20 June 2013Prague, Czech Republic

Russell KempAtlanta, Georgia USArkemp@environcorp.com

Advances in US Lead ProducerEmission Controls

2

Overview and Update

• New rules in US spurring substantial spending on additional emission controls

• 2008 revision to National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Lead– Ten-fold reduction to 0.15 ug/m3 three-month rolling avg.– Currently in implementation phase

• 2012 revision to National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants for both primary and secondary lead smelting– Secondary Lead compliance Deadline January 2014

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Fugitive Emission Controls

• Key element in achieving low ambient fenceline concentrations is reduction of fugitive emissions – driven by the lowered ambient standard

• New Emission Standard includes requirement to place all furnace operations, battery breakers, and feed storage rooms within negative pressure enclosures– To 0.007 inches water (0.013 mmHg, 1.7 Pa)– Continuously monitored

4

New, large full process enclosures being constructed (Battery Wrecker Enclosure)

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A “before” view

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An “after” view

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Ambient monitoring network

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Ambient Monitor Results

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Stack Emission Progress

• New Secondary Lead Emission Standard– Cuts allowed stack exhaust concentration from 2 mg/dscm Pb to 1 mg/dscm for any one stack

• Facility-wide, airflow-weighted average limited to 0.2 mg/dscm

• Growing deployment of secondary (post-baghouse) HEPA filtration– For both goals, the new ambient standard and the new

emission standard• Lowest metals emission rates being achieved by

Wet Electrostatic Precipitators downstream of baghouses

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Wet Electrostatic Precipitator (WESP)

• WESP installation completed at two US facilities, with third unit in final design phase followed by construction. WESP utilized to remove unfilterable sub-micron particles, including arsenic, and condensable gases.

• WESP downstream of conventional baghouses for all process emissions from dryer, furnaces & refinery kettles. Total Pb emissions from WESP < 2.3 kg/yr (<5 lb/yr).

• Balance of facility ventilation systems provide negative pressure for all total enclosures housing processes and equipped with HEPA secondary filtration.

• WESP and HEPAs support potential of < 11.3 kg/yr (25 lb/yr) facility-wide lead emissions from large capacity facilities.

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WESP Installation 1, nominal 100,000 cfm (170,000 m3/hr)

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WESP Installation 2, nominal 130,000 cfm (220,000 m3/hr)

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WESP Performance (Installation 1)

Note: Installation 2 exhibits comparable results

614.95

8.58 0.81 1.22 3.59 1.800

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

pre-WESP Nov-08 Jun-09 Nov-09 Nov-10 Oct-12 (Est.)

Lead (Pb) Emissions

Lead (Pb) lbs/yr

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WESP Performance (Installation 1)Note: Installation 2 exhibits comparable results

96.01

8.67 4.56 1.59 2.89 5.630

20

40

60

80

100

120

pre-WESP Nov-08 Jun-09 Nov-09 Nov-10 Oct12 (Est.)

Arsenic (As) Emissions

Arsenic (As) lbs/yr

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US EPA Moving to Retain Ambient Lead Standard

• National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) must be reviewed every five years

• EPA is in midst of review of the 2008 lowered standard

• On 05 May 2013, EPA’s full Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee approved its Lead Review Panel’s conclusion that the available scientific evidence does not support revising the Pb NAAQS.

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Dry scrubbingTo close with a cross-media development:

Facility required to eliminateSalt discharges to surface water

Eliminated up-front feed desulfurization, which generated sulfate water discharge

Installed dry lime scrubber downstream of primary metal emission control baghouse to control SO2

All while EPA’s new 1-hour SO2 NAAQS being implemented