1. First Americans-----Pre-Columbian

 

notes

•35,000 years ago-Ice Age

•First Americans came from Asia

•Crossed the Bering Strait

during the Ice Age

•Following a food source

•Gradual migration

• migrated over a 250 century time period??

•54 million at time of

Columbus

Early Human MigrationsEarly Human Migrations

1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE

2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE

3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE

Culture area

The Earliest AmericansCentral & South America- sophisticated civilizations• Incas- (Peru); roads & bridges linked their empire.• Mayas- (Yucatan Peninsula) –step pyramids.• Aztecs-(Mexico)- step pyramids; human sacrifice

** 5,000 B.C.-developed corn (maize)

North America• The Pueblos (Rio Grande Valley)• 1st in North America to cultivate corn (1200 BC)

Native Americans of North America

• No complex nation-states at time of European arrival= easier European domination

• No dense concentrations of populations• *“Three Sister Farming”-used by Eastern tribes

1. Mississippian Culture (lower Midwest)• Cahokia (populated by about 25,000-40,000)

2. Mound Builders (Ohio River Valley)

3. Anasazis (New Mexico) Chaco Canyon= pueblo of 600 rooms.

*The Iroquois Confederation• Composed of 5 tribes (NY area)• Originated during the 1500’s; lasted through 18th

century• Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayuga's, &

Seneca's • Founded by Hiawatha & Deganawidah (1500’s)• Matrilineal• Joined for common defense & war

clash

WHITE EUROPEANSWHITE EUROPEANS

•Used the land for economic needs

•Clearing the land, destroying hunting areas and fencing it off into private property

•Divided the land and selling it for monetary value.

  

NATIVE AMERICANSNATIVE AMERICANS

•Relationship with environment as part of their religion

•Need to hunt for survival

•Ownership meant access to the things the land produced, not ownership of the land itself.

Indirect Discoverers1. A.D. 1000– the Norse from Scandinavia• Landed near L’Anse aux Meadows (New-

Foundland) = “Vinland”• Not supported by strong nation-state• Settlements abandoned

2. Christian Crusaders- tried and failed to take Holy Land from Muslims—but desired exotic Asian goods

Exotic goods= expensive= Europeans begin looking for less expensive routes or alternate goods.

15th century trade routes

Africa and the Europeans• 1295- Marco Polo (Italian) –tales of travels

to “China” = Stimulated European's desire for cheaper route to the East.

Barriers to European Adventurers• West Coast of Africa—northerly winds &

south-flowing waters.Innovation Opens Doors (Portuguese)• 1450—Caravel developedPortuguese set up trading posts to purchase

gold and slaves

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

Slavery

The Portuguese adopted practices of Arab traders and Africans

• Set up systematic slave trafficking to work on sugar plantations of Portuguese and later Spanish on African Islands (Madeira, the Canaries, Sao Tome, and Princip).

• 40,000 slaves taken to Atlantic sugar islands (last half of 15th century).

• Portuguese continued to push southward looking for a sea route to Asia.

European trade routes

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

Portuguese Explorers

• Prince Henry the Navigator – Funded Exploration down coast of Africa - 1419-1460.

• Bartholomeu Dias – rounded southernmost tip of Africa—1488.

• Vasco da Gama- reached India (Indies-name Europeans gave all lands of the Orient) & returned home with exotic goods

• Cabral- Claimed all of Brazil for Portugal in the 1500’s.

The SpanishLate 15th Century= Spain became united• (marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of

Castile) • Expulsion of Muslim Moors from Spain (ended

centuries of Christian/Islamic war)** UNITY, WEALTH, AND POWER TO TAKE ON

TASK OF EXPLORATION

Competition developed between Spain & Portugal• Portugal controlled African coast (gateway to

African water route to Asia)• Spain began to look to exploration --WESTWARD

More Factors that Contributed to Exploration

• The Renaissance (14th century)- caused people to have ambitious spirits, optimism, and adventure.

More inventions:

1. Printing Presses (1450)- spread of knowledge

2. Mariner’s compass (Arab invention)-eliminated some uncertainties of sea travel.

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

Explorers Sailing For Spain

• Columbus - Italian sailing for Spain - Landed in the “West Indies” (really the Bahamas)- 1492

• Goal: Find a water route to the “Indies”—not aware for years that they really had stumbled on new continents.

• Convinced he had “skirted the Indies” he called inhabitant “Indians” (misnomer)**Significant- affected 4 continents and the America’s; development of interdependent global economic system.

European Colonization

• The Big Four--– SpainSpain– EnglandEngland– FranceFrance– PortugalPortugal

• Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world….

• This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.

European Exploration & Colonization

The Columbian Exchange

1493- Columbus’ second voyage to the “New World”; Returned to Hispaniola (modern day Haiti & Dominican Republic).

• Arrived with 17 ships, 1200 men and cattle, swine, & horses (spread to mainland North America)

• Led to mixing of two eco-systems• Discovery of new crops by Europeans (Tobacco,

maize, beans, tomatoes,& potato)• Approx. 3/5’s of crops cultivated in the world today

originated in the Americas.

Columbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four Voyages

NEW WORLD

OLD WORLD

Old World Exports• Columbus brought seedlings (sugar cane

which led to “sugar boom” = led to growth of plantations= growth of the slave trade.

