Spheres of the Earth

AtmosphereBiosphereHydrosphereLithosphereAnthrosphere

Atmosphere

• The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air, which we call the atmosphere. It reaches over 560 kilometers (348 miles) from the surface of the Earth, so we are only able to see what occurs fairly close to the ground. Early attempts at studying the nature of the atmosphere used clues from the weather, the beautiful multi-colored sunsets and sunrises, and the twinkling of stars. With the use of sensitive instruments from space, we are able to get a better view of the functioning of our atmosphere.

• Life on Earth is supported by the atmosphere, solar energy, and our planet's magnetic fields. The atmosphere absorbs the energy from the Sun, recycles water and other chemicals, and works with the electrical and magnetic forces to provide a moderate climate. The atmosphere also protects us from high-energy radiation and the frigid vacuum of space.

• The envelope of gas surrounding the Earth changes from the ground up. Four distinct layers have been identified using thermal characteristics (temperature changes), chemical composition, movement, and density.

Layers of the Atmosphere

• Thermosphere—highest

• Mesosphere

• Stratosphere (contains ozone)

• Troposphere---layer we live in

The Troposphere

• The surface layer up to about 30,000 ft• Heated from below, by ground having

absorbed solar energy• Temperature highest near the ground, and

falls all the way up to about 30,000 ft• This means the possibility of convection, and

therefore weather, as clouds form from rising air which cools by pressure drop, and clouds dissipate as air falls and heats.

The Stratosphere

• Heated mostly by absorbing UV light from the sun by O3 (ozone), breaking it apart into O2 + atomic oxygen. When they recombine to make ozone, you get energy release and heating

• Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation, warming it up in the mid-upper parts of the layer. The reason for the increase in temperatures in the stratosphere with height relates to the wavelength of the incoming solar energy. At higher altitudes in the stratosphere, ozone very efficiently absorbs UV at wavelengths between 200 and 350 nanometers. At lower altitudes in the stratosphere, ozone absorbs UV at wavelengths between 44 and 80 nanometers but much less efficiently. This results in a rate of warming in the lower stratosphere that is less than the rate higher in the stratosphere, causing the temperature to increase with height.

• Therefore is hottest at the highest layers, cooler down where it contacts the cold upper troposphere

• At the bottom of the stratosphere, most UV has already been absorbed higher up, so further heating is very reduced, hence the temperature vs height is the opposite from the Troposphere

• This temperature inversion means no convection, no weather.

The Mesosphere

• Above the Stratosphere, the mass of atmosphere is only 0.1% of the total, and the density is too low for ozone chemistry to heat the atmosphere

• Hence, we get the normal trend we saw in the troposphere re-asserting itself – lower temperature with lower pressure and lower altitude.

• This layer is 30-50 miles above the ground.

The Ionosphere (= Thermosphere)• Above mesosphere; density so low the Space Shuttle and

ISS orbit here, with little drag• Temperature can be very high; 4,000F. But no significant

heat because density is so low. • Heated by ionization by UV from the sun, and the solar wind.

Earth as a system

• Can you think of any other spheres that interact with the atmosphere?

• Biosphere? • Hydrosphere?• Lithosphere?

Biosphere • The term "Biosphere" was coined by Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadsky

in the 1929. The biosphere is the life zone of the Earth and includes all living organisms, including man, and all organic matter that has not yet decomposed. Life evolved on earth during its early history between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago and the biosphere readily distinguishes our planet from all others in the solar system. The chemical reactions of life (e.g., photosynthesis-respiration, carbonate precipitation, etc.) have also imparted a strong signal on the chemical composition of the atmosphere, transforming the atmosphere from reducing conditions to and oxidizing environment with free oxygen. The biosphere is structured into a hierarchy known as the food chain whereby all life is dependent upon the first tier (i.e. mainly the primary producers that are capable of photosynthesis). Energy and mass is transferred from one level of the food chain to the next with an efficiency of about 10%. All organisms are intrinsically linked to their physical environment and the relationship between an organism and its environment is the study of ecology. The biosphere can be divided into distinct ecosystems that represent the interactions between a group of organisms forming a trophic pyramid and the environment or habitat in which they live.

