and Literaturein the Institute of Pinar del Rio, and wonthe following degrees-Doctor in Philo­sophy and Letters and Licentiate in Law.

In 1898 he went as Deputy for Havana tothe Spanish Cortes where he urged that asweeping autonomy be granted to Cuba, andlater besought the Spanish government toauthorizethe executionof theTreatyof Pariswith the United States, maintaining that itwas the duty of Spain to assure the recog­nition of Cuba as an independent nation.

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In 1900 he edited La U nidn Democf'dticain Pinar del Rio.

In 1909 he was official Delegate of Cubain the Third Internatlional Conference onMaritime Law at Brussels where he con­tributed to the discussion of the rules uponBoarding, Salvage, and Responsibility, theapplication of which might be of greatbenefit by preventing much litigation.

He is Professor of Geography and Uni­versal History in the Institute of Havana;President of the Section of History in theSociedad Econ6mica de Amigos del Pais;Member of the Academy of History ofCuba and also Librarian.

He has published: Las hCf'manas Rossell,novela, Habana, 1908; La f'cvolw;i6n f'e­ligiosa del siglo XVI, Habana, 1909; LaTef'Cem Conjerencia Internacional de De­recho Maritimo, Habana, 1910; MOIiaJuana, drama, Habana, 1910; CUf'SO deHistoria UnivCf'sal. 3 vols. Habana, 1915;Salvada del abismo, drama, Habana,· 1916.

In preparation: CrUica litCf'OIia; &­tudios hist6ricos; Discursos y conjCf'encias.

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CARBONELL

LUIS GARCIA CARBONELL

Meteorologist.

LUIS GARCIA ~ARBONELL was born inLos Palos, Province of Havana, on thetenth of October, 1840. He took his earlystudies in the CoUgio of Don Joaquin An­dres de l?ueiias in Havana, but while stillvery young went to Spain to fit himself fora naval career. There he entered the NavalSchool of San Fernando in Cadiz where hegraduated in 1857 as a Marine guard.

He sailed until 1875 on various shipsand on many seas, being in charge of navi­gation or actually navigating officer ofseveral vessels. From 1875 until 1893,when he requested and obtained his dis­charge from the service, he was employedin the Captaincy of the Port of Havanaand in the Naval Station.

In the year 1899 he established for the

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Spanish Marine the meteorological serviceof the Antilles by which he gained the rankof Frigate Captain with which he retired.

When the Spanish rule in Cuba ceased,Carbonell was appointed. by the U. S.Government, Assistant in the WeatherBureau of the Antilles, with headquartersat Havana. On the establishment of theRepublic in 1902, he was ~alled upon by theSecretary of Agriculture to take charge ofthe service of climatology and crops whichthe Intervention government handed overto Cuba.

In 1905 he was placed in charge of theMeteorological Service by which he becameDirector of the National Observatory, andthis he inaugurated on the spot which itnow occupies in the Lorna de Casa Blanca,of which the exact geographical positionis: Latitude 20°,9' N. Y.; Longitude 5 h.29 m 23.4 sec. W. of the Meridian ofGreenwich.

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Armando Andre Alvarado

P~NDRE I 163---------------

ARMANDO ANDRE ALVARADO

Soldier; official; Direc­tor of Subsistence.

ARMANDO ANDRE ALVARADO was bornin Key West, Florida, on the first of May,x872. In 1892, when he was twenty yearsold, he joined the Cuban revolutio~n theProvince of Matanzas, attaching himself tothe staff of General Antonio Maceo. Underthe orders of General Maceo he came toHavana and carried out daring projectsincluding a visitation on General Valer­iano Weyler in the very palace in the Plazade Armas which 1S now occupied by thePresident of the Republic. He operatedlater in the Province of Havana withGenerals Delgado and Castillo.

In 1892 he was sent to the United Statesunder orders from General Castillo to con­duct an expedition and obtain materials ofwar. This commission he fulfilled within a

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month, landing at the mouth of. the RiverMosquito (near Marie!) with all the mem­bers of the expedition, twenty in number,and the materials safe. At the end of thewar his services had won for him the rankof Major.

He became an officer of Police in H~vana

and was entrusted with confidential dutiesI in the administration of President Palma.He fought during the Revolution of Au­gust, 1906, at the head of a mobile force.

In .9II he was elected Representativeon the Conservative ticket, for the termending in 1915. He has twice been candi­date for Governor of the Province ofHavana and has been President of theConservative party in the Province andPolitical Editor of El Via.

In April, 1913, he was elected Presidentof the Commission for the examination of

. the National Accounts and the verificationand inspection of the National Debt.

On the entrance of Cuba into the War. in 1917 Senor Andre was appointed Direc­

tor de Subsistencias.

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CARRICARTE�------------~--I-----I

ARTURO R. DE CARRICARTE Y DEARMAS

Editor; author; o.fficial.

ARTURO R. DE CARRICARTE Y DE ARMAS

was born on the sixth of November, 1880,in Havana and received his early educationat home under the instruction of a notedteacher and writer, Doctor Esteban BorreroEchevarria. In 1894 he gained the degreeof Bachelor of Science and Letters andthereafter pursued for three years theMedical course. In 1900 he won the rankof Professor in competitive examination,being one of eleven successful out of atotal number of a hundred and five com­petitors.

In 1902 he resigned his professorship andwent to Mexico where he engaged in liter­ary work which occupied him either inCuba or in Mexico until 1909 when he '

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entered the Consular service and wasstationed at Montevideo, Uruguay.

In 19II he resigned his consulship atMontevideo and was appointed ChiefClerk to the Secretary of Gobernad6n fromwhich post he resigned in 1913. In 1916he was appointed Chief Clerk of the Senatewhere he continues.

Senor Carricarte's life has been chieflylived in his literary work which he beganat an early age, having founded when hewas sixteen the Revista Habanera a stu­dents' magazine. In 1904 he founded theweekly journal Helios at Marianao and in1906 in Vera Cruz, Mexico, the RevistaCrttica.

In 1907 he served as city Editor of theSpanish edition of the Havana Post and alsoedited the art journal El Mundo Arttstico.He has been a member of the staff of Azuly Rojo, El Figaro, and E1 Triunfo of whichlast he has been editorial writer for eightyears. He has also contributed to theprincipal magazines of Cuba and writtenreviews for the Diario de 1a Marina.

In 1906 he founded the Asociaci6n

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CARRICARTE

Literaria I nternacional A mericana whichhe served as President and which includedamong its members, Jesus Castellanos,Miguel de Carri6n, Max Henriquez Urena,etc. In lC}08 he was crowned in the Ateneoof Havana for his critical study on theCaracteres predominantes de la actual liricaCastellana. He is an Honorary Memberof the Ateneo of Salvador, and a Corre­sponding Member of the Academias deCiencia, Letras y Artes of Salvador, of theAcademia Emilio Castelar of Mexico, of theSociedad de Escritores y Artistas of PortoRico, etc.

He is the author of: Siluetas Pedagogicas,Habana, 1903; Nocke Tragica, novela,Habana, 1903; La Novela en Cuba, articulo,Febrero, 1907; El nacionalismo en America,articulo, Montevideo, 1909; Un Centenario,Habana, 1914; Historia de un vencido,novela, Habana, 1914; La Nuvela en Cuba,two vols.; Balance Literario de Cuba en1915, 1916.

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BARALT

BLANCHE ZACHARIE DE BARALT

Lecturer; writer.

BLANCHE ZACHARIE was born in NewYork on the seventeenth of March, 1866,but spent most of her childhood in Pariswhere she obtained her early education.On returning to the United States, sheentered the Packer Collegiate Institute ofBrooklyn where she graduated and after­wards continued her studies, particularlyin music, which she pursued under thebest masters for several years.

Mter her marriage to Dr. Baralt (q. v.)she continued to live in New York, occu­pied chiefly in literary work, until 1<)00

when her husband fixed his residence inHavana and where husband and wife havehad an active literary career. In 1902 sheobtained the degree of Doctora in Philoso­phy and Letters.

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She has lectured widely, both in Cuba,France, and the United States, havingspoken at the Ecole des B autes EtudesSotiales de Paris, Columbia University,and Wellesley, Vassar, and Wells Collegesin the United States, besides the Ateneo inHavana. She has contributed to manynewspapers and periodicals, particularlythe Diario de la M crina and EJ FfgaTo ofHavana.

When the war broke out Doctora Ba­ralt associated hel'Self with Senora Mari­ana Seva de Menocal in organizing theCuban Red Cross of which she was Vice­President.

She is the author of: GertTudi.s G6mez deA'IJelianeda (article in Wemer's Magazine,N. Y., 1898); Conferencia en el Ateneo de la

- Babana, 1909; Estudios de Arte y de Vida,Paris, 1914.

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MORALES

MODESTO MORALES DiAZ

Journalist.

MODESTO MORALES DfAz was born inthe city of Sancti Spiritus, Province ofSanta Clara, on the twentieth of April, 187 I,

while the Ten Years' War was still raging.He obtained his education in his nativeplace, which at that time possessed excellentprimary and secondary schools; and enteredat an early age upon the journalistic pro­fession to which he has devoted himself.His first work was done on the staff of ElFenix, the oldest newspaper of the prov­ince, which he served first as reporter andlater as editor and to which he has con­tinued to contribute.

In his youth he took an active part inthe Autonomist party and was zealous inorganizing the Young Liberals. When the

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Revolution broke out in 1895 he was anenergetic agent in the revolutionary or­ganization, while acting at the same timeas a correspondent of La Discusi6n (ofHavana), and was deported from SanctiSpiritus, in company with other ardentCubans of the town, by the Spanish Gen­eral Pin. Whereupon he took up his resi­dence in Havana and joined the staffof La Discusi6n on which he continueduntil it was suppressed by the Spanishauthorities.

On the foundation of the Republic (in1902) he became one of the editors of LaLuchq. and remained on its staff until H)o7

when he cooperated with General JoseMiguel G6mez in founding the newspaperEl Triunfo, of which he is now the soleproprietor and in which he maintains thelofty ideals and democratic principles ofthe Liberal party.

Although he has had a prominent partin political affairs, being one of the originalorganizers of the National party in Cubaand active later in uniting the elementswhich supported and elected. General

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G6mez, Sr. Diaz has never held office,either National, Provincial, or Municipal.His sole ambition is centered in the idealsof journalism.

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ROMANACH

LEOPOLDa ROMANACH

Painter.

LEOPOLDO ROMANAcH was born in 1869in Sierra Morena, Province of Santa Clara,but was educated in Spain, whence he re­turned as a youth, resolved to be a painter.and began to paint without instruction.

Sometime later the Provincial Assemblyof Santa Clara granted him a pension toenable him to go to Italy to study. Therehe remained five years and received muchinstruction from the distinguished master,Professor Filippi Prosperi, Director of theInstitute of Fine Arts of Rome.

At the outbreak of the War of Independ­ence in 1895 he lost his pension and wentthen to the United States where he livedby his brush until 1900 in which year hereturned to' Havana. His return was sig­nalized by an exhibition of his paintings

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and his appointment as Professor of Colorin the Academy of Havana, a post whichhe still holds.

Sr. Romanach has exhibited at theWorld's Fairs of Paris in I<)02, of Buffaloin 1903, of Charleston in the same year, ofSt. Louis in 1904, of Havana in 1911, andof San Francisco in 1916. In the HavanaExposition he was awarded the First Prize(Gran Premio) and in that of San Fran­cisco a Medal of Honor. In the earlierExpositions he was awarded two goldmedals, one of silver, and one of bronze.

Among Sr. Romanach's works are:Convaleciente, Abandonada, Un nido demiseria, La promesa, Cumpliendo el voto,Juventud, Mis modelos, Rinc6n de estudios,Segoviana, Viejo rezando, Segadora, Vende­dora de naranjas, Luisete, Viejo fumamdo,Gitana, M adrilena. Soiiadora, Contraste.

In addition to these he has producedvarious decorative panels, a triptich repre­senting Agriculture, and a historical paint­ing El T oso de los Laureles y la UltimaPrenda which obtained the Medal of Honorat the San Francisco Exposition.

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ROBERTS

HUGO ROBERTS

Doctor; soldier; scientist;administrator.

HUGO ROBERTS was born in Trinidad onthe twentieth of July, 1868. He receivedhis early education in Madrid but latercame to Havana where he completed thestudies for the Bachelor's degree in theInstitute and, proceeding to the Univer­sity; obtained the degree of Doctor ofMedicine in 1891.

He was occupied in the practice of hisprofession and as Medical Advisor of theCompania Transatlantica Espanola untilthe year 1895 when, on the outbreak of theWar of. Independence, he threw himselfinto the struggle and joined the forces ofGeneral Antonio Maceo under whom heserved and who made him Surgeon at hisHeadquarters. When Generals G6mez andMaceo organized the column of invasion in

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the Eastern provinces to carry the war intothe western part of the Island, Dr. Robertswas made Surgeon General of the invadingforces, a difficult and dangerous post whichput to the test at once his personal valor,his patriotism, his energy, and his qualityas a man of science. In the course of dutyhe was severely wounded in the battle ofSan Gabriel de Lombillo; nevertheless hefinished the campaign, gaining promotionfrom rank to rank solely by his personalmerits and ended the war with the rank ofBrigadier General.

In 1898 he was delegated from the SixthCorps of the Anny to the Assembly ofSanta Cruz del Sur, and in 1901 he servedas Alternate in the Constitutional Con­vention which drew up the fundamentalcode of the Republic.

During the first American InterventionDr. Roberts was appointed Surgeon to theHavana Police force; later he was madefirst surgeon of the Port of Havana andon September 1,1902, he was named Chiefof the Quarantine service-a post which hestill occupies.

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ROBERTS

Along with Doctors Guiteras, Agra­monte, Barnet, and L6pez del Vaile, DoctorRoberts was one of the. most effectiveco-laborers in the work initiated under theAmerican Intervention for the publichealth of Cuba, as he has been one of theablest of those who have ma,intained thesanitary policy then adopted.

Dr. Roberts was Delegate of the CubanGovernment to the Exposition in St. Louis(1904) and to the Pan-American HealthConventions in Mexico (1907), CostaRica (1909), and Santiago de Chile (19II).

He was also Acting President of theNational Red Cross Society of Cuba; andat present is a Member of the NationalBoard of Health; Member of Special Com­mission of Infectious Diseases and alsoMember of the Bureau of American Re­publics in Washington.

He is author of several scientific workson Medical and Sanitary matten; and alsoinventor of an apparatus for generating andinjecting hydrocyanic acid gas, which isemployed to advantage by the SanitaryDepartment for the destruction of all kinds

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of vermin. This apparatus was awardeda Gold Medal in the International Ex­position of San Francisco, California, in1915, and was also awarded a prize by theThird National Medical Congress held inHavana in December, 1914.

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Fernando Freyre de Andrade

(:oog[c

FREYRE DE ANDRADE lSI

FERNANDO FREYRE DE ANDRADE

Lawyer; soldier; magis­trate; administrator.

SEr::OR FREYRE DE ANDRADE was bornin the city of Havana on the tenth of Sep­tember, 1863. His early studi(s were pur­sued in Havana in the Colegios of Carcasesand of Don Jose Alonso Delgado, where hecompleted the courses leading to the Bache­lor's degree, going thence to the Universi­ties of Havana and Madrid to continue hisstudies in the Law in which he graduatedfrom Havana in 188S.

In 1890 he was made substitute Prosecut­ing Attorney of the Audiencia of Havana,in 1894 he was made substitute Magistrate,and during the same period he acted asSecretary and Counsel of the Casa deBeneficencia y M aternidad.

VVhen the VVar of Independence broke

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out Senor Freyre de Andrade left Cuba andwent to the United 'States where in duecourse he placed himself under the direc­tion of Tomas Estrada Palma who wasguiding the Revolutionary forces in NewYork. He embarked on the third expedi­tion of the Dauntless landing in Rio Hondode San Juan on the thirteenth of OctotJer,1896. He then served under GeneralMaximo G6mez who placed him in com­mand of his Cavalry. In the same yearthe Council of Government named himAuditor General of the Army Legal Staffattached to General Headquarters. InSeptember, 1897, he was elected Represen­tative of the Fifth Army Corps in theSecond Legislative Assembly of the Rev­olution which met at Yaya, Camaguey.At the close of the Assembly the Councilappointed him chief of the Military LegalStaff with the rank of Brigadier General,and at the end of the war he was electedto represent the Fifth Army Corps in thelast Assembly of the Revolution whichmet, first in Santa Cruz del Sur and laterin Cerro in Havana-of which Assembly

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he was elected alternate President withGeneral Capote.

When the legal division of the Govern­ment was organized under the AmericanIntervention, Freyre de.Andrade was madeMagistrate of the Audiencia of Havana.Later General Wood appointed him Prose­cuting Attorney (Fiscal) of the Audiencia,and when the Republic was constitutedPresident Palma appointed him Fiscal ofthe Supreme Court. This office he resignedto become Secretary of Gobernaci6n in1905. In the same year he was electedRepresentative and was also chosen Presi­dent of the House of Representatives wherehe continued until Governor Magoon, atthe second American Intervention, sus­pended the functions of Congress.

General Freyre de Andrade was one ofthe founders of the Republican party.For a period he abstained from politics onaccount of his duties as Magistrate, butafter becoming Secretary of Gobernaci6nhe took. part in the activities of theModerate party as long as it survived,whereupon he shared in organizing the

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Conservative party with which he remainsallied.

In 1912 he was elected Mayor (alcaldeMunicipal) of Havana and occupied theoffice until 1916 wqen he retired before theend of his term on account of illness.

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ZEQUEIRA

SERGIO CUEVAS ZEQUEIRA

Teacher; orator; publicist.

SERGIO CUEVAS ZEQUEIRA was born onthe thirty-first of January, 1863, in the cityof San Juan de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico),and there, in the Colegio of the Society ofJesus, he obtained his early education andreceived the Bachelor's degree. He thendevoted himself to the teaching professionand by competitive examination gained aposition in the city schools of Ponce (PuertoRico). In 1887 the Spanish GovernorGeneral, D. Romualdo Palacios, threatenedhim with deprivation of office unless hewould renounce his Autonomist opinions.Thereupon Cuevas Zequeira resigned hispost, left Ponce and went to Mayagiiezwhere the Society for the Propagation ofthe Faith entrusted him with the chargeof EI Liceo, a school of primary and second-

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ary education where he continued for threeyears.

Stirred by the spirit of enterprise he lefthis native country and set off to make acareer in Cuba. Going to Havana heentered the University and there, havinggained the degree of Doctor in Philosophyand Letters, he obtained the position ofacting-Professor of the History of Spain.At the close of the Spanish-American Warhe returned to Puerto Rico to accept thepost of Professor of Philosophy, Logic, andEthics in the Provincial Institute there.

In 1900 he returned to Cuba, seekingan ampler field for his energies than hecould find in his native island, and enteringthe competitive exan1ination, he won, bythe unanimous vote of the committee ofjudges, an Auxiliary Professorship in theschool of Philosophy and Letters in theUniversity. In fulfillment of this appoint­ment he acted as substitute for Dr. En­riqueJose Varona in the chair ofPsychology,Morals, and Sociology while this distin­guished scholar was occupying the postof Secretary of Public Instruction in the

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Cabinet. Later he had the chair of His­tory of Philosophy and has now beenpromoted to act definitively as SubstituteProfessor in the chair of Dr. Varona.

Dr. Cuevas Zequeira has won distinc­tion in other fields-those of oratory andjournalism. As an orator he became widelyknown in Puerto Rico, not only for politicaladdresses but as a speaker in support ofvarious good causes affecting patriotismand education. In Cuba he is Presidentof the Society for advancing the CubanTheater and is sought as a public speaker.

Both in Puerto Rico and in Cuba Dr.Cuevas Zequeira has had an active jour­nalistic career. In Puerto Rico he foundedand edited El Liceo and served on the edi­torial staffs of El Liberal, El Territorio andEJ Diario de Puerto Rico; in Cuba he hasbeen an editor of El Mundo, La RepublicaCubana, La Opini6n N acional and LaI nstrucci6n Primaria. He has served alsoas a member of the Provincial Council ofHavana.

Besides being a frequent contributor toperiodicals, Dr. Cuevas Zequeira is the

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author of: En la Contienda, a collectionof political articles, Havana, 19°1; ElPadre Varela, Habana, 1906; PlaticasAgridulces, satires, political ~nd literary,Habana, 1906; William James y pragma­tismo, a lecture, 1914; La Revoluci6n deYara, a lecture, 1915.

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BARALT

LUIS A. BARALT Y PEOL!

Educator; writer; lecturer;physician; diplomat.

LUIS A. BARALT y PEOLI was born inSantiago de Cuba, on the first of Odober,1849. Having received his early educationthere, he soon' went to Matanzas where hecontinued his studies at "La Empresa,"Antonio Guiteras's famous school. Havingreturned to Santiago de Cuba, he studiedat the Institute of that City.

During his five years at this institution,from which he graduated a Bachelor, heearned his tuition by scholarships awardedfor excellence in his work. In his eight­eenth year he set sail from Santiago deCuba, to New York where he studied at~ellevue Hospital, and became a Doctorin Medicine, He practiced this professionfor several years with success, but for

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vocational reasons discontinued his prac­tice and devoted his attention to journalism,art, and education. He.was for several yearsspecial dramatic critic for The World ofNew York. In the eighties Doctor Baraltbecame the center of an artistic and literarymovement, which took concrete form inthe "Society for Harmonious Culture,"of which he was founder and President.

At the time of the Cuban War of Inde­pendence Doctor Baralt collaborated suc­cessfully with the Revolutionary Juntaof New York in the work of raising fundsfor the cause of Cuban freedom.

He was for some time Professor of Span­ish at Columbia University and for fifteenyears Special Instructor in the same subjectat the College of the City of New York.

When the Spanish domination ceased,he immediately returned to his native landwhere he soon after won by competition achair at the Institute of Havana as Pro­fessor of English.

Since returning to Cuba, Doctor Baralthas devoted most of his time and effortsto the study of Education; has been the

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leader or inspirer of several movementsfor the betterment of public instruct{on inCuba, and on two occasions has been sentto Europe to study educational methodsthere. The first time, in 1907, he trav~ledextensively through Europe and submittedto the government, on his return, an im­portant report on his investigations. Thesecond time, in 1912, he was a delegate ofCuba at the Pedological Congress held atBrussels.

Besides innumerable articles, lectures,reports, etc., which Dr. Baralt has pub­lished in various periodicals, he is theauthor of two textbooks for the study ofEnglish and one for the study of Spanish,and also of a translation into Spanish verseand prose of Shakespeare's Hamlet.

At present Dr. Baralt is Minister Pleni­potentiary and Envoy Extraordinary ofCuba at Lima, Peru.

Publication: The Harmonic Method forLearning Spanish, New York, 1896.

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By permission of Sol Young, photographer (N.Y.)

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CABRERA 193!

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IRAIMUNDO CABRERA

Lawyer; editor; author.~i

RAIMUNDO CABRERA was born in Ha-:, :vana on the' ninth of March, 1852, andreceived his early education in the schoolsfor the poor in the town of Guines whencehe passed, as a gratuitous pupil, to theColegio of San Francisco of Asis completingthere his course for the Bachelor's degree. .

From his boyhood he was involved inrevolutionary activities against the Spanishrule and in 1869 he was indicted, con-demned, and confined upon the Isle of Pines.In 1872 he obtained permission from theSpanish authorities to be transferred toSeville where he was permitted to resumehis studies at the University and obtainedthe degree of Licentiate and was admittedto practice in 1873. In the same year hereturned to Cuba and entered upon the

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•practice of the law in Havana where he wonearly and notable success.

When the Ten Years' War closed in 1878and the Autonomist party was formedCabrera was one of its founders, organizingthe local section in Gliines. In 1879 theparty elected him Provincial Deputy and:at the same time made him Secretary ofthe Provincial Deputation of Havana, toboth of which offices he was reelected in1883.

In Guines he founded the newspaperLa Uni6n which always maintained a highreputation and under the inspiration of

• Cabrera kept alive the fires of enthusiasmfor liberal ideas.

In 1890 the Central Board of the Autono­mist party presented him as a candidatefor the office of Deputy in the SpanishCortes and although he gained the majorityof votes he was defeated through the high­handed procedures of the Spanish party.He never again sought public office. Hehad already lost confidence in any peacefuldevelopment of Cuba under the sover­eignty of Spain and when the Autonomist

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party ceased to be the genuine representa­tive of the movement of protest againstthe oppression, Cabrera abandoned itsranks and withdrew from political life in1893.

A few years earlier, in 1887, he hadwritten, as a result of a controversy, a bookwhich embodied the history and aspira­tions of the Cuban people of that time.Cuba y sus Jueces was the title of the workwhich ran through nine editions in a shorttime and was translated into English whereit appeared as Cuba and the Cubans.

At the beginning of the War of Inde­pendence in 1895, Cabrera emigrated toNew York and founded the illustratedmagazine Cuba and America.

This magazine, which is still alive, soongained a wide circulation and was thechannel of a fearless campaign in supportof the independence of Cuba. When peacewas made Cabrera returned to Havanawhere, instead of seeking political office, towhich both his deserts and his talents gavehim high claims, he immersed himself inthe practice of his profession as advocate.

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On his return from New York he hadI continued publishing his magazine Cubaand A merica which has always been hispulpit from which he has made his in­fluence felt in the intellectual and political

, life of Cuba.The only public offices which Cabrera

'hashc;ldhavebeenhonorary. He has been:Member of the Local Board of Health;

Member of the Provincial Board of Agri-; cultural Industry and Commerce of Ha­

vana; Vice-president ot the Patrons of theHome for Relief and Maternity (Casa deBene.ficencia y M aternidad).

A great part of his life Cabrera is boundup with the Economic Society of the Friendsof the Country (Socieded Econ6mica deA migos del Pais) which he served as Presi-

i dent of the Section of Education from 1898to 1910 and of which he has been President

;since 1910.In addition to Cuba y sus Jueces pub­

lished in 1896 he is the author of a numberof books among which are: Cuentos mios,Havana, 1904; Cartas a Estevez, Havana,1906; La Casa de Beneficencia y la Sociedad

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Ecan6mica, Havana, 1914j Los PartidosColoniales, Havana, 1914; Desde mi Sitia,19II j Episodias de la Guerra, Phila., 1898;Los Estados Unidos, 1890j Cartas a Govin,1892 j La Expasici6n de Chicago, 1893;Juveniles, Poesias, 1907; Borrador de Viaje,19IIj Mediro Sigta, stories and a novel,1913; Sombras que Pasan, a political novel,1916j Ideales, sequel to the foregoing,19t7; Sombra Eternas, sequel to the fore­going, 1918; Mis buenos Tiempos, 1891.

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VARONA

ENRIQUE JOSE VARONA Y PERA

Man of letters; scholar;teacher; statesman.

ENRIQUE JOSE VARONA y PERA wasborn on the thirteenth of April, 1849, inCamaguey, and there obtained his earlyeducation, later going on to Havana wherehe graduated from the University with thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy and Letters.He embodied for his generation in Cuba theideals and attainments of the classic typeof the parent race. A poet in his youth,producing before he was yet twenty odesand lyrics of marked promise, he went onto achieve a notable place in the fields ofscholarship, letters, and public affairs­the arenas in which the men of earliergenerations in Spain were used to test theirpowers and to exhibit their inheritance ofthe Roman tradition.

In all these fields Varona won distinc-

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tion. The list of his published works islong and varied. He had written a volumeof Anacreontic Odes before he was nineteen,ten years later he published a survey of theintellectual movement in America; in thefollowing decade he was publishing philo­sophical studies; in the forties he waswriting political tracts and later turned hisattention to problems of education.

The public life of Dr. Varona has beenin entire accord with the bP..st traditions ofa University professor and a man of letters.For many years he has held the chair ofPsychology, Moral Philosophy, and Sociol­ogy in the University.

For a brief period he was one of theCuban Deputies in the Spanish Cortes,and for more than two years he held officefirst as Secretary of Finance and after­wards as Secretary of Public Instructionduring the first American Intervention.He was elected in 1912 Vice-president ofthe Republic but at the end of his termretired to the academic and literary lifewhich was more to his liking. He wasPresident of the Anthropological Society

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of Cuba and Vice-president of the A teneoy Clrculo of Havana.

Dr. Varona was the editor of the RevistaCubana from 188S to 189S and later di­rected Patria the organ of the Revolution­ary party. Among his works are: OdasAnacre6nticas (I868), Poesias (I878), Pa­isajes Cl~banos (I879), La M etafisica en laUniversidad de la H abana (I880), EstudiosLderarws y Filos6ficos (I883), Los Cubanosen Cuba (I89I), Cuba contra Espana (I89S),(translated into English, French, andItalian). Las Reformas de la EnsenanzaSuperior (I904), La Instrucci6n Publica enCuba (II)OI), Nociones de L6gica (I902),Curso de Psicologia (I90S-1908), Desde miBelvadere (II)07), Mirando en Torno (I9IO),Seis Conferencias (I88S), Conferenciassobre la L6gica (I889), EI Fundamento de laMoral (H)03), Articulos y Discursos (I89I),Violetas y Ortigas (I917), Por Cuba, Dis­cursos (I918).

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TRELLES

CARLOS M. TRELLES

Scholar; bibliographer;patriot; man of letters.

CARLOS M. TRELLES was born on the fif­teenth of February, 1866, in the city ofM~tanzas, "the Athens of Cuba," wherehe received his early education in LosN01'mates and La Uni6n schools in whichhe came under the influence of the dis­tinguished scholar Dr. Carlos de la Torre.For his degree of Bachelor it was necessaryfor hint to attend the Institute of Havanabecause the Spanish authorities had closedthe doors of the Institute at Matanzas.

In the same year in which he graduated(1880) he began the study of Medicine butfour years later gave it up to enter a com­mercial career, which did not prevent him,however, from continuing in his devotionto Letters. By the year 1887 he began to.

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be recognized as a rising journalist; in1892 he was one of the influential writers .in the Revista ~ubana, then edited by Dr.Enrique Jose Varona, to which he contri­buted a series of articles on the United.States as an intellectual power.

In 1895 he issued a pamphlet widely:read at the time, Cuba and A merica, inwhich he disclosed his separatist tendencies,and on the outbreak of the War of In­'dep~ndenceTrelles began to take an activepart in it, laboring to arouse the spirit ofpatriotism in Matanzas which had beenbeaten down in the disaster of Ibarra (Feb­ruary 24, 1895). So successful were hisefforts that Estrada Palma, then directingthe revolutionary propaganda from NewYork, designated him, together witl1 otherpatriots, to form the Revolutionary Com­mittee of Matanzas, of which he continuedto be the life and soul.

In spite of the vigilance and persecutingzeal of the Spanish authorities, Trellesescaped to Tampa early in 1896 where hepursued his activities for the Revolution.He became a regular contributor to Patria,

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the newspaper organ of the revolutioniststhen published in New York, contributingto its columns between eighty an<). a hun­dred propagandist articles, not ceasingmeantime to contribute regularly to thepages of Cuba y A miTica, the magazinewhich his compatriot Raimundo Cabrerawas publishing in the same cause in thesame city.

In 1898, at the close of the war, Trellesreturned to Cuba and organized in hisnative town,the Public Library of Matan­zas of which he was the first librarian. Itbegan with two thousand volumes and hewas able when, at the end of ten months,he turned it over to his successor to deliverthirteen thousand volumes-a thing with­out parallel in the history of Cubanlibraries.

In 1900 he was selected to collect andorganize the products and characteristicobjects of the Province of Matanzas forexhibition at the Paris Exposition. Hemet with such a measure of success in thisthat he was commissioned to organize theCuban section in the Exposition and was

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later designated to write the official reporton "Sugar and Tobacco at the Paris Ex­position" which appeared in 1901.

On his return to Cuba, Trelles waselected Member of the Council of Ma­tanzas, but he soon discovered that hehad no calling for politics and at the endof three months retired in disgust.

In 1900 he had begun to collect thematerials for his great work Bibl~og,.afia

Cubana, on which he was continuouslyoccupied for sixteen years. "In 1907 hebegan its publication in parts and com­pleted the issue of the twelfth and conclud­ing volume in 1917. The bibliographyincludes thirty-three thousand books andpamphlets by nine thousand authors andis the only work of its kind hitherto com­pleted in any country of America-anachievement due solely to the energy andsacrifice of the author; for no aid of anysort was supplied him by the government.

In 1918 he began a new series of bib­liographical publications, the Bibliotecacientfjica cublJna of which the first volumehas already appeared and the second is in

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TREwLES

the press-in reality a revision and sup­plement of his Bibliograjia. These will befollowed by Bibliotecas, Geograjica, His­tOrica, Literaria, etc.

Trelles is also. the author of Los deniodncuenta libros mas notables que los cu­banos han escrito (The Hundred and FiftyBest Books Written by Cubans).

He is a Member of the Academy of Artsand Letters and that of History, and anHonorary Member of the Economic Societyof Friends of the Country. On the occasionof his installation in the Academy of His­tory, Trelles produced a study on The Brit­ish Rule in Cuba (La dominaci6n britanicaen Cuba) based upon documents hithertounknown. In 1918 he waS elected Corre­sponding Member of the Hispanic Societyof America.

He is now engaged upon a new editionof his work on America as an InteUectualPuwer.

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LOLA DE TID

LOLA RODRiGUEZ Y PONCE DELEUN DE TIU

Poet; {'.whoress.

LOLA RODRIGUE? Y PONCE DE LEON DE

TIo was born in the town of San German(Puerto Rico), the daughter of Dr. Sebas­tian Rodriguez de .Astudillo and DotiaCarmen Ponce de Le6n.

From her early youth Senora Ti6 showeda marked talent for writing, and her dis­position was developed by a stormy andeventful life marked by a period of exilefor political reasons and much travel.She took as active a part as possible in thepolitical struggles of Puerto Rico and, ontaking up her residence in Cuba, gavesimilar devotion and zeal to her adoptedcountry, becoming the enthusiastic ad­mirer of General Maximo G6mez and themen who surrounded him in the CubanArmy of Liberation.

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In 1892 Senora Ti6 was distinguishedby her native town by being made anHonorary Member of the Ctrculo Sanger­meno.

In 1896 she was unanimously electedHonorary President of the Political ClubRius Rivera founded in New York bythose who emigrated from Cuba duringthe War of Independence.

In 1910 she was made Honorary Memberof the Society of Authors and Artists ofPuerto Rico. In the. same year, she waselected a Member of the Academy of Artsand Letters of Havana.

In 1911 she was honored with the title ofSocio Bienhacher, in the Benevolent Societyof the natives of Galicia. She has alsobeen decorated by the Government ofVenezuela with the Order of the LiberatorBolivar.

Senora Ti6 has written much both inverse and prose but her best known booksare three volumes of poems: Mis Cantares,Claros y Nieblas, and Mi Libro de Cuba.

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Raul de CArdenas y Echarte

CARDENAS

RAUL DE CARDENAS Y ECHARTE

Lawyer; writer.

RAUL DE CARDENAS y ECHARTE wasborn on the twenty-fourth of December,1884, in Havana, where he was educated,passing through the successive stages ofprimary school, the Institute where hegained the degree of Bachelor of Arts, andthe University where in 1905 he was madeDoctor of Laws.

He entered at once on the practice of hisprofession. In November, 1910, he waselected Representative for the Provinceof Havana for the term ending in 1915, andin 1914 reelected for the term ending in1919. In the same year he was chosenSecretary of the House of Representativesand reelected to this office also in 1915.

Dr. Cardenas has written various papersof a legal character, among them, EI Re-

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curso de Inconstitucionalidad, and hastreated international problems in paperssuch as that which he read in January,191 i, before the American Institute ofInternational Law on Cuba no puede in­vocarse en testimonio del imperialismo Norte­Americano. At present, March, 1919, heis publishing in the magazine Cuba Con­temporanea, an article on La Polieica de losEstados Unidos en el Continente Americanoin which he discusses the Monroe Doctrineand the various aspects of the preponder­ance which the North American republicexercises in America.

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MART!

JOSE MARTi Y ZAYAS BAZAN

Soldier; official.

JOSE MARTI Y ZAYAS BAZAN, son of thefamous Cuban patriot and apostle of in­dependence, was born in Havana on thetwenty-second of November, 1878. Therehe was also educated, following the usualcourses of study while his father in exileprosecuted in other lands the propagandaof Cuban liberty.

He was graduated at thc Institute,Bachelor of Arts and Sciences, and hadbegun to study law at the University ofHavana when the War of Independencebroke out.

Being unable on account of the vigilanceof the Spanish authorities to join theCuban Army from Havana, he went withsome of his student friends to the UnitedStates and tried to join from 'that point.

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For some time he was prevented from sodoing by his father's friends who con­sidered him too young to enter the war.But he was finally allowed to enlist as asoldier, which he did in October, 1896, and,after some months of training and waiting,landed in Cuba in February, 1897.

He was promoted a month later to therank of Second Lieutenant', on account ofhis being a Bachelor of Arts, and was ap­pointed Aide-de-Camp to General CalixtoGarcia on whose Staff he served until theend of the war.

He volunteered for service with thedynamite gun and served this weaponduring the siege and attack of Victoria delas Tunas and Guisa, both great victoriesfor the Cuban Army. In the former fighthe was promoted to be First Lieutenantfor gallantry in action on the battlefield.He took part in all the operations in Orienteled by General Garcia and finally waspresent at the landing of the Americanforces and the attack and siege of Santiago.

At the end of the war, when he was aCaptain, he'was sent on an official mission

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MARTI

from General Garda to the Cuban Dele­gate in the United States, Tomas EstradaPalma. In 1<)02, after a competitive ex­amination for appointment of Officers tothe Cuban Artillery forces organized atthe time, he was appointed Capt.ain, rank­ing first, and consequently took commandof the battalion. In 1906 he was appointedAide-de-Camp to Secretary William H.Taft and afterwards remained in the samecapacity with Governor Magoon. In 1907he was promoted by seniority to the rankof Major, in 1909 to that of LieutenantColonel and, on the reorganization andincrease of the Army, to Colonel and ap­pointed Chief of Staff of the Army. In1910 he was appointed to the command ofa Brigade of Infantry and in 1913 he wasappointed to temporary command of theArmy.

In 1915, after the reorganization of theArmy, a work he undertook by specialinstructions from the President of theRepublic, General Menocal, he was ap­pointed Assistant Chief of Staff with therank of Brigadier General, and later in the

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same year was appointed Chief of Staffwith the rank of Major General, holdingthis office until August, 1917, when he re­tired after nineteen years of service, in­cluding those of the War of Independence,to accept the office of Secretary of War andNavy, which he now holds.

He is a member of the Military Orderand of the Red Cross.

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,..

By permission of Sarony, photographer (N. Y.)

Coogk

FR

DOMiNGUEZ

FRANCISCO DOMiNGUEZ ROLDAN

Physician; soldier; te(j(;h­er; Secretary of Educationfor Cuba, 1917.

FRANCISCO DOMiNGUEZ ROLPAN wasborn in Havana on the fifteenth of Febru­ary, 1864. His early studies indicated hisnative bent, for he studied first in theColegio of Esculapius in Guanabacoa, latergoing to the University of Havana wherein 1884 he obtained the degree of Licen­tiate in Medicine and from there went toMadrid to obtain the degree of Doctor inthe University.

From Madrid he journeyed to Paris andthere won his Doctor's degree in 1888.There also he won a place on the Hospitalstaff where he served as interne and externefor a period ot four years, and gained atthe close of his service the Bronze Medal ofthe Asistencia Publica of Paris.

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In 1892 he returned to Cuba and exer­cised his profession in Havana until 189"5when, at the outbreak of the War of In­dependence, he left his brilliant prospectsto take part in the Revolution. He servedthroughout the campaign in the provincesof Havana and Matanzas, rising to the rankof Colonel in the Medical Seryice. At theend of the war he returned to Havana andtook up again the practice of his profession.

In 1899 he assisted General Wood in re­crganizing the School of Medicine and wasappointed Professor of Topographical Ana­tomy. Since the year 1903 he has devotedhimself to the study of the X-ray in whichhe has become an authority. In 1905 hewas commissioned by the government tovisit Europe to study radiography-a com­mission which he fulfilled with great suc­cess, visiting England, France, Germany,and Denmark. In 1907 he was honoredby the French Government with the orderof the Legion of Honor, and in 1910 he wassent as delegate from Cuba to the Inter­national Congress of Radiology held inBarcelona.

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In 1916 Dr. Roldan was elected Dean ofthe Faculty of Medicine and in 1917 hewas appointed, by President Menocal,Secretary of Education and Art, in whichposition he has had opportunity to put intoeffect views of education which have beenof great benefit to Cuban culture, givingvigorous impulse to all branches of educa­tion and calling to het shores distinguishededucators from abroad.

Among his publislied works are: EI toraxy sus regiones (1895); Procedimientos opera­torios (1904); Lecciones de cirugia de urgen­cia (1905); Lecciones de anatomfa topogrd­fica (1905 y 1906); Rayos Finsen, RayosRontgen, Radio (1906); Radio, Radiologia yElectricidad Mtdicas (1911); Anatomfatopogrdfica y operaciones de. urgencia delt6rax (1914).

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FINLAY

CARLOS E. FINLAY

Physician; teaGher; spe­cialist.

CARLOS E. FINLAY, son of the famousdiscoverer of the transmission of yellowfever by the Stegomyia mosquito, wasborn in Havana on the fifteenth of July,1868. His early studies were made at theColegio of Belen, where he completed thecourses leading to the Bachelor's degree,after which he" went to the United States,entered Columbia University, and ob­tained his degree in Medicine in 1889. Hethen joined the staff of the New YorkOphthalmic and Aural Institute, servingas Clinical Assistant and Interne until1892 when he returned to Havana andbegan the practice of his profession as eyeand ear specialist. In 1905 Dr. Finlay wasappointed Professor of Ophthalmology in

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the University and has continued in thatposition.

Notwithstanding his duties in the Uni­versity and the ever increasing pressure ofa growing practice, Dr. Finlay has con­tributed numerous articles to professionaljournals both at home and abroad, givingspecial attention to the operation forcat3l"act. He has also translated Dr.Charles H. May's M anuat on Diseases oft'he Etje, one of the most important recentworks in the field of Ophthalmology.

Dr. Finlay is a Member of the Academyof Sciences and of the Society for ClinicalStudies.

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COLLANTES

JOSE MARIA COLLANTES

Lawyer: poet; oJficial;Member of Congress ofCuba.