• Disease—germs like small pox, yellow fever, and malaria = disease kills off large numbers of natives.

• Taino people of Hispaniola (1 million to 200 people in 50 years after Columbus).

• Centuries after Columbus- 90% of Natives died from disease.

*The Treaty of Tordesillas*The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494, 1494& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493

*The Treaty of Tordesillas*The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494, 1494& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493

• Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)

• Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)

• Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)

The 3 motives reinforce each other

Direct Causes = 3 G’s

Explorers Sailing From Hispaniola

• De Leon - colonist of Hispaniola - Established colony at Puerto Rico - Sailed north looking for Fountain of Youth - Discovered Florida - 1508

• Balboa - colonist of Hispaniola - Established settlement in Panama - 1st European to see Pacific Ocean - 1513

• de Coronado - Spain - Explored north from Mexico; up Colorado River; saw Grand Canyon -1540

• de Soto - Spain - Explored Florida into Carolina’s and west to the Mississippi River - 1541

Spanish ExplorationColumbus

BalboaCortesPizzaroDe LeonDe Soto

CoronadoVespucci

Explorers Sailing For Spain & Portugal

• Vespucci - Italian sailing for both Spain and Portugal - Sailed to the America’s - Amerigo is his first name (where we get “America”) - 1501

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

ExplorersConquistadores

Mis

sionar

ies

Permanent Settlers

EuropeanColonialEmpire

1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM

•“granted” to deserving subjects of the King2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations

•Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands•Indians often rendered personal services as well.

3. In return the conquistador was obligated to•protect his wards•instruct them in the Christian faith•defend their right to use the to live off the land

4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population. 5. The King prevented the encomienda with the New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out.

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularesPeninsularesSpanish Spanish

ancestoryancestory

PeninsularesPeninsularesSpanish Spanish

ancestoryancestoryCreolesCreolesSpanish Spanish

and Black and Black mixture.mixture.

CreolesCreolesSpanish Spanish

and Black and Black mixture.mixture.

MestizosMestizosSpanish Spanish

and and Indian Indian

mixturemixture

MestizosMestizosSpanish Spanish

and and Indian Indian

mixturemixture

MulattosMulattosWhite White

American American and Black and Black mixturemixture

MulattosMulattosWhite White

American American and Black and Black mixturemixture

Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves

Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas

Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas

► New Laws --> 1542

•Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish.

•Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized.

•Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways.

Spanish empire by the 1600’s

consisted of the part of North

AmericaCentral America

Caribbean Islands Much of South

America.

Hernando CortésHernando CortésHernando CortésHernando Cortés

First Spanish Conquests: The First Spanish Conquests: The AztecsAztecs

Cortes conquered Aztec Empire in 1519

and took control of modern day Mexico.

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vs.vs.vs.vs.

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés

Francisco PizarroFrancisco PizarroFrancisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro

First Spanish Conquests: The IncasFirst Spanish Conquests: The Incas

Pizarro conquered Incan Empire in modern day Peru in 1532

AtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpa

vs.vs.vs.vs.

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic ChurchColonial Catholic Church

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic ChurchColonial Catholic Church

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Spanish Mission

1599- Battle of Acoma -New Mexico est. 1600’s Spanish Mission was centralInstitution in New Mexico•1680- Pope’s Rebellion (New Mexico)•1769- Father Junipero Serra-set up 21 missions-California coast.

English Explorers• 1497 &1498 Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)

sent to explore the NE coast of America.

• French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada– Jacques Cartier- explored St. Lawrence River &

access to interior of North America– Develop a fur trade– Couier do Bois– *Spanish built a fort at St. Augustine to thwart

English & French incursions in North America-1565

Explorers Sailing For France

• CartierCartier - France - Reached St. Lawrence River - Claimed Eastern Canada for France – 1535

• Samuel de ChamplainSamuel de Champlain - France - “Father of New France” - Established Quebec (the 1st permanent French colony in N. America) - Established settlements and explored Maine, Montreal & Nova Scotia - 1608

European Colonization

• Like French, DutchDutch focus on fur trade & send only a few men to settlements– Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson

River– New Netherland (becomes New York) is an

extension of the Dutch global trade system

• Dutch & French form alliances with Native Americans—increase warfare & Iroquois (Dutch ally) defeat Hurons

Explorers Sailing For The Netherlands

• Henry HudsonHenry Hudson - English sailing for the Dutch - Searching for Northwest Passage - Claimed Hudson River - Settlers established New Netherlands (New York) - 1609

*The Black Legend

• “false” concept that conquerors merely tortured, stole gold, and infected native populations- obscuring all the good that came from Spanish influence.

• What is the history of the Spanish in the New World?

Progress at what price?• “If there are sacrifices to be made for human

progress, is it not essential to hold to the principle that those to be sacrificed must make the decision themselves?”

European movement

explorers1

explorers

Ferdinand Magellan & the Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of First Circumnavigation of

the Worldthe World

Ferdinand Magellan & the Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of First Circumnavigation of

the Worldthe World

European explore

EFFECTS•Europeans reach and settle Americas

•Expanded knowledge of world geography

•Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism

•Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations

•Introduction of the institution of slavery

•Columbian Exchange