Biotic vs. Abiotic• Bio = means life• Biotic—living parts or components • Abiotic—nonliving parts of components (air, water,

temperature)

Earth as a System

• Can you think of any other spheres that interact with the biosphere?

• Atmosphere? • Hydrosphere?• Lithosphere?

Hydrosphere• The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth. In one respect,

planet Earth is a misnomer in that 71% of the earth is covered by water and only 29% is terra firma. Indeed, the abundance of water on Earth is a unique feature that clearly distinguishes our "Blue Planet" from others in the solar system. Not a drop of liquid water can be found anywhere else in the solar system. It is because the Earth has just the right mass, the right chemical composition, the right atmosphere, and is the right distance from the Sun (the "Goldilocks" principle) that permits water to exist mainly as a liquid. However, the range of surface temperatures and pressures of our planet permit water to exist in all three states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor). Most of the water is contained in the oceans and the high heat capacity of this large volume of water (1.35 million cubic kilometers) buffers the Earth surface from large temperature changes such as those observed on the moon. Water is the universal solvent and the basis of all life on our Planet. It is an essential life-sustaining resource which led Benjamin Franklin to comment "When the well's dry, we know the worth of water."

Hydrosphere

Earth as a System

• Can you think of any other spheres that interact with the biosphere?

• Atmosphere? • Biosphere?• Lithosphere?

Lithosphere• The lithosphere (from the Greek for "rocky" sphere) is the solid outermost

shell of a rocky planet. On the Earth, the lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost layer of the mantle (the upper mantle or lower lithosphere) which is joined to the crust. The lithosphere is broken up into different plates as shown by the picture.

• The distinguishing characteristic of the lithosphere is not composition, but its flow properties. Under the influence of the low-intensity, long-term stresses that drive plate tectonic motions, the lithosphere responds essentially as a rigid shell and thus deforms primarily through brittle failure, while the asthenosphere accommodates strain through plastic deformation. Both the crust and upper mantle float on the more plastic asthenosphere. The crust is distinguished from the mantle, and hence the upper mantle, by the change in chemical composition that takes place at the Moho discontinuity. The thickness of the lithosphere varies from around 1.6 km (1 mi) at the mid-ocean ridges to approximately 130 km (80 mi) beneath older continental crust. The thickness of the continental lithospheric plates is probably around 150 kilometers (93 mi).

• As the cooling surface layer of the Earth's convection system, the lithosphere thickens over time. It is fragmented into relatively strong pieces, called tectonic plates, which move independently relative to one another. This movement of lithospheric plates is described as plate tectonics. There are two types of lithosphere

Lithosphere

Earth as a System

• Can you think of any other spheres that interact with the biosphere?

• Atmosphere? • Biosphere?• Hydrosphere?

Anthrosphere

• Man and his direct ancestors (hominids) have graced the planet for only about three million years. For almost all of this period the human population totaled less than 5 to 10 million individuals. Homo sapiens have increased their numbers exponentially from 1650 to present rising to the current population of 5.5 billion. If this growth continued unabated, the human population would reach 8 billion in the year 2000, 14 billion in the year 2010, 60 billion in the year 2020, and infinity by the year 2023. Of course, unlimited growth in an environment of finite resources is impossible because growth will eventually deplete the available resources and the population will collapse. Indeed one of the kindest things that the human species could do for planet Earth is to control the rate of growth of the anthrosphere.

Anthrosphere

• Interactions of Homo sapiens with all aspects of the environment

• We are going to look at each sphere, the interactions, and the solutions as well as the problems created by the human race.

Questions

• Write down the name of different spheres of earth.• Describe Atmosphere with important features of different layers. • What is Biosphere? Describe Biosphere with important

features. • What is Hydrosphere? Describe Hydrosphere with important

features. • Describe hydrologic cycle/water cycle with diagram. • What is Lithosphere? Describe Lithosphere with important

features. • What do you understand by the term “Anthrosphere”?