JOSE MARiA COLLANTES was born inSan Crist6bal, Province of Pinar del Rio,on the thirteenth of November, 1877, andreceived his early education in his nativetown. His later education he obtained inHavana where he studied at "La GranAntilla" Colegio and gained the Bachelor'sdegree in the Institute of Havana in 1893.

Having elected to enter the legal pro­fession, Collantes pursued the law courseand obtained his degree as Licentiate in1898. In the following year he was ap­pointed Municipal Judge of the Vedado(Havana), and in Il}OO designated as mem­ber, and Secretary, of the Tripartite Com­mission of Charities for the Island of Cuba,

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which was set up by General Wood underthe American Intervention to study therefonns necessary in this branch of theadrriinistration and to investigate andorganize the multitudinous interests in­volved in the charitable organizatIons.

In 1902 he was appointed auxiliaryProfessor of Literature in the Institute ofPinar del Rio, and in 1903 he was madeofficial Counsel for the defense of thepoor and those who had no counsel beforethe Provincial court in the same city-anoffice which he retained for six years.Thereafter, from 1909 to 1912, he filledvarious official positions under the samebody until in 1912 he was elected Repre­sentative in Congress on the ticket of theConservative party, and reelected to thesame office. In 1915 he received the nom­ination to the,Presidency of the Chamber ofRepresentatives, and at present (1918) isChairman of the Committee on ForeignRelations and that on Justice and theCodes.

Senor Collantes is Secretary of the Cor.·servative party and Secretary of the Com-

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COLLANTES

mission on Propaganda for the War andfor the Relief of its Victims.

Senor Collantes has distinguished him­self also as a poet and is counted among themust effective orators of his party.

Among his published works are: Rojasy Pt1.1idas, poems, 1900; Un vueltabajeroilustre, TranquiJino -Sandalio de Noda,19°1; La casa del pobre, 19°3; Sistemaspenitenciarios, 1904; Discurso sobre Maceo,1914.

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PEREZ

. LUIS MARINO PEREZ

Librarian.

LUIS MARINO PEREZ was born on thetwelfth of July, 1882, at Kingston, Ja­maica (B. W. I.). His parents were amongthose Cubans who preterred to reside in aforeign country than to suffer the oppres­sion of the Spanish government in Cuba.His father, Jose Francisco Perez, hadjoined the Revolution in 1869 and was,during all his life, a staunch supporter ofthe movements for Cuban independence.

Perez's education, begun in the Jamaicaschools, was continued in the UnitedStates, where he studied successively atAlma Academy (Michigan), completingthe Scientific course in June, H)OI, and atthe University of Michigan, obtaining thedegrees of A.B. (1903) and A.M. (1904).He there studied principally philosophy,

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sociology, and history; was a member ofthe Quadrangle Club, and in 1909 waselected to the Michigan Chapter of the

. Phi Beta Kappa Society. During his lastyear in the Universit}' (1904) he was ap­pointed Assistant in European histm-y.

He has served in the following positions:with the Department of historical researchof the Carnegie Institution, Washington,D. C., for which he prepared, first, a reporton the materials for American history inCuban archives (1905) and. later (1916), 011the archives of Jamaica; in the Library ofCongress, Washington, D. C. (1906);.translator in various departments of theCuban government; and head Librarian ofthe House of Representatives of Cubasince 1912. He was appointed in 1914to assist the Commission created by pres­idential decree, No. 659 of 1914, for' thestudy of the budget system of Cuba, and,in 1918, Chief Clerk of the National Com­mission for war propaganda and for thedistribution of Cuban government fundsin aid of the 'soldiers and war victims of theAllies. At the request of the Department

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of Public Instruction he has recently under­taken the work of organizing the classifi­cation and cataloguing of the NationalLibrary of Cuba.

He has contributed articles on historical,social, and political questions to the Pub­lications of the Southern History Association;Washington, 1907; Pro-Cuba, Havana,May and June, 1911 (only issues pub­lished); La Reforma Social, Cuba Contem­poranea, El F£garo, and others. At theannual meetings of the Cuban society ofinternational law, 1917, 1918, and 1919, hehas read papers on the Sovereignty ofCuba, Justice as a Principle of InternationalLaw, and the Self-determination of theSmall Nationalities, respectively.

He was one of the organizers of the"Fundaci6n Luz Caballero," an influentialeducational and patriotic association, andof the Pure Suffrage League (" Liga protec­tora del sufragio "). He was the chief ini­tiator, in 1917, of the Liganacional de propa­ganda economica, which, after a short agita­tion in favorof thedomestic production of allnecessary foodstuffs, discontinued its labors.

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He has published the following booksand pamphlets: A puntes de libros y folletos. . . que tratan de Cuba, desde principiosdel siglo XVII hasta 1912, Havana, 1907.Guide to the Materials for American His­tory in Cuban Archives, Washington. 1907.Estudio sobre las ideas polUicas de J os~

Antonio Saco, Havana, 1908. Bibliografiade la Revoluci6n de Yara-Cuademo I, Ha­vana, 1908. Biografia de Miguel Jer6nimoGutierrez, revolucionario y poeta cubano,Havana, 1912; and, with Orestes Ferraraand others, Anuario estadistica de la Re­publica de Cuba: Ano I, 1914, Havana,1915. In 1909 he published a magazinein Spanish and English entitled CubanOpinion (La Opini6n cubana) , of whichonly six numbers were issued, and in 1916,with Federico C6rdova, the Revista de his­toria cubana y americana, of which fivenumbers have been issued. He has edited,with Vicente Pardo Suarez, Trabajos par­lamentarios de J os~ A. Gonzalez Lanuza,Havana, 1919.

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AROCHA

GUSTAVO F. AROCHA Y LLANERAS

Lawyer; magistrate.

GUSTAVO F. AROCHA y LLANERAS wasborn on the first of May, 1864, at the Villaof Guanajay, in the Province of Pinar delRio. He was educated under the directionof _F. B. Ramos, at the Colegio of SanJose de Calasanz. After studying at theJesuit College of Belen he received thedegree of Bachelor of Arts in 1879 and thentook up the study of civil and canon lawat the University of Havana. After sixyears' study he was admitted to practicein both these faculties. While at the uni­versity he worked in a law office and wasadmitted to the bar in Havana, where heexercised his profession from 1885 to 1899.At this last date the first American Govern­ment of Intervention nominated him forJudge o~ the First Instance and Instruc-

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tion in Pinar del Rio, the Court of whichhad suggested him for the position. Hewas transferred from this position in 1900to a similar post at Cardenas, in the Prov­ince of Matanzas. In 1904 he was pro­moted to the magistracy of the Court ofSanta Clara and from this he proceeded toa judgeship of the First Instance in thenorth of Havana Province. After threeyears in this post he was promoted in 1909to the presidency of the Court of Matanzas,a charge which he exercises at the presenttime, 1919, and which carries with it thepresidency of the Provincial, ElectoralBoard. Since his presidency of this courthe has read each year a formal chargepublished thereafter in accordance withthe prescriptions of the Cuban JudiciaryAct.

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Miguel Garmendia y Rodriguez

Coogle

GARMENDIA

MIGUEL GARMENDIA YRODRiGUEZ

Edw;ato,.

MIGUEL GA:R¥ENDIA y RODRiGUEZ wasborn in the town of Maximo G6mez, onthe eighth of May, 1862. He received hisprimary education at Matanzas and, owingto his father's death in 187S, he was com­pelled to make a living as instructor in theschools of Matanzas, finally becomingsuperintendent of one of the primaryschools there. In the meantime he devotedhimself to higher studies and took thedegree of Bachelor of Arts in 1879. Fromthis date he has devoted himself to thepursuit of teaching and the study of litera­ture. In 1892 he received from the Uni­versity the license of professor and in thesame year entered the Institute at Matan­zas as associate professor. In 1899, unde!the authority of the Provincial Council heorganized the public schools of Matanzasand was offered the position of provincial

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school inspector by Mr. A. E. Frye, but hepreferred to remain in his teaching posi­tion. In 1899 also he was authorized bythe American Intervention Government tohold classes in Spanish for the officers ofthe American Army stationed at Matanzas.In 1 goo he was appointed professor, aftercompetition, to the chair of grammar andliterature in the Institute of Matanzas.In 1902 he was nominated provincialsuperintendent of the schools of Havana;in 1904 he accepted the position of generalsuperintendent of the schools in Cuba, andtook part in the arrangement of the coursesof study applied throughout the Islanduntil 1914. In 1905 he withdrew trom hisposition, during the presidency of PresidentPalma, and resumed his chair at Matanzas.In 1916 he was elected a member of theeducational board of Matanzas, over whichhe presided for three years. Among hispublished works may be named two novels:Almas Perdidas, Cursa de Gramdlica, Solde Autuiio, 1882. His educational pub­lications are: Libro de Leclura, 1885; Orlo­gratia Castellano, 18<)6.

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EDELMANN

FEDERICO EDELMANN Y PINTO

Educator.

FEDERICO EDELIolAN:too Y PINTO was bornin Havana· on the twenty-sixth of May,1869. He was educated at the Colegio ofBelen in Havana. After studying also atthe School of Painting and Sculpture inHavana, he was appointed in 1892 Pro­tessor of Spanish Language and Literatureby the New York City Board of Educa­tion. In this capacity he taught at theEvening High School of New York City,and in 1898 he became Professor in thesame branches at the De Witt ClintonHigh School. Both of these positions hefilled until 1905, when he was placed incharge of the chair of English at the In­stitute of Havana, a position won aftercompetition. From 1889 to 1892 he wasemployed on the staff of Frank Leslie's

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illustrated newspaper, New York City, asan illustrator. He is author of a mono­graph entitled: "How a Foreign LanguageShould be Taught," and of a series ofarticles published in the Heraldo de Cuba,entitled Como'deben visitarse los museos deArte; besides, he is author of a considerablenumber of paintings in oil of landscapesand figures, and pen-and-ink dt"a~ngs.

He initiated the founding in Havana ofthe Salon of Fine Arts in 1916, which hasbeen held there annually since. He hasbeen President of the Association ofPainters and Sculptors in Cuba from itsfoundation in 1916.

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MUNOZ

VICTOR MUNOZ

Journalist.

VICTOR MUNOS was born at Havana in1873. He came in his early youth, in 1890,under the influence of the revolutionaryspirit of the day, abandoned his studies,emigrated to the United States, and es­tahlished himself in Florida, where he soonengaged in journalist work in the Spanishpublications issued in Tampa' and KeyWest" in favor of Cuban independence.In 1899 he returned to Havana and tookup the profession of journalism, to whichhe has devoted himself ever since. He is ajournalist, not a political editor of the typeso long familiar in Spanish America, andhas familiarized himself practically withall the various departments of journalisticactivity. He began his caleer in Havanaas reporter of La Discusion and after two

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years became associated with E1 Mundo.In this paper he was in charge of the sport­ing page and also of the Washington corre­spondence. His journalistic ideals arebased upon American models, which hehas studied directly in the newspaperoffices of New York. Even the terminologyof American slang he has transplanted toHavana journalism. Lately, without givingup his interest in the records of sport, hehas developed in El Mundo a special sec­tion called "Round About the Capital,"which gives the Cuban reader informationin regard to American social and politicallife. His purpose in this department mustbe regarded as educational as well as enter­taining. The pictu're presented in E1Mundo of the life in the United States isderived from a careful reading of theprincipal representatives of the American

• press. An idea of the aims of this type ofhis journalistic work can be derived from aselection published from it, called Juntoa! Capitolio. This publication will soonbe followed by another book, a realisticnovel, called Sangre Ajricana.

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I

RAMOS

DOMINGO F. RAMOS Y DELGADO

Physician.

DOMINGO F. RAMOS y DELGADO wasborn in Pinar del Rio on the ninth ofSeptember, 1884. His education was re­ceived at the University of Havana, wherehe took the degrees of Doctor of Medicine,1905, and Doctor of Science, 1906. Inboth these schools he was a gold medallist,an honor which enabled him to pursuegraduate studies in New York and Parishospitals. Among the scientific posts heldby him may be mentioned the directorshipof the clinical laboratory of Hospital No. I,

the directorship of the library and presssection of the Sanitary Commission, Chiefof the Department of Infantile Hygiene,Chief of the Department of Homiculturein the Commission of Hygiene, Chief ofthe Department of Milk Analysis, and

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Memper of the Investigating Laboratoryof the Department of Sanitation. He hasalso served as assistant in the Museum ofNatural History of the Havana University,as interne associate and medical interneof the Mercedes Hospital, and as delegateof the Cuban government to the ThirdInternational Congress for the Protectionof Children, 1911. In 1917 he was namedAssistant Professor in the Medical Depart­ment of Havana University. At thepresent time he is attached as doctor tothe Calixto Garcia Hospital and is ob­stetrician and pediatrician of the MercedesHospital. He is the author of manyscientific articles and in cc!laboration withProfessor Eusebio Hernandez has pub­lished a work entitled Homicultura, pre­sented to the Third International Congressmentioned above. Acting in associationwith Dr. Hernandez he introduced intoCuba the principles of infantile hygiene,and took part recently in founding hygienicdepartments for the protection of children,such as milk analysis and the distributionof modified milk for poor children. In

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addition to this milk laboratory he hasestablished a similar one in the BluhmeRamos Laboratory for the well-to-doclasses.

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GAR C f A ENS E NAT 243

EZEQUIEL GARCiA ENSENAT

Educator; public man.

EZEQUIEL GARciA ENSENAT was born inHavana on the twenty-third of March,1862. His advanced studies were pursuedin the University of Havana, in which hegraduated in law and afte.-wards as Doctorof Letters. He soon became known as awriter in the field of literature and jour­nalism but took no part in public life whileCuba was a Spanish colony. For some timehe remained away from the Island andtraveled in Europe, residing tor a consider­able period in Paris, where he devotedhimself to the study of literature, history,and art, and contributed to Cuban reviewsand papers and also those of other countries.During the War of Independence he wassecretary of the committee representingthe Cuban Revolutionary party, and also

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edited the separatist publication, La R~­

publique Cubaine. On his return to Cubahe was named professor of one of the chairsof history, and when the university wasreorganized he obtained competitively anassociate professorship ot literature. Onhis return to Cuba he began to take anactive part in political life and allied himselfwith the Progressive party. He becameeditor of the Patria, was a frequent speakeron the poFtical platform, and in 1908 hebecame editor in. charge of El Liberal.In the Cuban Legislature he representedthe Province of Havana and in t4is bodyhe was made Chairman of the Committeeon Public Instructio"1. Among other legis­lative measures, his name is associatedwith the present educational code of theIsland. As a parliamentary speaker he iskncwn for his championship of advanced.standards in administrative departments.In 1913 he became Secretary of PublicInstruction and Fine Arts, and remaineda member of the Cabinet until the end of1917. In this capacity may be mentionedhis work in behalf of education, illustrated

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by his reorganization of the program .ofstudy, especially m primary schools.More than a thousand country schoolswere est.ablished under his regime, and thesystem of itinerant school teachers is dueto him. In addition to this he promotedthe organization of the first four normalschools in the republic. He is a member ofthe Academy of History of Cuba and isknown as a writer on art and as a lecturer.At the present time he is Minister of Cubain Mexico.

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prison infinnary, the public dispensary and,during the American Provisional Govern­ment, was chief of the Board of Health.

In 1909 he went to Havana as head ofHospital Number One (now HospitalCalixto Garda), but resigned to take asimilar position with the Casa de Bene­ficencta y Maternidad; in this capacity herepresented the Cuban government at theInternational Congress on Infantile Dis­eases convened in Berlin in 1911 and, afterstudying asylums and hospitals in theUnited States and throughout Europe,refonned according to the most advancedstandards the hospital in his charge.

Politically Dr. Menda is a Liberal andin 1916 was elected to represent the Prov­ince of Havana in the National House ofRepresentatives.

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IGONZALEZ ALCORTA 249

LEANDRO GONZALEZ ALCORTA

Teacher; patriot; writer.

LEANDRO GONZALEZ ALCORTA was bornon the thirteenth of March, 1861, in theProvince of Pinar del Rio. In 1883 heaCcepted the call of the recently createdInstitute of that Proviftce to join its teach­ing force and became its Secretary.

The Cuban struggle for independencesoon claimed his attention and he alliedhimself enthusiastically with its propa­gandists. When troubles were at theirheight in 1895 he was forced to emigrateto Spain where in the very stronghold ofthe enemy he proclaimed the wrongs ofthe colony through the columns of La Paz,a paper which he founded for the purpose.He was arrested and imprisoned, but laterbeing provisionally released, escaped to theUnited States and thence went to Mexico

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where he remained until peace was con­cluded in 1899.

He then returned to his native provinceand succeeded in reopening the ProvincialInstitute of which he again became Direc­tor. In this capacity he has worked manyyears for the betterment ot the locality,having established in the school a publiclibrary and free training classes tor pros­pective men and women teachers. Heestablished in 1911 arid maintained forthlee years a weekly periodical Regi6n 'YPatria. He continues if! the ProvincialInstitute of Pinar del Rio filling two pro­fessorships, that at Philosophy and Lettersand that of Spanish Language and Litera­ture.

Dr. Gonzalez Alcorta has written andpublished various pamphlets, chiefly of apolitical nature; his thesis for the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy and Letters preparedin 1901 was upon Causes of the Cuban Worfor Independence.

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Luis Montan~

Coogle

MONTANE

LUIS MONTANE

Physician; man of science.

LUIS MONTANE was born in Havana onthe seventh of April, 1849, and educatedin France. He received in Paris in 1874the degree of Doctor of Medicine, his thesisupon Estudio anatorMco del CraneD delos Microcefalos being awarded a prize.Throughout his undergraduate years hedevoted special attention to anthropology,coming under the tutelage of the eminentscholars Broca, Hamy, and de Quatre­fages. At this time he was chosen as atitular member of La Sociedad de A ntro­pologta of Paris.

Upon the completion of his medicaleducation Dr. Montane returned to Ha­vana where he has won distinction in 'hisprofession and has held very close hisconnection with anthropological research.

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He has served as visiting physician to theHospital of S.S. Felipe y Santiago; deanof the faculty of Sciences and Letters ofthe University of Havana; professor ofAnthropology In the same university.He is a member of the Academia de Cien­cias and ha<; acted as its general secretary;was one of the founders and president ofthe Sociedad de A ntropologia of the Islandof Cuba; founder and vice-president of theSociedad de Estudios Clinicos of Havana;creator and organizer of the anthropologi­cal museum which bears his name; memberof the A teneo, Licea de la Habana, andSociedad "Poey. "

He was delegate of the government ofthe Republic of Cuba to the scientific Con­gresses at Monaco, Turin, Paris, BuenosAires, and Washington. Under the aus­pices of the Academy of Sciences Dr.Montane has carried into effect variousanthropological missions to the interior ofCuba.

Many of the l..ctures and papers whichhe has prepared for scientific and literaryorganizations have found their way to the

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press. Notable among these writings arethose bearing upon scientific research inthe Island: La lnfanda de la Humanidad,Sepulturas [ndias, Cubanas, Un Chim­pance Cubano. He also has made a studyof the psychology of the noted Cubanscientist, Felipe Poey.

Dr. Montan~ holds the following honor­'ary titles and decorations: Caballero de laLegi6n de Honor, Oficial de Instrucci6nPublic!1, Medalla de la campana Flanco­Prusiana (1870), Medalla (cruz de Guerracivil) de la reconnaisance francesa (1918),Insignia de la Cruz Roja francesa.

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PEREZ BEATO

MANUEL PEREZ BEATO

Teacher; physician; author.

MANUEL PEREZ BEATO was born inCadiz, Spain, on the fifth of March, 1857.His studies were pursued in Cadiz untilthe fourth year of his medical course whichhe completed in Havana in 1882, obtainingthe degree of Licentiate and later that ofDoctor of Medicine. Upon his graduationhe won by competition an appointment asinterne in the Civil Hospital of Havana.Through success in later competitions hewon places as assistant in the Departmentof Physics and Chemistry in the EscuelaProfesional of the Island of Cuba and aslibrarian in the same school, and later asassistant in the physical and meteorologi­cal observatory of the Island of Cuba.The greater part of his mature life hasbeen devoted to the Escuela de Artes y

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Oficios in Havana, where he has servedfor thirty-six years as Professor of Indus­trial Chemistry, at the same time actingas Secretary of the school for sixteen yearsand for seventeen years as its Vice-presi­dent.

During recent years Dr. Perez has beenprominent among students of Cubanhistory. He has been since its foundationin 1910 a member of the Academia de laHistoria de Cuba and since 1918 has beenthe librarian of that o,ganization. Hislater writings have been mostly of a his­torical, nature: El Curioso Americana,Revista de Historia de Cuba; BibliografiaComentada Sobre los Escritos publicados enCuba, relativos al Quijote, 1905; lnscripcio~Cubanas de los siglos XVI, XVII. XVIII,191 5.

His earlier writings were upon medicaltopics: Algunos tratamientos empleados enLa curaci6n de La fiebre amarilla (Thesis torthe doctorate); Historia de la vacuna yprogresos alcanzados en este ramo de laadministraci6n en la isla de Cuba (1896).

In addition to these works he has pub-

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lished in different magazines a variety ofarticles upon history, medicine, and crim­inology. He has ready for publication:Topograjfa medica de la Habana, Cuba,Cuatro siglos de Historia, Bibliograjfamedica Cubana.

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CHALONS

JOAQuiN CHALONS

Civil engineer.

. JOAQuiN CHALONS was born in Santiagode Cuba, on the twenty-fourth of August,1864, and received his early education andhis Bachelor's degree in the Colegio "San­tiago." In 1882 he entered the Academiade Ingenieros at Guadalajara, Spain, wherefive years of study brought him the titleEngineer. He devoted the next threeyears to field work upon the Pyreneanborder, then returned to Cuba as Captainof Engineers and was appointed subheadof the engineering offices of the city ofSantiago.

At the outbreak of the war for CubanIndependence (1895) he returned to Spainand took a position with the SouthernRailway lines of that country.

When the war was over he returned to

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Santiago as engineer of the Steel Ore Co.,and in 1900 joined the local Departmentof Public Works as assistant engineer.After several minor promotions he becamechief engineer of the Department of PublicWorks of the Province of Oriente. He soonattained the rank of Chief Engineer of theFirst Class and under the national govern­ment filled successively the offices ofDirector General and Inspector General ofRailways.

Following a two-years' interim markedby the American Provisional Government,during which he devoted himself to privatepractice of his profession chiefly as techni­cal director of a company engaged in theurbanization and extension of Santiago,he was returned to the Department ofPublic Works. After a few months, ashead of that department in his nativeprovince, he was attached to the NationalDepartment of Public Works as secretary(1909-19II).

For the following two years, 19U-1913,he remained in Havana as the consultingengineer of the General Contracting Co.

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and of the "Compania de los Puertos deCuba" as well as member of the HarborsBoard; he then returned to Santiago wherehe practices his profession.

He is a member of the National Academyof Arts and Letters.

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DE GONSALES

AURELIA CASTILLO DE GONSALES

Traveler; author.

AUREUA CASTILLO, daughter of PedroCastillo y Betancourt and Maria Castillo yCastillo, was born In the Province of PuertoPrincipe (now Camagftey), Cuba, on thetwentY-lleventh of January, 1842. Herparents found it impossible to give her theeducational advantages they desired, andafter her tenth year her intellectual de­velopment was left to the Fates whichsupplied her with reading matter.

In May, 1874, she was married to Fran­cisco Gonsales del Hoyo, Major of In­fantry in the Spanish Army. A year latershe accompanied her husband to Spainwhen he was expelled from the Island bythe Spanish Brigadier Ampudia [becauseof his vehement condemnation of theexecution of the Cuban patriot, Dr. An-

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iI tDnio L. Luacesl- The family made itshome at various times in Santander, in~Iadrid, and in Almeria, the husbandengaged in preparing EJ PwblD de Ca.a­,Kiiry while Doria Aurelia wrote Bicolnl­Icall~, Drnia MarirUJ, and Modn_.

Returning to Cuba. Dona Aurelia de

\

'Gonsales settled with her husband inGuanabaroa and wrote her: Atli6s tk

; J·ictor BIIKo which won in 1885 the firstlprize.in a literary contest. The followingyear in a similar competition her BioVafiaI

Ide G. G. Ardlancda recei~'OO honorablemention. She attended the Paris Exposi­tion in 188Q and recorded her impressionsfor a Havana journal, EJ Pais, TheRmsta CubafUJ published subsequentletters from Italy and Switzerland and apoem entitled Pompeya. Later all thiscorrespondence was collected and pub-Ilished under the title TJn Paseo pur EtlTopa(I&}I).

After traveling in Mexico she visitedthe United States and attended the Colum­bian Exposition in 1&}3 again acting ascorrespondent for EJ Pals; this series of

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letters compOsed the volume -Un Paseo parAmirica, issued in 1895.

Upon the sudden death of her husband,the twenty-fourth of March, 1895, shedetermined to write no more since themain incentive was gone.

By the edict of General Weyler she wasagain expelled from Cuba in 1896 andchose for her place of residence Santa Cruzde Tenerife and aftet wards Barcelona.Returning to Cuba at the close of theSpanish regime, and finding her formerhome in Guanabacoa in ruins her emotionsforced her to break her resolution Rnd write.Her verses Ruinas were soon followed byanother poem, ExpuJsada, which expressedher feelings upon being obliged to abandonher home as the result of attack and rob­bery with threats of death.

Upon the reestablishment of the Re­public in 1<)02 Sra Castillo de Gonsalesturned again to her pen; she prepared twosmall volumes of verses, Trozo$ Guerrerosand Apoteosis, which appeared the follow­ing year.' She made visits to Italy and toFrance in 1<)04-5 and 1<)09 respectively;

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during the former she translated, while inNaples, Gabriel D'Annunzio's La Figlia deJOfJio.

This was followed in 1912 by Duentos deAurelia and Ignacio Agramonte en la VidaPrivada.

In 1914 a complete edition of her writingswas issued, comprising two volumes ofpoetry and three of prose. In 1918 therewas added a sixth volume made up oforiginal writings and of translations fromItalian. French, and English sources.

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DUANY

DEMETRIO CASTILLO DUANY

Soldier; man of affairs;administrator.

DEMETRIO CASTILLO DUANY was bornin Santiago de Cuba on the seventeenthof November, 1856, into one of the leadingfamilies of the eastern region of Cuba andwent for education to Fr~ce. After spend­ing some years at the Lycte of Bordeauxhe went on to the United States where hegave himself to the study of English andentered an established business house.In 1878, at the age of twenty-two, he re­turned to Santiago de Cuba to take chargeof the interests of his mother. A year laterthe outbreak of the "little war" obligedhim to emigrate to the United States wherehe remained until 1885.

The outbreak of the War of Indepen­dence in 1895 found him ready for the final

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struggle and he devoted himself to it with­out reserve. He joined the Revolutionaryforces under Victoriano Garz6n, was soontransferred to the staff of Jose Maceo andsaw much arduous service under that re­doubtable chief. His valor and enterprisebrought him rapid advancement. Hebecame Lieutenant Colonel after theactions of Yerba de Guinea and la Curiaand became Colonel after the battles atEl Triunfo and Sao del Indio. Three daysbefore the fatal encounter of Loma deGato in which Maceo lost his life he pro­moted Duany to the rank of BrigadierGeneral.

When the United States entered thewar against Spain, General Garda selectedBrigadier General Duany to confer withthe American commanders and arrangefor cooperation with them. In fulfillmentof this commiS$ion General Duany con­ferred with Admiral Sampson on boardthe battleship New York to concert plansfor the landing of American troops and toprovide for joint action with the Cubanforces. Under his command the Cubans

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captured Siboney and thus reduced therisk of the disembarkation of the Americanforce. He continued to cooperate with theAmericans throughout th{: remainder ofthe war.

When hostilities ceased he turned topolitics. In 1898 he was named Governorof Santiago de Cuba and was later ap­pointed Civil Governor of the EasternProvince under the American Intervention.He was one of the founders of the Repub­lican party in Oriente which later mergedwith the Liberal party. In 1906 he wasassociated with the Revolutionary Com­mittee and was arrested and imprisoneduntil the arrival of the American commis­sioners who released him. Soon thereafterGovernor .Magoon appointed him Chief ofthe Penitentiary of the Republic. In con­sequence of the Revolution of 1916-17 heretired from office and resumed the life ofa private citizen.

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By permission ofHarris-Ewing, photographers (Washington. D. C.)

(:oog[c

GUITERAS

JUAN GUITERAS

Physician; author; man ofscience.

JUAN GUITERAS was born in the city ofMatanzas on the fourth of January, 1852,the son of Eusebio Guiteras and JosefaGener, both members of families activein the higher life of Cuba. At the age ofseven Guiteras was enrolled in the Colegio"La Empresa" founded by his father andhis Uncle Antonio who was at the time atthe head of the school. From this institu­tion he graduated Bachelor in Arts in 1867.At the University of Havana he came underthe influence of Don Felipe Poey, the fore­most Cuban man of science of his time.Guiteras studied Natural History underhim for the preparatory course in Medicine.He matriculated for the first year at theUniversity of Havana, but in 1869 moved

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to Philadelphia with his parents who wereobliged to emigrate on account of the sym­pathies of the family with the revolution­ary movement for the independence ofCuba. Guiteras then entered upon thestudy of Medicine and graduated from theUniversity of Pennsylvania in 1873, takingfirst prize for his thesis on the Developmentof the Skeleton as Influenced by FunctionalActivities.

He completed a term of service as in­terne in the Philadelphia Hospital, 1873­74, and was Visiting Physician to the same,and c1inica1lecturer in Medicine from 1876to 1879. He soon won marked distinctionin his special field of Pathology; he wasselected by the American Government tostudy yellow fever in Havana in 1879; inthe following year he was appointed Phy­sician in the United States Marine Hospi­tal Service; in 1886 he was made Professorof Medicine in the University of Charles­ton, S. C. He took a course in Pathologyat Frankfort, Germany, under Weigertin 1889, and in the same year was calledto the Chair of Pathology by his Alma

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Mater, ,the University of Pennsylvania.He was selected in 1890 by this Universityto investigate and report upon Koch'sdiscovery of tuberculine. Whilst in Berlinhe took a course on the Pathology of theBlood with Ehrlich, and laboratory courseswith Israel, Pfeiffer, Jurgens, and Gunther.

At the outbreak of the war for the In­dependence of Cuba, in 1895, Dr. Guiteras,then in the United States, gave his bestefforts to obtain recognition of Cubanbelligerency by the American Government,and on the formation of the Cuban Re­public he devoted himself to strengtheningthe foundations of the new state, particu­larly laboring to give Cuba a sound andscientific national hygiene. In 1900 hefounded the Review of Tropical Medicine.As colaborer with Dr. Finlay and his asso­ciates Reed, Carroll, Lazear, and Agra­monte he shared in the final demonstrationof the transmission of yellow fever by themosquito. Since 1909, as Director ofSanitation of Cuba, he has contributedlargely to keeping the Repu~lic free fromepidemic diseases and reducing the liabil-

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ity to those of endemic origin. In 1916 Dr.Guiteras was appointed in the InternationalHealth Commission of the RockefellerFoundation to study yellow fever in SouthAmerica, and has continued these inves­tigations up to the present year.

He is Professor of General Pathologyand Tropical Diseases in tha. University ofHavana; Director of Health; President ofthe National Board of Health; Memberof the Board for Infectious Diseases;Member of the Academy of Sciences andof the Sociedad de Estudios Clinicos of Ha­vana; Honorary Member of the Associationof American Physicians; of the College ofPhysicians of Philadelphia; of the AmericanSociety of Tropical Medicine, and of theAcademy of Medicine of Caracas.

Among the most important contribu­tions of Dr. Guiteras to Medical Sciencethe foHowing may be mentioned: he dis­covered the filaria Bamrofti in the UnitedStates, 1886; he demonstrated the impor­tance of mild cases in the propagation ofinfectious diseases, especially in connectionwith the yellow fever of children in the

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endemic zone, 1887; in his teachings at theUniversity of Pennsylvania he recognizedthe importance of functional disturbancesin the development of structural changes,and endeavored to establish pathology on aphysiological rather than an anatomicalbasis, 188g-99; he introduced in Americathe modern methods in Tropical Pathol­ogy, founding the first chair and the firstjournal on this specialty on the Continentin 1900; he discovered the existence ofankylostomiasis in Cuba; he contributed tothe extinction of yellow fever, and estab­lished the importance of hydrocyanicfumigations in the extinction of plague.

Dr. Guiteras has edited the SelectedPapers of Dr. Carlos J. FinJay, publishedin Spanish and English by the CubanGovernment in 1912, and has contributedto scientific journals numerous articleson his specialty of Tropical Medicine,most of which are highly technical.Among them are: Notes on Pathology forStudents of the University of Pennsylvania;"Experimental Yellow Fever" (Havana,1(01), American Medicine; Recent Discover-

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ies on Malaria and the Mosquito, 1<}OO;

Chappa, Aceopatia mutilante, 1904; Cartassobre el C"lera (Habana, 19II); "InsectBorne Diseases," Proceedings of the SecondPan-American Scientific Congress, vol. ix.,1916.

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MANUEL GUTIERREZ QUIROS

Man of affairs; official.

MANUEL GUTIERREZ QUIROS was born inSanta Clara on the twelfth of February,1856, and began his education at the Co­legio "Santo Domingo" in his native townwhence he went in 1868 to the Colegio "EISalvador, "then under the direction of thewell-known author and educator SenorJose Maria Zayas.

As a result of the revolutionary activitiesof his father and the consequent confisca­tion of all his property by the SpanishGovernment, Gutierrez was thrown uponhis own resources while yet quite young.At the age of nineteen he became a teacher,but shortly afterwards gave up the pro­fession to enter business, by which he hadacquired some capital when in 1897, duringthe Revolution, being President of the

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Revolutionary Board of Sagua la Grande,he was arrested and lodged for a period ofeight months in the prison of the CabanaFort.

On being released he went to Jamaicawhere he remained until the end of the war.Thereupon he came back to Cuba and sethimself to restore his shattered fortunes,in which he was successful.

Senor Gutierrez has taken an active partin politics. As a friend and co-religionistof General' Jose Miguel G6mez he becameRepresentative for Santa Clara, laterMayor of Sagua la Grande, and also Minis­ter of Hacienda in the Cabinet of PresidentG6mez.

He has maintained an active interest inliterature and has published a book ofpoems.

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CARBONELL

JOSE MANUEL CARBONELL

Soldier; author; orator.

JOSE MANUEL CARBONELL y RIVERO wasborn in July, 1880, in Alquizar, Provinceof Havana. When he was an infant hisparents moved to the United States wherehe obtained his early education. From hisboyhood he was a revolutionist and a dis­ciple of Jose Marti, "the liberator." Whenthe War of Independence broke out Car­bonell, then fifteen years old, joined oneof the expeditions fitted out in the UnitedStates and remained in the field for a time.Later he returned to Tampa, Florida, andserved with Pastor Moinelo, Carlos Bois­sier, Octavio Garcia Campos, and Fernandode Zayas in the campaign of propaganda,founding and editing the magazine, Elexpedicionario, and contributing to variousother periodicals.

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At the end of the war he came to Havana,resumed his studies in the Institute, andultimately obtained the degree of Doctor ofCivil Laws in the University. He beganto be known also as a writer of verse and apublic speaker. When the Republic wasconstituted in 1902 Carbonell, and his inti­mate friend, Jose Maria Collantes, organizeda great celebration in honor of Marti.President Palma presided and the orationof Carbonell was the event'of the occasion.Since that time he has spoken many timesat the Ateneo of which he was the origina­tor and which he served as secretary fortwo years. His most notable work as anorator was done in the campaign for theelection of General Jose Miguel G6mez asPresident. Togetherwith Seiiores Mendieta,Ferrara, and Villuendas he toured the coun­try, organizing and inspiring the masses.

When the Revolution of 1906 broke outCarbonell joined it; in fact was one of thefirst to take the field after a fiery speechin which he used the phrase, often sincerepeated, "hay que sacar los collins (ma­chetes) de sus vainas!" For his services

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in this brief revolution he was rewardedwith the rank of Brigadier General.

Since that time he has given much timeto poetry and has both recited and pub­lished numerous poems which have beenreceived with popular approval. Togetherwith his brother Nestor and Sr. FelixCallejas, he founded the magazine Letras.He has also held various positions in thefield of education-ehief of Section ofGeneral Superintendents; Secretary of theCommittee of Superintendents; ProvincialSuperintendent of Havana, etc., etc.

In 1910 he was Cuban Delegate to theFourth Pan-American Conference held inBuenos-Aires; in 1911 he was Cuban Dele­gate at the Coronation of King George V.He is President of the Section of Literatureof the National Academy of Arts and Sci­ences; President of the Geographical Societyof Cuba; Compilerof the works of Jesus Cas­tellanos and Enrique Hernandez Miyares.

He is author of: Patria, Poems; Pena­chos y Mi libro de amor, Poems; Discursosy Conferenciasj Paginas literariasj Oyendoa mi padre.

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EMILIO ALAMILLA REQUEIJO

Physician.

EMILIO ALAMILLA REQUEIJO was bornon the twenty-sixth of January, 1872, inHavana, where he gained his early educa­tion ~n the Colegio of Belen, completedthe courses for the Bachelor's degree inthe Central Institute, and later entered theUniversity to study the Physico-ChemicalSciences and Medicine. There also heobtained the degree of Doctor of Medicinein 1895.

Dr. Alamilla graduated at the time of theWar of Independence but because of theimprisonment of his political associate, Dr.Jose A. Gonzalez Lanuza, he took refugein the United States where he remaineduntil the war was over, practicing his pro­fession in various hospitals of Atlanta(Georgia) and New York.

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In 1903 he set up, in cooperation withDrs. Carlos Desvemine and MartinezMesa. the first Institute of Radiotherapyand Electrotherapy that had been seen inCuba. In 1908 he was appointed Professo_"of Physics in the Institute of Havana andwhen, under the plan of Varona, the edu­cational system was reformed, he enteredthe competitive examination for the Chairof Physics and Chemistry in the Institute,was successful, and has continued to occupythis post.

In 1910 he was appointed Director of theDepartment of Electrotherapy and Radio­therapy in the Centro Gallego (GallicianClub).

Dr. Alamilla has contributed occasionalarticles to the medical press, among whichare: Tratamiento del penfigo por los RayosFinsen; Las radiodermitis, 1905.

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AGUJ\YO

ALFREDO M. AGUAYO

Educator; author.

ALFREDO M. AGUAYO Y SANCHEZ wasborn in Porto Rico on the twenty-eighthof March, 1866. While he was still a childhis family moved to Havana where heIgained his education, obtaining the de­Igrees of Licentiate in Law and Doctor inIPedagogy. He was appointed Superin­tendent of Schools for the Province ofHavana and later became Professor ofPedagogical Psychology, History of Peda­gogy and School Hygiene in the Universityof Havana.

Dr. Aguayo founded, and for a numberof years edited, the Magazine of Educationof Havana, and in 1912 established theLaboratory of Child Study (Paidologia)in the University.

He has written much, both as contribu-

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tor to magazines and as author of seriousbooks. Among his works are: La escuelaprimaria como debe ser; Enseitanza de lalengua materna, en la escuela primaria;Pedagogia del escolar (translated from theGennan); Luis Vives como educador; Lapedagogta en las universidades; Concepto dela apercepci"n con las principales determina­ciones y su aplicaci"n a la doctrina delmetodo; La pedagogia de las escuelas secun­darias; Las escuelas normales y su organiza­ci"n tm Cuba; Los laboratorios de paidologiay las cl£nicas psicol"gicas; Desarrollo yeducaci"n del poder de observaci"n; Elogiodel Dr. Manuel Valdes Rodriguez; Ideaspedag"gicas del Padre Varela; Geografiaelemental; Geografia de Cuba; Elementos deAritm~tica; Estudio de la naturaleza, etc.

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MONTAGU

GUILLERMO DE MONTAGU

Lawyer; official; author.

GUILLERMO -DE MONTAGU was born inSan Juan y Martinez, Province of Pinardel Rio, Cuba, on the twelfth of December,1881. His early education was obtained inBarcelona, Spain, whither his family movedin his intancy, but they returned to Cubain 1890 and he entered the Institute ofPinar del Rio where he completed thecourses for the Bachelor's degree, there­after continuing in the University of Ha­vana where he obtained the degree ofDoctor of Laws in 19°5-

Some years earlier, in 1901, while he wasstill a student, he began to write articleson legal subjects for the Magazine of Law(Revista del Derecho) of Havana, his topicsbeing "El Protectorado"; "El hipnotismoen Derecho Penal"; "La Premeditaci6n";

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"La Familia"; "La doctrina italiana enDerecho Internacional Privado," etc., etc.In due course he began also to publishpoems and to appear as a political speaker,and won the prize in competition organizedby the Havana magazine El Figaro, for fivesonnets dedicated to Marti, the gloriousliberator of Cuba.

In June, 1905, Dr. Montagu opened hisoffice as a lawyer in Pinar del Rio where helived and where he has practiced as alawyer since 1905 and as a Notary since1909. He has held many offices, pro­fessional and other, among them that ofOfficial Attorney of the Provincial Court,1906; Judge of the First Instance, 1906-07;Deputy Prosecuting Attorney, 1907; Mem­ber of various committees of Judges forExamination of Notaries, 1908-1916; Pro­fessor in the Institute of Pinar del Rio,1908-1911; Treasurer of the Association ofNotaries, 1912-17; and First Censor of thesame.

In addition to these posts, Dr. Montaguhas held that of Secretll.ry of Conventions-both Provincial and National--uf the

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MONTAGU

Liberal Party; president of the PatrioticAssociation (Asociaci6n Patria) and Repre­sentative in the Provincial Legislature,1910.

Along with his professional activities,he has had a productive literary career.In 1908 he won the first prize in a poeticalcontest in the National Theater. In 1910he gave an address and read verses incommemoration of the distinguished Cubanauthor Jesus Castellanos.. In 19II on avisit to Spain he gave various lectures andaddresses in the Ate.neos of Barcelona andMadrid.

He has contributed to many magazinesand reviews and has published the follow­ing works: Poesfas (1906); A la Patria(19°8); Iris (19°9); M onografias de la Re­vista de Derecho (1901); Cirilo Villaverde:estudio de su vida y obras (19°9); MartinP~rez, Novela (1910); La Fuy,a (1912);N otas y A puntes para un sistema de legisla­d6n agraria (1913) j Consideraciones acercade la Ley que senala el orig~n y rige el desen­volvimiento de la humanidad (1918).

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BETANCOURT

PEDRO E. BETANCOURT

Soldier; offidal.

PEDRO E. BETANCOURT y DOVALOS wasborn in 1858 and baptized in Seiba Mocha,ProvilXe of Matanzas. Having chosenMedicine for his profession he studiedfirst in Philadelphia and later in Madridwhere he graduated in 1881. He returnedto Matanzas to practice his profession, butwhen the War of Independence broke outin 1895 he was one of the first to take partin it. As President of the RevolutionaryClub of the Western part of the Island hewas charged with the selection and organi­zation of the revolutionary forces of theProvince of Matanzas and was one of themembers of the ill-fated force that tookup arms in Matanzas on the twenty-fourthof February, 1895. When this force wasdefeated and scattered Betancourt was

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captured, imprisoned for a time in theCastle of San Severino, later in Havanaand finally exiled to Spain. There he en­countered General Calixto Garcia withwhose assistance he succeeded in escapingto France. Once in Paris he joined withthe famous Dr. Betances to execute thecommissions. affecting France and Englandwhich had been entrusted to him by Gen­eral Garcia. These fulfilled, he went on toNew York where he joined the Revolution­ary Committee working for the war. Heserved in an expedition organized by Gen­eral Francisco Carrillo which was detainedin Wilmington (Delaware) by the UnitedStates authorities. The members of theexpedition were placed on trial, acquitted,and set at liberty; whereupon Betancourtjoined three other expeditions one afterthe other, all of which were stoJ,>ped in thesame way by the American authorities.

In a fourth expedition Betancourt andhis companions were taken prisoners in theBahamas by the British Cruiser Partridgeand imprisoned in Nassau where again theywere tried, acquitted, and set at liberty.

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Once more Betancourt returned to NewYork and on the next attempt succeededin landing on the coast of Cuba under thedirection of General Garcia.

During the rest of the war he fought inMatanzas, under General Lacret, and at itsclose was at the head of the revolutionaryforces in that province with the rank ofMajor General.

After the war he was appointed CivilGovernor of Matanzas; later Member ofthe Constituent Convention and also oneof those designated by the Assembly todiscuss with President McKinley the actualsignificance of the Platt Amend1nent.

He was elected Senator in the first Legis-lature of Cuba, but later retired frompublic life to devote himself to agriculturalinterests.

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IRAIZOZ

ANTONIO IRAIZOZ Y DEL VILLAR

Journalist; author.

ANTONIO lRAlZOZ Y DELVltLAR was bornon the fourteenth of June, 1890, in Ha­vana, where he received his education andwhere he has had his career. He studiedat the Colegio "La Gran Antilla" andcompleted the course leading to the degreeof Bachelor of Arts and Sciences. Obtain­ing also the degree of public teacher heentered the profession and taught in the

:schools for five years. Perceiving, how­ever, that his true vocation lay in journal­ism, he served on the editorial staffs ofseveral Havana papers, including La Dis­cusi6n, La Prensa, and La Lucha and laterbecame editor-in-chief of Patria. In 1913he became editor-in-ehief of La N oche, animportant evening paper, and has con­tinued at that post.

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Sr. Iraizoz is deeply interested inMasonry. He holds a high rank in theorder-that of "Venerable Maestro de laLogia Fe," and has devoted long andpatient study to the history, ideals, andachievements of Masonry. In this fieldhe has published: La Masoneria y las Ien­dencias al nacionalismo. He is also authorof: El sentimiento religioso en la literalflraespanola, and Sensaciones del momento.

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ORTEGA

LUIS ORTEGA Y BOLANOS

Physician; teacher.

LUIS ORTEGA y BOLANOS was born onthe sixteenth of July, 1872, in the city ofCienfuegos and there, in the Colegio of theJesuit Fathers he received his early educa­tion. Later he went to Havana where heentered the University and gained thedegree of Licentiate in Medicine in 1896and that of Doctor in 1899.

When the Spanish-American War brokeout he removed to Mexico where he re­mained, practicing his profession, untilpeace was signed' when he returned toCuba.

He served as Interne in the Hospital ofNuestra Senora de las Mercedes, and lateras Head Interne for ten years. In 1906 heentered the competitive examination forthe post of Professor of Clinical Medicine

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in the University, was successful and hascontinued to hold the chair from that time.

Dr. Ortega is Visiting Physician to theCentro Asturiano (Asturian Club) andDirector of the Clinic "Raimundo Meno­cal "j Member of the Anti-TuberculosisLeague and was Vice-secretary of theSecond National Medical Congress (Ha­vana, 1908). He is also a frequent contri­butor to medical journals and is authorof: La Epidemia actual de influenza, 1918;&tudio cl£nico de una epidemia de grippe­paludismo, 1898; t Por qu~ deben bafiarselos.ninos? 1900; t C6mo e1!uar la tuberculosisen Cuba? 1902 j Primer ensayo fobre ladistribuci6n geograjica de la tuberculosis enCuba, 1904.

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DEL CUETO

JOSE A. DEL CUETO

Jurist; teacher; Chief Jus­tice of Cuba.

JosE A. DEL CUETO was born in the year1854 in the city of Havana, but pursuedhis legal studies abroad at the Central Uni­versity of Madrid where he obtained thedegrees of Licentiate in AdministrativeLaw, as well as in Philosophy and Letters,and Doctor in Civil and Canon Law. Hefinished his course of study in 1875 andwas given the title of Advocate as an ex­traordinary distinction. Mterwards hewon, in competitive examination, the postof Professor of Mercantile Law, in theUniversity of Havana which he retainedfor thirty years.

He was a Member of the Autonomistparty w1'tich labored in vain to secure forCuba her own government without sever­ing the relation with Spain. In the last

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300 CUBANS OF TO-DAY Iyears of the nineteenth century when theSpanish Government-at too late a date­consented to set up an Autonomous govern­ment, he went as Deputy to the SpanishCortes and was also President of the In­sular House of Representatives during thebrief experiment of the Autonomist Gov­ernment.

Senor Cueto has served as Dean of theBar Association (Colegio de Abogados) ofHavana, and Dean of the Law School.

On the ninth of June, I9I7, he was ap­pointed President of the Supreme Court ofCuba. Thereupon he resigned his positionas Professor in the University but wasmade ,Honorary Professor, being the firstto be honored with this title.

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CASARIEGO

ARTURO GARciA CASARIEGO

Physician; teacher.

ARTURO GARciA CASARIEGO was bornin Cifuentes in the year 1885. He chose themedical career at an early age and pursuedhis education for the profession in Spain,Paris, London, and New York. He gainedhis degree with distinction of Doctor ofMedicine at the University of Havana in1906 and served as Student-externe andStudent-interne in the Mercedes Hospital;Assistant and afterwards Professor in theFaculty of Medicine of the University;Chief of the Laboratary and Professor ofthe Faculty of Hospital Surgeons; Physi­cian of the " Covadonga " Infirmary aswell as of the "Tamayo" Dispensary.

While he was still a student he was oneof the founders of the magazine of theSchool of Medicine and has since served

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on the editorial staffs of medical journalsto which he is an occasional contributor.He is the author of: El Diagn6stico ytratamiento de las enfermedades de las viasurinarias, Habana, 1917. P~ofilaxis de lasenfermedades venereas, Habap.a. Prostatec­tomfa transvesical, Habana.

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HENARES

FRANCISCO HENARES Y BRIEGA

Engineer; te(l(;ner; illustrator.

FRANCISCO HENARES Y BRIEGA wasborn in the year 1872 in Seville, Spain, andwas chiefly educated 'in Spanish schoolsand colleges, at Zaragoza, at Madrid, andalso at Barcelona where he studied draw­ing and painting in the Academy of FineArts.

Later he entered the University of Ha­vana and obtained the degrees of Doctorof Sciences and Doctor of Pharmacy,Agricultural Engineering and Sugar Pro­duction.

In 1900 he won, in competitive examina­tion, the chair of Sugar-making, and itsderived industries, Industrial Chemistryand Agricultural Chemistry.

Dr. Henares is a member of the NationalAcademy of Arts and Letters, and its

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Treasurer; and President of the NationalAssociation of Agriculturists, ChemistS,and Sugar-growers.

In the field of the illustrator Dr. Henareshas produced the greater part of the pic­tures in the books used in primary educa­tion in Cuba including Vidal Morales'sHistoria de Cuba; Dr. de 1a Torre's series ofreaders, Dr. Borrero Echevarria's readingbooks, the books of Dr. Aguayo, NatureStudy, etc.

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Gabriel Casuso

Coogle

CASUSO

GABRIEL CASUSO

Physician; educator; Rec­. tor of the University of

Havana.

GABRIEL CASUSO was born in Matanzasin 1850. He was educated partly in Ha­vana, partly in Madrid, and partly in Paris.He devoted himself to Medicine and gradu­ated in Medicine in Madrid, in Surgery inParis, and in Dental Surgery at the Uni­versity of Havana where he received theDoctor's degree.

He took part in the Ten Years' War(1868-78), serving for five years with theCuban forces.

By competitive examination he won thechair of Obstetrics and Gynecology in theMedical School and concerned himselfsolely with university education and hisprofession until the War of Independencebroke out, when he was seized by the

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Spanish authorities, imprisoned and de­ported, being unable to return to Cubauntil peace was concluded.

On his return he resumed his universityrelations and was elected three successivetimes Dean of the Faculty of Medicineand Pharmacy.

In 1915 he was elected Rector of theUtliversity and in 1918 reelected to thispost.

During the Presidency of Tomas Es­trada Palma Dr. Casuso held the positionof Secretary of Agriculture.

He has been editor of the professionaljournal Progreso Medico, to which and toother medical periodicals he has contri­buted a great number of articles particu­larly upon prophylaxis.

In 1881 he published an article entitledCirug£a antiseptica, and from that timeon continued to labor for the populariza­tion of prophylaxis and the use of anti­septics.

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SALADRIGAS

ENRIQUE SALADRIGAS Y LUNAR

Physician; teacher.

ENRIQUE SALADRIGAS y LUNAR was bornon the twenty-third of December, 1864, inHavana where he was educated privatelyuntil he entered the University. Herehe obtained the degrees of Licentiate inMedicine in 1888 and of Doctor in 1896.

Dr. Saladrigas has been a teacher and ascholar "all his life. As early as 1892 hewas Honorary Professor of Medicine. Afew years later he became Free Professorof General Pathology and in due course,by the path of competitive examinations,he won the positions of First AuxiliaryProfessor and then of full Professor ofClinical Medicine.

Meantime he continued actively in thepractice of his profession and served asInterne in the Mercedes Hospital, Visiting

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Physician (1896), and Surgeon in 1905.Later he was Physician to Hospital Num­ber One and Inspector of Public Health.

Dr. Saladrigas is a member of variousscientific associations and is. editor-in­chief of the medical journal EI ProgresoMedico.

He is a frequent contributor to the medi­cal press and is author of: .Consideracionesgenerales sobre la disenteria observada en laIsla de Cuba en la epidemia actual (Diciem­bre de 18(7), Habana, 1898; Pericarditis deorigen agudo, 1898; Los tuberculosos taqui­cardicos, 1899; Paralisis atr6jica escapulohumeral, 1900; Lecciones cl£nicas sobre laaorta; Consideraciones generales a:cerea dela tuberculosis pulmonar y su tratamiento;Sueroterapia; Estudios clinuos de la neu­mococcia y estretococcia; Estudios cUnicosde todas las afecciones cardiacas; Estudioscl£nicos sobre la nefritis; El papel de lassanguijuelas en las injlamaciones; Amputa­ciones, Apendiceptomia; Cancer del recto­Operaciones; Uretrotomias; Nefrectomias,etc.

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(:oog[c

CHSPEDES

CARLOS MIGUEL DE CESPEDES

Lawyer; financier; politician.

CARLOS MIGUEL DE CESPEDES Y ORTIZ

was born on the sixth of August, 1881, inMatanzas where he passed through theearlier stages of erlucation, thence passingto Santa Clara where he took the coursesneCessary for the Bachelor's degree in theInstitute and finally entering the Uni­versity of Havana where he graduated asDoctor of Civil and Public Law while hewas still a minor.

On account of his youth he accepted apost as Clerk in the Department of Justicewhere he continued until 1905 when heresigned to practice his profession in as­sociation with Dr. Jose Manuel Cortina.

In 1909 he was appointed ConsultingAttorney to the Department of PublicWorks. In 1911 he took part in organizing1-----------------1-----

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the Ports Company of Cuba. He has alsobeen managing Director of developmentcompanies in the suburbs of Havana andcounsel of the bank for rural development(Banco de Fomento Agrario).

Dr. Cespedes belongs to the Liberalparty and took part in the uprising directedby General Jose Miguel G6mez in 1916.He was made prisoner in the incident ofCaicaje and kept in jail along with GeneralG6mez and other partisans until the Act ofAmnesty was passed by Congress.

Since these events Dr. Cespedes hasdevoted himself to his profession.

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GALARRAGA

GUSTAVO SANCHEZ GALARRAGA

Poet.

GUSTAVO SANCHEZ GAJ,.ARRAGA was bomon the second of February, 1893, in the cityof Havana and there received his education,first at the Colegio Belen maintained bythe Jesuit Fathers and later, to the com­pletion of the course for the Bachelor'sdegree, by himself.. He has been President of the society"Fomento del Teatro Nacional" as alsoof the Section of Literature in the Ateneoof Havana. In 1915 he was crowned bythe National Academy of Arts and Lettersfor a poem and in 1918 he received a similarhonor for another poem inspired by theWorld War.

He is the author of: La Fuente matinal(Poems); Lampara 'Dotiva (Poem); Labm-ca sonora (Poems); Eljardin de Mar-

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garitaj Copos de suei'tOj M otivos senfimen­talesj La Princesa buena; Glosas del camino.

El arte teatral en Cuba; Un poeta crepuS­cular,' La TJerdad de la vida; La mascara deanoche; La vida falsa; La escuela de lospadres; El fantasma; Libertad de cora.z6n;Lo invulnerable; La fuga de la tojosa; Lacolmena; EJ mundo de los muiiecos; El buencamino; La caraTJana, etc.

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SANGUILY

MANUEL SANGUILY

Soldier; author; adminis­tratm.

MANUELSANGUILY Y GARRITT was bornon the twenty-sixth of March, 1848, in Ha­vana and had the good fortune to enter theColegio hEI Salvador" while the famouseducator, Dr. Jose de la Luz Caballero wasat its head. Later he began the study ofthe law at the University, but the TenYears' War (1868-78) supervening, heleft the academic life for the field. ThePeace of Zanj6n (1878) found him in NewYork where he had been sent in 1877 by theRevolutionary Government with the rankof Colonel to act as Secretary to his brother,Major General Julio Sanguily.

When peace was made he went to Spainand in 1879 completed his law studies inthe University of Madrid, returning in1880 to enter the office of Dr. Antonio

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Gonzalez de Mendoza in Havana. Therehe served as clerk, but was not able topractice in his own name because he wasunwilling to take the oath (of loyalty)required in the Courts as a prerequisite.Afterwards he got his living for a time bygiving lessons in private houses, but turnedhis attention to literature acting as the soleeditor of Dr. Enrique J. Varona's magazine,the Revista Cubana, and later of HojasLiterarias which he founded in 1893.

During the War of Independence, 1895­98, Colonel Sanguily emigrated with hisfamily to the United States, returning at itsclose to act as a member of the Assemblyof Santa Cruz which appointed him to theCommission which went, with MajorGeneral Calixto Garda at its head, toWashington to obtain aid for the Cubanforces so that they might have the meansof existence when they disbanded. In1901 he began his career as a public manwhen he was made a member of the Con­stitutional Conv.ention for the Province ofHavana. Later he held the offices ofDirector of the Institute of Havana; Sena-

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tor for the Province of Matanzas; Presidentof the Senate; Delegate to the Second In­ternational Peace Conference at TheHague (19°7); Secretary of State in theCabinet of President G6mez; InSpectorGeneral of the Armed Forces of Cuba, andDirector of the Military Academy.

Colonel Sanguily is the author of manyarticles, as also many orations and ad­dresses-for he enjoys a distinguished re~

putation as an or;ltor-and among hispublications are some which gained a widereading: Los Caribes de la Isla, Havana,1884; Un insurrecto Cubano en la Corte,Havana, 1888; CespedesyMarU, New York.1905; Cuba y la Furia Espanola, NewYork; Victoria de las Tunas, New York,1897; Jose de la Luz Caballero.

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DE CASTRO

RAFAEL FERNANDEZ DE CASTRO

Sugar planter; man ofaffairs.

RAFAEL FERNANDEZ DE CASTRO washorn in RegIa, a suburb of Havana, in1856, and after passing through the highergrades of school at the Colegio Belen, hethere took his B.A. degree in 1873. He thenwent to Seville and Madrid, graduatingin those famous universities as Doctor ofPhilosophy and Letters.

Returning to Cuba in 1878 he practicedhis profession as a lawyer and in 1880was appointed Auxiliary Professor in theUniversity of Havana. In 1882, after acompetitive examination, he was appointedto the Chair of Universal History.

His first experience in politics was in1881 as Provincial Deputy for the Districtof Jarnco in the Province of Havana. In1886 he was elected Deputy to the Spanisl1

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Cortes for the Province of Santa Clara, apost which he held until 1890 and waS re­elected in 1893 for the Province of Havana.

Between these two periods, namely in1891, he was the representative in Madridof the Planters' Association of the Islandof Cuba upon the Commission that wasappointed by the Spanish Government forthe purpose of securing economic dataconcerning its colonies.

During the War of Independence, deCastro withdrew entirely frem politicalaffairs, but when the Spanish Government,in 1898, decreed autonomy for Cuba, hereturned to public life and helped in theorganization of the new system, beingelected a representative in the CubanHouse.

At the beginning of the war betweenSpain and the United States, he was namedCivil Governor of the Province of Havana,a difficult task. While the Island was beingblockaded by the American Navy he madetremendou!? and successful efforts to avoidrioting in the Capital and to assist thosewho were suffering from hunger. He or-

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ganized the free kitchens at which overseventy-five thousand people were fedeach day. His work at that difficult periodearned him the praise of Miss Clara Barton,the Spanish Government decorated himwith the Gran Cruz de Beneficenda for hisservices and the Municipal Council of Ha­vana presented him with a medal com­memorative of the Blockade. That bodyalso desired to erect a statue in his honorin the San Juan de Di6s or the Paula Park,both of which he had caused to be rebuilt.Dr. de Castro acc~pted the medal, butrefused to allow any statue to be erected tohim, or to permit either of the parks to benamed after him. He based his objectionson the fact that such honors should beposthumous.

In 1899 he delivered the City of Havanato General William Ludlow, coincidentwith the delivery of the Island to GeneralBrooke by.General Castellanos in com­pliance with the provisions of the Treatyof Paris; Dr. de Castro then retired toprivate life. Since that time he has de­voted himself to the development of the

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sugar plantations established by his father,which are known under the name of thePedro Fernandez de Castro Sugar Com-pany. ,

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TRELLES

VICTORINO TRELLES

Physician; teacher.

VICTORTNO TRELLES ESTURBA was bornin Buenos Aires, Argentina, on the eighthof November, 1870, but at an early agecame to Cuba and was educated in Ha­vana. In 1885, he entered the Institute;in 1888 he gained the standing of PcritoMcreantil, in the following year that ofProfessor M creantil, and in 1891 graduatedas Bachelor. In the same year he enteredthe University where in 1897 he obtainedthe degree of Licentiate in Physico-Mathe­matical Sciences and in the following yearthat of Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery.In 1899 he was made Doctor in Physico­Mathematical Sciences, and in 1900 wasappointed Auxiliary Professor of Science.In the same year in competitive examina­tion he won the rank of Auxiliary Professor,

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Head of the Department of Astronomy,and in 19II he was advanced to the Chairof Rational Mechanics, Astronomy, andCosmology in the Faculty of Letters andSciences.,

During the year 1895 he was Assistantin the Anatomical Department and extemestudent in the clinic of obstetrics in theFaculty of Medicine. While he was astudent he won a great number of prizesfor distinction in scholarship, not only inthe Institute but also in the University.

He has contributed articles to variousperiodicals and is the author of: Criteriosque pueden invocarse para establecer lairresponsabilidad de ciertos aetos criminales.Habana, 1898.

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FERNANDEZ

WIFREDO FERNANDEZ

Journalist;public man.

WIFREDO FERNANDEZ Y VEGA was bornin Consolaei6n del Sur, Pinar del Rio, onthe eleventh of October, 1881, and gainedhis early education in his native town atthe Colegio "La Uni6n" where he com­pleted the courses for the Bachelor's degree.

At the close of the War of· Independencein 1898 he went to Spain, but in 1900 hereturned to Cuba, settled in Havana andentered upon the career of a journalist.While he was still a student he had servedon the staff of more than one newspaperand now at the age of eighteen he becameone of the editors of El Comercio where hedevoted himself so vigorously to his dutiesthat three years later, on attaining hismajority,. he was made Editor-in-Chiefwhich position he has maintained. Mean-

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time he has continued to contribute to thevarious literary magazines of Cuba., In 1910 he was elected Representative

for his native province and has served onthe important Committees of Estimatesand Public Works. He is a membec of theConservative party and a member of theExecutive Committee of the organization.He has introduced several bills of impor­tance, among which was that for the crea­tion of a Statistical Committee of Socialand Economic Reforms. He is a fightingjournalist and President of the PressAssociation.

Sr. Fernandez is the author of: Et pueblocubano es virtuoso; La responsabilidad de susclases directoras. Habana, 1909; Los pre­supuestos de 1911 a 19IZ. Habana, 1911;Cuba. Ciclo, dicha y esperanza de lodos.Habana, 1911 j lCuba es la Patria del" Pocomas 0 menos"r Ni protectorado, ni Repub- .lica. Habana, 1913; Articulos y discursos.Habana, 1914; DefensadelCongresoCubano.Habana, 1915j Problemas cubanos. Ha­bana, 1916.

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ALBERTINI

OSCAR DIAZ ALBERTINI

Lawyer; official.

OSCAR DiAZ ALBERTINI Y DE CARDENAS

was born on the twelfth of February, 1887,in the city of Havana where, except for ashort stay in the Un.ited States, he haslived and where he gained his education.He obtained the degree of Doctor in CivilLaw at the University of Havana on thesecond of June, 19II, having previouslywon that of Bachelor of Letters aridSciences.

On leaving the University, Dr. Albertinientered the law office of the distinguishedlawyers and statesmen, Dodors Lanuzaand Desvernine, where he continued topractice until the duties of public officeengrossed his time.

On the third of June, 1913, he was ap­pointed Chief Clerk of Provincial and

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Municipal Affairs in the Department ofGobernacion, and on the thirteenth ofJanuary, "1914, he gave up these duties toassume similar responsibilities in the StateDepartment. On the fifth of April, 1915,he was appointed Director of the Divisionof Justice in the State Department underSecretary Desvemine.

Dr. Albertini has served as Memb~r ofthe Revisory Committee on the-applicationof the Law of Workmen's Insurance andMember of the Commission for the studyof Industry, Commerce, and Navigation.

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MIGUEL DE CARRI6N Y CARDENAS

Phymian; surgeon; t/!lUh­er; writer..

MIGUEL DE CARRION Y CARDENAS wasborn on the ninth of April, 1875, in Havana,and there gained his early education; butwhen he was twenty, in 1895, he left Cubafor the United States where he remainedfor some years.

On his return to Cuba he gave himselffor some years to a literary career and itwas not until 1907 that he resumed hisformal studies and gained the degree ofDoctor in Medicine in the University ofHavana. Meantime he continued to serveas a journalist and in J912 was a memberof the st.aff of EJ Dia, and editor-in-chiefof EJ Sol. Later he joined the staff of LaLucha on which he has continued as edi­torial writer.

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In 1918 he won in competitive examina­tion the Chair of Anatomy and Physiologyin the Nonnal School of Havana.

Dr. Carri6n has been a contributor bothto periodicals and to medical journals andis author of: La Ultima Voluntad, Shortstories, 1903j El Milagro, Novel, 1904;Las Honradas. Novel, l<}06j Las Im;uras,Novel, 1919.

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DOMINGO HERNANDO SEGUf

Physician.

DOMINGO HERNANDO SEGUI was bornon the sixth of January, 1862, iI! the city ofHavana and there he received his educationin the Colef!,io of Belen maintained by theJesuit Fathers and in the University ofHavana. He holds the three degrees ofDoctor in Medicine, Doctor in Pharmacy,and Doctor in Natural Sciences and isProfessor of Medicine and Pharmacy inthe University.

Dr. Segui;s a member of the Academy of, Sciences of Havana.

In 1910 he founded the Revista de Enfer-medades de garganta, nariz y oidos which hemaintained and published for three years,contributing many articles to its pages.He has also written much in other medical

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journals and is author of: La presion ar-terial y la tuberculosis pulmonar en Cuba,1905; Epistaxis.. Focos hemorragicos, Ha-bana, 1907.

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OCTAVIO AVERHOFF Y PLA

Lawyer; teacher.

OCTAVIO AVERHOFF Y PLA was born onthe fifth of March, 1876, in'Havana, wherehe was educated and has passed his life.His early education was obtained in ElProgreso the private school of primary andsecondary education maintained by thedistinguished scholar and naturalist, Dr.Carlos de la Torre. Later Averhoff at­tended the University of Havana and therehe obtained the degree of Doctor of Lawsin the year 1896, before he was yet twentyyears old. In the following year he wasappointed Professor in the University andin 1902 he won in competitive examinationthe chair of Roman Law.

Meanwhile he has continued to practicehis profession on which he entered in 1899,as soon as he had reached the age prescribedby law.

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MOREJON

ALFREDO RODRfGUEZ MOREJ6N

Teruher; mathematician;writer.

ALFREDO RODRiGUEZ MOREJON was bornon the twenty-eighth of November, 1874,in the city of Havana where he grew up,was educated and has lived all his life. Heattended the private school "San Fran­cisco de Paula" of which Dr. ClaudioMim6 was the head and thence went to theUniversity. He holds the following de­grees: Bachelor of Sciences and Arts(1889); Licentiate in Physico-Mathemati­cal Sciences (1895); Doctor in Physico­Mathematical Sciences (1910); Architect(19II).

In 1900 he became a teacher in the publicschools and in the same year he was ap­pointed Professor of Mathematics in theSchool of Arts and Crafts of Havana wherehe continued until 1915. In that year he

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was appointed, after competitive examina­tion, Professor of Mathematics in theNormal School.

Dr. Morej6n is a Member of the Na­tional Academy of Arts and Letters andalso of the Mathematical SOCiety of Spain.He has done much work on the field oftheoretical mathematics and his methodfor determining the angles of cones andpyramids has been widely commended.

He is the author of: Medios de /JromofJerel sentimiento nacional cubano, Havana,IC)06; Casos en que los conos y piramidesdeben considerarse rectos y oblicuos; Eltrabajo de la mujer y el nino en nuestras[abricas y talleres; La ensenanza de la Geo­metria en la escuela primaria.

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RAMIRO GUERRA y SANCHEZ

Teacher; writer.

RAMIRCl GUERRA Y SANCHEZ was bornon the thirty-first of January, 1880, in thetown of Bataban6, Province of Havana,Cuba. His early education was gained inhis native place whence he went to Havanato continue his studies in the Institutewhich, however, were interrupted by theWar of Independence (1895-8).

In 1900 he began to teach and in thesummer of that year accompanied thegroup of Cuban teachers who went to Har­vard University (U. S. A.) for a specialcourse. Later he resumed the regularacademic studies at the University of Ha­vana and obtained the degree of Doctor inPedagogy in 1910.

From 1900 to 1906 Senor Guerra taughtand directed a school which still bears his

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name in Bataban6. In 1906 he entered theranks of teachers in Havana and was pro­moted to the position of Principal of thePractice School attached to the School ofPedagogy of the University of Havana.Later for three years he was Professor ofMethods in the Summer Normal School

: of Havana. In 1913 he was appointedProvincial Superintendent of SchoolS forthe Province of Pinar del Rio. In 1915 hewon in competitive examination the Pro­fessorship ot Pedagogical Studies in theNormal School of Havana which had justbeen founded, and the Board of Protessorselected him Director of the School-thusplacing him at the head of. the first institu­tion ot its .kind established in Cuba afterthe fall of the Spanish rule.

Since 1904 Dr. Guerra,bas given muchtime ·and labor to the magazine ot educa­tion Cuba Pedag6gua published. in Havana,and has contributed to its pages manyarticles on Methods, Psychology, SchoolManagement, History of Education, etc.He is the author of the courses of study inDrawing, Nature. Study, and Agriculture

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in the elementary schools and had chargeof revising the plan of education for theprimary schools of Cuba.

He is a member of various societies andof the "Comisi6n de construcciones es­colares de Cuba."

Besides his numerous contributions toperiodicals, Dr. Guerra has written variousbooks some of which have been adopted astext-books: La Lecci6n en la EscuelaPrimaria, La Patria en la Escuela, El Pa­dre Varela educador, Jose Antonio Saco y laedl~caci6n nacional, Fines de la educaci6nnacional, Del conocimiento de si mismo, ElCardenal Cisneros y el principio de autoridaden una naci6n, etc.

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JOSE MARIA CHAC6N Y CALVO

Scholar; author; diplomat.

INOTESHISPANIC

JOSE MARfA CHAC6N Y CALVO was'bornin Santa Maria del Rosario, Provinre ofHavana, on the twenty-seventh of October,1893, and was educated in Havana wherehe took his early studies in th~ school ofthe Jesuits-Belen,---continued in the In­stitute, where he completed the coursesfor the Bachelor's degree and entered theUniversity where he obtained the twodegrees of Doctor in Civil Law, in 1913,and Doctor of Philosophy and Letters in1915.

His youthful inclination was towardletters and he began early to contributeto the magazines in Havana-the F~garo,

Cuba Contemporanea, and the Magaliineof tile Faculty of Letters and Scienus. In1916 he organized, on the occasion of the

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tercentenary celebration, a series of ad­dresses on Cervantes. He was also one ofthe founders of the Sociedad FilomaticaCubana, and he was President of theSection of Literature of the Ateneo ofHavana and Director of the Socicdad deConfer~ncias.

In May, 1918, he was appointed SecondSecretary of the Cuban Legation at Mad­rid where he hl:.S continued his literarywork, contributing to the Magazine ofSpanish Philology (Madrid), and sharing inthe work of the Club for Historical Studies.He is a,member of the group of lecturerswho deal with literary topics in the Ateneoof Madrid, having for his subject theFiguras del Romanceros. His works areincluded in Professor Fitzmaurice Kelly'sBibliography of Spanish Literature andhave been found worthy of treatment inthe Magazine of Spanish Philology.

Among his. works are: Origenes de laPoem en Cuba; Romances tradicionales enCuba (contribution to Cuban folk-lore);Gerfl"udis G6mez de Avellaneda; Jos~ MariaHerMia; Vida Universitaria de Herldia;

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Cervantes, el Romancerc; Los Cancionerosgallego-portugueses y Bernaldino Ribeiro.

In preparation: La Poesia cubana en elsiglo XIX. Antologia cntica; Ensayossentimentales; Hermanito menor; Tabla devariantes de las poesias Uricas de la A vel­laneda.

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PATTERSON

GUILLERMO PATTERSONYJAUREGUI

G(JfIernment official.

GUILLERMO PATTERSON y JAUREGUI wasborn in 1870, in Havana, and there he ob­tained his education, first in the Churchschools, later in the Institute where hegained the degree of Bachelor of Lettersand Sciences and, finally, in the Universitywhere he was made Licentiate in Civil andCanon Law.

He has spent much of his life in"the publicservice and has fulfilled a number ofmissions for the Cuban Government inforeign countries. Among the officeswhich he has held are those of ConsulGeneral at Liverpool, Commercial Repre­sentative at Madrid, Chief of the Depart­ment of Information and Chancery, Direc­tor of Registry and, finally,Sub-secretary ofthe Department of State, which office henow holds.

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CORNIDE

JOSE B. CORNIDE

Doctor; legislator.

JOSE B. CORNIDE was born in SantaClara on the thirteenth of December,1859. After passing the early stages ofeducation in his native town, he went tothe Colegio of Esculapius in Guanabacoawhere he completed the studies requisitefor the Bachelor's degree in 1878. Thenhe entered the University at Havana to fithimself for a career in the practice of Medi­

Icine. He obtained the degree of Licen­tiate in 1883 and fulfilled the intellectualrequirements leading to the Doctor's de­gree, but the expenses attending theceremony of granting the degree (Investi­dura) prevented him from obtaining it.

Returning then to Santa Clara, Cornidebegan the practice of his profession, mean­time devoting himself to the various prob-

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lems of public education, charity, etc.,which affected the general welfare. Re­cognizing these civic interests and virtues,the Government under the first AmericanIntervention made him Presiqent of theBoard of Education to which he gave hisdisinterested services until 1909.

Senor Cornide was one of the foundersof the Conservative party in Santa Clara;he entered upon an active political careerin 1914, and in 1916 he was elected Repre­sentative. During his term of service inthe Chamber he has taken an eager interestin all matters relating to public education,charity, and health.

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BETANCOURT

\ ALCIDES BETANCOURT

JournaJist; man of affairs;senator. .

ALCIDES BETANCOURT was born in thecity of Camagiiey on the twenty-first ofDecember, 1865, and was educated in Ha­vana, but went at a later date to New Yorkto obtain special instruction in commercialsubjects.

When the War of Independence brokeout, in 1895, he was appointed correspondentof the New York Herald in Camagiiey, andlater, held a similar post in Havana. In con­sequence of the news he sent to his paper hewas expelled from Cuba (1897) by GeneralWeyler, whereupon he went to New Yorkand continued to write for the Herald thereuntil the United States declared war onSpain, when he became war correspondentwriting despatches from the front.

During the American Intervention he

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was appointed Secretary of the ProvincialGovernment of Camagftey, in which posi­tion he continued until 1902 when he asso­ciated himself with the Cuba RailroadCompany. In 1906 he retired from therailway business to devote himself todealing in land on 'a large scale.

In 1909 he was appointed by GeneralMenocal to an important administrativeposition in the great sugar mill "Chaparra."

In 1914 he was elected Senator for Ca­magftey, succeeding in this high office thefamous Cuban leader Salvador Cisneros.

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DUPLESSIS

GUSTAVO G. DUPLESSIS

Physician; teacher; surgeon.

GUSTAVO G. DUPLESSIS Y A.1tPURUA wasborn on the,twelfth of October, 1864, in thecity of Havana, but obtained his early edu­cation in the Church schools at Guana­bacoa, later returning to Havana where heentered the University and obtained hisdegree as Doctor of Medicine when he wasscarcely twenty years of age, in 1884.Sometime later, being desirous of extendinghis knowledge and obtaining a wider ex­perience in his profession, he went to Paris,there entered the University and obtaineda second degree of Doctor of Medicine in1893, meantime obtaining invaluable train­ing and experience through a term ofservices as Interne and Ex terne in thehospitals.

In 1893 he returned to Havana, entered

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at once on the practice of medicine andsurgery, and has enjoyed a career of dis­tinguished success.

In 1895 he was appointed Physician andSurgeon of the Hospital (Quinta) of theAssociation of Clerks (Dependientes) whichhas a membership of over thirty thousand.

In 1899 he was appointed Professor ofClinical Surgery in the University andoccupied the Chair until 19o1. He wasthen made Surgical Director of ''the Hospi­tal (Casa de Salud) of the Canary IslandsAssociation with its forty thousandmembers.

Dr. Duplessis is a Member of theAcademy of Medicine and of the Societyfor Clinical Studies. He has publishedfrequent articles in the medical press uponprofessional subjects.

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CORREOSO

ANTONIO BRAVO CORREOSO

Lawyer; public man; administrator.

ANTONIO BRAVO CORREOSO was bornin Santiago de Cuba in 1874. After ob­taining his early education at the Colegioof "Santiago" in his native town he wenton to Havana, there completing the coursefor the Bachelor's degree and entering theUniversity to pursue studies in Philosophy,Letters, and Law. In the year 1886 heobtained the degree of Licentiate in Philo­sophy and Letters, and a year later thatin the Law.

Correoso returned to his birthplace toaccept the position of Professor in the Pro­vincial Institute of Santiago, and continuedto teach until the Revolutionary Warbroke out in 1895. He had been a promi­nent member of the old Reform party andProvincial Deputy for it; naturally, there­fore, when the war came he devoted himself

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to the Cuban cause and became a markedman. He was one of the first whom theSpanish General Martinez Campos causedto be seized and imprisoned. He was takento the Cabana Fortress in Havana; fromthere transported to Spain, and placed inprison first at Santander and later at Mad­rid. He escaped from custody, made hisway to Italy, thence to Paris, and later toNew York, meantime spreading in all thecities which he visited the story of Cuba'sstruggle for liberty.

When the war was won and the CubanRepublic was constituted, Correoso waselected Member ot the ConstitutionalConvention for Santiago and was madeSecretary of the Commission charged withdrafting the Constitution. In I902 he waselected Senator and reelected in I906; hewas first Vice-president of this body. Fromthe end of the war until the second Ameri­can Intervention he was President of thepolitical party to which he belonged inSantiago, but since that time he has takenlittle part in politics, preferring to devotehimself to the practice of his profession.

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ARAGON

ERNESTO A. DE ARAG6N

Physician.

'ERNESTO A. DE ARAGON y MUNoz wasborn in the town of Marianao on the ninthof January, 1868. His early education wasobtained in Havana where he attendedColegios, continued in the Institute wherehe completed the course for the Bachelor'sdegree and also in the University whichgranted him the degree of Licentiate inPharmacy in 1889. He became AssistantProfessor in this subject in 1894 and alsopursued his medical studies obtaining thedegree of Licentiate in Medicine in 1895.

The political events of 1895 in Cubaobliged Dr. de Arag6n to withdraw tothe United States where he continued thestudy of his profession as assistant in theLying-In Hospital in New York and atthe same time cooperated with his com-

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patriots who were lending effective aid to.the Revolution by means of political clubsorganized in New York and other cities.After spending some time in New YorkDr. de Arag6n removed to Jacksonville,Florida, where he practiced his professionuntil the end of the war and the success ofthe Revolution in Cuba when he returnedto Havana.

In 1900 he obtained the degree of Doctorin Medicine from the University of Havanaand in the same year was made Head ofthe Clinic of Obstetrics in the School ofMedicine in Mercedes Hospital. In 1902

he was appointed Chief Inspector of theHealth Department. He is also Vice­president of the Society of Clinical Studiesand Financial Secretary of the MedicalCollege of Cuba.

Dr. de Arag6n is a contributor to medicaljournals; has acted as editor of MedicalProgress and collaborated on the Manualof Practical Sanitation issued by the De­part~ent of Health in 1905.

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CRIST6BAL DE LA GUARDIA

Lawyer; ojJiliaJ.

CRISTOBAL DE LA GUARDIA was born onthe eighteenth of July, 1859, in the townof Guanabacoa, Havana Province. There,in the Church schools, he took his earlyeducation and continued thereafter in thecolleges of Havana and the Universitywhere he studied law, obtaining the degreeof Licentiate in Law in 1880.

In addition to the practice of his pro­fession Senor de la Guardia has hetd variouspublic offices and occupied positions ofimportance, among them being: Secretaryof the Board of Patrons of the Hospitalfor the Insane of Cuba; Counsel of theBoard of Aldermen of Havana; ConsultingAttorney of the Board of Aldermen ofGuanabacoa; Senator for the Province ofHavana and Secretary of Justice in theCabinet of Prec;ident Menocal.

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De la Guardia is the author of articles,addresses, and reports on legal subjectssome of which have been highly regardedand one of which was described by aneminent authority as "the most impor­tant c10cument which had been publishedsince Cuba became free." This was his,Informe del Secretario de Iusticia, Ha­bana, 1915. Among his other publicationsare: Para el Pueblo, Habana, 1900. Por­qut soy liberal, Habana, 1903. Una re­forma que no se hara, Habana, 1905.

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PUJOL

MIGUEL ALONSO PUJOL

Lawyer; publicist.

MIGUEL ALONSO PUJOL was born on theseventeenth of July, 1892, the son of SenorGustavo Alonso Castaneda and SenoraTeresa Pujol y Trista. He gained his edu­cation largely in B,azil where he graduatedfrom the National Institute of Science ofRio Janeiro in 1907 with the degree ofDoctor of Civil Law.

Since he returned to Havana Dr. Pujolhas taken an active part in public affairs,

:. contributing to various periodicals includ­ing El Mundo, El Triunfo, La Discu:;i6n,La Lucha, etc., and recently he has becomethe editor of La Semana Judicial, a maga­zine devoted to legal and social questions.

In 1910 he obtained the degree of Doctorof .Civil Laws in the University of Havana.

Dr. Pujol is a member of the National

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Committee of the Union Liberal 'party;Vice-president of the " J.-uz CaballeroFoundation," and member of the Execu­tive Committee of the League for the Pro­tection of the Suffrage. He has been acandidate for Representative and has givenspecial study to constitutional questionson which he has written extensively. Helias had practical contact with governmentby serving as Chief of Administration ofthe Third Class in the civil administration.

Among his publications are: La Re­forma Constuucional y el Sistema Parla­mentario, Habana, 1918j Controversia deConstitucionalidad, Habana, 1918.

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LAINE

HONORE F. LAINE

Veterinary.

: HONORE F. LAINE ~ GARESCHE was bornon the tenth of October, 1864, in Macurijes,Province of Matanzas. He was educatedchiefly in the United States, at GeorgetownCollege, Washington, D. C., and the Ameri­can Veterinary College of New York wherehe gained the degree of Doctor in Veteri­nary Medicine in 1885.

From 1899 to 1905 Dr. Laine was Veter­inary Inspector of the Port of Havana andfrom 1905 to 1907 Veterinary of the HigherBoard of Health.

In 1907 he won in competitive examina­tion the post of professor in the Universityof Havana in charge of instruction in In­spection of Domestic Animals, Inspectionof Meats, Police Sanitation, and Veter­inary Legislation.

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In 1893 he invented the first mechanicaltransporter of sugar cane to be installed inCuba, .which was set up in Colonia SantoDomingo, Crimea, Province of Matanzas.

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R U I Z

MANUEL RUIZ Y RODRIGUEZ

Ecclesiastic; author; Bish­op of Pinar del Rio.

MANUEL RUIZ y RODRIGUEZ was bornin Corralillo, Province oj' Santa Clara, onthe eleventh of December, 1874. Hegainedhis early education in Havana where heentered the Seminary in 1887 and continueduntil he graduated as Bachelor of Theology.Later he went to the United States andcontinued his studies in the Catholic Uni­versity of America, at Washington, D. C.,where he obtained the degree of Licentiatein Theology. He was enabled to take allhis courses of study by the generosity ofFather Manuel Gonzalez Cuervo.

In 1897 he was ordained and in 1900 hewas sent as chaplain to the teachers whowent to Boston in th.at year.

During his career in the church the

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Reverend Father has filled various officialposts, including that of Secretary to theChapter of the Cathedral of Havana; Chap­lain of the Choir; Secretary of the Records(Sumario); Secretary and Prosecutor of theBishops of Havana and Cienfuegos; Curateand Vicar of Sagua la Grande; Curate ofCruces, Lajas, and Cienfuegos; Adminis­trator of the House of Correction, and pro­fessor of the four courses in Latin and theHumanities in the Seminary of Havana.

In 1907 Father Ruiz was appointedBishop of Pinar del Rio. He was desig­nated in April, 1907, consecrated in Cien­fuegos on the eleventh of June, and tookpossession of his charge on the tenth 6f Julyof the same year, where he continues.

He is the author of various PastoralLetters, has translated The Heart of Jesusof Nazareth, and is the author of Liras yEstrofas, poems published under the pseu­donym "Lucas del Cigarral." and a volumelmpresiones de un Viaje a Tierra Sanla.

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Carmela Nieto de Herrera

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CAR MEL A N lET 0 363

CARMELA NIETO DE HERRERA .

Writer; journalist.

SENORA CARMELA NIETO DE H~R.RERA

was born in Havana on the sixth of March,1879, but received most of her educationabroad; first in the United States and laterin Madrid (Spain) where her father, DonMariano Nieto Mujica, held the rank ofBrigadier General in the Spanish Army.There she completed the courses leading tothe degree of Bachelor, gaining also variousprizes for distinction.

In 1904 she began to write in El Figaro ofHavana and soon afterwards was placed incharge of the Home Department of ElMundo. Later she founded and conductedin the same paper a section devoted to"Questions-moral and general" in whichshe dealt with matters of belief, affection,and good counsel.

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In H}06 she was elected member of theBoard of Charity and Correction; firstofficer of the Library and Press division ofthe Bulletin of Health of Cuba.

In 1907 she was appointed member,with voice and vote, of the Board of Healthof Havana-being the only woman who hasheld any of these positions in Cuba up tothis time. She is a member of the RedCross. She is also a member of the Sec­tion of Public Instruction of Cuba, andthrough her writings a general, unofficialadviser of many students, boys and girls.

Senora.. Nieto de Herrera is the onlywoman journalist in Cuba and is the authorof a great number of articles, sketches, andstories which have appeared in newspapersand magazines.

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By permission of Hall's Studios. photographers (N. Y )

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SOLER

JOSE M. SOLER FERNANDEZ

Teacher of art.

JOSE M. SOLER FERNANDEZ was bomin Villaclara, Cuba, in the year 1873.When he was twenty he'entered the Schoolof Painting and Sculpture of Madrid wherehe continued five years, and won goldmedals for excellence in his studies andhonorable mention in the Exposition ofFine Arts of Madrid in 1896. From H)OI

to 1904 he studied in the University of Ha­vana where he obtained the degrees ofBachelor and of Doctor in Pedagogy (1904).In the same year he won the silver medalfor a text-book on the subject of art at theExposition held in St. Louis.

Meantime he had entered upon hiscareer as teacher of art. In 1901 he wasProfessor of Drawing in the SummerSchools at Cienfuegosj in 1902 in those of

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Santiago de las Vegas, Guines, and Havana.In 1906 he was Professor ad interim ofPerspective, Ati.atomy, and the History ofArt in the School of Painting of Havana.In 1915 he was appointed Professor ofDrawing and Modeling in the NormalSchool of Havana, and in 1916 he gained bycompetitive examination the position ofAuxiliary to the Chair of Drawing in theSchool of Pedagogy.

In 1917 Dr. Soler was elected Memberof the National Academy of Arts andLetters and in 1919 he was elected Presi­dent of the University Pedagogical AsllO­ciation of Havana.

The work of Dr. Soler in his variousclasses since H)Ol has been directed tosetting up new ideas and new methods inDrawing, Modeling, and Chirography andto combating the traditional forms andmethods based on antique doctrines.

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MONTORI

ARTURO MONTORI DE CESPEDES

Teacher; writer.

ARTURO MONTORI DE CESPEDES wasborn in the year 1878 in Havana. He waseducated partly in Spain, at the Institutesof Zaragoza and Barcelona, and partly inHavana where he gained the degree ofDoctor in Pedagogy at the University.

On leaving the University he enteredupon his profession as teacher and becameMaster in the public schools of Bataban6in 1902; Master in the schools of Havana,by competitive examination, in 1904, andDirector of Schools Nos. 13 and 43, in Ha­vana, 1907 to 1909. In 1909 he becameInspector of the District Schools of Be­jucal, ,and in IgI0, Professor of the NormalSchool of Havana. In 1915 he was electedto the Faculty of the Normal School andin 1917 became its Director.

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From the year 1905 Dr. Montori hasbeen the editor of the magazine CubaPedag6gica, which is still being published,and in which since 1915 he has had forcolleague Dr. Ramiro Guerra. In this andin other periodicals he has published manyarticles on educational subjects and he is theauthor of the following books: CuestionesPedag6gicas, 1908; Crltica del m~todo Her-

. bartiano, 1909; La Fatiga Intelectual, 1913;Ideales de los ninos cubanos, 1914.

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Ernesto Asbert

Coogle

ASBERT

ERNESTO ASBERT

Soldier; man of affairs;administrator.

ERNESTO ASBERT was born in the townof Consolaci6n del Sur in the Province ofPinar del Rio on the first of May, 1873, andtook the early courses leadirlg to theBachelor's degree in the private Colegio ofthe Society" La Uni6n" in his native place.But the student's life made an indifferentappeal to his energetic nature and he leftbooks to devote himself to business.

When the Revolution broke out in 1895Asbert prepared to take part in it and onJanuary 9,1896, joined the forces of Col.Antonio Nunez with the rank of Captain.During the remainder of the war he foughtunder the command of the Commander­in-chief Maximo G6rr.ez, under that ofGeneral Antonio Maceo, and for part ofthe time under that of General Adolfo del.

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Castillo, the scene of his activities beingthe Province of Havana, where he obtainedhis promotion to the rank of Colonel on the24th of August, 1898.

With the close of the war he turned hisattention to politics. His first office was thatof Chief of Municipal Police for Guines.At the same time he served also as Secre­tary of the Liquidating Commissions (Com­mission for settling soldiers' claims) of theFifth Corps of the Army. In 1904 Col.Asbert was elected Member of the Councilfor the Province of Havana, and in 1908 hewas elected Governor of the Province ofHavana, in which post he was active inimproving roads, bridges, and all means ofcommunication so as to increase the trafficand adq to the resources of all parts of theprovince.

Some years ago the Congress of Cubapassed a special act of amnesty designed,it was said, to clear Gen. Asbert's nameand exculpate him from ,the charge ofmanslaughter on which he had been tried.

Gen. Asbert has interested himself inpublications: he was tlJ.e founder of the

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ASBERT

newspaper El lndependiente of Guinesand has had a share in establishing anddeveloping some of the papers of, theCapital.

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OR TI Z

FERNANDO ORTIZ Y FERNANDEZ•

Lawyer; criminologist; author.

FERNANDO ORTIZ y FERNANDEZ was bornin Havana on the sixteenth of July, 1881,of a Spanish father and a Cuban mother.He prepared for his Bachelorate in Men­orca, Spain, and commence<;l. in Havanathe study of law from which he was gradu­ated in Barcelona in 1900. In 1901 hereceived the degree of Doctor of Laws fromthe Central University of Madrid and wasmade Doctor of Civil Law (190:2) and Doc­tor of Public Law (1906) by the Universityof Havana.

From 190:2 until 1906 he was Cuba's con­sularrepresentativein Italy and Spain afterwhich he served for two years as PublicProsecutor in Havana; he then became Pro­fessor of Public Law in the University ofHavana, which position he resigned in 1916

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upon his election for a seven-year 'tennto the Cuban House of Representatives.

Dr. Ortiz is a profound student of Cubanhistory, ethnology, and psychology, es­pecially as related to the negro. He is amember of the following sc;entific organi­zations: American Institute of CriminalLaw and Criminology, American Sociolo­gical Association, American Academy ofPolitical and Social Sciences, Societe Gen­erale des Prisons, Academia de la Historiade Venezuela, Academia de la Historia deCuba, Sociedad Economica de Amigos delPais, Sociedad Cubana de Delecho Inter­nacional. In 1918 he was made a Corre­sponding member of the Hispanic Societyof America.

His published works include: Base paraun estudio sobre la llamada reparaci6n civil(Doctor's thesis), Madrid, 19°1; Las sim­patias de Italia por los M ambises cltbanos,"Documentos para la historia de la inde­pendencia de Cuba," Marsella, 1905; LaCriminalita dei negri in Cuba, Turin, 1905;II Suicidio Tra i Negri, Turin, lQOO; Super­stizione criminose in Cuba, Turin, 1906;

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OR TI Z

Hampa Afro-Cubana, Los Negros Brujlls,Madrid, 1906; La inmigraci6n desde elpunto de vista crimino16gico, Habana, 1906;Para la agonografia espafiola, Habana, 1908;Los M ambises Italianos, Habana, 1909;La reconquista de Amlrica, Paris, Ollendorf,19II; Historia de Santiago de Cuba, Ha­bana, 1912; La identificad6n dactiloscopica,Habana, 1913; Entre cubanos, Ollendorf,Paris, 1914; Seamos Hoy como fueron Ayer,Habana, 1914; Hampa Afro-Cubana, LosNegros Esclavos, Habana, 1916; Bases parala organizaci6n Internacwnal de la Solidari­dad de los Estados ante el delincuente, Ha­bana, 1917.

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Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso

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ZAYAS

ALFREDO ZAVAS

Lawye,; w,iu,; orato,;Viu-pre,ident of the Re­public of Cuba, I909-I9I3.

ALFREDO ZAYAS YALFONSO was born onthe twenty-first of February, 1861, in thecity of Havana where his whole life has beenspent. His early education was obtained inthe cotegio of Madame Boblag and the morefamous colegio "EI Salvador" founded byLuz Caballero which was then under thecharge of his father, Juan Bruno Zayas. In1882 at the age of twenty-one he receivedthe degree of Licenciado en Derecho fromthe University of Havana and entered up­on the practice of the law. Like mostCubans of his generation he shared in therevolutionary activities of the time; he wasa member of the Autonomist party, a con­tributor of propagandist articles to variousnewspapers, editor of a literary magazine,

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and representative of the Revolutionaryparty in Havana. His part in the revolu­tionary program resulted in his arrest anp.imprisonment in 1896 and his exile in 1897.

With the triumph of the Revolution in1898, he returned to political life in whichhe has since been active. He has held manyoffices. As early as 1889 he was ProsecutingAttorney; in 1891, Municipal Judge; in 1901acting Mayor of Havana and Member ofthe Council; in ;905 he was made Senatorfor the Province of Havana and chosenPresident of the Senate; in 1906 he wasPresident of the Revolutionary Committee;in 1907 he was chosen member of the Com­mittee of Consultation to deal with mattersaffecting Cuba and the United States andin ~ 908 he was elected Vice-president of theRepublic.

The literary interests of Dr. Zayas havebeen many and varied. He has been afrequent contributor to the press and tomagazines on political and historical sub­jects; he was for six years Librarian of theSociedad Econ6mica de Amigos del Paisand for many years its President. His

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published works include El presbltero donJ os~ Agustin Caballero y su vida y sus obras,1891. Cuba A uton6mica. LexicograjfaAntillana, Habana, 1914.

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j"USTIZ

FRANCISCO CARRERA JUSTIZ

Lawyer; teader; e"pertin municipal affairs.

FRANCISCO CARRERA JUSTlZ was born inGuanabacoa, Province of Havana, on thethirtieth of August, 1857. He gained hisearly education in the church schools of hisnative town but for his later studies wentto the University of Havana where he ob­tained the degree of Doctor of Civil andPublic Law.

Dr. }Ustiz has found his chief interestin the field of municipal government andhas devoted himself to its problems. Hewon in competition the position of profes­sor in the law faculty of the Universityand he has founded a magazine entitledRevista Municipal 'Y de I ntereses Econ6micasin which he deals with city government.He is also a founder of the Association for

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Municipal Good Government and has deliv­ered at the Ateneo and elsewhere an exten­sive series of lectures on the subject.

He is a member of the Academy ofSciences of Havana; honorary member ofthe Royal Academy of Jurisprudence ofSpain; President of the Association of Doc­tors of Public Law, and President of theCommittee on Social Problems in the Na­tional Workmen's Congress.

Dr. J llstiz has also seen service as a diplo-,mat, having been Minister of Cuba toSpain, to the United States, to Holland,and to Mexico. He is the author of manyarticles and of the following works:

Exposicion, del Derecho CifJil Espanol ysus Leyes Especiales para Cuba; Ayunta­mientos Cubanos; BrefJe estudio sobre la ex­cepcional importancia que /Wesentan -en Cubalos asuntos municipales; Una SociologlaMunicipal; N otas sobre progreso municipalcienU./ico, Al Congreso Cubano. La Con­stit1U:iOn de Cuba y el /Woblema municipal;Estudios de Filosojta PolUica. El SufragioUnifJersal, Estudios de Filosojta PoUtico.Los Estados Norte A mericanos desde el

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punto de vista de su GobieTno Munkipal, Lasciudades del siglo X X y los M onopolios deSevicios Publkos. El Socialismo Munkipal;El Municipio y la CuestiMJ de .Razas;El Municipio y los Extrajeros. Los espan­:oles en Cuba; El Municipio y las clasesobreras; Los arboles y la cultura Ctvica; &­ttldios de &(momfa Social. A los CentrosRegionales; Pro Raw. A la AsociaciMJ deDependientes de la Habana, como factor So­ciol6gko en la CivilizaciMJ de Cuba; LaCiencia Cfvica en su relaciMJ con la mujery con la Democracia; I ntroducciones a laHistoria de las I nstituciones Locales de Cuba.Programa de las Asignaturas de GobiernoMunicipal y de Historia de las I nstitucionesLocales de Cuba; Estudio de Sociologta Po­Utica: Conservadores y Liberales; EstudiosPolfticos Sociales. Orientaciones necesarias.Cuba y Panama. Proyecto de Reforma dela Facultad de Derecho; El panameri­canismo. La Independencia de las Colonias.Europeas y en A mbica, El Estado M odernoy la Acci6n PoWica. El Ideal Social, LaReforma Electoral, La Guerra y las Ciudades,Importancia Internacional del problema

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obrero. He has also translated from theFrench the work of M. Gast6n Cadoux,La Vie des Grandes, and from English thebook of Mr. Alfred R.' Conkling, CityGovernment.

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By permission of Harris-Ewing, photographers(Washington, D.C.)

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VILLALON

JOSE RAMON VILLALON Y SANCHEZ

Engineer; soldier; teacher;administrator; Secretary ofPublic Works of Cuba

JOSE RAM6N VILLAL6N Y SANCHEZ wasborn in Santiago de Cuba on the twenty­fifth of March. He was educated abroad,in Spain and the United States; he obtainedthe degree in Civil Engineering at LehighUniversity in 1889, and returned to Cubawhere he pursued his profession, sharingin the development of the iron industry andof the railroads then rapidly growing. Onthe outbreak of the Revolution he joinedthe forces of General Maceo with whom heserved as Chief of Staff and won the rank ofLieutenant-Colonel.

He was elected as Delegate to the Gen­eral Assembly of the Revolutionary Armyto meet at Santa Cruz del Sur, Camagiiey,by the sixth Army Corps (Pinar del Rio).

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At the Assembly he was elected a memberof the Commission that went to confer withPresident McKinley, the Commission be­ing composed ot General Calixto Garcia,President; Colonel Jose R. Villal6n, Secre­tary; Major Ge:leral Jose Miguel G6mez,Col. Manuel Sanguily and Doctor Jose \Gonzalez Lanuza. At the return of theCommission from the U. S. and after thedissolution of the General Assembly atthe end of the war, Vil1al6n served as assist­ant Engineer under the then Major W. M.Black in charge of the State Departmentat Havana; later he was appointed ChiefEngineer of Matanzas and Santa Clara,etc., etc.

In 1902, at the expir~tion of the Amer­ican Intervention, Col. Villal6n acceptedthe professorship of Higher Algebra andCalculus at the University ot Havana tillMay 20, 1913, when President Menocal ap­pointed him Secretary of Public Works, aposition which he still occupies.

He is a member of the American Societyof Civil Engineers, of the American In­stitute of Mining Engineers, of the Acad-

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VILLALON 387

emy of Sciences of the Island of Cuba, ofthe American -Academy of Political andSocial Science, of the Cuban Society ofEngineers, and has represented his countryas a Delegate to the International Engi-neering CongresS held at San Francisco,and to the Second Scientific, Pan-AmericanCongress held at Washington.

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PRESNO

JOSE ANTONIO PRESNO

Physician; surgeon; teacher.

JOSE ANTONIO PRESNO y BASTIONY wasborn in Regla, Cuba, on the nineteenth ofMarch, 1876. He had his early educationin the Church Schools of Guanabacoa wherehe gained the degree of Bachelor with dis­tinction. Later he entered the University,matriculating in the Medical School withspecial credit in the examinations.

In 1893 he won the post of Assistant inDissection in the Mercedes Hospital. In1896 he founded the Revista de Medicina yCirugia de la Habana and gained the degreeof Licentiate in Medicine j in the followingyear he was made Doctor in Medicine andbecame assistant Instructor in SurgicalAnatomy and operations. In 1898, at therequest of the Faculty, he was appointedby Dr. Francisco Zayas, Secretary of Public

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Instruction, to be Assistant Professor Ex­traordinary. From 1898 to 1899 he was .entrusted by the Facult)Tfwith the vacantchair of Descriptive Anatomy. In 1900the Faculty of Medicine elected him Auxil­iary Professor and he won in the same year, .by competitive examination, the post of .Head Professor of Anatomy.

In 1902 Dr. Presno was elected a memberof the Academy of Sciences and Surgeon ofHospital "Number One." In 1903 he wasmade Surgeon of the Centro Asturiano(Asturian Club); Secretary of the Sectionof Anatomy in the Third Pan-AmericanMedical Congress held in Havana, and Vice­president of the Medical Press of Cuba.In 1904 he was chosen by the organizingCommittee of the Second Latin-AmericanCongress to represent Cuba. In 1905 hewas elected General Secretary of the FirstNational Medical ConlJI"ess of Cuba. In1906 he was appointed by the organizingCommittee of the Third Latin-AmericanMedical Congress to represent Cuba, etc.In 1917hewas Vice-president oftheFourthMedical Congress of Cuba.

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PRESNO

He is President of the Sociedad de EstudiosCUnicos of Havana, Vice-president of theAcademy of Medical Sciences and Presi­dent-elect of the Fifth Medical Congressof Cuba.

Dr. Presno is a contributor to the medicalpress, for which he has written a greatnumber of articles during the past quartercentury. Among his publications are:Tratamiento de los aneurismas externos, etc.,Havana, 1897; La situacion topografica delap~ndice cecal, Havana, 1901, etc.

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PEREZ MIRO

ABRAHAM PEREZ MIRO

Physician.

ABRAHAM PEREZ MIll.6 was born on thesixteenth of March, 1857, in the town ofMarianao, Province of Havana, and re­ceived his early education at the hands ofProfessor Pedro del Campo who came fromSantander (Spain) for the purpose. Laterhe entered the Colegio directed by Dr.Alonso Delgado in El Cerro and after tak­ing part of the courses required for theBachelor's degree, went in 1868 to Spainwhere he entered the Colegio of Escolapiosin Villacarriedo, Santander. Thence hewent to Valladolid where he took the exam­inations for admission to the study of Medi­cine and gained the degree of Licentiate inMedicine in 1877. The next stage he ac­complished at Madrid where he served as

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assistant to Dr. Olavide in the Hospital ofSan Juan de Dios.

In December, 1878, he returned to Cubawhere he has occupied the following posi­tions: Physician of San Felipe de San­tiago Hospital; Physician of MercedesHospital; Physician of "Number One"Hospital; of The Beneficencias, Francesaand Montafiesa; Emergency Surgeon of theUnited Railways of Havana; Physician ofthe Covadonga and Purisima Concepci6nsanatoriums; Head of the TherapeuticLaboratory of the University.

He has also taught in the University asProfessor of Therapeutics and Pharmacol­ogy and as Professor of Therapeutics inthe Dental school.

He is a member of the Society of Clin­ical Studies of Havana and of the Societyof Cervantes of Valladolid (Spain).

Dr. Mir6 is the inventor of the method inTherapeutics of usin~ topical applicationof serum and microbinous vaccine to thegastro-intestinal tract. His articles de­scribing the method have been translatedinto English and widely reproduced with

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PEREZ MIRO

notes crediting him with priority in theuse of this valuable method which has beenadopted in other countries.

Dr. Mir6 is a contributor to professionaljournals in Cuba and elsewhere and is au­thor of many articles including: EJogiofunebre del Dr. Federico Horstman, EJo­gio fu~bre del Profesor Rafael Ccrwley,A paratos para fracl,,,a de las extremidades.

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SALAZAR

SALVADOR SALAZAR

Lawyer,. teacher,. writer.

397

l

SALVADOR SALAZAR y ROIG was born inCol6n, Province of Matanzas, Cuba, on thethirtieth of June, 1892. His early educa­tion was obtained in the Institute of Ha­vana where he was granted his Bachelor'sdegree, with special distinction, 1910.

Continuing in the University he gaineddegrees with distinction as follows: Doc­tor of Public Law, 1913, Doctor of Phil­osophyand Letters in 1914, and Doctor ofCivil Law in 1914, winning in additionnumerous prizes for scholarship and thespecial award of the " Carrera J llstiz "prize for work in the History of Local Cu-ban Institutions. \

In 1915 he was elected by the Faculty of.Letters and Sciences in the University asSubstitute Professo, to fill during the ab-

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sence of their holders, the Chairs of the His­tory of America and the rest of the world j

and that of the History of Spanish Litera­ture and the Modem Foreign Languages.

In the same year, on the organization ofthe Normal Schools for Teachers of Cubahe was appointed by the school of Lettersand Philosophy as a member of variousCommittees of judges in the contests forprofessorships in tbe normal schools.

On various occasions in 1915 and 1917he has been charged by his Faculty to serveas lecturer in the popular courses known asUniversity Extension courses.

In 1917 he won after a keen competitionthe Chair of History ot Philosophy in theUniversity a position which he continuesto occupy. The Faculty of Letters .andSciences appointed him in the same yearEditor in Chief of the Magazine of theFaculty.

He has acted as Honorary Delegate tothe First National Labor Congress in Cuba;Member of the Centro Cataldn of Havana;Member of the Board of Directors of theCuban Society of International Law; Mem-

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SAL A Z A R 399

her of the Ateneo; of the Asociaci6n deDoctores en Derecho Publico, of the Grad-uados en Filosofia y Letras, of the' Liga I

Nacional de Instrucci6n Publica, of theSociedad Uni6n of the Teatro Cubano, ofthe "Campania Cubana de Publicaciones "which proposes to publish an edition of theCuban classics.

Dr. Salazar is the author of: Lope deRueda y su Teatro (1911); Por las nubes,novel (1912); Ternuras, verses (1912);Por la fuerza del amor and La verdadera aris­tocracia, comedies (1913); Literatura Cu­bana, El dasicismo en Cuba (1913); RafaelMaria Mendive (1915); La cesi6n de losbUnes del Estado (1913); Milan~s, Luacesy la Avellaneda (1916); Las libertades catala­nas (1917); El reposo como elemento esWico(1917); EI Vampiro, novel (1917); EIporvenir de la AmArica latina (1918); Jos~

Mart! (1918); El 71 (1918); El pOnJeni,de las pequenas nacionalidades (1918); Losmuertos mandan . .. (1918); La mujer enla guerra (1918).

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ANGULO

MANUEL RAFAEL ANGUW

Lawyer; man of affairs.

MANUEL RAFAEL ANOULO was born onthe twenty-sev.enth. of April, 1855, inMatanzas where he received his earlyeducation and at the age of fifteen won theBachelor's degree. He then entered theUniversity of Havana to study law andcontinued his studies for a time in Spain,but returned to Havana to practice hisprofession.

In his youth he took an active part inpolitics, as a member of the Central Com­mittee of the Autonomist party. Duringthe War of Independence he founded theperiodical Cuba in New York which ap­peared in two editions-Spanish and Eng­list-both of which he edited. When, alittle later, an Autonomist government wasset up in Cuba he was made its representa-

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tive in Washington. Still later, when theSpanish rule in Cuba ceased, he took partin founding the Union Democratic partyand when this·was dissolved he retired frompolitical life to devote himself entirely toaffairs-to the practice of his professionand the management of his business. inter­ests which included the "Cuban StarLine," a national interoceanic navigationCompany, of which he is the President.

He has recently shown a new interest inpublic affairs by acting as one of the foun­ders of the League for the Protection of theSuffrage.

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MASSAGUER

CONRADO WALTER MASSAGUER

A rtist,o editor; manager.

. CONRADO WALTER MASSAGUER y DfAZwas born in Cardenas; Cuba, on the thirdof May, 1889. When he was seven years )old his parents, to escape Spanish persecu-tion, moved to Mexico taking him and hisbrother. There he attended school in theLiterary Institute of Merida, Yucatan, butsoon after moved to the United Stateswhere he entered St. John's School, Ossin-ing, N. Y., and later the New York Mili-tary Academy at Cornwall. There in1908 he began drawing caricatures for theschool paper. In 1907 he was drawing forthe Yacatecan paper La Campana andwas soon contributing to other papers inYucatan, The Diario Yucateco, Artes yLetras, La Arcadia, and Frou Frou.

In 1908 his family returned to Cuba and

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he became a contributor to El Figaro,Letras, Cuba y America, El Triunjo, DonPancho, El Choteo, El Mundo, La Prensa,Ultima Bora and La Lueha.

In 19II he held an exhibition of carica­tures in the Ateneo of Havana and in 1912was made President of the section ofFiestas of the Ateneo. In 1912 he paid avisit to New York where he made his de­but in the New York A merican with cari­catures of Broadway and accompanyingcomment. In 1913 the health of his familyobliged him to return to Havana where hefounded the Grdfico of which he is Vice­president and which he edited until 1916.In 1916 he founded the magazine Socialof which he is Editor, and in the same yearhe founded the Institute of Graphic Artsof Havana of which he is President. In1918 he was appointed a member of theCommittee on the Fourth Liberty Loanand in the same year he was elected tothe Board of management of the Club dePintvres y Escultores.

When Cuba entered the war he made anenergetic Pro-allied campaign in caricature

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and text in his papers, and lent active aidto the loan and to the Red Cross.

In 1919 he produced the first number ofPulgarcito, a magazine for children. He isat work on preparations for the celebrationof the Centenary of Havana to be held inDecember, 1919.

He is a member of the Union and Rotaryclubs as well as of various clubs of a purelysocial character.

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Jose A. Rodriguez Garcia

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RODRIGUEZ GARCIA 4071---------------1-----

JOSE A RODRfGUEZ GARciA

Teru;her; writer.

JOSE A. RODRiGUEZ GARCiA was born inMatanzas on the twenty-second of Febru­ary, 1864. He removed to Havana wherehe was taught in private schools and in duecourse won his degree of Bachelor.

In 1882 he was appointed auxiliary Pro­fessor in the School of Arts and Crafts.In the following year he became Professorof Mathematics and later, on the reorgani­zation of the plan of education, he was en­trusted with the courses in Grammar,Geography, History, Accounting, and Econ­omy. During the seventeen years of hisservice as Professor in the School of Artsand Crafts he continued his study of Phil­osophy and Letters and Law. He ob­tained his degree of Licentiate and laterthat of Doctor in Philosophy and Let-

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ters but did not complete the course inLaw.

In 1900 he was appointed Professor ofGrammar in the Institute of Matanzas,and somewhat later entered the competi­tion for the Chair of Grammar, DidacticLiterature, and the History of SpanishLiterature in the Institute of Havana.In this he was successful and has since beenProfessor in the Capital.

Dr. Rodriguez Garcia has also taken anactive part in journalism. He has been amember of the staff of El Dia and also ofLa N oche and has published several maga­zines. In 1887 he issued Cuba InJelectual;in 1898 Los Domingos Literarios; in 1904El Teatro Cubano,' and in 1907 a second timeCuba I ntelectual.

He has also written books in a number ofdifferent fields-Law, History, Geography,Philology, Mathematics, Literature, Gram­mar, etc.

Among his publications are: Programade nociones de Gramdtica Castellana, Ha­vana, 1904; Ensenanza gradual de la LenguaCastellana, Havana, 1896; Programa de

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principios de Gramatica Castellana, Havana,1896; Principios de Ortografia, Havana,1896; Principios de Geografia, Havana,1897; Gramatiquerias, Havana, 1898; En­sayo de un Programa para la enseiianzagradual de la Gramatica Castellana, Havana,1899; Bibliografia de la Gramatica y Lexi­cograf£a Castellana, etc., 2 vols., Havana,1903-1913; Literatura Preceptiva, Havana,1914; De la Avellaneda, Havana, 1914.

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Jose Comallonga y Mena

COMALLONGA

JOSE COMALLONGA Y MENA

Agriculturist; teacher;writer,

JOSE COMALLONGA y MENA was born inGuantanamo, Province of Oriente, in theyear 1865. Although he came of a familyfairly well off, when he was fifteen he lefthome rather than adopt the commercialviews of his family and go into business..

From the time he was fifteen until hewas eighteen he lived a wandering life,marked by hardships and poverty, whichled him into many parts of the Island.Under these unfavorable conditions, with­out the knowledge of his family or any aidor influence from any source, he entered' acompetition, set up by the now extinctProvincial Assembly of Santa _Clara, for ascholarship at the More School of Agricul­ture, and notwithstanding the odds againsthim, won the prize. He then got to Havana :

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as best he could and devoted his full ener­gies to the study of Agronomical Engineer­ing in which he gained his degree in 1888.Thereupon he paid a long deferred visit tohis home with his degree and with the satis­faction of owing his success solely to hisown resolution and resources.

During the period of his study for hisdegree he got his living by writing for news­papers, making reports, and other jobs.At this time he published a book of verses,collecting those which he had written forEI Figaro and La Habana Elegante some ofwhich have since appeared in the anthologyof Cuban poetry entitled Arpas Cubanas.

On completing his studies Comallongadevoted himself to what was then a newscience in Cuba-that of the Chemistry ofSugar-making-and during fourteen yearsserved as expert for the leading sugar millsof the island, seven of which he spent atthe Central Constancia which from 1890 to1895 had tl!e reputation of being the firstsugar mill in the world.

When the Independence of Cuba wasdeclared he took an active interest in ob-

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taining recognition for the academic de­grees which had been granted by the Schoolof More and as result of his labors securedthe validation of his own degrees by theUniversity. Thereupon he presented him­self in competitive examination for a pro­fessorship in the School of Agronomy in theUniversity, but failed to win it. A littlelater he entered a new competition for thechair ot Agriculture in the Provincial In­stitute of Oriente Province, which he won.After four years he entered a new competi­tion for the chair of Agriculture in theInstitute of Santa Clara, in which he wassuccessful notwithstanding that among hisrivals was the famous Cuban authority onagriculture Don Juan Bautista Jimenez.

At this time he was appointed by thegovernment of President Estrada Palma,although he was a political opponent, Com­missioner to study the Naudet system,upon which he published a pamphlet de­signed to prevent the landowners fromloss and injury by adopting the newmethod.

In 1907 he entered a competition for the

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Professorship of Rural Economy, etc., inwhich he was successful and which he nowoccupies.

He was appointed at the same time byPresident G6mez, Directdr General ofAgriculture, and in this position he set upthe six model Agricultural schools whichCuba has and in which ISo children of ruralCuba are annually taught, clothed, and fedby the state.

Under the administration of GeneralG6mez (1908-12) Comallonga was also ap­pointed Commissioner of theCubanGovern­ment to study agricultural instruction inFrance,Belgium,Switzerland, andtheUnitedStates, publishing a report on his return.He set up in the Department of Agriculturethe Government agronomical' service andthe National Agricultural Laboratory. Atthe end of General G6mez's term of officeComallonga retired from public service toresume his chair at the University.

In 1915 he was appointed by PresidentMenocal, Delegate to the Second Pan­American Scientific Congress, held mWashington; President Menocal also in-

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vited Comallonga, in collaboration withDr. Francisco Henares, to direct the pub­lication of a Portfolio of the Sugar Industrysaid to be the most sumptuous publicationyet produced in Cuba.

He has published: Manual del quimicoy maestro de azo,car cubano, Habana, 1897;Memorandum, Teoria de los Triple Efectos,Santiago de Cuba, 1903; La Industriaazucarera en Cuba, Habana, 1906; Por lacultura agr£cola, Villac1ara, 1908; La Feriay el Dr. Sacc, Habana, 19II; Acciones Agri­colas de algunos Gobiernos europeos, Ha­bana, 191 I j La instrucci6n agr£cola en Cuba,Habana, 1913; Lecturas agr£colas para losninos, Habana, 1914; Portfolio de la indus­tria azucarera, Habana, 1915; (and in col­laboration with Senorita Ortiz), Tratado deensenanza de economfa dom~stua y agruul­tura, Habana, 1918.

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MENOCAL

JUAN MANUEL MENOCAL

Lawyer; soldier; magis/rate.

JUAN MANUEL MENOCAL y FERNANDEZDE CASTRO was born in Matanzas in 1870,and began his studies in his birthplacewhere he took the courses leading to theBachelor's degree in the Institute and wasawarded the title after examination.Thence he went to Havana, entered theUniversity, and was made Advocate in1894·

He had practiced his profession only ayear when the War of Independence brokeout and he joined the revolutionists. Hewas a member of the expedition under thecommand of General Collazo which landedon the beach of Varadero, Hicacos Pen­insula, Matanzas, in March, 1896, and hecontinued in the service, fighting in theprovinces of Matanzas, Las Villas, and Ha-

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vana, until the end of the war when he re­tired with the rank of Colonel.

During the first American InterventionMenocal fulfilled the duties of the followingpositions: Consulting Attorney to theSecretary of the Treasury; Acting Prose­cutor of the Provincial Courts of Matanzasand Camaguey; and Prosecutor of the Pro­vincial Court of Santiago de Cuba, atwhich last post he remained until the Re­public was constituted.

Under the Republic he has held with­out any interval the following positions:Member of the Committee on Claims ofthe Anny of Liberation; President of theProvincial Court of Matanzas; PresidingJudge of the Provincial Court of Havana;Secretary of Justice; Magistrate of theSupreme Court of the Republic.

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iii

RODOLFO GUIRAL

Oculist.

RODOLFO GUIRAL y VIOND1 was born onthe eleventh of February, 1874, in Guana-bacoa and there, in the church schools, heobtained his education as far as the Bach-elor's degree. He then entered the Uni-versity of Havana, began the study ofMedicine, and obtained his degree as Doc-torin 1898.

In the practice of his profession he hasdevoted himself to ophthalmology, in which.he has had an exceptionally wide rangeof experience both in public and privatepractice.

In 1908 he was appointed head of theDoctor Enrique L6pez Eye Clinic and re-tained that post for four and a half years.He was then appointed oculist of the Hos-pital of Guanabacoa, remaining at this

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post three years. In 1901 he was madeoculist of the Centro Balear (Balearic Is­lands Club); and resigned in 1906 whenhe became oculist of the Centro de De­pendientes (Clerks Club), which positionhe later re!ligned.

In 1908 he established a clinic of hisown which bears his name. Meantime atone period or another he has been oculistto all the societies for mutual help in Ha­vana and on occasion has been attendingall of them at the same time.

Dr. Guiral has contributed to the pro­gress of his profession by various studiesand experiments; he has completed a setof slides for stereoscopic use containingfour hundred slides which exhibit the wholeof the surgery of the eye, and has setup a complete laboratory of photoInicro- .graphy, the only one in Cuba.

He is the inventor of the treatment forthe care of Oftalmia blenorrdgica in childrenwhich has proved successful in 1,200 cases.He is also the inventor of the operationcalled Divert£culo canaliculotom£a and of thespecial instrument for this operation. He

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GUIRAL

has, moreover, effected a modification inProfessor Elliot's operation for trepanningby which the trepanning of the eye inglaucoma is harmless. Dr. Guiral hasheld no political office, but during the Warof Independence he served on the Re­volutionary Committee of his native city.

He has been Secretary of the Board ofJudges in competitive examinatiQns forthe Chair of Ophthalmology in the Univer­sity.

He has published. La Ojtalmia purulenta,Havana, I913j Diagnl1stico dijerencial de laconjuntivitis granulosa, etc., Havana, 1913;Clinica quirurgica estereoscl1pica de losojos (with 350 stereoscopic photographs),Havana, 1916; Nociones de Ojtalmologfanecesaria al mtdico general, Havana, 1916;La antisepsia en Cirugfa ocular, 1918.

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DEL RIO

FRANCISCO DEL RIO

Physician; teacher.

FRANCISCO I?EL RIO y FERRER was bornin Havana on the twenty-seventh of De­cember, 1880, but was educated chiefly inSpain. He won the degree of Bachelor atthe Institute of Granada in 1897; then,going to Seville, he studied at the Univer­sity and graduated as Doctor of VeterinaryMedicine in 1905. In the following yeaI' hegained the same degree in the Universityof Havana, which also granted him thedegree of Doctor of Pharmacy in 1913 andthat of Doctor of Medicine and Surgery in1918.

In 1904 he was appointed Assistant inthe Faculty of the Veterinary School ofC6rdoba (Spain). In 1906 the Board ofHealth of Havana made him VeterinaryInspector. In 1907 he was appointed

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Veterinary for the Eastern Division in theDepartment of Public Works. He wasone of the founders at the Free School ofVeterinary Medicine in Cuba. In 1908he was appointed Interne Professor in theSchool of Veterinary Medicine in theUniversity, and later, through competi­tive examination, titular Professor of theAnatomy and Dissection of DomesticAnimals.

He has been Sub-Delegate of VeterinaryMedicine, and in 1914 he was Vice-presi­dent of the Third National Medical Con­gress. He is the editor of the Revista Cu­bana de M edicina Veterinaria and authorof Compendio de Artrologia y Miologia del .Caballo (1914).

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d.·~tMkjJ~cE: ) =:::=-€~

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CADALSO

ALEJANDRO RUIZ CADALSO

Engineer; architect; teacher.

ALEJANDRO Rmz CADALSO was born onthe twenty-fourth of April, 1872, in Havana,and there he gained his education in theInstitute, where he obtained the degree ofBachelor j in the Professional School wherehe won the titles of A grimensOf' and Mae­slro de Obras, and in the University wherehe was made Doctor of Physico-Mathe­matics and Civil Engineer.

In 1898 he was appointed Auxiliary Pro­fessor cf the Professional School and in1000, through competitive examination, hewon the chair of Surveying, Topography,and Mensuration. When the Academy ofArts and Letters was organized he wasmade a charter Member.

He made the survey for the MunicipalTerminal, executing for it the first geodeti-

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cal triangulation ever made in Cuba whichhas served as a basis for the modemtopographical plan of the city.

His published works include La doctrinade la energta; EI mapa de Cuba, c6mo estdhecho y c6mo habra que kacerlo; El ingenieroy la civiliwci6n; La ensenanza de la Ingen­ierw y las opiniones "'el Dr. Waddell; EJconcepto de cordillera y de sierra; Las bru­julas y la declinaci6n, magn~tica: distribu­ci6n de ~sta en Cuba; Proyecto de exploraci6nmagn~tica de Cuba; Instrucciones para ladeterminaci6n de la declinaci6n magmiicaen Cuba; Mercedes y centros de la haciendascirculares cubanas; Leccit-nes de Topo­grafja y Agrimensura, etc.

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BROUWER

JULIO E. BROUWER

Veterinary; surgeon; scientist.

JUUO E. BROUWER y ETCHECOPAR wasborn on the twentieth of December, 1879,in the city of Matanzas, Cuba, but he waseducated In France. His early studieswere taken at the St. Bernard College ofthe La Salle brotherhood In Bayonne;later he entered the Lycee of Bordeaux inwhich he gained his degree of Bachelor ofLetters, and Mathematics at the Universityin 1899. In the same year he was admitted,after a competition, to the VeterinarySchool of Alfort where he continued threeyears, and then passed on to the school ofToulouse where he obtained his degree ofVeterinary in 1905.

On his return to Cuba he was madeVeterinary of the General Board OI Healthand took charge at the same time of theLaboratory of Epizooty. On the estab­lishment by Congress of the Agricultural

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Stations, Dr. Brouwer was made Directorof the Camagliey Station. In 1907 he wasappointed, after competitive examination,Veterinary Lieutenant in the Rutal Guard.He was one of the founders of the FreeVeterinary School afterwards incorporatedinto the University. In 1908 he was ap­pointed, after competitive examination,titular Professor of Pathology, Surgery,Clinical Surgery, Operations, and Theoryand Practice of Farriery and Horseshoeing.When the Training School for Horseman­ship was organized for the officers of theRural Guard, Dr. Brouwer was madeFoundation Proressor of the institutionand for two yews lectured on MilitaryHorsemanship.

In the exercise of his profession hefounded the first Clinic for dogs in Cuba,and was one of the lounders of the PasteurLaboratory of Havana of serums and vac­cines and is its Director. He was also theorganizer of the first Dog Show in Cuba.

He is the author of Hipologia Militar,which was made the textbook in the mili­tary Academy.

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Ricardo M. Aleman

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ALEMAN

RICARDO M. ALEMAN

Lawyer; te<u:her; writer.

RICARDO M. ALEMAN y MARTIN wasborn in Havana on the twenty-first ofAugust, 1891. After taking his earlystudies in the Institute of Havana he wentto New York where he studied for a timein the "La Salle Institute," but returnedto Havana to complete his course and ob­tained the degree of Doctor of Civil Lawsin June, 1914.

He is one of the original members of theCuban Societyof International Law and wasVice Secretary of the First National Juri­dicalCongresswhich met in December, 1916.

In 1917 he was elected Fourth Deputyof the Board of Governors of the Bar As­sociation (Colegio de Abogados) of Havanaand in 1918 he was chosen First Deputyof the board.

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On October I, 1917, he was appointedAdjunct Professor of Mercantile Law inthe University and on October 5th of thesame year, Professor of Civil Law.

He is author of: N uevascausas de divOTcioque es conveniente establecer (1916); Prob­lema de derecho mercantil acerca de la re­sponsab'ilidad del socio comanditario (1917);Capacidad de la mujer en el Derecho Civil(1917); La querella en el Derecko Procesaly en el Derecho Penal. Cr£tica de esta In­stituci6n (1917); Problema de Derecho Pro­cesal relativo a la instituci6n de la rebeldiaen el procedimiento civil (1917); EI Derechoy el Teatro (1917); EI derecho de alimentosy la Orden M ilitar 168 de 1902 (1917);El Cotejo de letras practicado de oficio (1917);Contratos bilaterales imperfectos (1917);C6digo de Comercio Anotado (1917); Losactos de comercio en la doctrina, en el dereckovigente y en las principales legislaciones ex­tranjeras (1918); Las stJciedades alemanas deresponsabilidad limitada (1918); La Letrade Cambio. Estudio de Derecko Mercantil(1918).

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REM OS

JUAN J.. REMOS

Critic; writer; lecturer.

JUAN J. REMOS y RUBIO was born on theeighth of April, 1896, in Santiago de Cuba,where he began his schooling. In October,1908, he entered the Institute of Havana,for which special permission was requiredbecause he had not reached the requiredage for admission. He gained the Bache­lor's degree in 1912 and in the followingyear entered the University where he com­pleted the required course for the Doctor'sdegree in two years.

In 19II, while he was still a studont, hefounded the Sociedad de conferencias De­nWslenes, and in 1913 the Sociedad deEstudios Antsticos, in which he has takenan active part and is one of the three Direc­tors, the others being Doctors Sergio Cue­vas Zequeira and Jose Cosculluela. On

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the reorganization of the Ateneo of Havanain June, 1915, Dr. Remos was made Secre­tary of the Fine Arts section and initiateda series of great popular concerts.

In 1917, on being elected President ofthe section, he developed an extensive planfor lectures, concerts, meetings, and inter­change of ideas with other Latin-Americans.

In September, 1915, he was made Secre­tary of the Falc6n Conservatory of Music.In 1914 he founded the magazine Artewhich gained a large measure of success.In 1915 he was appointed Professor ofSpanish Language and Literature in the"English College" of Marianao and in1917 he won in competitive examinationthe post of first auxiliary Professor ofSpanish Grammar and Literature in theInstitute of Havana.

Dr.•Remos has contributed to the prin­cipal periodicals of Cuba and has publishedthe following works: Curso de Historia dela Literatura Castellana (2 vols'>; IntrodlU­cWn al Teatro de Schiller; Movimiento in­telectual de Cuba en el siglo XX; La cuesti6nde oriente y sus relaciones con los estados de

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REM OS

Europa (doctor's thesis) j Cursos abreviadosde FilosoJia Historia y Literatura Mus­icales; Adaris (drama); Z7 de Noviembre yCertdmenes arUsticos (addresses), La lomade la Bastilla, M eyerbeer, Francia bajo LuisXIV, Donizetti, El arte materialisla deFidws y el arte espiritualista de MiguelAngel y Las celebres obras literarias enmflsica (lectures).

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By permission of Harris-Ewing, photographers(Washington, D. C.)

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DESVERNINE

PABLO DESVERNINE

Scholar; teacher; diplo­matist; Secretary of Statein the Republic oj Cuba,1914--

THE Premier in President Menocal'sCabinet has had the fortune to run a longand distinguished career almost wholly inthe city where he was born and grew up.Except tor two comparatively brief periodsspent in the United States, the first atColumbia Univ\)rsity where as a studenthe obtained the degree of LL.B. and thesecond in Washington where he representedhis country as its Minister, his life hasbeen passed in Havana where he was bornin the year 1854.

He studied at the University of Havanaand practiced law in the Havana courts.In 1899 he was appointed by GeneralBrooke, the American Military Governor,

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to be Chief of the Cabinet to the generalsatisfaction of the people. In the follow­ing year he was made Professor of CivilLaw in the University where he has con­tinued to teach with occasional interrup­tions. In 19I1 he waS made Presiqent ofthe Exposition of Agriculture, Industry,Art, and Labor. In 1913 President Men­ocal appointed him Envoy Extraordinaryand Minister Plenipotentiary to Washing­ton, then as now the most important andresponsible diplomatic post to a CubafJ..In 1914 he was made Secretary of State.

Author: Special Report of the Secre­tary of Finance to General John R. Brooke,U. S. A., Governor General of Cuba. Ha­vana, 1899. El Derecho y la Sociologia,Habana, 1990; Conferencia sobre el prob­lema monetario de Cuba. Habana, 1904;Discurso leido en la apertura del curso oca­demico de 1910 a 19II. Universidad de laHabana, 1910.

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ARAMBURU

JOAQUIN N. ARAMBURU

JournaJist; educator; au­thor.

JOAQUIN N. ARAMBURU was born inGuanajay, Province of Pinar del Rio,' onthe tenth of -September, 18SS. He waseducated at home, and in the public schoolsof his native town; never has attendedcollege or university, but has increased hisscanty early equipment by constant read­ing and the regular work of journalism.To this he has devoted his lite, having been,during his career of forty years, the founderof eight papers and an editor of no fewerthan twenty. For the past fifteen yearshe has been on the' staff of the Diario dela Marina. Besides his services to Cubanpapers he has been correspondent of sev­eral European periodicals.

Of public offices Seiior Aramburu hasheld but one-that of Secretary of the

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Board of Education to which he wasnominated by General Wood in 1901.

He is an Honorary Member of the Roya..,Academy of Galicia (Spain) and of nearlyall the societies organized in Cuba forinstruction, recreation, and charity.

He is the author of a number" of bookssome of which have been honored by trans­lat~on into English:

Prosa y Verso. Guanajay, 1895; Pd­ginas intimas. Guanajay, 1895j Liturgfadel grado de aprendiz. Habana, 1895;A prendiz de M as6n. Habana, lQOOj 1913;Companero Mas6n. Habana, 1895; 1900;1913; Maestro Mas6n. Habana, 1895; 1900;1912; 1913; La Masonerfa y sus sf,mbolQs.Habana, 1900; 1915; Lo que hace e1 dolor.Drama. Paginas, Habana, 1907; A. Moral.Guanajay, 1906; La Noche Buena.

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CANIZARES 439

SANTIAGO GARCiA CAN-IZARES -Physician; public man.

SANTIAGO GARCiA CMl'IZARES was bomon the seventh of July, 1862, in SanctiSpiritus, the birthplace of his mother; hisfather was a Spanish army officer. Heprepared tor the Bachelor's degree in theJesuit CaIlege. of Sancti Spiritus and in1878 entered the University of Havanawhere he obtained the Licentiate in Medi-cine in 1884 and the Doctorate in 1886.

He began the practice of his professionin the Isle of Pines and continued it in hi!,native city where, besides serving on theBoard of Education and the Board of Hos-pital Patrons, he edited a periodical LaIgualdad. He held the position of Direc-tor of Coast Sanitation until 1895 when, at

!the outbreak of the War of Independence,he joined the revolutionaries.

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In the same year he was elected to re­present the Fourth Army Corps in theConstitutional Assembly where Cubanindependence was declared and the con­stitution signed. By unanimous vote ofthat Assembly he was chosen Secretary ofthe Interior of the Revolutionary govern­ment, and performed the duties of thatoffice during the two years of the constitu­tional regime. From 1897 until the endof the war he held the rank of Colonel inthe Sanitary Service.

Following this, as Mayor of SanctiSpiritus he organized departments of healthand education, established orphanagesand other philanthropies.

In 1901 the Republican party of whichhe was one of the founders, elected him torepresent the Province of Santa Clara inthe Cuban House of Representatives wherehe served several terms as president.

He has always been an earnest and activepartizan; in Congress he has worked for theextension and regulation ot charities andhas been the author of various bills lookingtoward public betterment.

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JOSE G. VILLA

JOSE G. VILLA

Writer; teacher.

JOSE G. VILLA was born on the thirteenthof January, 1850, in Matanzas and obtainedhis education in his native place. He firststudied Pharmacy, later turned to tech­nical and practical Electricity and at lastto teaching, in which he gained a place asProfessor of primary instruction and Eng­lish in a mercantile Academy.

Sr. Villa has written much both in proseand verse for many periodicals, many ofhis contributions appearing in the Havanamagazine Cuba y A mtrica. He has alsoedited and published periodicals of hisown which have had more or less success,for example, El Ramo de Acacia, a masonicpaper; El Pajaro Sirvidango, a furtive pa­per issued during the period of freedom ofthe press in 1869; EJ Consuelo de los Pobres,

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the organ of a charitable societyj La MoscaVerde, a satirical magazinej Arte y Sport, aliterary magazine, 1914.

Among his published works are: Cefirosy flores, Matanzas 187-; La Condesa delAlba, Matanzasj. Pucha Yumurina, Ma­tanzasj Mi Musa, Matanzasj Rachas, Ma­tanzasj Sonelos, Matanzasj Entre la viday al muerte, 1912.

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MIGUEL

PABLO MIGUEL Y ME:i.INO

Teacher; mathematician.

PABLO MIGUEL y MERINO was born inHavana on the twentieth of September,1887. He attended the Colegio de Belen(1898-1903) and the University of Deusto,Bilbao (Spain) (1903-19°4), then, enteringthe University at Havana, took his majorwork in mathematics. In 1909 he wasgraduated with the degree of Doctor inPhysical Science, Mathematics, Civil En­gineering, and Architecture.

During his student days, Dr. Miguelbegan work in the University as instructorin astronomy, later being appointed to anadjunct professorship and in 1912 to afull Rrofessorship in which capacity henow serves (1919).

He is the author of a book on the Ele­ments of Higher Algebra.

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BETANCOURT 445------------,-------- ----

TEMisTOCLES BETANCOURT YCASTILLO

Lawyer, Magistrate.

TEMISTOCLES BETANCOURT Y CASTILLO

was born at Camagiiey on the fifteenth ofMay, 1873, where he was educated andfrom where he proceeded to the Universityof Havana, in which he graduated in law.During the Spanish regime, as well asthe period of intervention, and afterwardsunder the Republic, he has served in va­rious public positions, beginning with Dis­trict Attorney for Camagiiey and occupiedin succession the following posts: CourtOff.cer of the Provincial Court of Cama­giiey, Judge of the First Instance, etc., ofMoron; Judge of Instruction, etc., of Pinardel Rio; Secretary of the Provincial Courtof Santa Clara; Prosecuting Attorney ofProvincial Court of Oriente; Magistrate-------------------~----

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of the Provincial Court of Camagiiey andPresiding Judge of the same court. Hewas made Public Master of the first andsecond grade because of special servicesand is on the Board of Examiners in Cama­giiey and Ciego de Avila.

He occupies the post of Official Lecturerin the summer normal schools and is incharge of the courses on Geography andCivic Instruction. He is an honorarymember of the Association of Masters inLaw, at Camagiiey, a member of the Veter­ans' Association and of the Nautical Clubat Moron, and he holds the post of lecturerfor the above Association of Masters inLaw. He is active as managing memberand secretary of the board of directors ofthe Puerta Principe and Nuevigas Railway.He has also held the chair of Geographyand Universal History in the Provin­cial Institute at Camagiiey. He is theauthor of a work with notes on the OrganicLaw of Judicial Powers, and a treatise onExtenuating Circumstances in the PenalCode. He has published articles on Meth­odology, Natural Sciences, Geography,

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BETANCOURT

and Physiology, and two pamphlets onEpisodes in the War of Independence upto the arrival in Cuba of the First Presidentof. the Republic. He has contributed as awriter of scientific and literary articles, tomany Cuban magazines, his contributionsranging from the field of poetry to thefield of agriculture. In party politics heis a member of the old National party andis often heard on the public platform of hisown city.

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Emilio Bobadilla( "Fray Candil " )

Coogle

BOBADILLA

EMILIO DE BOBADILLA(Fray Candit)

Critic; poet; novelist.

EMILIO DE BOBADiLLA, widely known bythe pseudonym Fray Candil, was born inthe city of Cardenas, Cuba, in 1872. Hisfather, Don Jose Sixto de Bobadilla, adescendant of the Spanish Knight, Fran­cisco de Bobadilla who carried Columbusto Spain in chains in 1500, Was an attorneywell known in Havana in his day and a pro­fessor in the .Law Department of the Uni­versity. He desired that his son shouldstudy law "and succeed to his practice andprestige; but the boy's bent was totallydifferent.

As a youth of fifteen or sixteen, a studentin the University of Havana, young Boba­dilla felt an irresistible attraction tOwardliterature as a career; and began writing

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for the local papers and reviews under thename which he afterwards made famous.

From the first he gave indications of avein of satire and keen critical ability,which made it evident to himself and hisfamily that he must devote himself toletters. The intellectual poverty and thenarrow social atmosphere of the oppressedcolony were odious to the young man andupon the death ot his father he sailed forSpain. At twenty years of age he an"ivedin Madrid, the metropolis of his race andhis tongue, where he was already known injournalistic circles through his work forCuban and South American periodicals.

He at once entered the Central Univer­sity of Madrid and completed his legalstudies but with his mind fixed always onliterature. He collaborated in the workof El I mparcial and other Madrid paperssoon becoming recognized as a critic ofpower, discernment, and independence.His fearless sincerity naturally won himenemies, but in the Spanish speaking worldhe is known as one of the critics of theday. A duel which he had with the famous

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BOBADILLA

critic and satirist Clarin, in which thelatter was wounded, produced a sensationin Madrid.

Bobadilla is a scholar: he is acquaintedwith several languages and with nearly allEuropean countries. Upon a visit to theScandinavian countries he was cordiallytreated by the public and was entertainedseveral days by the celebrated Bjornsonat his home, Anlestad.

Bobadilla's novels are: N ovelas en ger­

men; A fuego lenlo (a tale which is totropical life what some of Kipling's are tothe jungle); En la noche dormida (a patho­logical study); En pos de la paz (wordpainting of events in the Lower Pyrenees) j

Viajando pur Espana (with a prologue byPerez Galdos) j Sintiendome vivir (theintimate spiritual life of the author). Hisbooks of literary criticism are: Capiritazos;Solfeo; Triquilraques; Con la capucha vuella;Grafomonos de America; Bulevar arriba,Bulevar abajo; El padre Coloma y la aristo­cracia.

Poetical works: Vorlice (a collectionof poems various of which have been trans-

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lated into English, Italian, and French);Ficbres (short poems, much admired andimitated in Latin America, the best knownof which are entitled Bogota and .it Velaz­quez. Although one by one Fray Candil'ssonnets make their first appearance in LaEsfera (Madrid) he contributes constantlyto many South American and Europeanreviews incl~ding Le Figaro and Le GilBIas, La Revue de Revues and La Renais­sance latine. His work is received withgreat respect by the critics: Azotinaffirms that "Fray Candil has taught Spainto think and to feel"; G6mez de Baquero,"Fray Candil has' the melancholy andsobriety of Anatole France, the aggressive­ness of Octave Mirbeau, the scientific seri­ousness of Taine and the roguishness ofHenri Lavedan"j the London AthentEumproclaims him" the first of Spanish critics. "

At present, 1919, Bobadilla makes hishome in Biarritz, France, where he isserving as Consul from Cuba.

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BUS TOY DEL GAD 0 453

NEMESIO BUSTO Y DELGAOO

Lawyer; judge.

NEllrfESIO BUSTO y DELGADO was bornin the village of Recreo, now called MaximoG6mez, on the nineteenth of December,1865. At the Colegio "EI Progreso" in theCity of Cardenas he prepared for theBachelor's degree which he received in1882;. six years later he was granted the

. Licentiate in Law by the University ofHavana.

He has occupied in Cardenas the officeof Judge of the Primary Court of Claimsand Mandates, Correctional and Munici­pal, and was President of the Board otEducation until December, 1910.

In 1910 he was the candidate of theLiberal party, and was elected to repre­sent the Province of Matanzas in the

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House of Representatives and, later, wasdesignated Secretary of that body. Hefilled the same position in the special ses­sion of CoIl:gress convened in 1913 ...

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BYRNE

BOl'{IFACIO BYRNE

Poet; journalist.

BONIFACIO BYRNE was born in PuebloNuevo a suburb of Matanzas on the thirdof March, 1861. At seven years of age heentered the Colegio "EI Porvenir" inMatanzas where he came under the influ­ence at Antonio Luis Moreno, the directorof the school. Pupil until 1875, and after­wards teacher in this institution, the in­spiration and guidance of Moreno, addedto that master's illuminating teaching ofthe poets, led young Byrne to choose poetryas his vocation. Aside from Moreno, themodel and mentor of Byrne's early dayswas the poet Nicanor A. Gonzales.

Byrne's first appearance in print was in .his seventeenth year, when some of hisverses were published In a Matanzasweekly, La p,.imavera.

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His first essay in the journalistic fieldwas as annalist of the" Ateneo" society,being associated with the veteran writerFernando Romero Fajardo who was itsDirector.

He later joined the editor.ial staff of ElPueblo in Matanzas, and was directorsuccessively of La Manana, La J uflt'ntudLiberal and El Obrero; twice he was editorof El Diario (Matanzas) and did specialarticles for El Imparcial and La Regwn.In 1895, when rebellious Cuba was beingdisciplined by Spain, Byrne's caustic andenthusiastic pen attracted a dangerous de­gree of attention; his separatist propagandaled to the suppression of his paper. EJDiario de M atanlllas. Byrne was arrestedand tried; defended by Nicholas Heredia,a writer of note, his trial deteriorated intoa picturesque political wrangle, in whichthe President of the Tribunal frequentlyobstructed the defense with interruptions.Byrne was sentenced to six months' im­Iprisonment but escaped serving through a

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proclamation of amnesty.. At this juncture Byrne emigrated to

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Tampa, Florida, where he remained threeyears. Here he. continued to work forCuban independence largely through thecolumns of El Expedicionario, a small paperwhich he directed, and through his con­tributions to the Cuban periodicals Patria,El PortJenir, Cacarajtcara, El ContinentI'A mericano, and Cuba. He also collaboratedin the Album Patriotic which El Figaropublished in 1899. He was secretary, inTampa, of the club Pedro Betancourt.

Upon his return to the island of Cuba,after the close of the Spanish-AmericanWar, Byrne actec1 for a short time as editorof La Discusi6n, but in April, 1899, resignedto accept an appointment under the provin­cial government of Matanzas; later, beingappointed secretary of that government, heretained the position for ten years, until1912.

During a part of this period he directedin Matanzas the periodical Yucayo, whichhe continues in 1911), serving also as Secre­tary to the Superintendent of Schools ofthe Province. He has been President ofthe Press Club and of the Club of "Emi-

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grados" in Matanzas.· He is a member ofthe Cuban Academy of }..rts and Lettersand an Associate (Correspondent) Fellowof the Academy of the Republic of SanSalvador.

Byrne has not been without honors inhis own city: The Council has declaredhim an Eminent Son of the City of Matan­zas, and a street has been named in hishonor. A commemorative stone tablet hasbeen placed in the house in which he wasborn, at the expense of the Association ofStudents of the Institute in the same place.

In 1915, during a second visit to theGreat Republic of the North, Byrne wrotea book of verses entitled La N cu;i6n M ara­villosa, a tribute of admiration to thecountry of Washington. This has not yetappeared.

His published writings are the following:Volumes of poetry: Exc~ntricas (Phila­delphia, 1893); Efigies (Philadelphia, 1897) j

Lira y Espada (19°1); Poemas (1903) j EnMedio del Camino (1914).

Several of his dramatic works have beenproduced with success: El An6nimo; Rayo

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Je Sol; El Legado; Var6n en Puert8; ElEspiritu de MaTti.

He has been successful in numerous liter­ary competitions, having been awarded thefirst prizes in Matanzas at the quatro­centenary of the discovery of America,and in Havana. His sonnets and patri­otic poems presented at ]uegos Floralesthroughout Cuba and in Spain havebrought him many prizes.

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CALLEJAS

FELIX CALLEJAS

Poet; journalist.

FEUX CALLEJAS was born of Cubanparents at Bogota, Colombia, on the eigh­teenth of May, 1878. His first studies werepursued in the Colegio of Belen and theInstitute of Havana. He began his liter­ary career in the field of poetry, where hissuccess as a verse writer soon attractednotice. His first volume of poetry, Vi­braciones, won enthusiastic welcome fromthe public. Among the noticeable poems inthis volume are " Noche de Baile," " Cuadrode Sombres," "Cieno y Alma," "Prrem­ium," and "Entre llamas." In his laterverse may be mentioned" Armas y espigas,"which won the first prize in a competitiontaken part in by the leading poets of Cuba.The sonnet fonn is especially affected bythis writer and many of his sonnets are

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distinguished for elevation of thought andbeauty of expression. Endowed with ver­satility of talent, Callejas has used variousforms 0"£ literary expression, ranging frompoetry to humorous essays. He was thefounder and editor of the educational reviewCuba Pedag6gica and edited for a numher ofyears the child's magazine called Primavera.He has contributed also in prose and verseto the principal literary publications of hiscountry. In 1912 he took up journalisticwork as editor of the Prensa ot Havana,in which he inaugurated a humorous sec­tion, which soon attracted popular noticethroughout the country. His humor .andhis irony are directed to encourage all ele­ments of social progress and it was throughhis championship that the system of givingfree luncheons to public school scholarswas introduced in Cuba. A selection ofhumorous articles was published in 1914,under the title A rreglando el Mundo, a bookwhich won popular approval.

Callejas is also distinguished as aneducator, in which capacity he has lecturedon grammar in Normal schools in Havana,

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CALLEJAS

and has occupied important technical posi­tions in the Office of Public Instruction andFine Arts. He is a member of the Na­tional Academy of Arts and Letters, inwhich he has served as general treasurerand vice-president of the section of litera­ture. At the present time, although notgiving up his work in daily journalism, heis editor of the Review of Agriculture,Commerce and Labor, an official publica­tion of the Cuban Government.

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CANIZARES

FELIPE GARCiA CANIZARES

P hysictan; teacher.

FEUPE GARciA CANIZARES was born inSancti Spiritus on tM fourteenth of July,1872. He obtained his early education inhis native city, and afterwards proceededto Havana and Madrid. In 1892 he be­came a member of the hospital staff of SanFrancisco de Paulo, and in November ofthat year, after a competitive examination,he was appointed assistant in Dissectionin the medical faculty of the University ofHavana. From 1893 to 1896 he was incharge of the ch"air of Mathematics, Phys­ics, Chemistry and Natural History in theReal Concilia Seminary of Havana. In1895 he was appointed, after a competition,a member with first honors of the" Weiss"Obstetrical Clinic, and later in the sameyear associate professor of Technical

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Anatomy, in the Preparatory School ofMedicine at Havana. He obtained hisdegree of Licentiate in medicine withfirst-class honors and afterwards the degreeof Doctor of Natural Sciences. At theclose of 1895 he proceeded to Europe andgraduated as Doctor of Medicine at theCentral Faculty of Madrid. From thiscity he went on to Paris to specialize inthe study of botany, syphilitic diseases,and diseases of the skin. He continued toManila and this trip was wrongly inter­preted ,as involving him in questions ofCuban politics. He was tried by a courtmartial and was sent to Barcelona. Aftera month he was freed and he then went toFrance and from there to Venezuela, wherehe practiced his profession until he returnedto Cuba in 1900. He was nominated aftera competition to the chair of Natural His­tory in the Institute of Havana, and alsoassumed charge of the Botanical Gardenand Museum of the Institute.

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ARTEAGA

MANUEL ARTEAGA

MANUEL ARTEAGA was born in Cama­gtiey on the twenty-~ighth of December,1879. In 1892 he went to Venezuela topursue his studies at the University of Car­acas where he followed courses in civil lawand theology. After being ordained hewas appointed to the position of foreigncurate and vicar at Cumana and later wasnamed Canon with the title of Doctor inthe Cathedral of Guayana. While atCumana he took charge of the decorationof the Church of Santa Ines and was alsogiven supervision of the restoration of theparish church at Benita in Venezuela,which had been destroyed by the earth­,quake of Il)OO. This work under his direc­ition was entirely successful. In 1910 hewas sent to the Eucharistic Congress ofMadrid as a representative of the Archdio-

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cese of Caracas and read a paper there onecclesiastical subjects. Afterwards he re­turned to Camagiley, where he now occu­pies the position of parish priest of theChurch de la Caridad. At present he isProvisor and Vicar General of the Bishopricof Havana. He is also interested. mjournalism, having published in VenezuelaLa Iglesia, and at Camagiley a journalentitled Religi6n y Patria.

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CARTAYA

ENRIQUE HERNANDEZ CARTAYA

Lawyer; teacher.

ENRIQUE HERNANDEZ CARTAYA wasborn on the twenty-sixth of January, 1877,in the city of Havana. His elementaryand secondary studies were pursued at theColegio of San Jose and at the Institute ofHavana, where he received his Bachelor'sdegree in 1891, with honors. Entering theUniversity of Havana he took courses inlaw, philosophy, and letters. In the firstsubject he won prizes in all of his assignedsubjects and took the degrees of Licen­tiate of Laws and Doctor of La~s with firsthonors. In the faculty of philosophy andletters he received various prizes, becameLicentiate and received the public investi­ture of Doctor in 1897. He was appointedassistant supernumerary professor in theFaculty of Philosophy and Letters and was

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engaged in the teaching of Sparush liter­ature and metaphysics from 1897 to 1898.In this year after receiving the degree ofDoctor of Laws he was nominated by thefaculty as assistant professor in the LawSchool. In 1900, after competition, he ob­tained the chair of Assistant Professor inthe School of Public Law. In this capacityhe has taken charge of the work from 1900to 1904 in political economy and juris­prudence. In 1904 he was advanced tothe position of Titular Professor of Ad­ministrative Law, a position which he holdsat the present time. He is also a memberof the University Council, the governingbody of the University of Havana.

He was a legal member of the extinctSuperior Committee of Especial Hygiene,a member of the Commission for SocialService, a part of the Department of Jus­tice, a member of the Commission nomi­nated by the President of the Republic toinquire into the increase in budgetaryitems, a member of the Cuban Section ofthe Supreme International Commissionfor Uniform Legislation in Financial Mat-

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CARTAYA

ters, in which capacity he prepared a ques­tionnaire submitted to the Central Councilat Washington on bills of exchange, a workwhich secured the approval of SecretaryMcAdoo. He is ex-officio member of theCentral Electoral Committee, foundud in1908, and during eleven years he has beenactively concerned in all of the electeralcases and questions arising in the Islandof Cuba. In 1906 he was named as a Coun­selor by President Palma, and in this ca­pacity was a member of the Commission .known under the name of "Cabildo de Al­tura. " At this time he was nominated bythis Commission to be Acting Alcalde of theFifth DistFict of Havana, which takes inan extensive zone in the city. He has beenent..usted with various civic duties, amongothers that of acting as a member of theboards of judges in the open competitionsheld at the Institute and the Universityof Havana. For twenty years he has beenactively engaged in law practice and hasbeen a member of the governing body of theHavana bar. At present he is Vice-presi­dent of the Cuban Society of International

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Law, a member of the American Societyof International Law of Washington, andof the American Academy of Political andSocial Science of Philadelphia. He haspublished a complete work on the Cubanelectoral system entitled EI Regimen elec­toral de la Republica de Cuba, which is citedin the last edition of Esmain's classicaltreatise on constitutional law. He haspublished a critical study on the Aeneidof Virgil and the Pharsalis of Lucan, as hisdoctor's dissertation, 1897. His technicalworks are as follows: La quiebra en Dereckointernacional privado, 1898. La jianza dearraigo en nuestro derecko moderno, 1899.EI Regimen parlamentario y la constitucwnde Cuba. El escrutinio primario, 1908. Lainmunidad parlamentaria, 1913. Lareformadel derecho publico cubano, 1919.

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MENOCAL

ARMANDO MENOCAL

Painter.

ARMANDO MENOCAL was born in Havanain 1866. His early education in Cuba wassupplemented by the study of art in Spain.

In 1888, he was appointed professor inthe School of Painting and Sculpture ofHavana, the appointment being renewed in1899.

He has at sundry times served as judgein competitions of painting, and was officialrepresentative from Cuba to the ParisExposition in 1900. He was elected in1912 to membership in the Academy ofArts and Letters (Cuba).

Menocal has for many years been apainter of portraits and of genre and histori­cal pictures; he has more recently turnedhis attention to fresco. His decorationsfor the auditorium of the University and

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for the magnificent new presidential palacewere chosen as the result of competitions.

Menocal reached the rank of major in theCuban War for Independen~.

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Enrique Collazoy Tejada

COLLAZO

ENRIQUE COLLAZO

Patriot; historian.

ENRIQUE COLLAZO was born in Santiagode Cuba on the twenty-eighth of May, 1844.At fourteen years of age he was sent toSpain and entered the Colegio of Segovia asartillery cadet. He finished the course withthe rank of Second Lieutenant (cadet) andlater was jIlade full Second Lieutenant,then Lieutenant.

Two years later, in 1868, war broke outin Cuba and young Collazo renounced hismilitary career in Spain, went to theUnited States and enlisted as a soldier inthe Company "Riflers de la Libertad"under the command of Colonel ManuelS~larez. In May of 1869 he arriveQ. inCuba with the expedition of the Perit.In 1871 he went to Jamaica with a revolu­tionary commission and in 1875 returned

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to Cuba in the steamer Octavia as a mem­ber of the expedition under Pio Rosado.Thereafter he remained in the Revolutionas Major in Camagiiey until the signing ofthe Pact of Zanj6n in 1878.

He then went to Jamaica with GeneralMaximo G6mez and together with G6mezand Marti signed on the 20th of January,1895 the order of revolt for the 24th ofFebruary of that year. The year follow­ing, in March, 1896, he disembarked inVeradero with an expel1ition carried by thesteamer Three Friends. He commandeddifferent brigades in the war and in 1897was designated Representative for Oriente,to the Assembly of Yaya.

Upon the formation of the Republic hewas made Representative for the Provinceof Havana; at the dose of his term of officehe was designated Comptroller General ofthe Republic, which position he occupiedseveral years as also that of voting memberof tl)e Junta de Protestas.

He has published various works uponCuban history: Desde Yara hasta el Zan­jbn (1893); Episodios de la Guerra (1899);

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(in collaboration with Alboro Cata), CubaIndependiente (1900); Los Americanos enCuba (1905-06); Cuba Intervenida (1910);Cuba Her6ica (1912) and various pamphletssuch as La Revolucion de Agosto (1906).

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Armando de C6rdoba

DE CORDOVA

ARMANDO DE C6RDOVA YQUESADA.

Physician; spetialist.

ARMANDO DE CORDOVA Y QUESADA wasborn in Havana in 1880 and educated inthe Institute and the University of Havana,obtaining from the latter the degree ofDoctor of Medicine.

He has served Hospital Number One asChief of Laboratory and for five years wasmedical interne. He has been a votingmember of the National Board of Healthand Philanthropy and specialist in nervousdiseases at the Quinta de Dependientes.

As the result of competitions, Dr. Cor­dova has been assistant in Histology and·Pathological Anatomy and has filled vari­ous other positions in the National Uni­versity, reaching in 1907 the one which henow holds (1919): that of Professor of

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Nervous and Mental Diseases and lead ofthe Clinic in the same department. Healso is at the head of a Sanatorium for thetreatment of the diseases in which hespecializes.

Dr. C6rdova has contributed to Cuban,Medical reviews numerous articles chieflyalong the lines of Neurology and Psy-chiatry. ,

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CORONADO

FRANCISCO DE PAULA CORONADOy ALVARO

Historian; literary man;educator..

FRANCISCO DE PAULA CORONADA Y

ALVARO was born in Havana on the eighthof January, 1870, of distinguished ancestryon both sides. His father D. AugustinCoronado y Piloiia claimed direct descentfrom the Coronado who was conqueror ofCosta Rica and the Coronado who exploredparts of North America in 1540.

He entered when very young the Colegio"La Educaci6n," and later attended "SanFrancisco, " the " Real Colegio de San Fer­nando" and "Belen" wh~re he followedthe courses required for. the Bachelorate.In Havana University he studied Civil andAdministrative Law and also Philosophy,Letters, and Pedagogy.

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At seventeen he began to write forLa Republica, a Havana daily paper, andto teach Spanish grammar and literaturein the" Circulo de Trabajadores."

From about 1887 he devoted himselfdefinitely to literature, history, and teach­ing despite the traditional family profes­sion, Law, for which he studied but whichhe never practiced.

From 1889 to 1895 his writing was in theline of literary criticism. Sometimes overhis own name, sometimes using the pseu­donym Cesar de Madrid, he made constantcontributions to various Havana dailies,to the reviews, La Habana Elegante, ElFtgaro, EI Hogar, El Pttcher, Gil Bias andto some foreign periodicals as well. Inthe Figaro .he maintained for several yearsa special column of wit and satire with thecaption" Casas" in which he signed himselfvariously as Don Panfilo, Panfil6n orPanfilito.

Upon the organization of the CubanRevolutionary party in 1892, Coronadojoined it and also was allied with the pa­triotic "junta" of Havana until 1896 when

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he was forced to emigrate to escape thepersecutions of the Spanish authorities.Settling in New York he allied himselfwith various revolutionary clubs and'editedPaJria, the official organ of the Revolu­tion in foreign parts. He collaboratedalso in E/, Porvenir; Cuba y Amh'ica, andCuba y Puerto Rico, all published in NewYork. In 1897, in association with En­rique Hernandes Meyares, he founded Ca­caraj£cara but soon withdrew from it.

In 1898, Coronado was free to return toeducational and literary work which he hascontinued with a single interim of twoyears, 1902-4, when he was Secretary of theCuban legation in Mexico. He has beenmember of the Havana Board of Education(1899), school inspector for the Provinceof Havana (11)00), member and secretaryof the board of judges for the scholasticcontests in the secondary schools of theProvinces of Matanzas and Santa Clara(1900), Provincial Superintendent of theschools of Camagliey (11)00-1902), Pro­vincial Superintendent of the schools ofHavana (1904-1909), Secretary of the Na-

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tional Council of Librarians of Cuba (1910­1913), member of the board of judges incompetitions for the chair of Pedagogy inthe University of Havana (1916).

Coronado directed the first lay school inCuba, that established by the Cfrculo deTrabajadores in 1889; he first taught pa­triotic history in night classes for laborers;he early gave courses of lectures upon na­tional history to the teachers of the Island.While connected with the Department ofPublic Instruction he codified and editedthe first courses of study used in the ele­mentary schools, established examinationsfor teachers, and organized the system ofcommon school inspection.

He is a member of the following societies:Association of Painters and Sculptors;Cuban Theatrical Society; Fundaci6n LuzCaballero; National Association of Revolu­tionary Emigres; Cuban Society of Inter­national Law; Ateneo of Havana (one ofthe Board of Governors); Academy ofHistory of Cuba (Silcretary).

Leading periodicals of Latin Americafrequently publish poeIns from Coronado's

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pen under the pseudonyms "MarceloDu Quesne" and "El Caballero de laBlanca Luna." He also has deliveredmany addresses of which the most notableare: Luz Caballero (19°8); Los Evangeliosap6crifos (19II); Villaespesa y la poesta es­iKJnola contemporanea (1912).

He is author of pamphlets bearing thefollowing titles: Frutos coloniales (Hav­ana, 1i91); Primera campana (Havana,1892); En mis tvct (Havana, 1893); De­bilidades femininas (Havana, 1894); A mor­ios, short stories (Havana, 1895); Sangre,short stories (New York, 1896); Apuntespara la vida de General Maceo (N. Y., 1897);Crimenes de Espana en Cuba (N. Y., 1898);Datos para una biografia del Gen. CalixtoGarda Iniguez (Havana, 1899); La t(jmade Cardenas en 1850 (Havana, 1900);La ensenanza en Camaguey, 190(>-1901

(Havana, 19°2); and Las Pediciones dePlacido (Havana, 1909).

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DELFIN

MANUEL DELFiN

Physician; charity worker.

MANUEL DELFiN Y ZAMORA was bornin Baracoa, Province of Oriente, Cuba, onthe twenty-eighth of February, 1849, andbegan his education in the local publicschools. Although in very modest circum­stances his family determined to give himeducational advantages. Accordingly hewas sent to school in Santiago and later tothe Colegio de Belen in Havana where hetook many prizes for scholarship.Durin~ these years, struggling with pov­

erty, young Delfin tutored in private fam­ilies and even worked as a servant. Hefinally entered a private Colegio as pupil­teacher but unhappy conditions forced himto leave; Returning to Baracoa, he taughtfor two years in the public schools, thenentered upon a pharmaceutical course inthe University of Havana.

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Early in the seventies, Cuba being mostdangerous for a youth who was not cir­cumspect in speech about governmentalaffairs, the f:unily sent young Delfin toSpain to continue his education. From theCentral University in Madrid he won thedegree of Licentiate in Pharmacy, thengave himself to the study of medicine. Atthe conclusion of this course he returned toCuba, making his home in Vuelta Abajowhere he founded and managed a papercalled El Veguero. Active in the Autono­mist party he became its unsuccessful can­didate for membership In the colonialcongress. He became involved in somepolitical difficulties and was imprisoned;liberated, he resumed his professionalpractice but later moved to Havana.

In Havana, after ma,ny hardships, hebecame established as chemist in a medicaland surgical laboratory. During thisperiod he was a pioneer, in Cuba, of medico­legal investigations. He was Secretary tothe Board of Philanthropies and for threeyears issued a review entitled La Higiene.

He established dispensaries, said to have

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been the first in Cuba, first in Matanzasand later in Santa Clara and Havana.During the enforcement of Gen. Weyler'sre-concentration decree, he maintaineddispensaries among the fugitives.

Aroused to the necessities of the poor,especially women and children, he founded"La Casa del Pobre," whose object was tocare for the poor in their homes; later,about 1915, he succeeded in inducing thepublic to institute "La Granja de NmosPobres" and house it satisfactorily. Thisasylum, directed by Dr. Delfin, cares forabout a hundred poor Ghildren.

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HERNANDEZ

MIGUEL ESPINOSA HERNANDEZ

MIGUEL ESPINOSA HERNANDEZ wasborn on the Canary Islands on the tourthof April, 1869_ His father, Miguel B.Espinosa, was a well-known Cuban medicalman and publicist. His early studies werepursued in the Santa Cruz Institute atTeneriffe. From there he proceeded to theUniversity of Havana. As a young manhe devoted himself to journalism and inpolitics affiliated himselt with the Liberaland Autonomist party. In the year 1898,

. he was elected a deputy to the SpanishCortes by the Autonomist party. Fromthe foundation of the Conservative partyhe has acted as n. zealous adherent promot­ing its principles in two newspapers, ElNuetio Pats, and Cuba. In 1908 he waselected Representative for the Province ofLas Villas. In 191 I he founded the

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Journal El Via oi which he is now Manag-ill;g Editor. In 1912 he was again electedRepresentative for Las Villas Province, andsecured a further election in November,191 6.

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DIHIGO

JUAN MIGUEL DIHIGO

Teacher; 'linguist.

JUAN MIGUEL DIHIGO y MESTRE wasbomin Havana on the eighth of May, 1866.He received his secondary education in theColegio de "Belen, " a Jesuit school, wherethrough his conduct and application hewon many prizes. During these schooldays he was winner in a.competition in theEnglish Language in which the students ofthe several secondary schools of the citywere included. Upon terminating hisstudies for the Bachelorate in 1882 heentered the University of Havana and pur­sued simultaneously the courses in Phil­osophy and Letters and in Law, receivingthe Licentiate in both departments in1884, the Doctorate of Philosophy andLetters in 1888, and that of Civil andCanon Law in 1898.

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In 1891 he had begun serving as assistantin Greek, and soon after receiving his Doc­torate in Law he was given the chair ofGreek in the University (1899), at the sametime being Professor of the History of Peda­gogy. At present (1919) he is serving theUniversity as Professor, by competition,of Linguistics and Philology. In 1901 hewas appointed Secretary of the Depart­ment of Science and Letters of whoseofficial Re'View he became Director in 1914,this organ having been founded by thejoint labors of Dr. Dihigo and Dr. AristidesMestre.

He founded in the University the Labora­tory of Experimental Phonetics whichbears his name and, in association withIDr. Mestre, an annual series of UniversityExtension lectures. Some of these lec­tures he has himself delivered, all on moreor less popular subjects: "Influence ofAnalogy in Language"; "Roosevelt's In­fluence upon English Spelling"; "The Bible,from the Linguistic Point of View"; Popu-I1ar Speech in Literature"; "How to Know aCountry's History from its Money. " i

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He has rendered other diverse and dis­tinctive serviCes to the University ofHavana, including the editing of the Uni­versity Statutes, and the delivery of the ad­dress of welcome to Dr. Rafael Altamira,delegate from the Spanish University ofOviedo.

Not only in the University Extensionwork has Dr. Dihigo contributed to theeducation of the masses. It was to him I

that was assigned the task of reorganizingand refonning the secondary schools of the·Republic; he organized with Drs. Alfredo;Z"ayas and Julio San Martin the first muni­cipal School Board of Havana and formany years worked with that group eitheras Secretary, President, or member, im­proving and systematizing the publicschools of the city which he visited andstudied personally; he was at times mem­ber of the examining board for teachers;chainnan of a committee which studiedthe rural school-house question; lec­turer in summer Nonnal Institutes forteachers.

The Teachers' Club of Havana, as an

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expression of gratitude for Dr. Dihigo'sefforts in behalf of primary education, pre­sented to the Board of Education his por­trait in oils to be hung in the Board rooms.In Public School No. 37 of the city therehas been established, in recognition of theirhonored patron, the Republica Escolar JuanMiguel Dihigo.

Although known in other lines of useful­ness it is chiefly as a linguist that Dr.Dihigo has gained his reputation. He haslong been a student of the Indo-Europeantongues and of those of the Semitic group,especially Hebrew and Arabic. His lin­guistic works have been recognized byforeign laborers in the same field, by Man­oury, Regnaud, LeI:~gue, Cejador, Fay,Wheeler, Meyer Lubke, Boisacq, Lenz,Sayee, De Gregorio, Rozenvalle, Meillet.He is frequently consulted upon mattersof doubt in relation to language.

He is a member of the French Associa­tion for the encouragement of the study ofGreek, of the Society of Linguists in Paris,of the Geographical Society of Mexico, ofthe Cuban Academy of History, and in 1918

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he was elected' Corresponding Member ofthe Hispanic Society of America.

Dr. Dihigo has .many times been dele­gate to foreign congresses and celebrations:official representative of the University ofHavana on the occasion of the third Cen­tenary of the UIJiversity of Oviedo, Spain;official delegatE! from the University andfrom the Cuban Government to the firstCentenary celebration in Mexico; officialUniversity and governmental delegate atthe 16th Congress of Orientalists convenedin Athens in 1912; delegate at the Jubilee ofthe National University of Greece in thesame year.

Although several times offered govern­mental appointments, Dr. Dihigo has notfound their acceptance consistent with hismany duties, but he did for a time act asmember of the Havana City Council.During that term he corrected, by requestof the Council, errors that had been noticedin the Latin inscription upon a stone tabletin the Templete. He is a member of theLiterary Section of the Ateneo.

In 1894 Dihigo came under the surveil-

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lance of the Spanish Government and wasprosecuted for his alleged unfriendliness.!During the Revoluti~nthe following year, Ihe was delegate in Havana of the "Oscar l

Primelles" 'Club of New York; member orlthe patriotic committee of "A1acranes'';,delegate of the revolutionary committee of,Matanzas with the pseud~ym "Lincoln"j~membt;r of the patriotic Junta of Havanaand secretary of its Section of Relief.

For many years Dr. Dihigo has contri­buted to various periodicals and has pub-Ilished the following works: Paradigmas'de verbos arabes (1891); Sinopsis de GramJ

tllica Griega (Habana, 1894); Eiogio del Dr. INicolas Heredia y Mota (Habana, 1902);Jose Ignacio Rodriguez (Habana, IC)07); Dis-!

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cursu de apertura del Curso Escolar de I907ia 1908 (Habana, 1907); Las rakes griegasl(Habana, 1908); Regnaud y su obra (Ha-jbana, 1908); El profesor Graziadio I A scoliI(Habana, 19°8); Roosevelt y la ortografwinglesa (Habana, 1909); La fonetica experi-!mental en el Laboratorio de Rousse/ot (Ha-'bana, 1909); Brcal (Habana, 191o); Lafonetica experimental en la ciencia del ten-

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guaje (Habana, 1911); ,Rufino J. Cuervo(Habana, 1911); L'enseignement de la lan­gue grecque d Cuba (Athenes, 1912); EICongreso de orientalista y el Jubileo dela Universidad de Grecia (Habana, 1912);Elogio del Dr. Ramon M eza y SuarezInclan (Habana, 1912); Reparos etimo­16gicos al Diccionario de la lengua castellana;Voces derivadas del griego (Habana, 1912);La Biblia desde el punto de visto lingUistico(Habana, 1913); Las clases populares y laextension universitaria (Habana, 1914); Elhabla popular al travis de tel Literatura cu­bana (Habana, 1915); Rafael Maria Mer­chan (Habana, 1915)j Poey en su aspectoliterario y lingiUstico (Habana, 191 S); LaUniversidad de la Habana (Habana, 19I5);El mmnmiento lingiUsticu en Cuba (Ha­bana; 1916); Hacia el viejo Oriente (Habana,191 7).

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DOLZ

RICARDO DOLZ

Lawyer; public man;sportsman.

RICARDO DoLZ ARANGO was born inthe city of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, on thethird ot January, 1861. After preliminaryschooling in his native place he prepared forand received the degree of Bachelor fromthe Institute of Havana; he continued hisstudies in the University of Havana, ob­taining there the degrees of Licentiate andDoctor in Civil and Canonic Law.

When a vacancy arose in the professor­ship of Trial Procedure he competed forand won the appointment, continuing asCatedratico-Proprietor. He has been close­ly allied with the C1rculo de Abogados ofHavana, peing Secretary and President ofthe section of Procedure and one of theBoard of Directors. This organization hasrecognized his preeminence and his valu-

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able service by awarding him severalmedals including two of gold. He is amember of the Board of Governors of theColegio de Abogados (Bar Association)and formerly was president of the A teneo.

Dr. Dolz early entered political life,allying himself with the partisans of au­tonomy. His first public appearance in apolitical role was at the thea.ter of SantaClara during an unsuccessful candidacyfor deputyship to the Cortes. He was sub­sequently elected to a similar position dur­ing the period of autonomy, but declinedthe office and emigrated to New Yorkwhere he was secretary of the Cuban Re­volutionary committee of which EnriqueJose Varona was President.

Since the establishment of the IslandRepublic, Dr. Dolz has been connected inofficial capacities with the Moderate, theRepublican, and the Conservative parties inturn. He formerly represented the Provinceof Pinar del Rio and now represeIfts Cama­giiey in the Senate of which he is President.

His legal writings, some of which havebeen adopted as textbooks in Spanish and

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other universities, are as follows: Pre­scripcion de las acciones civiles; El codigocivil 'Y el N otariado,' La seguridad social yla liberatad individual; Las abintestatas yel juicio ejecutillo; Proclama de derecho prCl­cesal. He is author of an interpretationof a portion of the Cuban constitutionknown as the "Quorum Dolz" which hasbeen sanctioned by the Supreme Court.In connection with his professional andpublic life he has contributed widely toperiodicals and for a time was director of

Ia ne'i/Spaper, Patria. As president of theNational Conservative party he was in

Icharge of the party's campaign in whichGeneral Menocal was elected President.

I What time he can take from weightiermatters, Dr. Dolz devotes to sports-tohorses, of which he owns some finethoroughbreds, to fencing, and to marks­manship. He was one of a trio of sports­men who introduced the first airplane, aBleriot, into the Island, and continues hisinterest in aeronautics as Vice-president ofthe Aero-c1ub of Cuba. He also is a mem­ber of the Union Club of Havana.

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FERNANDO SANCHEZ DE FUENTES

OraJor; tecuher; economi.st;writer.

FERNANDO SANCHEZ DE FUENTES wasborn in Havana on the twenty-second ofDecember, 1871, son of Eugenio Sanchezde Fuentes and Josefina Pelaez y Cardiff.With both his Bachelorate (Colegio LaGran Antilla, 1887) and his Licentiate(University of Havana, 1891) he receivedprizes for the highest scholarship.

Upon attaining the degree of Doctor ofPhilosOphy and Letters he was appointedAssistant Professor in that department ofthe University (1894) and was reappointedin 19OI. At about this latter date he tookup the study of law and completed it withthe doctor's degree in 1904. Soon after­wards he was successful in competitiveexaminations for a position in the Faculty

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of Law of the same University where helnow (1919) is Titular Professor of Mercan-itile and Civil Law and Secretary of that]faculty. I

Dr. Sanchez de Fuentes was a member ofthe delegation from Cuba at the Second iPeace Conference at The Hague, and repre-jsented the Law Faculty and the CubanSociety of International Law at the Second',Scientific Congress at Washington; he wasEnvoy Extraordinary of the Republic ofICuba to the Mexican Centenary Celebra- ition, and assisted in preparing the exhibitsfor the Fourth Pan-American Conference.

He is a member of the American Societyof International Law, of the InstitutoA mericano de Derecho I nternacional, ofthe International Council of the World'sCourt League, of the Academy of Political,Science in the City of New York, and hon­orary member of the Bar Association ofLima, Peru. He has been decorated by theVenezuelan Government with the Crossof the Order of the Liberator.

As Representative in the lower House ofCongress he served upon the Committee

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of Foreign Relations and was Chairman ofthe Committee on Justice and Legal Codes;he was member of the committee whichformulated the existing currency systemand of the joint committee which pre­pared the Law for Economic Defense. Hegave final form to the law organizing theDiplomatic and Consular Service, as alsoto the Workman's Liability Law which,after having been presented ten years I

before, was finally perfected and passed Iunder his sponsorship. I

Two other important parliamentary la­bors of Dr. Sanche:r. de Fuentes are thebill-the first he introduced-by which theNational University received a consider­able appropriation for improvements, andone by which the Penal Code was reformedin conformity to modern standards.

Upon the occasion of the tobacco crisisof 1915-16, he was one of a special com­mission appointed by the House of Repre­sentatives to study the situation. Theresults of these investigations were col­lected and form the subject-matter ofPonencia, a volume whose editing was as-

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signed to sanchez de Fuentes. It containsstudies upon the agricultural problems ofthe coumry, tariff and revenue reforms, 'I

partition of lands, the lowering of the costof living,.etc., also the text of a bill recom-Imended by the committee providing for the Iestablishment of Agricultural Credits. '\

Dr. Sanchez de Fuentes' published writ­ings are: El Teatro moderno; Las NUl!1JasTendencias del Derecho Civil; La SegundaConferencia de la Pas de la Baya; La Ley:Orgdnica del Poder Judicial y las leyes pro­cesales; Por La Libertad y El Derecho, andvarious articles and addresses upon pro_

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fessional subjects.

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Juan Gualberto G6mel;

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GOM EZ

JUAN GUALBERTO GOMEZ

Journalist; public man.

JUAN GUALBERTO GOMEZ was born atthe sugar plantation "El Vellocino,"Province of Matanzas, on the twelfth ofJuly, 1854. From an early age he wasactive in the campaigns for the liberty ofCuba, writing on the subject for variouspapers.

He later went to Paris and entered theEscuela Central de Ingenieros, but havingto earn his living he went into newspaperwork on the editorial staff of L' Evene­ment. Later he travelled as a teacherthrough the French Antilles and from thereto Mexico; then, going to Havana, hewent into the offices of La DiscusiOn aseditor.

Subsequently he spent nearly ten yearsin Madrid, the first part of that time being

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secretary to Rafael M. de Labra. Therehe published his works: La Cuesti6n de,

, Cuba en 1884 (1885); La Isla de PuertoRico (1891); Las Islas Carolinas Y Harianas'l(1885). He directed in Madrid the dailies,El Pueblo and Et Progreso and was editor oflLa Tribuna. He was an ardent advocate Iof the ab~lition of slavery and the better-:ment of the negro race, with liberal inter-Ipretations of the abolitionist law of 1881.He was secretary of the abolitionist society'of Madrid. :

He was afterwards connected with the:War of Independence and his part in theinsurrection ot Ibarra caused the SpanishGovernment to deport him to Ceuta in 18<)7.'

He has constantly taken an active partin political lite. He was secretary of thecommittee of Consultations which editedthe existing organic law of the Cuban Re-,public. He has been one of the editors ofthe daily paper La Lucha and at times hasidirected its policy. At present (1919) he,is a member of the national Senate. I

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MENDOZA GUERRA

PEDRO MENDOZA GUERRA

Teacher; journalist; publicman.

PEDRO MENDOZA GUERRA was born inPamplona, Spain, in September, 1862.While very young his family migrated toHavana where he was educated in theColegio de Belen, winning there the degreeof Bachelor. He early became imbuedwith a desire to help his adopted countryin ~er struggle for freedom, and the ThirdCorps of the Army of Liberation, in whichhe held the rank of Colonel, sent him asits representative to the assembly of laYaya.

In 1896 he was appointed Governor ofCamagiiey, and was for a time mayor ofthe City of Camagiiey after the establish­ment of the Republic. In 1902 he waselected to represent that province in the

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lower house of Congress where he was fora time Vice-president and presiding mem­ber of several committees. In 1907 hewas made Inspector of Census for theProvince of Havana.

The Cuban Government has sent ColonelMendoza upon various foreign missions:to eastern Uruguay to adjust some na­tional affairs, to Santo Domingo as Min­ister, to Washington, and Seattle asdelegate to international congresses.

He has been allied with educational mat­ters of the country having occupied at onetime the position of sub-secretary of Pub­lic Instruction and Fine Arts. He hasbeen teacher of Latin, Spanish, and Uni­versal History in the Colegios "San MiguelArcangel" and "Hernandez Mederos"(Havana) and Progreso (Cardenas). Ata pedagogical congress at the NationalUniversity he delivered an address uponthe educational differences between ElNino Cubano y el Nino Americano.

He is the author of Laz RazaJ (a studyin comparative ethnology and sociology)thirty-nine chapters of which were pub-

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lished in La Cuna de America; and also ofSemblanzas de PoUticos and CancioneroHerlJico.

Besides being a collaborator in numerousperiodicals in various parts of the country,he established and directed La RelJolucilJnin Cienfuegos and Las Dos Republicas inCamagileYi he was for a time director ofEl Partido Liberal in Havana. He is amember of the Academy of History of Cuba.

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GUTIERREZ

GUSTAVO GUTIERREZ Y SANCHEZ

Lawyer; teacher.

GUSTAVO GUTIERREZ Y SANCHEZ wasborn in Camajuani in the Province ofSanta Clara, Cuba, on the twenty-secondof September, 1895. His mother was anative of the same province, his father ofSpanish birth. After some primary in­struction at home he was sent to the Colegioof Belen in Havana and later to St. Ann'sMilitary Academy in New York where heacquired a knowledge of English. Return­ing to Cuba he received his secondary edu­cation in the Institute of Havana whencehe entered the University where he wasgraduated as Doctor of Civil Law in 1916,and a year later attained the degree ofDoctor of Public Law, in both cases receiv­ing the highest honors.

Dr. Gutierrez acted in a secretarial

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capacity with the First National LegalCongress of Cuba and with the Board of Di­rectors of the American Institute of Inter­national Law in session at Havana; throughcompetitive examinations he has been madeAssistant Professor of International PublicLaw in the University of Havana and, dur­ing the absence of the titular professor,Dr. Bustamente, at the Peace Congress inParis (1919), is the acting head of hisdepartment.

Following is the list of scientific soci­eties of which he is a member: Colegio deAbogados de la Habana; Sociedad Cubanade Derecho Internacional (secretary sinceits foundation); American Academy ofPolitical and Social Sciencesj AmericanSociety of International Law; NationalGeographic Society; Organisation Centralepour une paix durable de la Haye.

As a public speaker he has dealt withsuch subjects as La Destrucci6n de PoloniajLa emancipaci6n de Grecia; La nacionalidaden la familia cubana; Cuba contemport1nea.

Aside from various papers on historicaland political subjects which, after appear-

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ing in Cuba Contemporanea and other peri-odicals, have been collected and publishedin the Anual of the Sociedad de DerechoInternacic-nal, Dr. Gutierrez has publisheda volume upon La N eutralidad y la Belige-rancia de la Republica de Cuba durante laGuerra Actual, and in collaboration withDr. Cesar Salaya a work (404 pp.) entitledApuntes de Derecho Internacional Publico.He has in preparation works upon La ligade las N aciones; El regimen nacionalistacubano; La obligaci6n de nointervenir; Lasituaci6n internacional de Cuba and Apuntesde Derecho Internacional Privado.

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ANTONIO MARIA VAL-oES DAPENA

Physician; teacher.

ANTONIO MARIA VALDES DAPENA wasborn in the village of RegIa in the Provinceof Havana in 1879. He was educated inhis native place and pursued secondarystudies in the Institute of Havana, wherehe obtained the degree of Bachelor of Artsin 1895 and Doctor of Medicine in 1901.Since then he has held the following posi­tions: Assistant, after competition, in theChair of Therapeutics and Pharmacy inthe University of Havana; in 1908 Assist­ant head ad interim of the laboratory ofTherapeutics and Pharmacy of the Uni­versity of Havana. In the same year, hewas designated by the Titular professorto do the work of the Chair of Pharmacy.In October of the same year he was ap­pointed, after a competition, to be Assist-

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ant Professorial head of the Laboratory ofTherapeutics and Phannacy.

The following medical works have beenpublished under his name: Fractura delmi.neo con hundimiento de los fragmentos;Trepanaci6n, 19°1; Acci6n inhibitorio de laqu£mica en el protoplasma Vegetal, H}02 j

A ntagonismo entre la estricnina y la quinina,

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MACHADO

GERARDO MACHADO Y MORALES

Business man; official.

GERARDO MACHADO y MORALES wasborn in Santa Clara, Cuba, on the twenty­ninth of September, 1871,anu was educatedin the same province, receiving the Bachel­or's degree in 1884.

He then joined his father in agriculturalpursuits and together they enlisted in theRevolutionary force organized by Casallas,young Machado receiving the rank ofSecond Lieutenant. He soon joined theguard of General Suarez and later, pro­moted to a captaincy, was assigned to theguard of Gen. Juan B. Zayas. At the closeof the war he was in command of the SantaClara brigade with the rank of BrigadierGeneral.

Upon the organization of the RuralGuard he was appointed Chief of the Dis-

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Wct of Santa Clara and Trinidad, butresigned shortly to go into the tobaccobusiness, founding the firm Ramos, Ma­chado y Cia with which he remains as asilent partner.

General Machado devotes himself chieflyto public activities. In the first popularelections he was chosen Mayor of SantaClara which office he occupied until theproclamation of the Republic. He wassubsequently appointed to the command ofthe Twelfth Regiment but, desiring tothrow himself into the campaign of theLiberal party for the election of GeneralJose Miguel Gomez, he severed his con­nection with the military. He attended toprivate business until his nomination forthe governorship of Santa Clara Provincein 1908. In December, 1909, he was ap­pointed secretary of the Provincial Gov­ernment and occupied that position forseventeen months.

Under the presidency of Gen. G6mez,Gen. Machado was in command of thearmed forces.

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FRAU MARSAL

LORENZO FRAU MARSAL

Journalist; author.

LORENZO FRAU MARSAL was born In

19ualada, on the third of April, 1885.Mter a public school education he enteredthe University of Havana and pursuedcourses in philosophy and literature, thentook up the study of law and obtained thedegrees of Doctor of Civil and Public Law.

He was appointed assistant d\rector ofthe journal of the House of Representativesin 1910 and has devoted his time largelyto journalistic work as editor or directorof various periodicals including Pay-Pay,La Ilustraci6n, Graphic Press of Cu!Ja;Biblioteca America; Diario de Ia Marin a;La Opini6n; and El N oticiero. The lasttwo are daily papers of Liberal affiliation.

His writings show much diversity ofinterest; they are: La Babel de Hierro

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(a study of the people of North America) j

. Las Tierras Ocultas (spiritualistic investiga­tions and deductions); Hombres y Mujeres(a collection of short stories of Cuba);various dramatic writings including LuluCancan, La Traviesa Mimi, Miss Pagenta,Horas de New York, El DifJorcio.

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FERNANDEZ MASCAR6 ~5

GUILLERMO FERNANDEZMASCAR6

Physician; educator; public man.

GUILLEJUlO FERNANDEZ MASCAR6 wasborn in Puerto Rico in 1872 of cultured andwell-to-do parents, his father beipg a writerof some note. His academic education inSan Juan de Puerto Rico was followed byscientific study in the Unive~ityof Havanawhere he obtained the degree of Licen­tiate in Physico-Chemical Science in 1892.As a student in the School of Medicine andSurgery of the same University he waswinner in many competitions and wasgraduated with the highest honors in 1895,receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicineand Surgery.

Although of foreign birth, Mascar6, dur­ing his student days became one of the

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leaders and spokesmen of the anti-Spanishmovement, and the moment he was freefrom the University he hastened to jointhe Army of Liberation of Cuba. Beingappointed to the sanitary service, he at­tained the rank of Colonel and continuedactive until the close of the Spanish-Amer­ican war.

After a short period devoted partiallyto private practice of his profession andpartially to the duties of public and hos­pital physician, Dr. Mascar6 turned hisattention largely to educational work.Upon appointment of Governor GeneralWood in 19°0, he took charge of the reor­ganization of the Provincial Institute ofSantiago where he served also as professorof physics and chemistry. He has con­tinued his connection with this school,being reconfirmed as director, and has con­tributed to th(~ cause of education manyscholarly articles of which the followingmay be cited: Resumen de los progresos mds

recientes en las ciencias j£sico-biologicas;Ideas dominantes en el actual desenvolvimi­ento de la segunda ensenanza; Educaci6n

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FERNANDEZ MASCAR6 ~7

[isica; IVecesidad de una educacion nacionaly patrifJtica para fa juventud cubana; Vul­garizaciOn de las ciencias y las letras comomedio de educacifJn popular; La educacionen sus aspectos artistico, filosfJfico, civieo ymoral; Relaciones entre la educacion religi­osa y moral.

Closely connected with Dr. Mascar6'slabors for general education and for publichealth has been his political activity; hewas one of the founders of the Republicanparty which has twice elected him to theNational House of Representatives and in1917 to the governorship of the Provinceof Oriente.

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Carlos Mendieta

Coogle

MENDIETA

CARLOS MENDIETA

Journalist; soldier; publicman.

CARLOS MENDIETA was born on thefourth of November, 1873, at La Matilde,the sugar plantation of his family, in thevicinity of San Antonio de las Vueltas, Prov­ince of Santa Clara, Cuba. His educationwas begun with private tutors in his homebut was continued in the Colegios "Belen"and "EI Mesias" in Havana and in theInstitute of Santa Clara. From the lastnamed school he received the Bachelor'sdegree in 1895. then entered the Universityof Havana to prepare for the medical pro­fession.

Early in January, 1896, he abandonedhis studies and went to the family sugarplantation "Ce:ltral America" situated inSan Diego de Nunez, Province of Pinar del

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Rio, there to throw himself into the Revo­lutionary movement. From his ownallowance he armed and equipped a com­pany of one hundred and twenty-five 'menwith whom he joined the Army of Libera­tion. Betore the close ot the War of Inde­pendence he had attained the rank ofColonel. Upon the formation of the RuralGuard during the first American Interven­tion he was made Captain but resigned thepost to continue his medical studies in theUniversity ot Havana. Here he was grad­uated in 1901 with the degree of Doctor ofMedicine.

In December, following his graduation,he was elected Representative from theProvince of Santa Clara for the first andsecond congressional periods. During theProvisional Government he occupied theposition of Inspector of Health of theRepublic. In 1908 he was again elected torepresent the Province of Santa Clara inthe lower House of Congress for tour years,and was returned in 1912 for four yearsmore.

Meanwhile, in 19I1, he was elected by a

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parliamentary majority of his party to thepresidency of the Commission of Agricul­ture, Industry, and Commerce, and twoyears later, by the same majority, he wasmade President of the Commission of LegalActs, Authorization, Procedures, etc.

In 1916 he was the nominee for NationalVice-president of the Liberal party of whichhe is a prominent member. He is now(1919) Director of the Heraldo de Cuba.

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CALVO

PEDRO CALVO Y CASTELLANOS

Dental surgeon; uoriter.

PEDRO CALVO Y CASTELLANOS was bornin Gllines, Cuba, in 1859. He received hisearly education in Havana then studiedsome years in the United States. Heholds the degrees of Doctor of Medicineand Doctor of Dental Surgery from thePennsylvania College of Dental Surgeryand the University of Philadelphia; alsothe degree of Doctor of Dental Surgeryfrom the Universities of Mexico andHavana.

He has been one of the leaders in thedental profession in his native country;was active in the organization of the DentalSociety in Havana of which he becamepresident, as well as associate editor of itsofficial organ A nales de la Sociedad Odon­tol6gica; he was founder and director of

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the Dental College of Havana and hasbeen closely connected with the dentaldepartment of the University of Havanaboth as member of the Board of Examinersand as professor, by competition, of Pr6­tesis Dental e Histologia Anormal de laBoca.

His extensive writings on scientific sub­jects in French, English, and Spanish havewon him honorary membership in theDental Societies of France and Spain.Besides numerous shorter articles his pub­lished works are: Lecciones de P,,6Iesis;M elalUTgta aplicada a la Pr61esis Denial;Histalogta de la Boca (a translation).

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BARRAQUE

JESUS MARIA BARRAQUE Y ADUE I

Lawyer; ("abinel member.

JESUS MARIA BARRAQUE y AnuE wasborn on the twenty-eighth of December,1868, at Havana. His early and secondaryeducation were received in the ProvincialSchools ot Guanabacoa, after which heentered upon the legal course in the Uni­versity of Havana. He was graduated asLicentiate in Civil and Canon Law onthe twenty-first of June, 188Q, his specialpreparation having been as advocate.

After many years devoted to the privatepractice of his profession he was chGSen in1911 to the important position of Secre­tary of Justice of the Republic of Cuba,one of the departments of the President'sCabinet. He was dean of the Colegio deAbogados of Havana in 1913.

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MESTRE I 5371---------------

ARisTIDES MESTRE

Man of science; teacher;author. '

ARISTIDES MESTRE y HEVIA was born inHavana,on the twenty-eighth of November,1865, his parents being Dr. Antonio Mestrey Domin~ez, one of Cuba's most eminentsons, scientist and man of letters, andDolores Hevia y Romay. He obtained thedegree of Bachelor at the Jesuit Colegio deBeUn in 1880. He won thehighest honorsin his class on that occasion and also at thegranting of the Licentiate in Medicine(1886), the Licentiate in Physico-ChemicalScience (1886), the Licentiate in NaturalSciences (1887), and the Doctorate inMedicine (1895) from the University ofHavana.

During his student days, young Mestrehad been much under the influence andinspiration of Dr. Felipe Pooy, the eminent

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naturalist who then headed the faculty ofsciences in the University. On Dr. Poey'srecommendation he was appointed by royalorder in 1888 to an adjunct professorshipin natural science, a position which he re­signed in 1895. Upon the death of Poeyin 1891 his professorship, zoology of verte­brates, also was given to Mestre.

In 1895, Dr. Mestre started on his firsttrip abroad for scientific study. He spentsome time in New York and Toronto andmatriculated in the University of Pennsyl­vania. Then, sojourning in Mexico, hedivided his time between medical work andrevolutionary propaganda. The' govern­ment of the State of Monterey put him incharge of a lazaretto established to com­bat the yellow fever epidemic. Already hehad begun specializing in nervous diseasesand he now was entrusted with that depart­ment in the Monterey hospital.

The War for Independence won, Dr.Mestre in 1898 set out for Europe by wayof the United States and spent some monthsin Paris attending the famous clinics up­on mental and nervous disorders, Bic~tre,

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:\1ESTRE

Salp~triere, Santa Ana, etc., as well asstudying institutions devoted to the careof abnormal children, following summercourses in natural history, and takinglessons in anthropology. Returning toNew York he continued the same lines ofstudy at the Vanderbilt Polyclinic, athospitals, and the Museum of NaturalHistory. At the end of 1899 he reachedHavana.

In conformity with the order of theAmerican Provisional Governor, he gave in1900-1904 free courses in anthropologyand in nervous and mental diseases at theNational Museum, with related laboratorypractice. During the same years he de­livered many addresses in hospitals, inthe Norm~ School, the Summer School,and the Institute for Secondary Education.

As the result of competition in 1904, Dr.Mestre was named Assistant Professor ofthe School of Sciences with the additionalduties of Curator of the Poey Museum,which positions he continues. to occupy(1919). To his efforts is due the erectionof the Hall of Natural Sciences and the

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Biological Laboratory. He has substitutedfor Dr. Dihigo, Secretary of the Faculty ofLetters and Sciences, and has collaboratedwith him in founding the Review, organof that faculty (1905), and in editing abiography of Dr. Jose Manuel Mestre byDr. Jose Ignacio Rodriguez which hasimportant bearing on Cuban politicalevolution.

In 1909 he represented his University atthe Inaugural of President Lowell of Rar-Ivard and in 1914 received leave to visit the Imaritime biological museums of Europe.'This trip was interrupted by the outbreakof the European war and he hastened home.

Mestre's first appearance in print waswith a translation of a French article onHygiene in 1883. Since then, aside fromthe Doctor's theses and an incalculablenumber of articles in newspapers, themedical journals of Cuba have published,and foreign journals have to an extent citedor reproduced, the following articles: 'Ten­dencias a que obedece la Higientl actual(1886) j Hipnotismo. lrresponsabilidad delos actos que se sugieren y realizan durante

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MESTRE

ese estado (1886); La polftica moderna y laciencia antropo16gica. El problema de lacolonizaciOn (1887); (Deben los anfibios con­stituir un orden entre ios reptiles, 0 bien unaclase intermediaria entre los reptiles y lospecdl (1887); Elogio del Sr. Felipe Poey(1891); De las relaciones entre los diversosestados patologicos, consideradas en la serieancestral y hereditaria (1893); La A ntro­pologia en Cuba (1894); Primera observacionde acromegalia recogida en Cuba (1895);La ensenanza de las ciencias Naturales enParis (1899); La ensenanza de la Antro­pologta en Paris (1900); Sobre la creacionde un departamento para la educacianmMica de los ninos defectuosos en sus facul­tades intelectuales y morales (19°2); Osteo­artropaUa hipertrofiante pn~umica (1902);Epilepsia progresiva (1903); Informe sobreel- estado mental de una procesada (1903);Elogio del Dr. J os~ I. Torralbas (19°4); LaBiologta y el programa de su ensefianza(19°5); Las inteligencias anomalas y elproblema de su educacion (19°5); La imita­cion como factor de defensa en el reino animal(19°6); Los nidos de las aves y su filosofta

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(1907); El Profesor Dr. Luis MonJam(19°7) ; La inauguraci6n del nuevo PresidenJede Harvard (1910); El naturalista Cuvier ysus paradojas cienttficas. Homenaje alDr. La Torre (1912); Alfred Russel Wallaceen la historia de la filosofia biol6gica (1914);Las Ciencias Zool6gicas en nuestra Uni­versidad (1915); y las Leyes de la herencia y/a Biologta aplicada (1918).

Dr. Mestre has also written a textbookof Biology (editions of 1910 and 1917) andhas occupied the following posts: Secre­tary of the Sociedad Antropol6gica deCuba (1886-1889); Member of the 80­ciedad de Estudios Clinicos (1888) and ofthe 80ciedad Econ6mica de Amigos del Pais(1888); Vice Secretary of the Centro en­cargado de la Constituci6n del MuseoBiblioteca Ultramarino (1888); Secretaryof the Secci6n de Ciencias de la Caridad delCerro (1888); visiting physician of the Hos­pital Mercedes (1892); member of the Aca­demia de Ciencias de La Habana (1892),Professor of Fisiologia Humana in the Es­cuela Preparatoriade Medicina (1894); etc.Chief editor of the Boletin CUnico del Oos-

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MESTRE

pital Number One (1903) and of the Archivosde Medicina Mental (1910); Secretary ofthe Secci6n de Enfermedades Nerviosas yMentales del Tercer Congreso Pan Ameri­cano .(1901) and of the Sociedad de Psi­quiatria y Neuropatologia (19II); memberof the septimo Congreso Intemaeional deZoologia(1907); charter member of theSociedad de Medieina Tropical (1908);Charter meml;>er of the Sociedad Cubanade Historia Natural Felipe Pooy (1913) ofwhich he is at present Secretary General;Director of the Secci6n de Biologia andchief editor of the M emorias, its officialorgan; member of the American GeneticAssociation, of Washington (1918).

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MIRa

JOSE MIRa Y ARGENTER

Soldier; journalist.

JOSE MIRa y ARGENTER was born nearBarcelona on the fifth of March, 1857.He continued his education as far asfulfilling the requirements for the degreeof Bachelor of Arts.

During the War for Independence, hewas Chief of Staff of Lieutenant GeneralAntonio Maceo and himself reached therank of General. The archives of theArmy of Liberation were consigned to hiskeeping.

Following his military career he took anactive interest in journalism. He foundedand directed in Holguin La Doctrina, inManzanillo El Liberal and La Democracta,and in Havana, Vida Militar. He con­tributes to various periodicals and is theauthor of the following pamphlets: La

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invasi6n de Occidente (published by theCuban delegation in N. Y. C., 1896);M ue,te de General Maceo (Key West, 1897);A puntes de la vida de Antonio Maceo Gra­jales (credited at the end to Vera Cruzprint, but in reality published by TheRevolutionary Press in Camagiiey, 1897);C,6nicas de la Guerra (Havana, 1909);Salvador Row (Havana, 1910).

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RIVERO

MANUEL RIVERO Y GANDARA

Agriculturist; public man.

MANUEL RIVERO Y GANDARA was bornin the city of Cienfuegos, Province ofSanta Clara, Cuba, on the third day ofJanuary, 1874. He received his primaryschooling in the Colegio "San Carlos" andprepared for the Bachelorate in the Colcgioof "Monserrat," Cienfuegos, and the In­stitute of Secondary Education in SantaClala, the degree being granted him in thelatter school in the year 1890.

He pursued in the University of Deusto(Bilbao, Spain) the studies preparatory toentrance in the famous Polytechnic Schoolof Madrid in which institution, as well asthe special School of Roads, Canals, andPorts, he was a student.

Since his return to Cuba he has devotedhimself to agriculture and to public life.

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He was elected in 1908 to represent theProvince of Santa Clara in the lower houseof Congress, and was reelected in 1910 and1914. In 1916 he was elected Senatorfrom Santa Clara for a term of eight years.In both houses of Congress he has servedas President of the Committee on Tariffsand Imposts.

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MONTALVO

RAFAEL MONTALVO

Business man; soldier;public man.

RAFAEL MONTALVO was born in Havanain 1875 and attended the Colegi-o Casadountil attaining the Bache1orate. He thenentered the University of Havana to studyphannacy, but the War of Independencecut short his studies.

Soon after the outbreak of the Revolu"tion he joined .the forces of General JoseMaceo under whom he fought un.til he wasmade Aide to General Antonio Maceo, withwhom he served during a portion of thecampaign. He then was transferred tothe orders of General Calixto Garcia takingpart in the famous combat of Victoria de

, las Tunas. He was promoted to be Chiefof the Regiment Carlos M. de Cespedeswith which he fought near Bayamo; later,

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550 CUBANS OF TO-DAY

to be Chief of a Regiment in Manzanillojand finally to be Chief of a flying column,under the orders of General Calixto Garcia,with which he took part in the attack onSantiago de Cuba. His conduct on thisoccasion won him the rank of Brigadier.

Under the First Intervention of theUnited States he was Chief of the Presidio,which position he held until the designationof Sr. Estrada Palma for the Presidency ofthe Republic. Under this administrationhe served as Secretary of Public Works andAgriculture.

He later retired from public life to attendto personal business and to develop, withhis company, the sugar property" Habana."He has since returned to active politics,and is one of the prominent members ofthe Conservative party.

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PASALODOS

DAMASO PASALODOS

Lawyer; public man.

DAMASO PASALODOS was born in Cien­fue~os in the Province of Santa Clara,Cuba, on the first of June, 1872. He re­ceived his early education at the JesuitColegio, "Nuestra Senora de Monserrate,"reaching the grade of Bachelor, then passedto the University of Havana to undertakethe study of law; here he was graduated in1892 with the degree of Licentiate.

He immediately entered public life andoccupied various elective and appointiveoffices:

Under the Spanish dominion, - Commis­sioner of the " Fiscal" of His Majestyfor the Audiencia Territorial of Cien­fuegos; Managing Secretary of the Boardof Charities of the Province of Santa Clara;Register of Properties for Cienfuegos.

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During the first American Intervention,-Secretary of the Mayoralty of Cien­fuegos; member of the Cienfuegos CityCouncil; suo-director of the Registry andNotary.

Under the first Republlc,-Register ofProperties for the city of Trinidad duringtwo periods covering several years; Regis­trar for Bejucal, near Havana, to which cityhe was transferred upon his own solicitation.

After the reconstruction of the Republic,-Director of the Registry and Notarytor five months-during the Presidency ofGeneral G6mez-then called by the na­tional government to become Secretary tothe President, which position he occupiedtwo and a half years. Upon the creationof the Registry of Properties del Orientede la Habana he was designated as its chiefand so remained until 19L7, at the sametime attending to private law practice inCienfuegos as well as in Bejucal, Trinidad,and Havana.

Pasalodos' first political affiliation waswith the Reformista party of Duquesne,Amblard, Conde de la Mortera, etc. He

I HISPANIC NOTES

PASALODOS

was Secretary of this group in Cienfuegosuntil it was merged with the Autonomists.With the political readjustm~nt that ac­companied American Intervention, he wasinstrumental in the formation of the Re­publican party in company with Aleman,Monteagudo, Machado, and the afterwardsPresident Jose Miguel Gomez.

Beside contributing to various news­papers, including the Diario de la Marinaand El Triunfo, he has written a numberof pamphlets of an administrative orderand in his official capacity the presidentialreports.

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PEREDA 555

I

JOSE PEREDA

Physician and surgeon.

JOSE PEREDA Y GALVEZ was hom onthe twenty-sixth of January, 1872, in Con-solaci6n del Sur, Province of Pinar delRio, whence after having fulfilled the re-quirements of the Bachelorate he moved toHavana and matrirulated in the MedicalDepartment of the National University.

His special leaning was toward anatomyand surgery to which he devoted his entiretime as student and instructor.

In 1894, he received the title Doctor ofMedicine and immediately began in Ha-vana the practice of the profession and alsothe institut;on of the "Escuela Libre deMedicina," a private medical school intowhose teaching force he drew some ofCuba's most prominent p.hysicians.

At the outbreak of the War for Inde-----

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pendence in 1895, he offered his professionalservices to the Army of Liberation, but:being without private means of support for:his family he was permitted to serve in the:vicinity of Havana and to devote a portion!of his time to personal affairs. The warterminated, he returned to his surgicalpractice in the several hospitals of thecity and in the "Quinta del Rey."

In 1906 he founded his clinic "SanRafael. " Throughout the Revolutionwhich broke out the same year, he gave hisservices in city and country and used hisclinic as an army. hospital. He had inhis care the Commander-in-Chief, GeneralMaximo G6mez and, refusing to acceptany emolument for that service, the CityCouncil of Havana proclaimed him an"adopted son of that city and capital."

In 1908 the Liberal party elected him torepresent the Province of Havana in thelower house of Congress where he wasplaced at the head of the Committee ofHealth and Philanthropy; but he resignedto accept President G6mez's appointmentas Surgeon General of the army with the

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PEREDA

rank of Lieutenant Colonel. This posi­tion he held until August, 1913.

In 1913 under a commission from theGovernment he left Cuba upon an ex­tended tour of inspection and observationamong the leading hospitals of Americaand Europe.

At various sessions of the Pan-AmericanMedical Congress, Dr. Pereda has presentedaddresses upon the following subjects: Cincocasos de reseccion 0 sea en el craneo; Con­solidacion viciosa en una fractura del femur;Talla hipogastrica por cuerpo extraiio; Uncaso excepcional de uretrotomta externa.

He is author of pamphlets as follows:Anastomosis. de las arterias del cerebro(1892); Las localizaciones cerebrales y latrepanaeifJn; M odalidades de La artritisblenorragiea (1896); Contribucion al estudiodel peritoneo tuberculoso (1906); Ieteroapendicular; Diversas etiologtas (1906) j

Estudio comparativo entre La seda y.el catgut,para Ligaduras en las operaciones abdominales(1908) j La apendicitis y el ovario esclero­qUfstico dereeho (1909); Un easo de tubereu­losisgenita1 (19II); Hojas cltnicas (1912).

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c~?tm~rI ck ~ka6 ..I

Coogle

PONCET

CAROLINA PONCET Y DECARDENAS

A uthor; teacher.

CAROLINA PONCET Y DE CARDENAS wasborn in the village of Guanabacoa in theoutskirts of Havana and belongs to anancient and distinguished Cuban family,her uncle being the well-known literaryman Jose M. de Cardenas y Rodriguez.After finishing her elementary studies shepursued courses in the normal school forschool teachers in Havana and secured thedegree of Mistress of Elementary and Su­perior Primary Education. As her familywas ruined economically during the War ofIndependence, she was obliged to put herpedagogical training into practice at anearlyage. She took part in the reorganizationin Cuba of primary education, becominghead-mistress of a public school in Havana.

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She has held the position of teacher in thevocational school and often lectured in thesummer normal schools in the Cuban capi­tal. In 1910 she won the first prize in theProvince of Havana at an official competi­tion open to public school teachers. Mtershe had followed advanced studies in theUniversity of Havana for several years, shereceived the degree of Doctor of Pedagogy,1909, and Doctor of Philosophy and Lettersin 1913. In 1915, when the new normalschools of the republic were founded, sheobtained after competition in Havana thechair of grammar, composition, elocution,Spanish and Cuban literature in the normal i

school, a position which she now OCC.UPies, ,I

having been at the same time the firstsuperintendent of this school. She has Ipublished a monograph, El Romance enCuba, which obtained the prize in the liter­ary competition of the National Academy ofArts and Letters in 1913, and also an edu­cational book, Lecciones de Lenguaje, whichwas rewarded with an especial silver medal

.. at the St. Louis Exposition and adopted asa textbook in the public schools of Cuba.

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PONCET

She has prepared for publication abiography of Joaquin Lorenzo Luaces, acritical study of his works, which wasrewarded with a prize at a competitionheld under the auspices of the Bar Asso­ciation (Colegio de Abogados) in Havanain 1910.

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R E C I a

ENRIQUE RECIO Y AGUERO

Soldier; surveyor; public man.

ENRIQUE RECIO y AGUERO was born onthe twenty-second of March, 1877, inCallao, Peru. His parents were Cubansand in the early childhood of the boy re- ,.turned to their native island where he re-ceived his early education, obtaining thedegree of Bachelor in Camagliey in 1894.

Upon the outbreak of the War for In­dependence in 1895, at that time a studentin the University of Havana, he followedthe example of his father and joined theArmy of Liberation as soldier in the FourthCavalry troop "Agramonte." Woundedin the first attack on Cascorro, he was pro­moted to a second-lieutenancy. In thecourse of the war, he suffered several sub­sequent wounds one of which left his right

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arm useless. He was repeatedly promoteduntil, in the battle of EI Infiemo fightingwith " Los Chincherones," the rank ofMajor was conferred upon him.

At the termination ot the war he as­sisted in the organization of the RuralGuard of which he became an official. Hequalified as Public Surveyor and practicedthat profession for several years in Cama­giiey.

In 1912, he was elected to the lowerhouse of Congress where he continued to

~. represent the Province of Camagirey until1917, a part of the time being second Vice­president ot the body.

He has been for some time President of.the Liberal party in his province.

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GARCIA MON

RAMON GARciA MON

.Physician.

RAM6N GARciA MON was born in Vivero,Spain, in 1868, and moved to Cubain 1881.He received his education in Cuba, ful­filling the requirements for the degree ofBachelor. He devoted himself to the studyof sciences, obtaining the Doctorate in 1892and a year later was graduated as Doctorof Medicine. Soon thereafter he wasnamed Professor of the Institute of SantaClara, but resigned that he might practicehis profession.

He was appointed assistant secretaryof the Colegio Medico of Cuba and memberof the Society for Clinical Research ofHavana. In 1914 he was offered the posi­tion of Director of the" Purisima Concep­ci6n," the sanatorium of the Associationof Commercial Assistants. He also is thephysician of the Spanish Legation, and" Caballero" of the Royal and Dis­tinguished Spanish Order of Carlos III.

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R 0 I G

EMILIO ROIG DE LEUCHSENRING

Lawyer; writer.

EMIUO ROIG DE LEUCHSENRING was bornon the twenty-third of August, 1889, inHavana where he pursued his studies firstof all in the Jesuit College of Belen andthen at the University of Havana, where begraduated in law (1916), a profession whichhe now pursues along with that of journal­ist and writer. He was correspondingsecretary of the first National Law Con­gress held at Havana in 1916 and editedthe publication of the proceedings of thiscongress. At the present time he is corre­sponding secretary of the codification com­mittee named by the above congress toprepare a new paragraphed edition of thecivil code. From 1908 to 1910 he waseditor of the Revista de Dereeho. He ishead of the editorial staff of the Grafteo

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magazine and also of the Social and one ofthe editors of El Figaro and the RevistaJ urldica. In the field of letters he cul­tivates especially descriptions of socialcustoms also satirical and humorous writ­ing, and has published in this vein numer­ous essays under the titles of Rasgos yRasgunos, 1914, Personajes y PersoniJlas,1916. Along with these may be mentionedhis Recuerdos de Antano, a collection of Cu­ban folk-lore. In addition to this he haspublished the following' monographs: LaLiteratura cubana de costumbres, 1903; Eicostumbrista J os~ Maria de Cdrdenas y Ro­driguez, 1914; La reforma del CtJdigo Civily el Primer Congreso Juridico Nacional,1916; Contratos de Combcio no existentesen el Derecho M ereantit positivo vigente enCuba, 1916; La intervencian norteamericanaen Santo Domingo y el Derecho de las pe­quenas nacionalidades, J919. He is a mem­ber of the Cuban Society of' InternationalLaw.

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DE ROJAS

ALBERTO DE ROJAS Y CRUZAT•B"simss man; patriot;

official.

ALBERTO DE ROJASY CRUZAT was bornin Cardenas, Cuba, on the second of April,1868. He fulfilled the requirements forthe degree of Bachelor at the Colegio "LaGran Antilla JJ in Havana, then enteredthe law department of the University inthat city where he remained until, at theend of the third year, he was called to takecharge of his father's sugar plantation nearhis native town.

Throughout the War for Cuban Inde­pendence he was representative of theRevolutionaries in Cardenas, where he wasarrested and imprisoned and his sugarproperties destroyed. Shortly after GeneralBlanco succeeded Weyler, Rojas was freed.

During the American Intervention hebelonged to the City Council of Cardenas

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and for a time was acting mayor as sub­stitute for !tis brother the titular Alcalde.Subsequent to this period he devoted him­self to private business until his election in1908 to the mayoralty of Cardenas inwhich office he served fOllr years. Sr.Rojas belonged to the early Moderateparty and followed it when it merged intothe Conservative party.

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SAAVEDRA

FRANCISCO CABRERA SAAVEDRA

Physician; public man.

FRANCISCO CABRERA SAAVEDRA was bornin the Canary Islands in 1850. While veryyoung he moved to Cuba where his parents'circumstances were such that they couldafford for him only the most elementaryeducation.

Seeing in him a promising student, theCouncil of Caibarien, where he lived,granted him a pension to enable him tostudy in the Normal School of Guanaba­coa. Here he received the title Teacherin 1868.

He then went to the United States andlater to Santa Cruz de la Palma where inone year he fulfilled the requirements forthe Bachelorate. Going to Madrid hetook up the study of Medicine and wasgraduated as Licentiate in 1875.

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In a brilliant competition in which hestood at the head of 214 aspirants, he ob­tained a place in the sanitary corps of thearmy. On his return to Cuba, he soonretired from the military service, enteredthe University, and obtained the degree ofDoctor of Medicine.

Thereupon he began the practice of hisprofession in whioh he has won a creditableposition and has been elected President ofthe Colegio Medico of Cuba. He has also.served as Medical Inspector of SpecialIHygiene, member of the City Council and IinsJ)P.ctor of the Sanitary Service of thatbody. In addition to these offices he haslheld those of president of the Railway otCaibarien and Delegate for Havana to theSpanish Cortes.

Since 1898, Dr. Cabrera Saavedra hastaken little part in public life, but has de­voted himself to medical practice and hispersonal affairs.

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ROIG

ENRIQUE ROIG Y FORTESAAVEDRA

Lawyer; public man.

ENRIQUE ROIG y FORTESAAVEDRA wasborn on the twenty-ninth of June, 1872,

in the city of Havana, where he pursued allof his studies, first at the Colegio of Belenand then at the University of Havana, atwhich he received the title of Advocate.Since his graduation he has devoted him­self to the practice of law, along with thatof notary public. He was a member ofthe Provincial Council of Havana. In No­vember, 1908, he was elected Representa­tive by the Liberal party in the Provinceof Havana, and was reelected in 1910 andin 1914. His term expires in April, 1919.During the Fifth Congressional period hewas president of the Committee on ForeignRelations and in 1913 he was reelected tothe same position.

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He has published the following works:La Ley del Dragado, a report presented tothe Commission of Justice and Legislationof the House of Representatives in regardto the project of the law of the Senate re­ferring to the company of the Ports ofCuba, 1915: Los acontecimientos politicosde 1917 y el problema de la amnistta.1918; El servicio militar obligatoria. 1918;and various legal monographs on: Difer­encias entre el delito de disparo de arma defuego y lesiones y el de lIomicidio frustrado; Elconcepto juridico de la iduccwn, and others.

He is one ot the first criminal lawyersin Cuba and has taken part on the side ofthe defense in the most important trialsot his time, among others in the case againstthe Governor of Havana, Gen. Asbert.

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DE SATO

Luis DE SATO Y SAGARRA

Scholar; teacher.

Luis DE SATO y SAGARRA was born inPonce, Puerto Rico, on the twenty-seventhof December, 1893. After a short resi­dence in Spain, he went to Santiago deCuba, where he pursued his first studies atthe Colegio Seminario, and at the ColegioIngles. Later he entered the Co!egio deBelen, Havana, where he secured the degreeof Bachelor of Letters and Sciences inJuly, 1911. From here he proceeded tothe University where he studied law andphilosophy. In 1916 he was graduated asDoctor of Civil Law and in 1917 took thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy and Letters.Mter being nominated to a fellowship inthe University he took up graduate studiesat Columbia University, New York, as acandidate for the degree of Master of Arts

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in Greek archreology. He also applied him­self while in Havana to the study of publiclaw and pedagogy. In 1918, after a com­petition, he obtained the Assistant Pro­fessorship in classical languages at; theUniversity of Havana. He is the authorof an archreological study on Phidias,which was his Doctor's Thesis, and of alecture on the character of Andromache,in the History of Literature. He has col­laborated in the Review of the Faculty ofLetters and Sciences, and also in architec­tural and legal reviews, published inHavana.

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SANTAMARIA

Luis SANTAMARIA

Lawyer; diplomaJ.

Luis SANTAMARIA was born in Cuba inthe city of Pinar del Rio on the fourteenthof June, 1886. He was educated at theInstitute of his native place and also at theUniversity of Havana, where he obtainedthe degree of Bachelor of Letters andSciences. He also graduated as land sur­veyor and land inspector and Doctor ofCivil Law. He was Master in Bankruptcytwice and exerCised during one year the saidprofession. For one year he was employedin the Secretary's office of the Senate ofthe Cuban Republic. He served two yearsas Second Secretary of the Cuban Legationin Mexico and afterwards was promoted to

. the rank of First Secretary and then foreight years was Charge d'Affaires at the

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same legation. The period of his diplo-matic career in Mexico, from 1910 to 1919,

covers the critical years of recent Mexicanhistory.

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Manuel MArquez Sterling

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MAR QUE Z S T E R LIN G 579

MANUEL MARQUEZ STERLING YLORET DE MOLA

Journalist; diplomat; au­thor.

MANUEL MARQUEZ STERLING y LORETDE MOLA was born in Lima, Peru, at theCuban Legation in that city on the 28th ofAugust, 1872. He comes of distinguishedCuban parentage, being in both lines of de­scent associated with illustrious and ancientfamilies in the town of Camagiiey. Hisfather, Manuel Marquez Sterling, tookpart in the War of Separation in 1868, andwas sent to South America to secure therecognition and protection of Cuban pa­triots in South American countries. AfterPeru had recognized the independence ofCuba, his father remained there for someti!Ue, representing as Minister Plenipo­tentiary the Cuban President Carlos Man-

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uel de Cespedes. Marquez pursued coursesiIi the University of Havana, but the warof 1895 prevented him from completing hisstudies. During his youth he traveled inEurope and the United States. After thewar was ended and Cuba had become in­dependent he was intrusted with impor­tant public duties. He was Secretary tothe Cuban patriot, Gonzalo de Quesada, atWashington, during the negotiations for theestablishment of the republic. In 1900 hewas member of the Commission sent byCuba to the Paris Exposition. After thisdate he devoted himself to journalism until1907, when he was nominated Charged'Affaires in Buenos Ayres. .In 1(}09 hebecame Resident Minister at Rio deJaneiro; in 1911 Minister Plenipotentiaryin Peru, and in 1912 Minister Plenipoten­tiary in Mexico. He was in Mexico at thetime of the tragic end of President Maderoand with other diplomats tried to save hislife. These efforts failed, but he was ableto place the widow, the father, and the sis­ters of the President and the President'sbrother, Ernesto Madero, safe on board the

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MAR QUE Z S TE R LIN G SRI1---------------1--- -

cruiser Cuba, which was anchored in theport of Vera Cruz.

He soon retired from the diplomaticcareer and founded the journal, H eraldode Cuba, which achieved great success.After this paper had passed into the handsof Dr. Orestes Ferrara he founded his pre­sent organ, elLa Naci6n," which supportsthe Liberal party. In 1918 he was nomi­nated as a candidate for the Chamber ofDeputies, but refused after learning thatthe election would be tainted by fraud. Inthe line ~f literature he has written manybooks. The best known of these are Ideasy sensaciones, Hombres de pro, Alrededor denuestra Psicolog£a, Psicologta proJana, Burlaburlando, La Diplomacia en neustra His­loria, Los ultimos dias del PresidenteMadero, a volume of more than seven hun­dred pages, a large edition of which wasexhausted in one month. He is a memberof the National Academy of Arts andLetters.

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SUAREZ

ANTONIO PARDO SUAREZ

Journalist .. proletarian.

ANTONIO PARDO SUAREZ was born onthe thirtieth of March, 1871, in Havana.After primary instruction in the Colegio ofEsteban Borrero Echevarria, his educationwas continued in the Colegios "SantiagoApostol" and "San Francisco de Paula"and the Institute of Havana.~e then entered the factory "Por Larra­

iiaga" as grader of tobaccos. He laterentered the field of journalism serving aseditor of La Republica, La Epoca, and ElNuevo Criollo successively, and is at present(1919) Director of Regeneracion a weeklypaper devoted to the interests of the labor­ing classes.

During the War of Independence, thepersecutions of which he was the objectforced him to emigrate. He took up his

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residence in Vera Cruz (Mexico) where heserved the cause of the Revolution throughvarious clubs, returning to Cuba only afterthe American Intervention.

In 1908, he became the candidate of theConservative party, and was elected Repre­sentative from the Province of Havana andwas reelected in 1912. In April, 19II, hewas chosen Secretary of the House of Re­presentatives and continued in that officeduring the four legislatures of the fifthCongressional period.

In April, 1915, he ,was made Chairmanof the Committee on Agriculture, Industry,and Commerce. In the same month hewas elected Vice-president of the House ofRepresentatives for the seventh Congres­sional period, by virtue of which office heoccupied tpe Presidency for two months in1917.

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V ARE L A Z E QUE I R A 585

JOSE VARELA ZEQUEIRA

Physician; teacher; poet.

JOSE VARELA ZEQUEIRA was born inNuevitas, Province of Puerto Principe,Cuba, on the nineteenth of March, 1859.His secondary education was received inSpain and in Havana after which he enteredthe University of Havana and began thestudy of medicine. In 1887 he receivedthe degree of Licentiate.

In the early days of his medical careerhe was visiting physician of the hospitals"La Benefica" and "Mercedes" and chiefof the clinic of the latter. In 1894 hefounded in Havana a Preparatory MedicalSchool which he directed.

In I 897 he went to Costa Rica where hewas quarantine doctor at Puerto Lim6nand edited the medical journal GautaMUica de Costa Rica.

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Returning to Cuba in 1899, he was atfirst Vice-Director and later Director andSurgeon of the hospital "La Bent'ifica."In 1900 the University of Havana con­ferred upon him the degree of Doctor ofMedicine and Surgery and appointed himto a professorship in the faculty of Dissec­tion. Later he became, by competition,Adjunct Professor of Anatomy and in thefollowing year was promoted to the titularprofessorship, which position he continuesto hold.

In 1900 Dr. Varela was delegate to theThird Pan-American Medical Congress andSecretary of the section of General Sur­gery. In 1903 he was appointed a memberof the National Board of Health.

Aside from his profession, two of Dr.Varela Zequeira's interests have beenpoetry and anthropology. He has spe­cialized in political verse and was one of thefounders of the Anthropological Societyof Cuba.

He is also Vice-president of the "ColegioMedico de Cuba," member of the Societyfor Clinical Research of Havana, and cor-

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responding member of the Academy ofMedicine of Rio Janeiro, Brazil.

He is the author of numerous articles inmedical publications of Cuba and CostaRica, among which are: Teorta Celular(1878); La Adaptacwn (1880); La Gula(1883); Diagnosticodiferencial (1886); Car­acter actual de los Estudios A ntropologicos(1889) j Ptlramyoclonus multiplex (1890);Reseccion completa del maxilar superior,Congreso frands de Cirugta (1893); Esta­distica de opcraciones practicadas en elHospital" Mercedes," aiios I894, I895 YI896 (1896); Notas Clinicas (1897); nc­nica de la cura operatoria de la herniainguinal (1900); Estadtstica de las opera­ciones practicadas en ltl Casa de Salud " LaBen~fica," del Centro Gallego (1902); LasCasas de Salud de la Habana (19°2);M ecanismo de la M uerte en Garrote (19°3);Stfilis. Blenorragia. Lepra (19°5); H er­nta inguinal conteniendo el a#ndice(19°5); Elogio del Doctor Fedcrico H orst­mann y Cantos (1906).

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TARAFA

JOSE TARAFA

Business man.

JOSE TARAFA was born in· Matanzas,Cuba, in 1869. His early education was re­ceived in Havana, after which he continuedhis education in the United States.

Upon his return to Cuba he went intothe sugar business, but at the outbreak ofthe War for Independence enlisted in theinsurrectionist forces. Fighting under Gen­erals Maximo G6mez, Monteagudo, andVega he won several promotions, reachingthe rank of Colonel.

At the termination of the war he oncemore turned his attention to financialaffairs especially as related to sugar.Through the great experience acquired inre-organizing several sugar enterprises andthe successful outcome of his efforts, hehas come to be considered an expert in the

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590 CUBANS OF TO-DAY

financial and administrative side of sugarproduction.

He has interests in three great sugarplants: Flora Sugar Co., Mor6n Sugar Co.,and Central Sugar Co., and is president ofthe last two. He is president also of therailroad from Jucaro to Mor6n.

He also has organized the Cuban Dis­tilling C<>.,·a syrup and molasses business,which has branches in Puerto Rico.

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VILLALON

MANUEL VILLAL6N

Lawyer; public man.

MANUEL VILLAL6N was born in Cien­fuegos on the twenty-second of December,1877. After receiving the degree of Bach­elor jn his native city he matriculated inthe University of Havana where he wasgraduated in 1898 with the degree of Doc­tor of Laws.

Upon his graduation he was namedmunicipal judge for the city of Cienfuegosand also acted ad interim as judg~ of thePrimary Court of Claims and Mandates.In the political turmoil which was speciallyviolent in Cienfuegos at the beginning ofthe American Intervention, he was ap­pointed by General Wood to study ques­tions of electoral legality and to assist inremedying the situation.

He has served as Register of Deeds of

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Santa Clara and as member of the CityCouncil for Cienfuegos. In I908 he waselected to the Council for the Province ofSanta Clara, being chosen secretary andafterwards president of that body.

Upon the death of the provincial Gov­ernor Roban he succeeded by virtue of hisoffice to the governorship. His adminis­tration has been marked by the executionof several public wor:ks within the province:the building of roads and bridges and a finePalacio de Gobierno. Politically Vi1.lal6n

\ is a Conservative.

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TORRIENTE

RICARDO DE LA TORRIENTE

PaJnle7; illustrator; car­toonist.

RICARDO DE LA TORRIENTE Y TOR­;RIENTE was born at Matanzas, Cuba, on'the eighth of January, 1867. He was edu­cated in Bordeaux, France, and in theleading schools of Spain. After receivingthe degree of Bachelor of Arts he returnedto Cuba and devoted himself to artisticlabors.

At the time of General Weyler's recon­centration decree Torriente emigrated toNew York. He became associated withwell-known American cartoonists and wasfor five years cartoonist for New Yorkdaily papers-the Journal, the Herald, andthe World.

In 1900 he returned to Havana and be­came professor in the National School ofPainting and Sculpture, which position he

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now holds. He established La PoltticaComica of which he is owner and director.

I; "Liborio," the popular representation ofCuba-what" Uncle Sam" is to the United IStates-is the creation of Torriente.

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TRUFFIN

REGIS DU REPAIRE DE TRUFFIN

Business man; club man.

REGIS DU REPAIRE DE TRUFFIN, gener­ally called~in Cuba Regino Truffin, wasborn in the Province of Santa Clara, Cuba,in the year 1857. He was educated inParis in the' Colegio de "Sainte Barbe"obtaining the degree of Bachelor. He re­tained the citizenship of his father whowas French.

At the close of his course of study inFrance he returned to Cuba ",here, ~nderthe firm name R. Truffin & Cia, he devotedhimself to business enterprises, especially tothe export of molasses and crude sugars.This business was transferred after twenty­two years to the "Cuba Distilling Co."He built up also the large sugar plantations"Mercedes" and "San Juan Bautista."

During an interim in his business ac-

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tivities, Truffin served as Cuban Consul inRussia, appointed in 1892. The Russian.Government conferred upon him the Crossof Santa Ana and the Order of SaintStanislas.

Returning to commercial life he has beenVice-president of the Cuba Cane Sugar Cor­poration; President of the Manati SugarCo" and President of the Companla Cubanade Jarcia. Furthermore, he has been Presi­dent of the French Chamber of Commerce/of Havana, President of the Union Club,and President of the Yacht Club of thatcity.

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VALLE

JAIME VALLE Y DIAZ

Artist; draughtsman.

JAIME VALLE y DIAZ was born in Bar­celona in the year 1885 and was educatedat the church schools where he obtainedthe Bachelor's degree. In Havana he hasacted as supervisor of Modeling and Draw­ing in the public schools of the city and asIrtistic Director of the Bureau of Publicityand Graphic Arts. He has served also asart editor of the Cuban paper, La Discus­iOn. He is the author of the artistic post­ers which obtained the first prize in allcompetitions held in Cuba up to the presentyear (1919). These competitions, it maybe mentioned, were nine in number. He isresponsible for almost all the drawings andposters published by the Bureau of Pub­licity and Graphic Arts in Havana, and ofa great number of title-pages, illustrations

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and caricatures contributed to the leadingpapers and magazines of Havana. He hasthe reputation of being one of the bestdraughtsmen in Cuba at the present time.His poster work is noticeable for its finn­ness of treatment, its distinctiQn of formand its beauty of coloring.

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ALBERDI

NICOLAs ALBERDI

Doctor,. soldier,. official.

NICOLAS ALBERDI was born in Sagua laGrande, Province of Santa Clara, Cuba, inthe year 1865. At the age of ten he wastaken to Spain to continue his education inSeville and in 1883 he returned to Cuba,entered the University of Havana and in1892 obtained the degree of Doctor inMedicine.

Following his graduation Doctor Alberdisettled in Cifuentes to practice his profes­sion and continued there until the Revolu­tionary War broke out in 1895, whereuponhe joined General Jose Luis Roban in theorganization of the military forces of SantaClara and was appointed to a command.He later joined the Medical Corps, beingchief health officer first of the brigade ofJuan Bruno Zayas and later of the Fourth

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Corps of the Army of Liberation. By theFourth Corps he was elected to the As­semblyof Yaya and there chosen Subsecre­tary of Foreign Relations, later becomingSecretary. He retired at the close of thewar with the rank of Colonel.

He has held important appointmentsboth civil "and medical. During the Amer­ican Intervention he was made Director ofthe Civil Hospital of Sagua la Grande; in1901 he was appointed Health Officer for

'the Province of Santa Clara; during thefirst Cuban Government he was electedMember and President of the Council ofthe Province of Santa Clara and Governorpro tem of the Province, and in January,1909, he was appointed Secretary of Gov­ernment (Gobernaci6n) in the cabinet ofPresident Jose Miguel G6mez. In 1913he was elected Senator for the full periodof eight years on the Fusion ticket. He ischairman of the Committee on Sanitation.

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CANCIO

LEOPOLDO CANCIO Y LUNA

Economist; publicist; fin­ancier; Secretary of theTreasury of the Republic ofCuba, 1913.

601

LEOPOLDOCANCIO Y LUNA was born on thethirtieth of May, I8S!, in the historic townof Sancti Spiritus, Cuba, where he receivedhis early education, later attending theColegio "EI Salvador" in Havana foundedby Don Jose de la Luz Caballero. Fromthere he went on to the University of Ha­vana where he obtained the degree of Doc­tor of Laws in 1873. Already revolution.was in the air and Dr. Cancio attached him- i

self to the group of young men who aspiredafter a free Cuba. In i879 he was elected t

one of the Deputies from Cuba to the Span-ish Cortes. At almost the same time hewas elected a member of the governingcommittee of the new Autonomist party

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which he had helped to organize. To fur­ther the purposes of the party new periodi­cals sprang up, El Triunjo, El Pais, andlater La Uni6n on all of which Dr. Cancioserved as editor. He later withdrew fromthe Autonomist party; but not desiring tojoin the revolutionary conspirators, sepa­rated entirely from political activity, shut­ting himself up in his house.

Nevertheless when, upon the AmericanIntervention, a new government was or­ganized Dr. Cancio's. talents were recog­ni~d and his services required. He servedin the Treasury Department under thedirection of General Brooke and also underthe administration of General Wood.

Shortly after the first Cuban governmentwas formed under the Presidency of TomasEstrada Palma in 19°2, Dr. Cancio wasappointed substitute Secretary of Govern­ment in which capacity he acted a year anda half. At about this time he was instru­mental in removing serious obstacles tothe negotiation of the Treaty of Recipro­city with the United States; in recogniti9~

of this service he was placed in charge,,¢

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CANCIO

Public Instruction. This post he resigned,however, because of political differences withthe President and entered upon an activecampaign of opposition using the columnsof the review Cuba y Am~rica and cooperat­ing with Dr. Emilio Nunez in foundingthe Conservative party, upon the successof which Dr. Cancio became President ofthe Provincial Assembly and Delegate tothe National Assembly. In 1913, when theConservative party won a complete tri­umph, Dr. Cancio was appointed Secretaryof the Treasury in President Menocal'scabinet.

He has headed many committees desig­nated to study the financial problems of thecountry and for many years has been cen­sor of the economic Society, Amigos delPais. He is contributor to periodicals andreviews upon economic and financial sub­jects and is the author of numerous pam­phlets among which is La Moneda y laCirculacion; published in 1900 under theauspices or the University of Havana wherehe is professor of Political Economy andFinance.

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Rafael A. FernAndez

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FERNANDEZ

RAFAEL ANTONIO FERNANDEZ

Educator.

RAFAEL ANTONIO FERNANDEZ was bornin the Asturias in Spain at the town ofBelmont, in 1877. He was educated pri­vately at Surgidere de Bataban6, Cuba.At the University of Havana he obtainedthe degree of Doctor of Pedagogy. InBataban6 from 1910 to 1915 he was directorof a primary school called Jose Alonzo Del­gado. He was pedagogical instructor ofthe Aguacate District in the Province ofHavana in 1915, and in 1915 became pro­vincial instructor of primary instruction inthe Province of Pinar del Rio. After com­petition he was nominated to the chair ofAssociate Protessor of Pedagogical Studiesin the Normal School for Schoolteacher.sin Havana, 1916. In the same year hewas named by the Department of Pltblic

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Instruction and Fine Arts Acting Professor:for Anatomy, Physiology, in Hygiene andPhysical Education of the same school.In 1918 he obtained, after filling the duerequirements, the position of AssociateProfessor in the A. and B. chairs of theSchool of Pedagogy in the University ofHavana, and his work includes PedagogicalPsychology, the History of Pedagogy, theHygiene of Schools, and Pedagogical Meth­odology. From the time at which headopted the teaching profession, he haspublished several pamphlets on educationalmatters, and also numerous articles on thesame subjects in the professional reviewCillled Cuba Pedaf{6gica. He is the authorof the following books: La geografia en laescuela primaria: Geofl,raffa elemental deCuba.

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ARAMBURO

MARIANO ARAMBURO

Jurist; man oj letters;public speaker.

MARIANO ARAMBURO Y MACHADO wasborn in Puerto Principe (now Camagiiey)on the thirtieth of November, 1870, and ob­tained his early education in his native cityat the Colegio of Esculapius, where he com­pleted the course for the Bachelor's degreein 1886. In the same year he went toSpain, entered the University of Saragossaand pursued simultaneously the coursesleading to two degrees-that in Philosophyand Letters and that in Law,-both ofwhich he obtained as Licentiate in 1890.A year later he passed on to the Universityof Madrid and there obtained the degreeof Doctor likewise in both faculties.

For some years he remained in Madriddevoting himself to intellectual pursuits,

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contributing to important magazines anddiscursos oratorios before the Royal Acad­emy of Jurisprudence, the A teneo andother learned societies. In 1898, he re­turned to Cuba but remained only threeyears, retracing his steps to Spain in 1901,where he devoted himself to literary criti­cism.

At the end of 1906 he again resumed hisresidence in Cuba and in 1909, when Gen­eral Jose Miguel G6mez was elected Presi­dent, Senor Aramburo was appointedMinister to Chile-a post which he filk:duntil 1913. Under the G6mez administra­tion he arbitrated, in association with aSpanish appointee, a complaint of judicialinjustice to a Spanish subject; the findingsare given in his pamphlet Proyecto de laudoo volo particular (1917). His other writ­ings are: Personalidad literaria de donaGertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda (1898);Orig~n, desarrollo y decadencia de la tragediagriega (1890); Estudio de las causas q1Udeterminan, modijican y exting1U1J la capaci­dad civil (1894) j I mpresiones y juicios(190I); M onografas oratorios (1<)06) j Liter-

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atura crftica (1909) ; Arte de bun vivi,(1915); Doctrinas jurtdicas (1916); andBases para el C6digo cf.vil cubano (1916).

He belonged to the directorate of theDemocratic Union party; is academician ofthe Real de Jurisprudencia y Legislaci6n,Madrid; honorary President of the Aca­demia Juridico-Literaria Arogonesa; Presi­dent of the Secci6n de Ciencias Morales yPoliticos of the Ateneo, Havana; honorarymember of the Real Hispano-Americana,Cadiz; Corresponding membet of the In­stituto de la Orden de Abogados Brasil­enos, of the Academia Nacional de Historiade Colombia and of the Real Academia deCiencias Morales y Politicas, Madrid.

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HE V I A 611

I. ;

ARTURO HEVIA Y DIAZ :Lawyer; magistrate.

ARTURO HEVIA y DIAZ was born on thefifth of November, 1864, in the city of Ha-vana, and there gained his education; firstin the Colegios of Belen and San Elias,

!where he completed the courses for. the iBachelor's degree in 1880, and later in the I

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University where he took the law course

Iand obtained the degree of Doctor of Lawsin ,1;885. !

In addition to the practice of his pro-fession, Dr. Hevia has held various official,positions. He has served as judge of the

. lower courts in Col6n and in the city of, Havana; special Prosecuting Attorney in !

the Provincial court of Havana, and Magis- i

trate in the same court. In 1908 he was. Member and Secretary of the Legislative ,

Committee to revise the Penal Code and !

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the Law of Criminal Procedure. In 1<}09

;he was appointed magistrate in the CivilSection as well as in that of Administra-tive litigation in the Supreme Court ofCuba where he continues (1919).

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HUERTA

SANTIAGO DE LA HUERTA

Physician; teacher.

SANTIAGO DE LA HUERTA Y PONCE DELEON was born in Cuba. City of Matanzas,on the sixth of April, 1870. He received hissecondary and technical education in Ha­vana, first at the Colegio Gran Antilla, andthen at the University. He took the de­gree of Bachelor of Arts in 1886, was madea Licentiate in Natural Sciences with firsthonors in 181)0, Doctor of Natural Sciences,with first honors, in 1891, and became Li­centiate in Medicine and Surgery in 1892.From 181)0 to 1897 he was Assistant Cura­tor in the Museum of Natural Historyof Havana University. In 1893 he wasnamed, after competition, to be AssociateProfessor in the Santa Clara Institute ofSecondary Education. In 1894 he wasmade Associate· Protessor in the Free

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School of Medicine of Havana, in the de­partment of General and Medical Pathol­ogy, and in the same year took charge ofthe course in Histology at the same school.In 1895 he became titular professor of Medi­cal Natural History in the same school.From 1896 to 1898 he was acting professorof Natural History, including Mineralogy,Botany, and Zoology at the University ofHavana. In 1898 to 1899 he held the chairof Stratigraphic Paleontology in the samefaculty, that is, the Scientific Faculty ofthe University. In 1899 he was titular pro­fessor of Mineralogy and Crystallography.From 1900 to date he has acted as titularprofessor, after a competition, in Chair .. 1 "

in the School of Sciences. From 1900 to1901 he gave 'courses in Natural Historyin the Normal Summer School. In 1902and 1903 he gave similar courses in geog­raphy. In 1906 he was a delegate of theCuban Government to the .. X" sectionof the Geological Congress held in Mexicoand was nominated Vice-president of thisCongress.

In 1907 he was made Vocal of the Ex-

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ecutive Committee of the Conference onCharity and Corrections of Cienfuegos.In 1908 he held a similar position at Car­denas. He was named by election in 1913substitute member in the Faculty ofLetters and Sciences of the UniversityCouncil, in which position he served threeyears. In 1915 he became a FoundationMember of the Society of Natural History"Felipe Poey." In 1915 he was elected di­rector of the Geological Section of this so­ciety and has served in that position fouryears. In 1916 he became titular mem­ber of the University Council, elected bythe Faculty of Letters and Sciences, andhas served as such up to the present date.

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DOMINGUEZ

GUILLERMO DOMINGUEZ ROLDAN

Teacher; writer; lawyer;public speaker.

GUILLERMO DOMINGUEZ ROLDAN wasborn in Havana, December 12, 1868, waseducated in the same city; was graduatedfrom the University of Havana at nineteenwith the degree of Doctor of Philosophy andLetters and two years later received theDoctOIate in Law, in both cases being therecipient of class honors.

At twenty years of age he entered a com­petition conducted in Madrid for the Pro­fessorship in Hebrew in the University ofHavana and won. He taught Hebrew andother ancient languages for a time with therank of Assistant Professor and was Secre­tary of the Faculty of Philosophy and Let­ters, but in 1901 succeeded Dr. NicolasHeredia in the chairs of History of Spanish

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Literature and Modern Foreign Literature,which posts he still occupies. He has beenmember of the University Council, and at­tained this and all other appointments bycompetition.

Dr. Dominguez Roldan is Vice-presidentof the National Academy of Arts andLetters; President of the Section of Litera­ture of the" Amigos del Pais" before whichorganization as well as before the Ateneo,

· the Fundaci6n Luz Caballero, and the Uni­versity he has delivered numerous addresses

: on literary and educational subjects.Outside numerous articles and stories

contributed to magazines he has writtenLugar que ocupa Cervantes en las letrasCastillanos (19°5); Espana como del En­tranjero (1905); La Literatura Cubana,necesidad de su ensenanza '1915); Elogio

· Funebre del Dr. Luis Padro (1918).As lawyer he has been City Attorney and

has kept up his private practice especiallyas attorney for insurance companies. Hehas made a special study of -Insurance,

· owns and edits an Insurance periodical,Revista de Seguros, and has written pam-

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phlets on Estudio del Contrato de seguropO' derecho comercial terrestre y marttimoand Poliza tipo jrancesa de Seguros contraincendio.

Politically Dr. Dominguez Roldan hasalways been' a Conservative and was bythat party elected to the City Council(1906- 1913).

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Aurelio Hevia

Coogle

HEVI A

AURELIO HEVIA

Lawyer; soldier; publicist;administrator; Secretary ofGOfIernment (t". e., Army,Nat.y, Railways and Police)in the Republic of Cuba.

AURELIO HEVIA y ALCAlDE was born inHavana on the twenty-fifth of October,1866, and after a preliminary course ofstudy entered the law office of Seii.orAntonio Govin, where he was introducedto the practice of the law. .

When the Revolution broke out in 1895Dr. Hevia enlisted in the anny where hewon his way upward step by step to therank of Colonel. In 1898'he was amem­ber of the Assembly of Santa Cruz del Surby which he was designated a member ofthe commission which visited the UnitedStates to treat with President McKinleyin regard to the claims of the Cuban Anny

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for back pay. In 1899 he was a memberof the Constituent Assembly. In 1900 hewas named by General Brooke Chief of the·section of State in the Secretaryship ofState and Government, a post in which hewas continued by General Wood. In H)02

when President Tomas Estrada Palmacame into office Dr. Hevia became Sub­secretary of State where he had to do withorganizing the diplomatic and consularservice of Cuba and with negotiating thetreaties which the infant Republic enteredinto with the various Powers.

When the second Intervention becameimminent Dr. Hevia opposed it to his ut­most and on its occurrence withdrew to pri­vate life only to resume his interest in pub­lic affairs with the candidacy of his friendGeneral Menocal for the Presidency in1<)09. Into that campaign he threw him­self with ardor, and although unsuccessfulhe gained experience which enabled him tocontribute to General Menocal's successin the notable campaign of 1913. Electedthen to the Presidency, General Menocaldesignated Dr. Hevia Secretary of Gov-

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ernment, which post he occupied until1918.

While Secretary he introduced impor­tant prison reforms induding the abolitionof corporal punishment and commutationof sentence for good behavior; secured theregulation of the manufacture, sale, andstorage - of explosives; dictated improve­ments in mail and telegraphs; aided in sup­pressing brigandage; supported Army andNavy reforms and the retirement provisionfor both branches of the service.

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CARDENAS

JULIO DE CARDENAS

Lawyer; magistrate.

JULIO DE CARDENAS y RODRIGUEZ wasborn in Matanzas on the twelfth of April,1849, and began his education in the famousColegio of "San Francisco de Asis," whichwas then conducted by D. Jose Alonso yDelgado. Thence he passed to the Uni­versity of Havana and completed thestudies for his degree in the Law, which hebegan at once to practice in the office ofDr. Antonio Gonzalez de Mendoza.

In addition to his long practice of theprofession, extending over nearly half acentury, Dr. Cardenas has seen importantand varied service as a judge. In May,1894, he was appointed Municipal Judgefor the District of Pilar in Havana; in 1899,General Brooke, the first Military Governorof Cuba, appointed him Presiding Judge

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over the Criminal Section of the ProvincialCourt of Havana and in 1901 GeneralWood appointed him Presiding Judge of theProvincial Courts of Santa Clara, a postwhich he found it inconvenient to accept.In 1906 the City Council of Havana electedhim Mayor and Chairman of the Counciland in 1908 he was chosen by popular voteon the Conservative ticket to the sameoffice under the new laws. Besides theseregular appointments and elections, Dr.Cardenas has filled from time to time tem­porary posts on the bench, thus extendingthe period of his. service as a magistrate.After completing his term of office as Mayorin 1913 he was appointed Attorney Generalof the Republic which office h~ held untilhe retired with a pension in 1918. He thenresumed the practice of law.

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MARIA DE LOS ANGELES LANDAY GONZALES

Scholar; teacher.

SENORITA MARIA DE Los ANGELESLANDA Y GONZALES was born in Col6n,Province of Matanzas, on the second ofAugust, 1865, where she received her earlyeducation. Later she attended the Uni­versity of Havana where she won the titleof Mistress, 1898, and Doctor of Pedagogy(1906). She was appointed Superinten­dent and Mistress of Public School, No.8, in the City of Havana in 1899, andid 1919 she became Superintendent ofthe first home school founded in theRepublic of Cuba. This position she se­cured from the Department of Public In­struction and Fine Arts on the groundsof the preparation by her of the projectfor the Home School, which met the ap­proval of this department. She has beeninstrumental in founding boards of ex­aminers to act in filling the chairs of

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the Nonnal School. In School No.8, atHavana, she founded an Alurnnre Associa­tion for the purpose of increasing the espritde corps among its graduates. Many ofthe students instructed under her havetaken prominent places in the teachingforce of the republic. She was the founderof the night school held in the building ofSchool No.8, and because of her work, in­dustry, and success she has been formallyrecognized by the Board of Education inHavana which conferred upon School No.8 her name, and it is now called the AngelaLanda School. She has been able throughthe Alumnre Association founded by· herto increase the interest of the graduatesby holding regularly literary exercises, atwhich addresses are given by experiencedpersons. This association, called the "Sun­shine Association," conferred upon her agold medal as a reward for her labors inbehalf of the good of humanity. Thethesis offered by her in obtaining the degreeof Doctor of Pedagogy has the followingtitle: "Como afecta el concepto deevoluci6n al estudio de la moralidad. "

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HERRYMAN

MANUEL HERRYMAN GIL

Soldier; official.

MANUEL HERRYMAN GIL was born in thecity of Manzanillo, in the Province ofOriente, on the fifteenth of April, 1879. InMarch, 1895, although he was only fifteenyears old, he took part in the revolution thathad its center at his native place, and hefirst operated in the Eastern Province, un­der the direction of Generals BartolomeMas6 and Amador Guerra. Later he actedunder' the orders of Lieutenant GeneralAntonio Maceo, during the invasion of thisprovince and he became Aide-de-Camp ofMaceo. He was a member of the SixthCorps of the Army of Liberation, havinggained distinctive honors, and was a mem­ber of the Staffs of Generals Vidal Ducaseand Pedro Diaz. At the end of the revolu­tion he had obtained the rank of Major.

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He took part in all the actions of the Warof Invasion, namely: Paralejo, Cacarajicara,Montezuelo, Ceja del Negro, Tumas deEstorino, La Madama, etc.

During the Presidency of Tomas EstradaPalma he occupied positions of trust in theBureau of Internal Revenue, being attachedin this capacity to the Department ofFinance. After the termination of the warand since then he has applied himself to

agriculture. When General Menocal be­came President of the Republic in 1912he was appointed Provincial Inspector ofInternal Revenue for the Province of Pinardel Rio, a post which he resigned in Pcbru­ary, 1917, in order to take possession cf theoffice of Civil Governor, to which ~e w::.selected at the election held in November,1916.

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LEBREDO

MARIO G. LEBREDO Y ARANGO

Physician; teacher.

MARIO G. LEBREDO y ARANGO wasborn in Havana on the twenty-seventh ofApril, 1866. He was educated in Havanaand also studied in Paris at the LyceeHenri Quatre. He also practiced in Parishospitals. From the University of Havanahe has received the degree of Doctor ofMedicine and Surgery and also Doctor inthe Physico-Chemical Sciences. In 1902

he was appointed Resident Physician inLas Animas Hospital, Havana, which isdevoted to the treatment of contagiousdiseases. Shortly afterwards he was ap­pointed Vice-superintendent of the samehospital. Later on he became Director ofthe Laboratory of Scientific Investigationand finally chief of the section of Epidemi­ology and the laboratories of the Depart-

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ment of Hygiene. He was also substitutemember in the Commission for InfectiousDiseases. He is ex-director in the BiologicalSection of the Felipe Peey Cuban Society ofNatural History. He was head of the C'lm­

paigns conducted in various regions of theIsland against the yellow fever epidemic.He was given a spechl commission by theDepartment of Hygiene for epidemiologicalworks for such diseases as yellow fever,paludism, bubonic plague, poliomyelitis,and typhoid fever. He organized the bac­teriological service for, the diagnostic study.of the human and murine plague duringthe epidemic which took place in 1912. Hewas delegated officially to go abroad at dif­ferent times to study epidemic conditions:to New Orleans for the bubonic plague; toMerida for the yellow fever; to Vera Cruzand Tampico on suspected cases of choleraand yellow fever; to Puerto Rico.for yel­low fever. He was a delegate from Cubato the Paris Tuberculosis Congress.ini905ito the American Public Health Associationin Colorado in 1912; to the TuberculbsisCongress held in Washington in 1908; to

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the International Congress of Hygiene andDemography held at Washington in 1912;to the second Pan-American ScientificCongress held in Washington in 1915.

He was in charge of the reports onSanitary Subjects in the second and thirdNational Congresses of Cuba. He was a'member of the Yellow Fever Commissionat Guayaquil, Ecuador, July to September,1918, appointed by the Rockefeller In­stitute. He is the author of reports andpamphlets on medical subjects from thepoint of view of original investigation inthe field of epidemiology, embracing suchquestions. as filaria, malaria, poliomyeli­tis, inquilostomiasisj in collaboration withDr. Arthur Coca, New York, he has madea study of cancer. He is the author ofmonographs on the anatomy of the mos­quito, and on the transmission of thenocturnal filaria by the mosquito. He isthe author of a memoir rewarded with the"Nicolas Gutierrez" prize of the Academyof Medical and Physico-Natural Sciencesof Hllvana on Intestinal Parasitism in Cubaprincipally inquilostomias~.

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JOSE ANTONIO LOPEZ DEL VALLE

Doc/or.. health officer.

JosE ANTONIO L6PEZ DEL VALLE wasborn in Havana on the sixth of November,1875, and was educated by his mother.At the age of twelve he was pupil-teacherin a private school; at the age of· fourteenhe was assistant-professor in a publicschool of the Monserrate ward, and atfifteen he was student-interne in the Hospi­tal Aldecoa. Aided by the maternal coun­sels, L6pez del Valle continued his arduouscourse; he obtained the degree of Licentiatein 1897 and that of Doctor of Medicineand Surgery in 1903.

After seven years at the Hospital ofAldecoa in w1tich he held the most impor­tant posts. he accepted the position ofPhysician of the Emergency Station andHome Relief Staff (Casa de Socorro y

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Asistencia Domiciliaria}. But in 1898 atthe end of the War of Independence hefound an opportunity under the AmericanIntervention of entering the field of PublicHealth and Sanitation to which he hasdevoted himself without respite ever sinceand in which he has held successively manyoffices: Local Inspector; District Inspector;Disinfection Officer; Inspector-General ofthe Department;· Secretary of the LocalBoard of Health of Havana; ExecutiveHead of the Department of Health, etc.. As health officer Dr. L6pez del Valle hasl

contributed to the public health by manypractical suggestions and regulations look­ing to the reduction of means of contagionand infection. In association with Drs.Furbusch and Jacobsen he had an activepart in ·founding the first dispensary forailments of the lungs. And he was instru­mental in having Arbor Day adopted as aholiday.

.Among his publications are:, El Departa­mentp de Sanidad de la B abana, su organ­izaci6n, procedimientos y marcha (1905), Lanacionalizaci6n de las servicios de Sanidad

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(1908); Lecciones populares sobre tubercu­losis (1910); Desenvolvimiento de la Sani­dad y la Benejicencia en Cuba (1914);Plan de campana contra la peste bub6nica(1915); La Fiebre Amarilla, Casos atfpicos;Instrucciones Populares contra fa Grippll;El Paludismo-Notas para la propagandasanitaria; Fiebre Tifoidea-Projilaxis ymarcha de esta infecci6n; Los establicimien­tos publicos desde el punto de vista sanitario;Campana contra las moscas; Las casas devecindad-estudio de esas viviendas y me­joras de card-cter higienico que deben intro­ducirse en las mismas; La'W!'.scuelas publicasde la Habana; Abastecimiento de agua.

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NUNEZ

EMILIO NUNEZ

Soldier; administrator;Vue-president of the Re­public since 1917.

EMILIO NUNEZ y RODRiGUEZ was bom onthe plantation called" San Francisco" nearSagua la Grande on the twenty-seventhof December, r855. His youth was spentin the midst of revolutionary agitation andhe became a revolutionist by force both ofheredity and of envh-onment. He hadhardly obtained his Bachelor's degree atthe Institute of Havana when the Revo­lution of '68-'78 broke out-the first act ofthe great struggle-and he joined thefighters. Figuring in the "Guerra Chi­quita," he is said to have been the lastCuban leader to come to terms with theSpanish. From that time until the finalsuccess in r898, he never ceased his revo­lutionary activities, either fighting in the

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field or directing agitation in Cuba orthe United States. He gained the rank ofColonel as an aide to General Marti in'charge of the Department of Expeditionsobtaining and transporting to the revolu-.tionists in the field, supplies, arms, and:'munitions and by his vigorous prosecution'of these important duties gained in 1895the rank of General at the head of theDepartment of Expeditions.

Meantime General Nunez had obtainedhis degree in dental medicine and waspracticing his profession in Philadelphia.Sometime before the close of the Revolu­tion he returned to Cuba and became theRepresentative in the Assembly of SantaCruz del Sur of the Fourth Corps of theArmy of Liberation. Upon the dissolu­tion of the Assembly of Representatives ofthe Army, in 1899. he was appointed byGeneral Brooke, Military Governor underthe American Intervention, to go to Phila­delphia to represent Cuba in the Com­mercial Congress. In the same year hewas elected a member of the ConstituentConvention for the Province of Havana

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and took an active part in its deliberations.In 1900 he was appointed Governor of theProvince of Havana under the AmericanIntervention-to which office at the closeof the Intervention he was elected withoutopposition by the popular vote.

One of the most notable achievements ofGeneral Nunez in public affairs was hispart in the organization of the Veterans ofthe Revolution into an influential politicalbody, by which his services were recog-nized in his election as President of theNational Council of Veterans-an office towhich he has been twice reelected.

Upon General Menocal's accession to thePresidency in 1913, General Nunez wasappointed Secretary of Agriculture, Com-merce, and Labor; in the general electionsof 1916 he was elected Vice-president of theRepublic, which post he now holds (1919).

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SO U Z A 6431

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BENIGNO SOUZA

Physician; surgeon.

BENIGNO SOUZA y RODRIGUEZ was bornin the village of Macurijes, Province ofMatanzas, on the twenty-first of May, 1'873.

His early education, up to the completionof the course for the Bachelor's degree, wasobtained in Havana at the ColegilJ "EIProgreso" then under the direction of thedistinguishai scholar Dr. Carlos de laTorre, whence he went to the Universityand gained the degree of Doctor in Medi­cine in the year 1900, at the age of twenty­seven.

While a student at the University he hadwon in open competition the post of assist­ant in Dissection. For six years aftergraduation, Dr. Souza held the position ofInterne Physician in Hospital Number Onein Havana; then he became Head Physi-

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dan and, later, Assistant Director of theHospital, going on from that post, in 1909,

to be Surgeon of the Emergency Hospital.Dr. Souza is President of the Commis-

sion of Hygiene; Member at the NationalBoard of Health, and Surgeon of the Hos-pital Number One. He is the author ofTres casos de cirugta gastro-intestinal ( 1 91 6) .

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DE ROJAS

CARLOS M. DE ROJAS

Soldier; official; man ofaffairs.

CARLOS DE ROJAS was born on the four­teenth of March, 1862, in Cardenas. Herehe gained his early education, going on tothe Colegio of Esculapius in Guanabacoawhere he completed the course requiredfor the Bachelor's degree and priJCeeded tothe U.niversity. After two years' study oflaw, de Rojas left the University to visitthe United States and spent a year atHarvard University where he had theprivilege of studying under the poet Long­fellow.

On leaving the United States de Rojaswent to Santo Domingo where he devotedhimself to business, but in 1883 he returnedto Cuba and settled in Cardenas to developcertain special business interests. In 1884.he was made Vice Consul for the Dominican

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Republic in Cardenas and, in 1891, ViceConsul tor the Republic of Argentina. Thelatter position he retained until 1896. Hethen joined the revolutionary forces underGeneral Lacret and fought through thewar, gaining promotion step by step byvalor in combat until at the close of hos­tilities he had been made General of aDivision and in 1897 had won the rank ofBrigadier General.

During the first Americ.."lTI Interventionde Rojas was appointed Alcalde of Car­denas and continued in the same office byelection of his fellow citizens. During hisincumbency of the office the Library andMuseum of Cardenas was founded.

In 1903 he was appointed Colonel of theRural Guard; in 1905., Chief of Corps ofArtillery; in 1908, on the reorganization ofthe Army, he was given command of theSecond Regiment of Infantry, and in 1910he was made Inspector of the Armed Forcesof the Republic with the rank of BrigadierGeneral. In 1913 he was appointed Min­ister to Peru, but he did not take possessionof the post.

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CARLOS THEYE Y SHOSTE

Scientist; teacher.

CARLOS THEYE Y SHOSTE was born 'atHavana on the twenty-third of October,1853. He was educated at Paris, wherehe obtained the degree of Bachelor ofSciences at the Sorbonne, in 1871. Healso completed courses at the Ecole Cen­trale in Paris, obtaining the degree ofEngineer in Chemistry, and he received atBarcelona, in Spain, the degree of IndustrialEngineer. He was instructor in Chemistryat the Ecole Ceqtrale of Paris, and in 1882became Professor of Physics and Chemistryat the Havana School of Agriculture. In1885 he was na~d Professor of Chemistryat the University ot Havana, a positionwhich he holds at the present day. In 1904he was a member of the Commission ap­pointed by the Cuban Government in

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connection with the Exposition of St.Louis. He has been University Extensionlecturer on Meteorology and Chemistry.He is the author of scientific investigationson the composition of atmospheric air, onthe Nitrification of Agricultural Land, andon Meteorology, which have been publishedin scientific reviews and the daily press.

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DE LA TORRE

CARLOS DE LA TORRE

Naturclist; teacher; author.

CARLOS DE LA TORRE was born mMatanzas, on the fifteenth of May, 1858,and after early education at "Las Nor­males" and the Colegio "La Empresa'"of Matanzas, completed the requirementsfor th6 Bachelor's degree at the Instituteof Havana in 1876, then entered theNational University where his brilliantscholarship won him many prizes andwhere, in 1881, he received the Licentiatein Medicine, in Pharmacy, and in NaturalSciences. The degree of Doctor of NaturalScience he obtained at the Central Uni­versity of Madrid two years later, with athesis upon Distribudt5n geograjica de lafauna malacolt5gica terrestre de Cuba.

His vocation for Natural History wasfurthered by the learned Francisco Ximeno,

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of Matanzas, who opened to young de 1aTorre-his museum and fine library, ami byhis teachers Ram6n Forns, Rafael Arango,and Juan Gundlach. He also acknowledgesa great debt to Felipe Poey in whose in­spiring society he worked and whom hesucc~ded in the chair of Zoography in theUniversity of Havana. Before the end ofhis twentieth year he had discovered twonew species of mollusk which were namedin his honor Cylindrella Torrei, Arangol1876, and Cyclostoma Torreianum, Gund­lach, 1878.

Simultaneously with· his enthusiasm fornatural science grew his interest in teach­ing. He taught in "Los Normales" and"San Carlos" (Matanzas) and "La GranAntilla" and "EI Progreso" (Havana)and was one of the founders of the School ofArts and Crafts in Havana. As the result ofcompetitive tests he was appointed in 1880Assistant in Natural and Physico-Chemi­cal Sciences at the Institute of Havana,and, in 1883, Professor of Natural Historyand Physiology in the Institute of PortoRico, which latter position he filled one

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year then returned to take the professor­ships of Comparative Anatomy and ofZoography of Mollusks and Zoophites inthe University of Havana.

In 1886 he joined the AnthropologicalSociety of Cuba and in 1889 the Academyof Sciences, on the latter occasion deliver­ing a learned discourse on Consideracionesanat6micas sobre los huesas de la cabeza delmanjuari. Before the same Academy in1890, he presented an Informe sobre la en­fcrmedad de los cocoteros, and a year later areport, illustrated with many archreologicalobjects there discovered, of his ExcursiOnantropol6gica a las cavernas de M aist(Oriente), from which he had just returned.

In 1893 he was appointed "Judge ofAwards" in the section of Mineralogy andGeology of the Chicago Columbian Exposi­tion. In 1895 he opened the scholasticyear at the University of Havana with anaddress on Clasificaci6n de los animales ob­servados par Col6n y los primeros explora­dares de Cuba.

Persecutions by the Spanish colonialgovernment moved him to leave the coun-

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try at the outbreak of the War for Inde­pendence. He went first to Mexico wherehe served as Professor of Natural Sciencein Chihuahua, then to Paris where, afterstudying in the University and the Collegeof France, he was, in 1897, admitted tomembership in the Societe Zoologique ofFrance.

Upon returning to Cuba in 1898, hisuniversity post of which he had been de­prived by order of General Weyler was, bythe Governmetlt of the American Inter­vention, restored to him. He has contin­ued active service in the University, beingnow (1919) Professor of Biology, Zoology,and Zoography.

Upon his return to Cuba Dr. de la Torreentered political life and was active infounding and organizing the Nationalistparty, by which he was elected to the CityCouncil (1900-1902). General Wood ap­pointed him to the Mayoralty which posi­tion he was occupying upon the inaugura­tion of the Republic in 1902. He then waselected Representative for the Province ofHavana for four years, and in 1905 the

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House chose him for presiding officer.In the same year he retired from publiclife to devote himself to scientific pursuits.

When the Government of the AmericanIntervention designated Supt. Frye andLieut. Hanna to organize the Cuban pub­licschool system (1899), Dr. de 1a TOITe was·an able cooperator:· he enlisted the aidof his distinguished countrymen, Aguayo,Borrero Echevarria, Vidal Morales, andothers, and prepared the Manual para losexamines de maestros which soon was fol­lowed by Libras de lectura y lenguaje, LaGeografta de Cuba, La Historia de Cuba, LaInstrucci6n Moral y Ctvica.

In 1900 he was delegate for the Provinceof Havana at the Paris Exposition; in 1904.Commissioner of Public Instruction at theExposition of St. Louis; in 1906, delegateto thf Tenth International Geological Con­gress in session in Mexico; in 1910, he rep­rerented the Government of Cuba at theEighth International Zoological Congressat Gratz.

In 1909 he proved the existence of Juras­sic strata in the western part of Cuba and

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in 1910 found Pleistocene fossils in thecentral region of the island, restoring aMegalocnus rodens, discoveries which weresubmitted to the judgment of the EleventhGeological Congress at Stockholm in 191I.

The Cuban Government has committedto de la Torre the revision and publicationof Ictiologfa cubana by the illustrious natu­ralist Poey, a work in which Dr. Cafiizaresis collaborating.

The Academy of Science of Havana in1911 raised him to the category of member"de merito." He has been since 1901corresponding member of the Academy of'Science of Philadelphia and since 1911corresponding member of the Spanish

. Academy of Science, and life member of theMuseum of Natural History of New York.

In'1912 Harvard University conferredupon him the honorary title Doctor 0'£ Sci­ence, characterizing'him as "statesman andnaturalist, first in the knowledge of mol­lusks of the Gulf of Mexico, discoverer offossils which have revolutionized the geolog­ical history of Cuba." In recognition ofthis honor to their co-worker the University

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of Havana gave a great celebration in1913; the Academy of Science hung hisportrait in the Salon de Sesiones; Matanzas,his native city, declared him a "favoriteson't and had a gold medal made in hishonor; the Institute of Matanzas "gave afestival and hung his portrait in the Audi­torium. In 1918 Dr. de la Torre waselected corresponding member of TheHispanic Society of America.

655

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SEGURA

ANDRES SEGURA Y CABRERA

Lawyer; public man;writer.

ANDRES SEGURA Y CABRERA was born onthe twenty-third of October, 1864, in thecity of Havana, of Cuban parentage. Hepursued his secondary studies in Havana,taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts in1883, and then entered what was then theRoyal University of Letters at Havana,where he pursued legal studies. In 1888he was graduated as Licentiate in Civiland Canon Law, and immediately aftergraduation began to practice his profession.In 1897 he received the degree of Doctorof Jurisprudence and in 1898 the title ofNotary Public. In the year 1900, he wasgraduated as Public Expert Land Surveyorand Taxer of· Lands in the professionalschool of the Island of Cuba, which later

657

HISPANIC NOTES I,

658 CUB A N S 0 F T 0 - DAY

on was incorporated in the EngineeringInstitute of the University. In 1805 hegraduated as Mercantile Professor in theHavana School o.f Commerce, an institu­tion affiliated with the Institute. Afterbeing duly authorized by the Secretary ofPublic Instruction and after having givenproof in the University of his training inPaleography, he began the exercise also ofexpert caligraph and paleograph and expertchirograph.

During the course of his public career hehas filled the following positions: Assist­ant Reporter and Administrative Judi<..ialInstructor in the Bureau of Public Works;and acted in the same capacity in theBureau of Agriculture, Commerce, andLabor; ex-municipal Judge of the Town ofRegIa; ex-secretary in the office of theCivil Section in the Havana Court and inthe local Tribunal of Administrative Casesin the Island of Cuba; Clerk of the Depart­ment of Records and Judicial Archives inthe Department of Finance; President ofthe National Association of Land Surveyorsin the Republic of Cuba; of the Buenos

I HISPANIC NOTES

SEGURA

Aires Latin-American Scientific Congress;of the Perpignan Agricultural Scientificand Literary Society of the Pirenes-Orien­tales; of the New York Society of MedicalJurisprudence; of the Caracas Academy ofNational History; Corresponding Memberof the Association of Medical expertsattached to the Courts of the State of Yu­catan; Corresponding Member of the Bar­celona Economic Society, called Amigos delPais; of the Economic Society of Havana,called Amigos del Pais; of the EconomicSociety of Porto Rico; of the Associa­tion of Sugar Manufacturers and Dis­tillers in Cuba; of the Society of Electri­cians in Havana; founder and ex-directorof the Colegio "EI Salvador" in Havana;member of the National Touring Club ofSpain; author of various works on legalmatters and land taxation; as the author ofthese works the holder of a prize given bythe Paris Exposition of 1900; founder andex-director of La Revista Decenal de Juris­prudencia y Noticias; El Mundo Judicial;of the review Los Sports; editor of theConsullorio de la Discusi6n; ex-editor of the

659

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,...

660 CUBANS OF TO-DAY

same section in EI Comercio; contributorto EI Flgaro; .Cuba Agricola; Revista delForo; Diario de la Marina; Cuba y America;Revista deConstrucciones y A grimensura,etc.,etc. The works and papers published by.him are the following: Indice alfaMtico deta Ley Hipotecaria y su Reglamento (1887);Comentarios al Real Decreto de EnseiianzaLibre (1887); Proleg6menos e Historia delDerecho Mercantil (1887); Las Costas Pro­cesales en los Tribunales Contencioso-Ad­ministrativos (1892); La caducidad de laInstancia en asuntos Contencioso-Adminis­trativos (1893); Los Desertores de la vida(1893); El Mundo Judicial (1894); En­sayo de un programa para el estudio de10 Contencioso-Administrativo (1894); Lasimonia (1895); El Contrato de Seguro de vida(1897); La Polida Judicial ante los DelitosPublicos (1900); Almanaque Judicial, para1910, 19II, 1912, 1913, Y 1914; El Auto­m6vil y el Chauffeur (1915).

I HISPANIC N6TES

Cnt. Eusebio Hernandez

Coogle

HERNANDEZ

EUSEBio HERNANDEZ

Soldier,. physician.

EUSEBIO HERNANDEZ was born in theyear 1858, in the town of Col6n, Provinceof Matanzas, and received his education inMadrid where he obtained the degree ofDoctor of Medicine which was afterwardsconfirmed at Tegucigalpa, the capital ofHonduras, and also at Havana. At alater date he pursued special studies inobstetrics in Paris.

In 1879 he interrupted his studies atMadrid to take part in the revolutionknown as the "Little War." (La GuerraChiquita) which had its origin in an upris­ing organized abroad and brought to passin Santiago on August 26th of that year.In this enterprise he held the rank of Cap­tain and in the same year he was promoted,in consideration of his services to the

661

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662 CUB A N S 0 F T 0 - DAY

revolution where he cooperated with JoseMaceo, Emilio Nufiez, Jose Marti and otherleaders, to the rank of Major.

In 1880 he was obliged by the persistentpersecution of the Spanish authorities toleave Cuba, and he sailed to New Yorkwhere he joined the revolutionary leaderCalixto Garda. With a group of revolu­tionists including Carlos Roloff and JoseMaria Aguirre he went to Kingston, Ja­maica, to organize an expedition directed toSanta Clara. The" LittleWar" came, how­ever, to an unsuccessful end and he turnedfor a time to journalism, contributing tothe Deber of Kingston and La Republica andEl Yara Q[ Key West, acting also as secre­tary to Antonio Maceo. In the followingyear Hernandez went with a group ofrevolutionaries to Honduras and therecontinued his journalistic work in La Paz,El Yara, and El Renacimiento.

In 1883 he was appointed Professor inthe School of Medicine of Tegucigalpa andthere continued his labors as a revolution­ist, serving as envoy of Generals AntonioMaceo and Maximo G6mez to the govem-

I HISPANIC NOTES

HERNANDEZ

ments of Honduras, Guatemala, and SanSalvador. These labors finished he went toEurope to resume his medical studies, butcontinued his relations with the revolu­tionary group and took an active part inthe Revolution of 1895-8.

Hernandez maintained an equal loyaltyto his profession and served in many ca­pacities in his special field of obstetrics.He was int~ne in the clinic of Bandelacquein Paris; assistant to Professor Segond inthe same clinic; Professor of Obstetrics inthe Free School of Medicine of Havana;Professor of Obstetrics in the clinic of theUniversity of Havana; chairman of theBoard of Patrons of the Hospital of SanLazaro, etc., etc. He is also author ofmany articles in his special field ofmedicine.

On the political side, Hernandez hasplayed a prominent part, having been Chiefof his political party and its candidate forhigh office. He was Vice-president from1908 to 1912; President of the HistoricalAssembly"and in 1912 was candidate forVice-president but was defeated.

663

AND MONOGRAPHS J'

RODRIGUEZ

JOSE LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ

Merchant; planter;financier.

JOSE LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ was born illSpain but emigrated to seek his fortune inCuba before he was twenty. He arrivedin Havana without money or friends 01;10education, penniless and· illiterate. Inspite of these hindrances, L6pez Rodriguezhas won great success and has becomeone of the most widely known and reputedto be one of the richest men in Cuba.

He began his business career as a dealerin books and though he has since extendedhis interests into many fields,-printing,manufacturing, contracting, farming, sugarplanting, real estate, banking, etc.,-hehas retained his early interest and still hasone of the leading book-stores of Havanaand in fact of Cuba.

665

HISPANIC NOTES I

666 CUBANS OF TO-DAY

Senor Rodriguez, known far and wideas "Pote," and regarded with almostsentimental respect for his remarkablebusiness sagacity and the prosperity of hisenterprises, has made no attempt to enterthe public life of Cuba but continues todevote himself to his commercial andfinancial interests.

...

I HISPANIC NOTES

Coo, I

CORONADO

TOMAS V. CORONADO

Physician; teacher; author.

TOMAS V. CORONADO was born in 1855 inMatanzas and there in his native town com­pleted the courses leading to the Bachelor'sdegree at the Colegio "La Empresa" and illthe Institute. Int~rrupted for a time byreverses of fortune which obliged him toturn to commercial pursuits, he resumedhis studies at the University of Havanawhere in 1881 he gained the degree ofLicentiate and in the following year thatof Doctor in Medicine and Su~ery. Whilehe was a student he won in competitiveexamination the appointment as Assistantin Dissection and Histology and later thatof Interne in the Hospital of San Felipeand Santiago. He served also as free in­structor of preparatory education in Zool­ogy, Mineralogy, Anatomy, and Histology.

AND MONOGRAPHS I

668 CUB A N S 0 F T 0 - DAY

From 1882 to 1893 he was a member ofthe Board of Health of Cabanas.

In 1888 he founded a free station forvaccination in the district of San Diego inVuelta Abajo.

In 1896 he was Delegate representingCuba and Porto Rico ~o the Second Pan­American Medical Congress, held in Mex­ico.

In 1899 he aided in founding the Medico­pharmaceutical Association of Cuba andserved as its Secretary; in the followingyear he became its Vice-president and in1901 its President.

In 1899 he was appointed auxiliary pro­fessor in the Faculty of Sciences in the Uni­versity. In 1900 he received the degreesof Licentiate and Doctor in Physico­Chemical"Science and Pharmacy and in thesame year won the position, by competi­tive examination, of auxiliary Professor ofHygiene and Legal Medicine.

Dr. Coronado has held many honorarypositions and is member of many societies.He is a member of the National Board ofHealth; he has served as Vice-president of

I HISPANIC NOTES

CORONADO

the Academy of Sciences and as Presidentof the Society for Clinical Studies.

In 1918, after being auxiliary :professorof Hygiene and Legal Medicine for seven­teen, years, he became titular Professor.He has devoted himself chiefly for anumber of years to Hygiene and Medi­cine, and has in preparation a work onHygiene and Sanitary Legislation in Cuba.

His published works are very numerousand include: PresentaciOn a la Academiade preparaciones de filarias sanguinis hom­inis, 1879; Pleuresta con derrame, muerte,1881; Ht:mato-quiluria de los patses catidos,1882; Tratamiento de las fiebres palUdicassin quinina, 1888; Bot6n de Biskra, 1888;Envenenamiento autodono en el paludismo,1888; Ayuda forceps, 1888; Cuerpo extranoen la articulaci6n peroneo-tibial superior,1888; Impotencia temporal, 1888; El mi­crolno del paludismo, 1889; Orquitis palUdi­cas, 1889; Cuerpos de Laveran, su confirma­ci6n, 1889; l Pneumonia palUdica? 1889;Cantestaci6n al Dr. Roig, 1889; CrUicacienUfica, 1889; T~tanos traumatico, sutratamiento, 1889; Erupciones medica-

669

AND MONOGRAPHS I

670 CUB A N S 0 F T 0 - DAY

mentosas, 1889; Correspcmdencia de Guar­eiras, 1890; Estadistica de una localidad deVuelta Abajo, 1890; Del paludismo, 1890; .Formas anormales del paludismo, 1890; Diag­n6stico y pron6stico de los palUdicos, 1890;La nigua, Dermathophilus penetrans, delos paises calidos, 1890; Tratamiento de lospalUdicos, 1891; El hematozoario del palu­dismo desde el punto de vista clinico, 1891;El paludismo como complicaci6n, 1891;Apreciaciones sobre el tratamiento de losPalUdicos, 1891; Determinaciones visceralesdel paludismo, 1892 (En colaboraci6n delDr. Madan); Formas clinicas delpaludismoen Cuba, 1892 (En colaboraci6n con el Dr.Madan); Pustula maligna, 1892; Confirma­cion experimental de la bacteridia, 1892; Re­confirmacionde la bacteridiade Davaine, 1892;Pustula maligna, 1892; Campos malditos,1892; El microbio de la malaria, 1892; Re­producci6n de los hematozoarios, 1892; Gripe,Una epidemia, 1893; Laveraneas linMmicas,1893; Remitentes palUdicas de larga duraci6n,1894; Paludismo y puerperio, 189S; Hema­tozoarios de Laveran, 189S; Contribuci6n alestudio de la profilaxia del paludismo, 189Si

I HISPANIC NOTES

CORONADO

Observaciones cUnicas de 10. difteria, 1896;Laverdneas en las aguas del Cerro, 1896.

Fiebre amarilla, 1896; Suero diagn6sticoen 10. tifoidea, 1896; EJ microbio de 10. gripe,1896; Pustula maligna, 1896; Las fiebreshipert~rmicas, 1896; Pirexias en 10. 1.10. deCuba (Libro, en colaboraci6n con el Dr.Madan, premiado por la Academia deCiencias, 1896); EJ dengue en 10. Habana,1897; El paludismo es contagioso, 1897;Trasmision del paludismo, 1897; Fiebresaltas de origen gripal, 1897; El paludismo estrasmisible, 1897; La fiebre amarilla en loscubanos, 1897; Unidad del paludismo, 1897;Disentertas gripales, 1898; Apreciacionessobre el tratamiento cl£nico del paludismo,1898; Feto hemectro-melico con hidrocefaliay enteroceles, 1898; Gripe, 1898; Nuevomltodo para diagnosticar la gripe, 1898;Enterocolitis gripales, 1899; ElDr. M ddancomo cUnico, 1899; PUstula maligna, cura­ci6n, 1899; Nuestras fiebres, 1899; Reseiiade los trabajos realizados en el ldtimo bienio,1899; Medicacion cacodUica, 1900; Crtticadel plan de ensenanza del Sr. Varona, 1900;Protestas al nuevo plan de estudios universi-

67 1

AND MONOGRAPHS I

672 CUB A N S 0 F T 0 - DAY

tarios, 1900; Reglamentos profesionales,1«)00; EI sulfato de sosa, 1900; Intereses pro­fesionales, Igoo; Deontologta mtdica, 1900;

EI paludismo es contagioso, 1900; Espirilode la recUTrinte, 19°1; InfO'me en causa pO'muerte, 1901; Informe sobre infanticidio,Ig01; EI III Congreso M Mico Pan Americano(Discurso), Ig01; PersonificaciOn del al­truismo, apuntes biograficos del Dr. Vila,Ig01; Juicio crUico sobre el diagn6sticode la fiebre amariUa, 19°1; Fiebres re­cUTrentes (Conferencia), Ig01; Botiquinesacefalos, Ig01; Comprobadores de pesas ymedidas, 11)01; La botica municipal, 19o1;

EI nuevo Reglamenta de Farmacia, 11)01;

FOrmulas favoritas para la Grippe y el palu­dismo de repeticwn, 11)01; Don AntonioGuiteras y et Colegio " La Empresa," 1901;Tecnica del procedimiento de Wassermanny Schulz sobre la aglutinaciOn con dertossueros, 11)02; Aglutinaci6n y disoluci6n delos g16bulos rfljos en las manchas de sangre,1902; Informe mtdico legal sobre un infan­ticidio, Ig02; El Dr. Carlos Finlay y susdescubrimientos de la patogenia amarilla,11)02; Higiene publica. La salud del norte

I HISPANIC NOTES

I C_O_R_O_N_A_D_O Mamericano en Cuba, 1902; Reconstrucci6n del-·'las viviendas en los distritos rurales, 19°2;t Placeres imbeciles? Higiene de Ius sports,1903; Informe Medico ;legal en causa porestupro, 1904; Etiolog£a ~ Profilaxis del palu-dismo en Cuba, 19°5; Psicologta de los Simu-ladores (Discurso) , 19°5; I nforme medicolegal en causa por duelo, 1905; Confcrenciasobre el tfiagn6stico de la fiebre amarilla, 19°5;EI TetudlJ en la Habana, 1906; Nuestrosparques y paseos en el porvenir, 1906; Unmodesto Colegio en el porvenir, 1906; Lanueva Cdtedra de enfermedades mentales ynerviosas, 1906; Un sanatorio ideal en laslomas del Cuzco, 1906; Higiene escolar paralos maestros.

---------------

AND MONOGRAPHS I

Cougk

ROSENDO COLLAZO

ROSENDO COLLAZO.

Soldier.

ROSENDo COLLAZO Y GARciA was bornon the Hacienda "San Jose," in the dis­trict of Mangas, Province of Pinar del Rioon the first of March, 1875, and obtainedhis education in the provincial Instituteof Pinar del Rio.

He joined the Revolutionary Army in1895 and thus entered the military pro­fession to which he has devoted his life.His firs~ command was that of Captain inthe forces of Brigadier General Torres andColonel Nunez who were cooperating withGenerals G6mez and Maceo. He obtainedpromotion to the rank of Lieut. Colonelby conspicuous gallantry in the action of"Galope" on March 17, 1896, and in May14, 1898, won the rank of Colonel in thebattle of "Flor de Mayo" at Giiines.

HISPANIC NOTES

675

I

676 CUB A N S 0 F T 0 - DAY

He saw much active service and tookpart in a great number of combats smalland great, among them "Guano Prieto,""Caiman," "Mulatin," "Potrero de Men­doza," "Bataban6," "Canja de Prieto,""Uf6n, " "La Lima," " Adjovin " and"Venecia."

When the war closed he was appointedInspector of Police for Havana (Fifth Zone)and fulfilled the duties df this post until1903 when he was made First Lieutenantin the Rural Guard. In 1905 when arevolution was attempted in the district ofAlquizar he was called upon at the sugges­tion of President Palma to assume com­mand in the zone of disturbance, where hespeedily restored order, taking a greatnumber of the rebels prisoners and com­pelling the surrender of their leaders. Thisand his success in dealing with the threat­ened revolution of August, 1906, securedhim promotion to the rank of Captain.

In these and other actions it has beenchiefly as an organizer and as an expert inthe use of machine guns that Major Collazo-rank granted him in 1912-has gained his

I HISPANIc NOTES

R 0 SEN DOC 0 L L A Z 0 677

successes. To this weapon he has givenspecial study and attention making it thesubject of various articles for publication.

In the year 1912 Major Collazo wasplaced in command of the operations of theso-called "War of the races," or negrouprising in the Cobra district where hetook personal charge and had part innumerous skirmishes as well as engage­ments of a larger scope including those at"Santa Elena," "La Yaya, " "Trinchera,""Gran Colima," "Loma de Gato," "Bar­raquerra," etc., etc.--Qperations which hebrought to a successful termination.

He was .appointed in this year Pay­master General of the Army.

In 1913 he was promoted to the rank ofLieutenant Colonel and in 1915 to that ofColonel. In 1917 when a revolution wasthreatened he was in command of thetroops who captured the city of SanctiSpiritus and sometime later seized GeneralG6mez and ~taff-thus putting an end tothe rising.

He has always maintained an activeinterest in sports, particularly in polo in

AND MONOGRAPHS I

678 CUBANS OF TO-DAY

which he has been Captain of the Artilleryteam and has won two ~ars in succession

i the trophy, offered by the President. Hehas also written occasional articles on mili-,tary subjects, particularly in his special

I field of the Machine Gun and its uses.

II,I

!i,!iI!i .iiJ

II:!

,,

,I HISPANIC NOTES I,

IN D EX

INDEX

679

Aguayo. Alfredo M....•.•.•.•..............Alamillo. Requei;o. Emilio .Alberdi, Nicolas ; .Albertini y de Carden O.car Dlaz .Alcorta. Leandro Gonzalez .Alemin, Ricardo M" .Andr6 Alvar..do, Armando .Angulo. Manuel Raf..el .Arag6n, Adolfo de ..Ar..g6n y Munoz. Erne.to A. de .Aramburo. Mariano .Aramburu, Joaquin N : .Arango. Fr..ncisco de .........•.............Arma•• Rodollo Rodriguez de .Aroch.. y LI..n~a•• Gustavo F .Arteaga, Manuel .Asbert, Erne.to .Averhoff y Pla. Octavio .

Baralt, Bl..nche Zacharie de .B..ralt. Lui. A ..... , ...................•...Baralt. Jr., Lui. A .................•........Barr..quey Adue. Jesll. Marla :.Barrer... Fernandez, Alberto .•...............Betancourt M..nduley. Alcide .Betancourt Mand uley. Arturo .Bet..ncourt y Castillo. Teml.tocles .Bet..ncourt y Dovalos. Pedro E .Blanck. Hubert de .Bob..dill .., Emilio de .Brouwer. Julio E.. .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .Brull. Mari..no .Bustam..nte, Antonio Sanchez de .Bustamante. Mario Munoz " .Bu.to y nelll..do, Nemesio .Byrne. Donifacio .

PAGE·2852835993252494 29163401III

353607437

95159231467369331

169189

7153;149347

87445291lIS449427109127157453455

AND MONOGRAPHS I

680

I

IN DEX

PAGECabrera, Raimundo... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Cabrera Saavedra, Francisco ,.... 571Callejas. Felix 461Calvo y Castellanos. Pedro.... . . .. . . . . . . .. .. 533Cancio y Luna. Leopoldo.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601Carbonell. LuIs Garcia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Carbonel1 y Rivero, lose Manuel... . . . . . . . . .. 279Carbonell y Rivero, Nestor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Cardenas.lulio de. .• .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625Cardenas y Ecbarte, Raul de.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2IICarricarte, Arturo R. de. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Carri6n y Cardenas. Miguel de. . ... . . . . . . . . .. 327Caaariego. Arturo Garcia.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 301Castro, Raimundo de.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I23Casuso. Gabriel. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Cespedes, Carlos, Miguel de... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 309Chac6n, Jose Maria .. " .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 339Chalons. Joaquln " .. .. .. 259Collantes. Jos6 Maria. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Col1azo. Enrique '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475Col1azo y Garcia Rosendo.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675Comal1onga y Mena'lose " . . . . . . 41 I •C6rdova ¥ Queaada, rrnando de. . . . . . . .. 479Cornide, J ose.B....•......... " . . . . . . . . . . . .. 345Coronado y Alvaro, Francisco de Paqla. .. . . .. 481Coronado, Tomas V... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 667Correoso, A. Bravo..... .... .. .. .. .... .. 351Cortina, 10s6 Manuel. ..".. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19Cueto. Jose A. del " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Cuevas Zequeira. Sergio. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18s

Delfin, Manuel. .... . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 487Desvernine, Pablo... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 435Dihigo. Juan MigueL '. .. .. .. 493Dolz, RIcardo , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Dominguez Roldan, Francisco............... 217Dominguez, Roldan, Guillermo.. .. .. .... 617Duany. Demetrio Castillo \.. .. .. .. 267Duplessis, Gustavo G ... " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Edelmann y Pinto, Federico. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Ensenat, Ezequiel Garcia.. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 243Escoto, Jose Augusto... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .... 139Espinosa y Hernandez, Miguel. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. 491

Faillaeq, Jorge Navarro... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IDS

HISPANIC NOTES.

INDEX

FernAndez Maocar6. Guillermo .Fernandez. Rafael A .FernAndez. Wifredo .Fernandez de Castro. Rafael .....•...........Figarola Caneda. Domingo .Figueredo y Socarras. Fernando .Figueroa y MartI, Leopolda \ .Finlay, Carlos E .Frau Marsal, Lorenzo..............•........Freyre de Andrade, Fernando .

Garcia Cailizares, Felipe .Garcia Cailizares, Santiago .Garcia Man, Ram6n .Garmendia y Rodriguez. Miguel.. .G6mez. Jos6 Miguel , .G6mez, Juan Gualberto .Gonilales. Aurelia Castillo de .Gonzalez Benard, Alfredo .Gond,lez Sarrain, Felipe .Guardia. Crist6bal de 1a .Guerra, Pedro Men'ioza .Guerra y Sanchez. Ramiro .Guiral, Rodolfo .Guiterns, Juan. . ' , .Gutierrez Quir6s. Manuel .Gutierrez y Sanchez, Gustavo .

Henares y Briega. Francisco .Henriquez Ureila, Max .Hernandez, Charles .Hernandez, Eusebio , .Hernandez Cartaya, Enrique .Herrera, Julio Blanco .Herryman Gil, Manuel. .Hevia, Aurelio .Hevia y Diaz. Arturo .Huerta. Santiago de la. , .

Iglesia y Santos. Alvaro de la , .lraizoz y del Villar. Antonio .. " .

Jorrin, Leonardo Sorzano .Jtistiz, Francisco Carrera .Jtistiz, Tomas Juan de •.....................

PAGH'

5 2 56053 2 3317

91'351

2>1523I81

46 543956523313'509263

131073555113354'927 I277SIS

3039727

661469ISS6'96216116'3

S92!1S

73381IS3

681

AND MONOGRAPHS I

52I67

57921339

4°32475'94734 1 7

r537443

6354528i549'51367

717 I333117'37

363639

682 INDEX

PAGELain6, Honor6 F •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 359Landa. Maria de 108 Anll"eles.. " . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.;Lebredo y Arango, MarIo G ." . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631Le Roy Cassa. Jorge.. .. .. .. .. .. I19Lies. Pernando , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137L6pez del Valle, A. A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635L6pez RCldrlguez, Jo&6... . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .. 665

Machado y Morales. Gerardo .Malberti, 10s6 A ..Marquez Sterling, Manuel. .Marti y Zayas Bazan, Jo&6 .Martinez, Emilio .Ma,saguer. Conrado Walter .Menela y Garela, Manuel•...................Mendieta. Carlos .•.........................Menocal. Armando .Menocal, Juan Manuel. .Menocal, Mario G " .Mestre. Arlstides .Miguel y Merino. Pablo " ..Milan6s y Figueredo. Jorge C'. .Mira y Argenter, Jos6 .Montagd. Guillermo de .Montalvo. Rafael. .Montan6, LuI, .Mon tori de C6spedes, Arturo .Montara. Rafael .Morales Dlaz, Modesto .Morej6n. Alfredo Rodriguez '" .Morey. Antonio Rodriguez .Munoz, Victor .

Nieto de Herrera, Carmela .Nunez, Emilio .

I

Ortega y Bolaf'los, Luis .Ortiz y Fernandez. Fernando .

Pardo Suarez, Antonio .Pardo Suarez, Vicente .Pasalodos. Damaso ......•......•.........•.Patterson. Guillermo .Pereda y Galvez, Joo6 ..PMez. Luis Marino .P6rez Beato. Manuel. .

HISPANIC NOTES

297373

58315

551343555227'55

IN DE X

. PAGEP6rez Mir6, Abraham.• , , . . • • . 393P6rez-Vento y Nin, Rafael.... .. .. .. ..... 147Pichardo, J os6 Antonio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . • 6 I

Pino, Gustavo.. .. .... .....• 33Plasencia. Leonel J..' . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . • . • • 49Poncet y de Cardenas, Larolina.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 559Presno. Jos6 Antonio....... .... .. 389Pujol. M. Alonso................ 357

..

Ramos y Delgado, Domingo P .Recio y Aguero. Enrique .Remos, Juan J, .Rio, Francisco del .Rivero, Nicolas .Rivero y Gandara, Manuel .Roberts. Hugo .Rodriguez Garda, JoOO A .Rodriguez Lendian. Evelio .Roig y Portesaavedra, Enrique ..Roig y Leuchsenring, Emilio. '" .Rojas. Carlos M. de .Rojas y Cruzat. Alberto de .Romanach. Leopoldo .Ruiz Cadal90, Alejandro .Ruiz y Rodriguez, Manuel .

Saladrigas y Lunar, Enrique .Salazar, Salvador , .Sanchez de Puentes. Pernando .Sanchez Galarraga, Gustavo , ..

~:~fau~~~i~aL:I~I : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :Santos Fernandez, Juan ..Santovenia, Emeterio S ., .Sato y Sagarra, Luis de .Segu1, Domingo Hernando .Segura y Cabrera. Andr6s .Soler. Fernandez J os6 M .Souza. Benigno .

Tamayo y Pigueredo. Diego .Tara!a, J 000 .Ti6 Lola R. y Ponce de Leon de .Theye y Shoste, Carlos .Torre, Carlos de la .Torrientc, Cosme de 1a .

'3956343 1

4'375

547177407

435735676455691754 2 5361

3073975053II3 1 35771431035753'9657365643

35589'°9647649

79

AND MONOGRAPHS I

684

I

INDEX

Torrien,te. Ricardo de la ',' .Trelles, Carlos M ' , , ,Trelles,~storba. Victorino., .. , ' ..Truffin.Reg;s du Repaire -de ' , . ,

Valdes 'Anciano. Jose A .. , , . , . , , , . ,Valdes Dapena, Antonio Maria .. , . , , . 'Valle y Diaz. Jaime, .. .', . ' .. , . , , , , . , , , , , , , .Varela Zequeira. Jose, -:- , .. , , , . ' , , , , , . , ,Varona, Enrique Jose _.Velasco y Perez. Carlos de, . , , .

~!\r..'1!n~M~;';'~i "".'. ''':', '. :"""' ~'.'. '. ::: '. ::"Villalon y Sanchez, Ram6n Jose 'Villoido. Julio ..

Weiss. Marcelino .

Zayas, Alfredo ,

HISPANIC NOTES

PAGE593.033>1595

3 1

5165975S519955

44 1

5913S5

53

65

377